U.S. History Semester 1 Topic 0-6
Post- WW1 Isolationism
Because of losses and issues due to the war America became an isolationists and did not involve themselves with the affairs of other countries in Asia and Europe.
League of Nations
Created by Woodrow Wilson's 14th point at the Paris Peace Conference, its goal was to prevent war between nations acting as a way to keep world peace. The U.S. never joined.
Early imperialism examples
Cuban, Philippians, Puerto Rico (Ruled by U.S.) China an open world policy in which anyone can trade and try to put in there cultural.
Dust Bowl
In 193 due to the farmers not using crop rotation, the harsh conditions of over farming and grazing lead to loose topsoil. Which strong winds kicked up during storms and created giant clouds of dust and dirt that spread across the Southern Great Plains (Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
In 1930 congress passed this law that raised taxes on foreign imports to such a high level that they couldn't compete. This motivated the foreign countries to perform the same and also create protective tariff.
Schenck v. U.S.
In the Supreme Court case, Schenck was passing out flyers that were against the draft for the war, and was he was charged under the Espionage and Sedition act. Although Schenck argued that the Espionage act was unconstitutional and went against the first amendment. The Supreme Court decided to charge Schenck saying that there was a "clear and present danger." and Congress was allowed to act unconstitutionally because of this.
Influence of Andrew Jackson on Politics
Indian removal act, trail of tears, Helped maintain the extremely rich's grip on American Society, Jackson gained huge popularity for his stance against the bank and vetoing the banks charter, Led to the Panic of 1837, worst economic depression in American history at that point
"Big Stick" Diplomacy
International negations backed by the threat of force "Speak softly and carry a big stick" Theodore Roosevelt came up with this diplomacy. It also made negotiating peaceably with other nations while simultaneously displaying military might.
Anti-trust legislation
It is a collection of federal and state government laws that regulates the organization of business corporations, generally to promote fair competition for the benefits of consumers. This also ties into the Sherman anti-trust act which also regulated trusts that restrained trade of commerce.
John D. Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie
John D. Rockefeller- Oil tycoon • Who was the owner of standard oil who used horizontal integration, worth 340 billion dollars Andrew Carnegie- Steel tycoon • Who used vertical integration, worth 310 billion dollars.
Monroe Doctrine
Largest statement of foreign policy by any president. It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention.
NAACP
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Created by W.E.B. Du Bois and its mission was to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination. Still in existence today to provide support to racial minorities.
Urbanization and the Expansion of the Cities
Process of moving to cities from rural areas which caused cities to expand rapidly. New transportation abilities allowed people to come into the city more easily.
Enlightenment
The Enlightenment was where well educated American colonists were part of a philosophical, scientific, and intellectual movement to gain knowledge. John Locke a famous political philosopher had come up with an answer to the question of what rights do all citizens deserve. He responded with Life, Liberty, and Property.
Cause and Effects of the War (American Revolution)
The French and Indian war. British had won and funded the war. Limiting the expansion beyond the Appalachian Mountains(Proclamation of 1763). The stamp act and the Tea act and the standing army during a time of peace all caused the American Revolution.
Roosevelt's First 100 Days
The President greets enthusiastic supporters in Warm Springs, Ga., on Dec. 1, 1933. March 4, 1933, was perhaps the Great Depression's darkest hour. The stock market had plunged 85% from its high in 1929, and nearly one-fourth of the workforce was unemployed
Treaty of Versailles and US response
The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties to end WW1. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied powers. Most of Wilson's proposals in the 14 points were rejected. The League of Nations was created at Wilson's insistence, the U.S. will never join. The biggest debate was over forced payments from the Germans to pay for damages during the war to prevent Germany form militarizing again.
Judicial Review
The ability of the Supreme Court to rule an act of the congress or president unconstitutional.
Panama Canal
a canal extends across Atlantic to pacific through the south Americas. many people died during the building process due to illness and also people died from mis-haps. it was a technology innovation because it was built in a levy system that raised the water level or lower the water level to move big ships to one side of the continent to the other. it was made so people could get from America to Asia much quicker.
Roosevelt Corollary
Was added to the Monroe doctrine made by president Theodore Roosevelt. Told Europeans to get out of the south Americas.
The Jungle and Congressional Response
a novel written by Upton Sinclair, a muckracker, where he related the despair of immigrants working in Chicago's stockyards and revealed the unsanitary conditions in the industry; after government workers inspected Sinclair's claims and discovered they were true, Congress passed the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 (this progressivism brought the government reforms that are still around today).
Nullification Crisis
a sectional crisis in 1832-33, during the presidency of Andrew Jackson, which involved a confrontation between South Carolina and the federal government. The crisis ensued after South Carolina declared that the federal Tariffs of (Links to an external site.)1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and therefore null and void within the sovereign boundaries of the state.
Manifest Destiny
a term for the attitude prevalent during the 19th century period of American expansion that the United States not only could, but was destined to, stretch from coast to coast. This attitude helped fuel western settlement, Native American removal and war with Mexico.
Concept of "Total Warfare" Civil War
destroying not just military posts, but industries and civilian property to disrupt army, we used this during the Sherman march to the sea to get south to completely give up on fighting
Yellow Press
from William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer used sensational headlines to prove americans into hating the Spanish government.
Sixteenth Amendment motivation
gave Congress the power to collet an income tax without restrictions. A graduated income tax means that wealthy people pay a higher percentage of their income than do poor people. The revenue from the income tax more than made up for the money the government lost by lowering tariffs on imports. We needed a way to collect money with WWI approaching.
Ku Klux Klan
reorganized in Georgia and expands through the Midwest Promoted hatred of blacks, Jews, Catholics and immigrants. Headquarters where in Indiana.
Muckrakers
socially conscious journalists part of the progressive movement and other writers dramatized the need for reform. Their sensational investigative reports uncovered a wide range of ills afflicting America in the early 1900's. Some examples include: Lincoln Steffens (shed light on political corruption in the nation's cities in The Shame of the Cities), Jacob Riis (shared photographs of the poor conditions in tenements), and Upton Sinclair (published The Jungle to show unsanitary conditions in industries).
Spoils system
the practice of giving appointive offices to loyal members of the party in power, such as family and friends
Suffrage Movement
- a progressive movement that advocated for women's right to vote, important to progressives because they largely supported temperance, social causes, public health, and welfare programs. Carrie Chapman Catt led the NAWSA (National Women Suffrage Association) to help women gain suffrage; their efforts eventually lead to the creation of the 19th amendment.
Assimilating Indians
-Attempting to force Native Americans to adopt the more European-based culture -Did this by banning NA rituals and song, sending young NA to boarding school then back to reservations, tried to teach many NA English
Plessy v. Ferguson
-Supreme court case which ruled that so long as both facilities or services were equally maintained and equal of quality, then people of color and whites may be segregated.
Civil war Amendments
13th amendment; abolished all slavery in the U.S after the war they wanted to be completely free and not have to worry about being owned. The 14th Amendment to the Constitution was ratified on July 9, 1868, and granted citizenship to "all persons born or naturalized in the United States," which included former slaves recently freed. 15th amendment giving African American men the right to vote
Bonus Army
15,000 WW1 veterans marched down to Washington D.C. and demanded immediate payment in cash for their war bonuses. Many of these Vets were poor and unemployed.
Open- Door Policy
Allowing all countries equal access to Chinese ports and markets for trade. American secretary of state John Hay did not want colonies in China, but only free trade. The goal of this policy was to bring in American businesses to China
Scopes Trail
Also known as the monkey trail and took place in 1925. Tennessee made it illegal to teach evolution in schools. Clarence Darrrow defended John Scopes the sub that taught the theory to his high school class. Scopes was found guilty. The trail showcased the deep divide between religion and science in the U.S.
Imperialism (Causes)
Bigger countries wanted more resources along with more control of land and look as a world power, this leading to what is known as imperialism.
Treaty of Paris
Blaming Germany for WWI, Germany had to give back all the land they concurred, and pay reparations to Britain and France for all the damages done during WWI.
Booker T. Washington vs. WEB Du Bois
Booker T. Washington- was an African-American educator, author, orator, and advisor to presidents of the United States. Between 1890 and 1915, Washington was the dominant leader in the African-American community. Believed that The blacks will be brought into the white society. WEB Du Bois- was an American sociologist, historian, civil rights activist, Pan-Africanist, author and editor. Born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, Du Bois grew up in a relatively tolerant and integrated community. Wanted faster integration into white society
Causes and effects of the War (WW1)
Causes and effects of the war: There were 4 MAIN causes of WW1 Militarism- militarism was glorification of the military, which grew in competing European nations & America. Alliances- Between 1894-1907 Great Britain, France, & Russia had all joined together in an alliance. Which led to the Triple Entente (Great Britain, France, Russia (Romania, Italy, Greece, Serbia, Belgium, & USA)) & the Central Powers (Germany, Austria- Hungary, Ottoman Empire (Bulgaria)). Imperialism- as European powers & America expanded their territory they used their colonies for resources & manpower to help fuel the war. Nationalism- A sense of ethnic pride within a country, rejecting prior nations of nationalism as a collection of different ethnic groups. Effects on the war: Germany took all the blame, was disarmed, and had to pay all costs a League of Nations was formed America turned to a policy of isolationism
Great Depression -Causes and Effects
Causes- Stock market crash. Many people invested money and lost it when the stock market crashed. Bank failures. The banks were not able to pay people back for the money they invested in the bank. Everybody withdrew money at the same time and the banks were left in peril. Great Depression Effects- Stock Market and Bank Regulations like SEC and FDIC came about to get people to invest in stocks and the bank. FDR's New Deal led to an expanded role of the government, which people though was one of the causes of the Great
Causes and effects of the war
Causes: 1. Cuban rebels against Spain like the U.S. rebelled against Britain. 2. Sinking of the Maine warship killing over 200 Americans 3. Yellow Journalism. Effects: Spain gave up Guam, Puerto Rico, West Indies, and Philippians for $20 Million starting Imperialism for the U.S. making them become more of a world power.
Dred Scott v. Sandford
Chief Justice Roger Tancey ruled blacks could not be citizens in 1857. Sandford stated that African Americans could never be citizens no matter what happened. The case started when Dred Scott was taken to a free state with her owner and then his owner died so he said that he was free. This was a huge problem leading up to the civil war.
Lincoln's goals for the Civil War
Chief Justice Roger Tancey ruled blacks could not be citizens in 1857. Sandford stated that African Americans could never be citizens no matter what happened. The case started when Dred Scott was taken to a free state with her owner and then his owner died so he said that he was free. This was a huge problem leading up to the civil war.
Difficulties of Agricultural life
During the terrible drought in the plains that lasted for years, many farmers lost their farms due to the debt they faced. Many farmers were forced to sell their farms to pay off their debt and had to move away to find some other kind of work.
Social Darwinism
Famous from Charles Darwin's novel explaining how survival of the best fit survived. This is an idea of a natural system in American Capitalism, saying wealth was a measure of ones interest value and those who had were most fit. This describes Rockefeller and Carnegie, both of whom were worth billions, making themselves best fit for survival.
Anti-federalists vs. Federalists
Federalists were people in favor of the ratification of the Constitution where Anti-Federalists were opposed to the ratification and wanted to amend the Articles of Confederation.
Government Reforms
Government Reforms: during the Progressive Era; impacted politics Direct primary: an election in which citizens themselves vote to select nominees for upcoming elections. By 1916, all but four states had direct primaries. Initiative: gave people the power to put a proposed new law directly on the ballot in the next election by collecting citizens' signatures on a petition. Referendum: allowed citizens to approve or reject laws passed by a legislature. Recall: gave voters the power to remove public servants from office before their terms ended. 19th Amendment: 1913 constitutional amendment that allowed for the direct election of U.S. senators by citizens instead of appointment by the state legislature.
Hoover's Response (R) vs. FDR's response (D)
Hoover: He believed that the depression was a temporary dip in the economy. He increased taxes and implemented the Smoot Hawley Tariff Act in 1929. He told business not to lay off workers or cut wages. Establish the Reconstruction Finance Act (1931) to give loans to businesses. Roosevelt: He responded by getting elected president on the basis of "The New Deal," which were designed to help bring the country out of recession, rejuvenate the economy and give the American people confidence in banking again.
Competitive business Practices (I.E/ horizontal/vertical integration, monopoly, laissez-faire, etc)
Horizontal integration- was were many firms consolidated into the same business by buying each other out Vertical integration- Integrating a business that provides raw materials, distribution and retail in order to control prices, and supply. Basically not only did you control the company but all the manufacturing plants that helped make your product. Monopoly - gaining total control of the market to decrease cost and increase profits while lowering competition Corporations - business owned by a number of shareholders. Laissez-faire - is where the government stays out of people's daily lives.
Cause and effects of the Civil War
Lincoln was elected and seen as hostile toward slavery this caused South Carolina to secede from the United States. Lincoln then tried to send food and supplies to the union troops The confederate thought that it was a trick and fired the first shots of the war. The effects were that slavery was abolished thanks to the 13th amendment.
Government response to labor-management disputes
Management Disputes: Haymarket Riot ended up with 7 deaths of policemen and 4 deaths of bombers who killed the policemen. Homestead Strike had private police officers come in and break up the strike and ended up killing several workers. Pullman Strike was ended by President Grover Cleveland sending federal troops to force workers to work because of the interruption of postal services.
Harlem Renaissance
Outpouring of art that explored African American Culture. After WWI African Americans moved North to look for jobs and ultimately started this movement. Also known as the Jazz Age and great writers like Langston Hughes came out of this.
Homestead act
Part of the U.S.'s desire to complete manifest destiny -Offered free land in the west to anyone willing to build roads and a well in attempt to develop the land
Constitutional Principles
Popular Sovereignty-political authority for the people, Separation of Powers- legislative, judicial, and executive branches to prevent misuse of power, Limited Government- nobody is above the law, Federalism-share the power between the state and national government, Checks and Balances, and Representative Government- voters select candidates
Nativism
Preference to native-born white citizens opposed to immigrants that was started especially during the economic recessions of the late 19th century. Many people disliked the immigrants because they took the jobs and money of white people that could have the job instead.
Progressivism
Progressivism - belief that new ideas and honest, efficient government could bring about social justice, progressive ideas brought lasting reforms that still affect society today Progressive Goals: Political Reform - reformers targeted city officials who built corrupt organizations, called political machines. The bosses of these political machines used bribery and violence to influence voters and win elections Women's Rights - believed women needed the right to vote (suffrage) and the ability to participate in the political process Reforming Big Business - middle-class Progressives wanted the government to "bust the trusts" and so create more economic opportunities for smaller businesses. Removing the Class System - the lack of adequate services (sewage, safe drinking water, paved streets) led to wretched living conditions for the urban poor. They wanted social welfare laws to help children, workers, and consumers.
Goals (3R's) and Examples of Each
Relief of the unemployed - The Works Progress Administration employed millions of unemployed people to carry out public works projects. The Civilian Conservation Corporation was another relief program that gave out jobs to people to conserve the environment. Recovery of the economy - The Public Works Administration built large scale public works such as dams, bridges, hospitals, and schools. This provided thousands of jobs and helped recover the economy. Reform laws - The Social Security Act provided pensions to the old, encouraging them to retire and allowing more jobs to open up. The Fair Labor Standards Act improved working conditions and hours and also created a minimum wage, which gave Americans a set guaranteed income and stimulated the economy.
negotiating Techniques
Some ways that people have tried to negotiate is striking. People would sit down or hold signs and refuse to work just to get there bosses to listen to them and increase pay or whatever they want.
Populism
Starting with the farmers alliance, the formation of the populist party wanted to bring a new political party from the grass roots up. Their goals were to warn people about the dangers of political corruption, an inadequate monetary supply, and an unresponsive government.
Robber Barons vs. Captains of Industry
Robber Barons were wealthy corporations that the trustees ran small business owners out of the market and charged higher prices. Captains of Industry was a wealthy corporations trusts and cartels. Served the nation in a positive way by allowing businesses to become more efficient and created new tech innovations.
Legislation and its effects
The legislation resulting from the new deal promoted economic recovery and social reform. The programs and legislations that were pushed through overall achieved their purpose and brought the U.S. economy back to life.
Jim Crow Laws
These were laws created to try and make it harder for blacks to vote. This was around after the freeing of the slaves. These laws would discriminate against the littlest things like beer and wine, amateur baseball, Marrige (between whites and blacks), being buried, teaching, school, prison.
Pendleton Civil service Act
This act established a civil service commission, which wrote a civil service exam for individuals who wanted to work for the government. Initially the act only covered a small percentage of employees, but its reach grew over time, reducing the power of the spoils system
grandfather clause
This made it so that you could only be eligible to vote if your grandfather could vote. They made the law to keep blacks from voting because they knew that none of their fathers could vote.
Reconstruction
after the civil war the federal government had to try and re-do the south since they had destroyed 11 states in the union.
United States' attempts to avoid and reasoning for joining the war
immigrants sympathized with home countries America has ties to countries already involved Reasoning's for joining: Sinking of the Lusitania: Britain had been blockading Germany since the beginning of the war, the German response was to sink British ship using their U-boat submarines. Preparedness: At the end of 1915, President Wilson began preparing for war while campaigning for peace. The National Defense Act expanded the size of the Army and the Naval Construction Act ordered more war ships to be built. Zimmerman Note: In January of 1917, German foreign Minister Arthur Zimmerman sent a telegram to Mexico proposing an alliance. Money: 1. The U.S. had big economic investments with the counties that were involved in the war such as Britain and France. 2. If allies would not have been able to pay back loans made by American Bankers, the U.S. economy would collapse. 3. The U.S. make sure that the Allies won in order to prevent the collapse of the economy even if it meant entering the war themselves.
Causes and Effects of Industrialization
in the south was caused by the development of cities such as Atlanta, Nashville, and Brigham. This allowed steel production because of new railroad systems in the south and also caused cash crops to be less profitable. The effects were that the United States of America dominated world markets because of extensive resources and railroad systems
Communism
is a economic and political framework. Implemented by Karl Marx that essentially made all property owned by the government, in which the everyone works for the government for the benefit of everyone. An example of communist countries are Cuba and China.
Prohibition
is basically banning or prohibiting something. The eighteenth amendment was the ban of alcohol which lead to the black market or alcohol. Al Capone was the OG who sold illegal alcohol for a upscale price making a fortune.
"Speculation" Stock buying
is taking information or data you know and applying it to a specific situation and making a decision. An example of this is the stock market, stock brokers speculate about a business, its stock or a committee based on trends, data, and available information. Using that they determine weather to keep, sell, or buy stock. Speculating can be good or bad, for example was the great stock market crash of 1929 that sent the country into a depression.
Popular Sovereignty
is the principle that the power of a state and its government is created and maintained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives (Rule by the People), who are the source of all political power.
Indian removal act and Trail of Tears
was passed by Congress on May 28, 1830, during the presidency of Andrew Jackson. The law authorized the president to negotiate with southern Indian tribes for their removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi River in exchange for their ancestral homelands. Trail of Tears - In 1838 and 1839, as part of Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policy, the Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma. The Cherokee people called this journey the "Trail of Tears," because of its devastating effects.