US Lesbian and Gay History Final

Franz Boas

"Father of American Anthropology," mentor of Benedict and Mead Culture, not biology, shapes human interaction → Makes it onto cover of TIME

Henry Hay

"The man most responsible for the founding of the Mattachine Society" Joined the Communist Party in the 1933 and was involved for 15 years The party leaders advised him to suppress his homosexuality In 1948 started a political organization for homosexuals → he remained close with communism, but asked to be exiled from the party Founded Mattachine Society in 1950, mostly males, and modeled it after the communist party and its hierarchical structure Wanted to raise awareness within the minority of their status as a group, raised group identity through discussion groups Wanted highly "ethical homosexual culture"

Adolf Brand

(1874-1945) Argued against Hirschfeld Found feminine homosexuals repulsive Appalled by Hirschfeld's Judaism and third-sex theory Claimed that homosexuality was a sign of intense masculinity Love was "characteristically German," male bonding amplified German's love for the motherland. Liked Hitler, embraced racist nationalism "Outed" homosexual politicians with antigay policies

Audre Lorde

(1934-1992) Felt oppressed by butch/femme system, and as black woman, wasn't allowed to take on femme role Her race defines her first, so she didn't have ability to make decision between butch and femme Zami explores Moments of intersectionality between race and sexuality Make it so general terms don't fit many cases Wrote key texts for lesbians,part of lesbian community building Rejected gay sensibility because she didn't fit the mold

Christine Jorgensen

(May 30, 1926 - May 3, 1989) American trans woman who was the first person to become widely known in the United States for having sex reassignment surgery. Drafted into WWII, after war traveled to Denmark, obtained special permission to undergo a series of operations starting in 1951. Her transformation was the subject of a New York Daily News front page story. She became an instant celebrity and advocated for trans rights. Presented respectable femininity, not drag - Transformed from ex-GI (embodiment of post-war masculinity) to blonde bombshell (feminitiy)

Women Against Violence Against Women

(founded in LA 1976) Saving women against domestic violence became major goal of women's movement Boston founding in response to Rolling Stones ad for Black and Blue - protested record companies and spray painted displays

Magnus Hirschfeld / Scientific Humanitarian Committee / Yearbook for Sexual Intermediate Types

1868-1935 Most important figure linking sexological research and homosexuality Kinsey named his own institute after Hirschfeld's institute for sex research Headed Scientific Humanitarian Committee, 1897-1933 Campaigned against Germany's Paragraph 175, because desire to commit sodomy was rooted in biological drive, unconscionable to criminalize. Yearbook for Sexual Intermediate Types → Annual publication Hirschfeld adopted a minoritarian position on homosexuality, "Different from the Others" Nazis seized Hirschefeld, and burned his Hirschfeld library

Pauli Murray

1910-1985 Got law degree from Howard After 20 years of practice, was first woman to get doctorate of law from YLS Authored textbook compilation of states' race laws Felt deep connection to anti-colonial movement States Laws on Race and Color (1951) Constitution and Government of Ghana (1961) Human Rights U.S.A. (1967) Developed legal strategy that led to class-based protection for women under 14A Murray became first black woman to be ordained as an episcopal priest Never achieved fame of Thurgood Marshall or RBG Wasn't lead attorney in famous case, did heavy lifting in background Never hid lesbianism Was gender-nonconforming In her 20s, she asked for male hormones

Bayard Rustin

1912-1987 Worked with A Philip Randolph (president of Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters) - 1941 Fellowship of Reconciliation Congress of Racial Equality 1953 arrest on morals charge in Pasadena when Police found him having sex with a man in a car. Was forced to resign for his transgressions, was stigmatized. Rustin never hid homosexuality, heterosexuals could conspire to collectively ignore what was hidden in plain sight → Until he was arrested. Randolph stood by Rustin, and in 1963, Randolph sent Rustin to advise MLK in Montgomery Bus Boycott. King relied on Rustin for the rest of his life. At march on Washington, Randolph ran the demonstration, and Rustin was chief organization. SC senator and white supremacist Strom Thurmond denounced Rustin as Commie and Homosexual, but the civil rights community didn't care.

The Urban Crisis

1960s and '70s Many more whites were fleeing cities for suburbs (Began with 50s GI Bill, industry movement into suburbs) Leads to increasing poverty in cities Suburbs are home of affluent white families; cities are home of sexual disorder, POC families, etc... due to Riots, fiscal crises As urban prices go down, gays move in. Don't have kids to take care of. Queer migrants revitalize poor neighborhoods → Make them hip for Urban Revival 50s → Homosexuals associated with urban blight; 80s → Homosexuals associated with urban renewal

/The Children's Hour/

1961 Film, follows illicit lesbian relationship of two schoolgirls. THEMES 1) How the film depicts the relationship between the two women > Ambiguities between the boundaries of friendship and love > How representations of butch/femme are used to organize their relationship and depict the character of the true women involved 2) Religious language > Martha feels "guilty" of loving Karen in a way that is "unnatural." > Churches played key role in making people feel that they should be guilty. 3) What is said/whispered, what is not said/still communicated > The word "sex" is never uttered in the film. > Neither are the actual allegations against Martha and Karen. 4) Gay response to anti-gay ideology: gay people internalize feelings, feel ashamed. > Film epitomizes the understood experience of gay men and lesbians: with shame, despair, and self-hatred. > Martha was isolated; she had no one to talk to. 5) Final suicide: an act of self-hatred or supreme act of expression of her love for Karen and her desire to free her? > Overwhelming idea is that she's overcome by shame and regret.

/Advise and Consent/

1962 American neo noir film. Advise and Consent (1962) - First gay bar since Call Her Savage → Senator is being blackmailed for WWII homosexual liaison. Differences in club from one in Call Her Savage: Secretive, name is just "602," Senator is entering a different universe All gay men (mostly white), not a mix Masculine scene → Performance Sexual scene → "Ray, you're with me"

Gender Identity Clinic

1964 - Johns Hopkins opened a Gender Identity Clinic, performed very few operations to change sex (SRS = Sex Reassignment Surgery)

Griswold v. Connecticut

1965 Supreme Court Case ruling that right to privacy prohibits ban on contraceptives to married couples. No babies Makes straight sex more like gay sex, so more difficult to dehumanize.

Eisenstadt v. Baird

1972 Supreme Court case ruling that right to privacy prohibits ban on contraceptives to unmarried couples. No babies Makes straight sex more like gay sex, so more difficult to dehumanize.

Roe v. Wade

1973 Supreme Court Case ruling that Women have right to terminate pregnancy through abortion. No babies Makes straight sex more like gay sex, so more difficult to dehumanize.

Sex Wars: Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce v. Women against Porn

1980s Sex radicals argued against 1970s feminist lesbianism and argued that pleasure and satisfaction were found in such relationships. Flashpoint is porn: Some women said they liked pornography → FACT (Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce) and WAP (Women Against Porn), opposed each other SEX WARS → women had been divided, disagreed abuot what kind of relationships and sex were healthy, what kind of roles women should play Faded in importance in late 1980s with rise of HIV/AIDS and Christian Right refocused attention of gay activists

Bowers v. Hardwick

1986 Case that said that law classifying homosexual sex as illegal sodomy was valid because there was no constitutionally protected right to engage in homosexual sex. Dehumanized gays by ruling that the claimed right to privacy is "facetious," persists for 17 years until overruled by Lawrence v. Texas. Galvanized national organizations, and people started pouring money into Lamda, HRC, etc...

Romer v. Evans

1996 Supreme Court Case ruling that an amendment to the Colorado Constitution that prevents protected status under the law for homosexuals or bisexuals was struck down because it was not rationally related to a legitimate state interest. Says that rights can't be taken away once given. First major victory

Lawrence v. Texas

2003 supreme court case ruling that a Texas law classifying consensual, adult homosexual intercourse as illegal sodomy violated the privacy and liberty of adults to engage in private intimate conduct under the 14th Amendment. All sodomy laws are unconstitutional. Kennedy writes about dignity of homosexuals. Scalia grumbles, "If you say moral disapproval can't justify singling out gay people, what's next? There's no argument against marriage equality"

Gay Neighborhoods in NY

5 Neighborhoods in NYC: Harlem: Black, different classes East 50s: Some fancy, some less so (but still middle-class), white GV: Mostly white, some others, poor, less well-educated West 70s: Poorer people Times square: Performers, etc... ** Gay worlds reproduce racial and class stratification, less so in smaller cities

Entrapment

> Common tactic of Gay policing from prohibition era through late 60s > Was a priority issue for homophile militants > Dick Leitsch plays key role in ending the practice in NYC, he talks to mayor John Lindsay about it, and the mayor ends the parctice in the late 60s

Daughters of Bilitis

A lesbian-only, Mattachine-esque foundation founded in 1955 by Del Martin & Phyllis Lyon Worked collaboratively with Mattachine and ONE but recognized that issues like entrapment (trick into doing a crime) mainly affected gay men Focused on self-help/education → was fairly anti-bar-culture, Not many working-class women were members Advocated lesbians dressing/acting like normal, heterosexual women to minimize harassment and portray a respectable view of lesbians

Gay Bars & Culture

A public place where gay people could meet and start to have a conversation, where they didn't feel like sexual freaks or somehow not part of the larger social fabric; from that came culture, politics, demands for equal rights. Valued by patrons as the only place closeted gay men and lesbians can be open and demonstrative about their sexuality without fear of discovery. Important Bars: > The Black Cat Bar, founded in 1906 and operated again after Prohibition was ended in 1933, was located in San Francisco's North Beach neighborhood and was the focus of one of the earliest victories of the homophile movement. In 1951, the California Supreme Court affirmed the right of homosexuals to assemble in a case brought by the heterosexual owner of the bar. > In New York City, the modern gay bar dates to Julius Bar, founded by local socialite Matthew Nicol, where the Mattachine Society staged a "Sip-In" on 21 April 1966 challenging a New York State Liquor Authority rule prohibited serving alcoholic beverages to gays on the basis that they were considered disorderly. The court ruling in the case that gays could peacefully assemble at bars would lead to the opening of the Stonewall Inn a block southwest in 1967, which in turn led to the 1969 Stonewall Riots. Julius is New York City's oldest continuously operating gay bar.

Stonewall Riots

A series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations by members of the gay against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn. Why stonewall? Policing crushed culture, forcing gays into bars Policing of bars made even the "safe" bars feel unsafe, increased gay solidarity. Stonewall people fought back against police because they were fed up with police, and others responded because they identified with the rioters. Policing intensified class and gender division: Creates "normal" homosexuals' resentment towards genderqueers Stonewall was one of the unusual bars because it allowed people of color, street kids, etc... Ways gay bars were forced to respond to criminalization deepened association of gay life with underworld. Situation establishes Catch-22: Because gay bars had to pay off police, they were corrupt → Increases straight apprehension Press treats riots humorously "Homo nest raided, queen bees are stinging mad" Mattachine society tried to ally with police, tried to get homos to quiet down. Activists made intervention in June 1970 → Gay liberation groups organized parade to commemorate stonewall → First pride parade

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 10 December 1948. The Declaration arose directly from the experience of the Second World War and represents the first global expression of rights to which all human beings are inherently entitled. Inspires G&L: "everyone deserves human right, why not me"?

Adrienne Rich / "Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence"

Adrienne Rich: 1929-2012 "Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence" (1980) Writer/Poet who brought "the oppression of women and lesbians to the forefront of poetic discourse." In the book, Rich argues that heterosexuality is a violent political institution making way for the "male right of physical, economical, and emotional access" to women. She urges women to direct their energies towards other women rather than men, and portrays lesbianism as an extension of feminism.

State Liquor Authorities

After repeal of prohibition in 1933, gay people banned from cabarets, bars, and restaurants. State Liquor Authorities are enforcement arm --> established to prevent development of saloon culture by regulating nightlife SLAs require alcohol license and threaten to revoke if proprietor's break the rules NY SLAs prohibit service of homosexuals because homosexuals are naturally disorderly. Leads to reorganization of gay nightlife because bars become all gay, get shut down, etc... Part of the SHIFT to discrimination

Cole Porter

American composer/ Songwriter (1891-1964), wrote a ton of famous musicals. King of double entendre Songs -- "Too Darn Hot," yale fight song, anything goes Identified as queer, yale alum

Judy Garland

American singer, actress and vaudevillian, 1922-1969 Universal camp icon, sung "Over the Rainbow" in 1939 Movie Wizard of Oz Athem for Gay people, expresses their longing for a world of love and acceptance "over the rainbow" Sadness: "Why can't I?" Hope: "Somewhere"

2010 Morse-Stiles Screw

Analogy to crackdowns: Quiet arrangments: fake IDs = bribes from gay bar owners Raids: Looking for a criminal class Crackdowns follow murder of gay men or attack on a child :: crown street shooting Crackdowns don't solve the problem, but they reassure the public Public agrees that Gays and lesbians are criminals "What does it do to you to know that the world thinks you're a criminal and that no one will stand behind you?"

John Peurifoy

Appointed Deputy Undersecretary of State for Administration in 1949 Peurifoy 1950 remarks to a United States Senate committee of a "homosexual underground" in the State Department helped ignite the lavender scare.

Margaret Mead

Argued that psychoanalytic theories are wrong to make judgments based on euro American theories. Different cultures organize sexuality in different ways.

Women's Publications

Azalea (Black) DYKE Naid Press (lesbian) Kitchen Table Press (WOC) --> Bookstores become lesbian centers

POC Feminists

Barbara Smith; Gloria Anzaldúa; Joseph Beam; Essex Hemphill

Combahee River Collective

Black lesbian rights organization Sexuality and race → intersectionality Against lesbian separatism because they thought lesbians were united to black men through race issue Relative privilege → saw how various forms of oppression were intersecting Assimilation versus separatism Radicalism Identity mattered → are you black first, lesbian first, or woman first? Black lesbians were associated with progressive black men AND feminists and lesbians Struggle with black men against racism and sexism

Charlotte Bunch

Born 1944, women's rights activist, her essay emphasizes lesbianism as a political identity.

Frank Kameny

Born in NYC, fought in WWII Barred by the Civil Service Commission in 1957 from working for the federal government Known for arguing his dismissal from Federal Government in Supreme Court --> First Civil Rights claim based on sexual orientation Founded Washington Mattachine Society with Jack Nichols in 1961 Took the organization in a very militant direction—"We owe apologies to no one" Launched lots of the earliest protests Worked against government discrimination with the help of the ACLU Thought homosexuality was just a sexual preference Didn't think homosexuality was a sickness or pathology

Jack Nichols

Co-founded the Washington, D.C. branch of the Mattachine Society in 1961 with Franklin E. Kameny. In 1967, Nichols became one of the first Americans to talk openly about his homosexuality on national television when he appeared in CBS Reports: The Homosexuals Nichols led the first gay rights march on the White House, in April 1965

Ruth Benedict

Cultural relativism People considered abnormal in US were considered normal in others, and flourished in those societies. If gay people were neurotic, it was a result of cultural hostility, not pathological homosexuality → Book, /Patterns of Culture/ Sold millions of copies and was translated into 14 languages

The Warehouse

Dance clubs were larger and less cohesive than the houses, but were still headed by "house mother" who was DJs House music starts at "Warehouse" in Chicago by DJ Frankie Knuckles Larry Levan at Paradise Garage, opened in 1997

European homophile orgs

Der Kreis, Zurich, founded 1932 COC, Amsterdam, 1946 League of 1948, Copenhagen, 1948 ICSE—International Committee for Sex Equality, Amsterdam, 1951, Launched by COC as coordinating group Acadie, Paris, 1954

"Tongues Untied"

Documentary of Black male sexuality and ballroom scene: Insisted on power of Black Gay Men speaking for themselves Featured Essex Hemphill's poetry Documented Ballroom scene.

Donald Vining

Donald Vining: born 1917, received his MA from the Yale Drama School in 1941. Vining's journal entries detail his day-to-day experiences while living as a gay man in the United States He details his many and varied sexual experiences with a handful of partners, including Ken. Performs masculine, homosexual identity and maintains segregation from fairies John D'Emilio: "A Gay Diary is, unquestionably, the richest historical document of gay male life in the United States that I have ever encountered.... It chronicles a whole life in which homosexuality is but one part and an ever-changing part at that.... It illuminates a critical period in gay male American history."

Panzy Craze

During the Pansy Craze of 1930-1933 in Manhattan, gay clubs and performers, known as "pansy performers", experienced a surge in underground popularity. Famous performers included Gene Malin, Bruz Fletcher, Ray Bourbon, Julian Eltinge

Growing Hostility in Black Community

Evangelical Christianity When industrial jobs left cities for suburbs, black civil society collapsed and evangelical storefront churches began to play a bigger role. Little Richard- 1955: Recorded Tutti Frutti 1957: Born Again, became Pentecostal minister and went back and forth between being gay and not Black cultural nationalism > Tragic irony: On the one hand, gay people's assertion of difference drew on black cultural nationalism, but the politicization of all groups caught QPOCs in the crosshairs. Picket of Black's ball → Defenders of racial pride Eldridge Cleaver denounces James Baldwin, 1968 for homosexuality. Didn't fight "white power like a man" 1960s → Blacks thought that black family was under attack. Patrick Monehan → Black's abandonment of family values creates Black matriarchy. → Blacks resist, defend black families. Black activist demand that men head families. Similar struggles in chicano nationalism.

Sex Reassignment Surgery / Purple Pill

Experiments with homone therapy had been around since the 20s in europe, but hormones became avaliable in 50s Marked the beginning of the end of people being "Trapped" in bodies that they couldn't change Forced people to think about how they really identified, what they wanted to change

GI Bill / Servicemen's Readjustment Act

Family plays key role in "readjustment" Postwar policies made it difficult to do anything else but make a family Employment policies: Hundreds of thousands of women lost their jobs, and women are funneled into low-paying clerical jobs and became Servicemen's readjustment act of 1944: > Gives Subsidies to suburban developers & veterans' home ownership → mortgages are introduced → Restricts benefits to single-family, freestanding homes in racially-segregated suburbs, which becomes a symbol of heterosexual domesticity. > Cheap mortgages for Veterans. > Affirmative actions in hiring >Education allowances **By 1947, nearly all of college students are veterans Women cannot do much else, so marriage rate rises, people get married younger, birth rate jumps "Baby boom". GI Bill was Designed to ensure reintegration into domestic society, giving men tremendous incentives over women. "Traditional" suburban family was product of social engineering created by GI Bill On the one hand, G&L people emerge from WWII with more confidence. Lesbians have freedom, gays have proved self. BUT were confronted by wave of heterosexual culture (GI Bill) that demonized and policed them, condemning their newfound love as perverted.

/The Ladder/

First nationally distributed lesbian publication in the United States. Published from 1956 to 1972. Official publication of DOB, supported by ONE and Mattachine Editing taken over by Barbara Gittings in 1963 Historian Marcia Gallo: "For women who came across a copy in the early days, The Ladder was a lifeline. It was a means of expressing and sharing otherwise private thoughts and feelings, of connecting across miles and disparate daily lives, of breaking through isolation and fear."

Disco Culture

First underground dance club: The Loft, lower Manhattan, 1970 Studio 54 (1977) hetero/homo disco palace GAA events gives way to commercialized Disco. New beat, new eroticism, new bodies

Radicallesbians

Formed after 1970 congress to unite women, One of the first groups to challenge the heterosexism of heterosexual feminists and to describe lesbian experience in positive terms

Michigan Womyn's Music Festival

Founded 1976, Folk revival provides vehicle for lesbian community building. Holly Near & Meg Christian are popular artists, sing about lesbian life. Olivia Records = mail order lesbian label

Barbara Gittings

Founder and Head of NYC DOB 58-63 Edited The Ladder 63-66 Worked with Frank Kameny and they come out as gay in public

Irving Bieber & Edmund Bergler

Freud's disciples. Bergler wrote "Homosexuality: Disease or Way of Life?" (1956), and was highly critical of Kinsey's studies. Most important homosexual theorist of 50s. Bieber wrote "Homosexuality: A Psychoanalytic Study of Male Homosexuals" (1962), which took the since discredited position that homosexuality is an illness.

Gay Sexual revolution

Gay male revolution: Commercialized (bars, dance houses, sex clubs) Lesbian revolution: Decommercialized (music festivals, etc...) Gay men colonized Chelsea, establish bars and bathhouses For both lesbians and gay men, sexual encounters lead to community. People celebrated promiscuity to get sex "out of the closet,"

Ki-ki

Gays or lesbians who switch (gender) roles

Great Gay Migration

Growth of Gay Ghettos was the result of the end of antigay policing and the building of institutions. Larger cities like NYC already had gay neighborhoods. "Ghetto" → people are "forced" to live there. eg. San Francisco in the '70s Surpassed NYC as Gay Mecca Why SF? Queer legacy stretches back to Gold Rush days (lots of men together) WWII, servicepeople 50s: Hub of Mattachine and DOB SF featured in "Homosexuality in America" Life, 1965 Mass migration transformed the Castro and other ghettos

/One/

Homosexual owned, operated, written, themed magazine started in 1953 Not technically a part of Mattachine, had small readership Took over the militancy of the original Mattachine after the power shift; maintained that homosexuals were the only experts about homosexual life Was a focus of the homophile movement Used to expose entrapment/harassment, publish scientific theories on homosexuality, reach gays in more isolated locations

Four Freedoms

January 6 1941 Speech, FDR 4: Freedom of speech Freedom of worship Freedom from want Freedom from fear Didn't work very well to sell war, so Images of GIs and dichotomy between between men's leadership and women's subordination got stronger.

Prewar Homophile Orgs

Knights of the Clock, LA, 1940s Support group for interracial gay couples, Dore Legg was member Veterans Benevolent Association, NYC, 1946 Founded in part to fight Blue discharge discrimination The League, NYC, 1952 Founded by VBA people, who later started NY MS chapter. Other Salons, social clubs, discussion groups

National organizations

Lambda Legal: Makes the legal fight, est 1973 National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, est 1973 Building on work of prior movements to create higher level political movements

Camp and Camp heroines

Learned cultural style for all races and classes: Sensibility and style of interaction that responds to gender differences → Sharp wit that undermines "naturalness" of sex and gender by highlighting its performative nature. Heroines: Judy Garland (White), Josephine Baker (Black), La Lupe (Latina) → All were performative in their femininity. Ridiculing and feminizing other gay men "Oh look, it's Barbara Walters"

Lesbian Pulp

Lesbian pulp novels traced journeys of self-discovery Pulp novels were pocket books made of cheap paper, depended on mass distribution for profit Sold at thousands of outlets across US, like Women's Barracks by Torres and Spring Fire by Pack Women's Barracks → heterosexual woman described homosexual interactions of women in French barracks Spring Fire → set at sorority, dump boyfriends, fall in love, then on the last page, one dumps the other and renounced her love d. Didn't gain censorship, were dismissed because weren't viewed as intelligent Many were written by men for men, as soft-core porn Lots were also written by women Patricia Highsmith → Strangers on a Train, Talented Mr. Ripley Wrote lesbian novels as Claire Morgan

Gay Codes / Double Entendre

Lingo: "Gay" "Jam" = Heterosexual, "Seafood" = sailor, "Trade" = Straight guy who'll get with gays Double Entendre: > Cole Porter & Ma Rainey as masters >Words were not what they first appeared to be Drew on postwar context of implication Gay people relished their expertise in creating cultural codes, because such skills were extremely appreciated in the 50s, because censorship forced us to use them. Eg: The Big Sleep - Movie Pleasure in coded banter about sex through horse racing

Little Richard

Little Richard Born 1932 to SdA in Georgia Was a drag queen and performed in clubs across the southeast. Was discovered at the Dew Drop Inn, learned his appearance from Pasqualia Escardita Furnished rooms in New Orleans are center for queens etc. Little Richard's lyrics get santitized for whites Original: "Tutti frutti, good booty, If it don't fit don't force it, you can grease it, take it easy Tutti frutti, good booty" New: "Tutti frutti, oh Rudy" Blacks were more accepting of queer experiences. Even if they performed self as queer, they didn't say that they were queer. Black media and church was more accepting of homosexuality (or in the latter case, it wasn't singled out) Signifies relative openness of black society in the 1950s

Sigmund Freud

Lived 1856-1939, founder of psychoanalytic theory. Freudian theories emphasize the importance of sexual drives to shaping the personality. Freud was pro-gay, and supported Mangnis Hirschfeld's campaign to decriminalize sexuality He was convinced that everyone was born a third-sexer, bisexual.

Mona's 404

Main lesbian center in SF, had male impersonators

James Dobson / Focus on the Family

Major player in global debate James Dobson, Child Psycologist advises parents on how to raise Christian children in "anti-christian" culture 1983: Family research Council works against abortion, gay rights 1977: American family foundation fights to limit appearance of gays in media. 1989 boycott of 30somethings costs ABC $1M (Media issues)

Gladys Bently

Mannish woman in the prewar years, then "I am a Woman Again" (1952 cover of ebody) found domesticity.

Phyllis Lyon & Del Martin

Martin and Lyon met in 1950, became lovers in 1952, and moved in together on Valentine's Day 1953 in an apartment on Castro Street in San Francisco, founded DOB in 1955. Downplayed lesbian identity and advocated for assimilation. Longtime and extremely prominent LGBT activists in SF. First couple in SF to become legally wed when SF Mayor Gavin Newsom granted same-sex couples marriage licenses after hearing Bush's criticism of MA decision

Gay Activists Alliance

NYC Gay rights organization founded on December 21 1969 (6m after stonewall) by dissident members of GLF who were only for gay rights. Members included Jim Owles, Marty Robinson, Sylvia Rivera, Marsha P. Johnson. Created the GAA firhouse, lured away from the bars to create a new community

Ma Rainey

One of many famous blues singers who were queer (Ethel Water, Alberta Hunter, Bessie Smith, George Hannan) Arrested in Chicago for hosting an "indecent party" with nothing but naked women Like Cole Porter, Queen of Double Entendre

Elected Officials

Other early elected officials: Harvey Milk (77, SF), Nancy Wechsler (Ann arbor, 72, human rights party), Elaine Noble (Mass assembly, 74)

V-J Day

Photo by o Alfred Eisenstaedt "V-J Day" Description: Sailor kisses every women he saw, captures exuberant embrace of heterosexuality. Undercurrents of concern: He's Too aggressive, running amok, military man, a sailor --> Shows how the Military broke normal moral constraints and made America nervous.

Moral/Vice Squads

Police unit to suppress "moral crime." Policed crusing spots and gay hangouts, arrested people. Part of local purges of homosexuals and the shift to discrimination/criminalization of homosexuals.

Third world gay liberation

Post stonewall: More influenced by activist culture than gay organizations, championed intersectionality, etc...

/Call Her Savage/

Pre-Code (1932) drama film, includes pansy waiters prancing in restaurant with feather dusters, last such depiction until 1962 Advise & Consent

Executive Order 10450

President Dwight D. Eisenhower issued Executive Order 10450 in 1953. It dismantled President Truman's Loyalty Review Board program. Instead it charged the heads of federal agencies and the Office of Personnel Management, supported by the FBI, with investigating federal employees to determine whether they posed security risks. It expanded the definitions and conditions used to make such determinations. The criteria used to define a security risk were largely political, that is, affiliation with suspect organizations or a clear demonstration of disloyalty. Executive Order 10450 added more general estimations of character, stability, and reliability. Its language was broad: "Any criminal, infamous, dishonest, immoral, or notoriously disgraceful conduct, habitual use of intoxicants to excess, drug addiction, or sexual perversion. Again, was part of the shift towards discrimination, responded to postwar fears of loss of the familial foundation of American civilization.

Dick Leitsch

President of NYC Mattachine Society Was deeply connected to bars, but got politicized when his friends were arrested. Arrest upsurge made him an activist. Organizer of Sip-in @ Julius'

Evelyn Hooker / "The Adjustment of the Male Overt Homosexual"

Psychiatrist and sociologist who did a study on non-patient homosexuals and found them to be just as well adjusted as heterosexuals Shared Freud's view that homosexuals were pathological "The Adjustment of the Male Overt Homosexual" (1957) -- ASudy Anthropologists & Psycological theories broke with previous biological theories of homosexuality (basis of third sex theories, current theories) Revolutionizes by sampling from ordinary gay people and ordinary straight people. Found no difference between hetero-men and homo-men, refuted sickness and psychoanalytic theories Mattachine society provided research subjects for her studies comparing gay/straight men Invited but refused to join board of Mattachine for fear it would compromise her research

Donald Webster Cory / "The Homosexual In America"

Published 1951 The most influential book in the history of the Gay movement Cory drew on HR and CR to argue that homosexuals should be recognized as a minority Modeled book on study of African Americans: An American Dilemma (1944) Cory systematically dismantled all anti-gay theories, exposing contradictions Takes aim at seduction trap "The homosexual seeks to seduce other to his ways, it is said implying they say that: "condemnation...is necessary....because without it homosexuality might spread" "But if the joke and the sneer, ridicule and lie, punishment and fear, are utilized to teach people to hate, they will hate." echoes You've got to be carefully taught (1949)

Alfred Kinsey / "Sexual Behavior in the Human Male/Female"

Publishes "sexual behavior of the human male" (1948) and "female" (1953) AKA Kinsey Reports. Kinsey was skeptical of psychoanalytic theories because they made sweeping claims based on few cases, and were shaped by values → More empirical data needed. Collects data from over 18000 interviews. Effects of his work: > People worried that it was super easy to slip into homosexual behavior → Strengthening the worst fears > Work shattered alleged symmetry between normalcies because he disproved statistical normalcy.

Lesbian Separatism

Radical lesbians break away from mainstream society, form collectives. POC Lesbians (combahee) river collective challenged this single identity with other lesbians.

Boys Beware / Sid Davis

Released 1961 in cooperation with the Inglewood CA police department → Describes gays as hard to identify. "Be careful if they are too friendly" "They may appear normal" Fear of homosexuals lurking Took theory of homsexuality as "sickness of the mind" In 2015, a Missouri high school teacher was suspended after showing Boys Beware to his students --> Shift in attitudes

Joseph McCarthy

Republican U.S. Senator from the state of Wisconsin from 1947 until his death in 1957. In 1950, claimed he had list of 205 communist state department Employees

Compton's Cafeteria Riot

Response to crackdowns on transgender patrons at tenderloin restaurant. One of the first recorded transgender riots in United States history, preceding the more famous 1969 Stonewall Riots In the aftermath of the riot at Compton's, a network of transgender social, psychological, and medical support services was established, which culminated in 1968 with the creation of the National Transsexual Counseling Unit

Gay Liberation Front

Several Gay liberation groups that formed in NYC in 1969 After stonewall Part of new radicalism, advocated for sexual liberation for all people; they believed heterosexuality was a remnant of cultural inhibition and felt that change would not come about unless the current social institutions were dismantled and rebuilt without defined sexual roles.

HeteroSexual Revolution and Homos

Sexual Commerce Adult bookstores, theaters, arcades. → Enabled by 1960s decisions. Fueled by economic decline of urban neighborhoods, "respectable" businesses leave and make room for sex Worries homeowners, residents CA Ballot initiative designed to curb businesses by increasing obscenity laws → Failed at the polls In LA alone, there were over 90 sex businesses. Sexual ethics and practices change Throughout industrialized world, mid-60s to mid-70s marks shift in sexual norms More common for couples to cohabitate before marriage or without marriage Availability of birth-control pill allows sex to be purely hedonistic. 1973 Roe v. Wade reinforces right to sexual pleasure to women. Sexual freedom and promiscuity were as essential to heterosexual youth culture as much as it was to homosexual youth culture. SF and NY famous for freewheeling sexual culture Heterosexual culture emboldens homosexuals for 3 reasons 1 They see moral codes rejected by heteros, sex is linked to love. 2 Heteros link sexual freedom to personal freedom, creating commonalities 3 Heteros' encouragement of frankness encourages gays' coming out. Heteros see homos differently because homosexuality fits better into new sexual morality than old one. → Heteros were accepting same codes that homos have been living with. This is why our generation is less resentful of gays. Grappling with differences between monogamy and commitment (Vining) or other sexual ethical questions used to be exclusive to homos, not any more. Gay sexual culture also got closer to straight sexual culture → today, gay students are more sexually conservative than they were in the 70s. Life expectations for our generation of gay people have changed towards heterosexuals: having kids, marriage, etc... For past generation of gays, kids and marriage were unimaginable.

Voguing

Shift from drag to vogue occurs when Black and Latino people get kicked out, create queer families known as "houses" → Each house was founded by "House mother," who both trained and supported the kids: Pepper LaBeija, Paris Dupree, House of Xtravaganza (founded by Hector Xtravaganza), House of Ninja (Willi Ninja) Movement begins in NYC and spreads Highly competitive in performing "realness" Central activity - Vogueing Voguing performs elegance

Drag Balls

Shows ordinary black people's interest Phil Black (1902-1975) Funmakers Ball 3,000 people attended 1952 Ball, huge photo spreads in Ebony Postwar balls were more gay than prewar balls (organized by fraternities vs. gay social clubs) Later balls had more militant racial politics and awarded prizes to blacks (earlier balls gave prizes mainly to whites) People didn't see it as camp or burlesque of black society, but rather as a respectful emulation of society balls. Huge, respectful crowds turned out because Balls embraced black society.

Sip-in / Julius' Bar

Sip -in at Julius's Bar (1966) Dress conservatively, are respectable Challenging presumption of disorder → reframe issue of bars from public order to civil rights. Only court decision affects policy, but court acted within a year of sip-in

Playboy

Successor of WWII pinup culture Launch of Playboy in 1954 - prmoted bachleors who resisited drudgery of marriage in order to play with sort of women the mag portrayed, So heterosexually engaged that couldn't be tied down by one woman

Gay Sensibility

The awareness of one's own persona as one that derives from the homosexual ethos as opposed to other influences (aka, not intersectional) This becomes multiplied by more coming out, and soon the straight culture takes notice. The awareness increases such that everyone, gay or straight, knows that there's difference.

Lavender Scare

The fear and persecution of homosexuals in the 1950s in the United States and United Kingdom, which paralleled the anti-communist campaign known as McCarthyism. But harmed far more people then red scare. Gay men and lesbians were often considered communist sympathizers ("fellow travelers," sputniks), and the era of lavender scare may be seen as the time when homosexuals became the chief scapegoats of the Cold War.

Harvey Milk

The first openly gay person to be elected to public office in California, when he won a seat on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors in 1977. Strong ties to labor movement to stop Gay bars from buying Coors. Makes ties with Latino/AA leaders Example of coalition between queers and POCs

Mattachine Society

The first organization of the homophile movement, founded 1950 Started by Henry Hay with Communist party influence as a secretive, hierarchical group --> Based on "discussion groups" that helped develop gay consciousness homosexuals think of themselves as an oppressed minority rather than deviants Membership-based, democratic organization led by Hal Call and Kenneth Burns Advocating that homosexuals were respectable/just like heterosexuals, and looking to scientists and professionals to legitimize their claims (education of heterosexuals) Mattachine Review, started 1955, SF After the Mattachine Split, when new leadership starts to compete with One Referred people to gay-friendly doctors/lawyers/etc

James Baldwin

Theory of androgynous identity Born in Harlem, 1924 - step father was a minister Broke with social contract → one of most prominent leaders of civil rights movement who expressed frustration with slow progress, slow pace of change "Giovanni's Room" → dealt with how white American came to terms with his sexuality in Italy Part of gay publishing boom in 1950s - was openly gay and wrote about being gay

Randy Wicker

UT Austin student, active in the civil rights movement, involved with the NY Mattachine & ONE Wanted a gay rights movement "comparable to the Southern civil rights struggle" Created the Homosexual League of New York on his own in reaction to the cautionary politics of the New York Mattachine Society Pushed for publicity in the media—Village Voice, Harper's, New York Post, etc.—"media breakthrough" Wicker was a major part of increasing the visibility of homosexuals in the early 60s

How Queers of Color Responded to White Exclusion

White Exclusion: (1) Coming out more risky for QPOCs, homosexuality is not single source of oppression (2) Self-representation as white Response: (1) Created own orgs: 3rd world gay liberation, Combahee River Collective, Salsa Soul Sisters, Gay Men of African Descent (2) 1979 - Conference for Gay activists of Color→ Conference spurs organization (3) Critiques of QPOC exclusion: Barbara Smith "All the women are white, all the black are men, but some of us are brave""

Our Bodies Ourselves

Womens health movements provides underground abortions before Roe, afterwards, opened health cooperatives --> DEMOCRATIZATION was extremely important to movement → People need to be able to control their own lives.