Vocabulary for IELTS ADVANCED

blue-collar

"синій комірець", робітник connected with people who do physical work in industry

Petroleum Hydrocarbons (PHC)

.Нафтові вуглеводні Examples include mixtures of Petroleum Hydrocarbons, metals and metalloids in mining and pesticides on or in the food we consume

abrupt (adj)

1.Раптовий, різкий 2.Грубий (по відношенню до когось) 1. sudden and unexpected, often in an unpleasant way 2.speaking or acting in a way that seems unfriendly and rude; not taking time to say more than is necessary synonym brusque, curt

herring What enables a school of herring to coordinate its movements so pricisely it can change direction in a flash, like a single organism?

a fish that lives in the northern Atlantic Ocean and is often eaten as food - see also red herring

yarn (Chemical analysis and powerful microdcopy can reveal remarkable characteristics of textiles: what plants and animals the fibres came from, how the yarns were made, what weaving techniques were employed and what dyes or pigments were used to colour them.)

fibers that have been spun together

Aerosols

Аерозолі very fine liquid droplets or solid particles aloft in the atmosphere an abbreviation for the gases which have now been removed from aerosols to protect the ozone layer.

Embalming

Бальзамування (обробка консервантами для запобігання гниття) treating with preservatives to prevent decay The embalming substances turned out to include fairly exotic materials, such as oils, beeswax, sugar gum and tree resins and were as complex as those used for human mummification.

Exodus

Вихід a large-scale departure or flight Curiously, this massive exodus from the land to the city was not accompanied by negative attitudes to rural living.

Intrapersonal

Внутрішньоособистісний Relating to self-awareness

Alienated

Відчужений distanced, estranged Made not to feel a sense of belonging We are led to believe that, in the country, we can find the safe, simple serenity that is so desperately needed by the alienated city dweller

Wean off Wean on

Відівчити від To withdraw from any type of habit To have, use, see something from a very Young age In conclusion, there is little dout that we will soon need to wean ourselves off fossil, fuels and on to an alternative fuel source.

Harbor (noun)

Гавань an area of water on the coast, protected from the open sea by strong walls, where ships can shelter

Well-informed

Добре обізнаний has accurate information

life sentence

Довічне увязнення the punishment by which somebody spends the rest of their life in prison

Mass Circulation Magazines

Журнали масового тиражу (періодична публікація, що містить статті та ілюстрації, як правило, що охоплюють певний предмет чи сферу інтересу) a periodical publication containing articles and illustrations, typically covering a particular subject or area of interest. The rise of mass circulation magazines, radio broadcasting and to a lesser extent, motion pictures provided new media for advertisements to reach consumers.

urge

Закликати,спонукати to advise or try hard to persuade somebody to do something

Outer suburbs

Зовнішні передмістя Land use zone on outskirts of city (housing, shops and industry)

Customer Segments

Клієнтські сегменти, категорії споживачів groups of people who share similar needs and thus are likely to desire the same features in a product Most of the companies in these industries started out with product and pricing strategies designed to provide value to a variety of customer segments, each with its own needs and price sensitivitives.

Minimum Balance

Мінімальний баланс A specific amount of money that a bank or credit union requires in order to open or maintain a particular account. Think of the cell or mobile phone service, and banking and credit card industries, each of which now profits from customers who fail to understand or follow the rules about minute use, minium balances, overdrafts, credit limits, or payment deadline.

bottom line

Нижня лінія, фінальний етап the final line in the accounts of a company or organization, stating the total profit or loss that has been made

pay off

Окупитися, розплатитися (phr v) to be successful and bring good results Janda was surprised to find that in order to create a relationship, consumers have to perceive it will pay off, monetarily or otherwise.

Pastoral Idyll

Пастирська ідилія writing that extolls the virtue of the countryside/nature In the years following the Industrial Revolution, a new artistic theme emerged: the theme of pastoral idyll

full-scale

Повномасштабний fuul-scale used for very complex details. Goverment labs, universities and private companies are doing more research on the health effects of many nutrients, food scientists say, but much of it falls short of the full-scale clinical trials that the Food and Drug Administration has required for use in marketing.

Re-evaluation

Повторна оцінка looking at the experiment again to see if you have the right answer and if you did everything correctly Evidence has led to a re-evaluation of where certain materials orginated.

improve

Покращувати, вдосконалювати to become better than before; to make something/somebody better than before

aurora borealis

Північне сяйво northern lights The aurora borealis is a spectacular though transient light display caused by millions of explosions.

Pygmy shrew

Пігмей землерийка (найменший ссавець) smallest mammal To stay alive, the pygmy shrew has to eat three times its body weight daily, which means capturing a prey every 15 to 30 minutes, day and night.

soaring

Різко зростає to increase very quickly in amount or price Demand for eco-friendly hybrid cars is soaring

apprehensive (adj)

Сповнений тривоги worried or frightened that something unpleasant may happen

Converge together

Сходитися разом, об'єднуватися to move toward one point, approach nearer together A mega city can be a single metropolitan area or two or more areas that converge or join together

means tested

Тест на засоби (це визначення того, чи є людина чи сім'я правом на допомогу уряду чи добробут, ґрунтуючись на тому, чи є у індивіда чи сім'ї кошти обійтися без цієї допомоги.) paid to somebody according to the results of a means test

scrap

Шматок, частинка small bit or fragment; discarded waste material; fight; Among the fabric samples Jakes has anaysed are carbonised scraps from Hopewell burial sites, which were typically earth mounds.

agrarian society

аграрне суспільство a society in which people make a living from farming However, the percentage of the population that lived in urban setting remained small in agrarian society

activate

активувати to make something such as a device or chemical process start working

topical (adj)

актуальний connected with something that is happening or of interest at the present time

rechargeable (adj)

акумуляторний (adj) able to be recharged

analogous

аналогічний, подібний similar Onnela and Reed-Tsochas realised that analogous changes take place on sites where people share their profiles with online friends.

analytical

аналітичний using a logical method of thinking about something in order to understand it, especially by looking at all the parts separately

antagonistic

антагоністичний, протидіючий opposed; hostile; aggressive Other snakker companies are experimenting with less antagonistic ways to retain customers, such as reward points for customers, such as reward points for customers who worl out regularly.

antibiotic

антибіотик a medicine used to save lives because it destroys harmful bacteria and cures infections Hospitals around the world are having problems with bacteria which cannot be treated with antibiotics.

anti-social (adj)

антисоціальний (шкідливий або дратівливий для інших людей, або для суспільства взагалі) harmful or annoying to other people, or to society in general The cultural status of tattooing has steadily evolved from that of an anti-social activity in the 1960s to that of a socially acceptable fashion statement today.

antifreeze

антифриз (Речовина, яка уповільнює процес заморожування або взагалі не заморожується) A substance which slows the process of freezing

animation

анімація the process of making films/movies, videos and computer games in which drawings or models of people and animals seem to move (unit 20: the art, personal taste)

archive (noun)

архів a collection of historical documents or records of a government, a family, a place or an organization; the place where these records are stored

astronomical

астрономічний connected with astronomy

aftershock (noun)

афтершок (менший землетрус, що слідує за більшим землетрусом) a small earthquake that happens after a bigger one

multicultural (adj)

багатокультурний for or including people of several different races, religions, languages and traditions But then, gradually, over time, as our society becomes more and more multicultural, there is a blending of these customs and we gradually come to redifine the norm.

high-rise (adj)

багатоповерховий (adj) very tall and having a lot of floors

high-rise building (noun).

багатоповерхівка a building that is very tall and has a lot of floors At one point, the electricity in the atmosphere made it seem inevitable that high-rise buildings would be struck by lightning

multi-institutional

багатоінституційний (залучення, що стосується або виникає в більш ніж одній установі) involving, relating to, or occurring within more than one institution It is possible to predict your performance on a video game simply by measuring the volume of specific structures in your brain, a multi-institutional team of researchers announced this week.

desirable (adj)

бажаний, жаданй causing other people to feel sexual desire

recreational facilities

бази відпочинку The city has far more * * than rural areas, so young people don't get bored so easily.o

bacterial (adj)

бактеріальний caused by or connected with bacteria

trivial

банальний, незначний (adj.) not important, minor; ordinary, commonplace

bankrupt

банкрут unable to pay what you owe, and having had control of your financial matters given, by a law court, to a person who sells your property to pay your debts And those these mid -level lottery winners were less likely than small winners (those who won less than $10,000) to become bankrupt immediately after winning, they were 50 per cent more likely to do so in three to five years after winning their prize.

bankruptcy

банкрутство a situation in which a business or a person becomes bankrupt But new research from Vanderbilt Law School found that people who won between $50,000 and $150,000 only postpone bankruptcy.

irresponsible

безвідповідальний, невідповідальний not thinking enough about the effects of what they do; not showing a feeling of responsibility

a multitude of

безліч a large number of scholars had assumed that ancient people used relatively simple and inexpensive methods to prepare this multitude of animals for burial.

ongoing (adj)

безперервний, продовжений, триваючий (adj) continuing to exist or develop Depression is an ongoing and pervasive problem in our society, and it poses something of an evolutionary paradox: the brain plays a crucial role in our survival, so evolution should have left our brains resistant to such high rates of malfunction

unprecedented

безпрецедентний never done or known before The data stored on the site makes it possible to analyse the growth in popularity of individual applications in unprecedented detail.

win-win situation

безпрограшна ситуація

unemployment (noun)

безробіття the fact of a number of people not having a job; the number of people without a job The modern welfare system in the UK developed during the late 19th and 20th century and includes the provision of both cash welfare benefits (such as an old-age pension or unemployment benefit) and welfare services not involving money (such as healthcare)

invertebrate

безхребетні An animal without a backbone jellyfish is an aquatic invertebrate

shore (noun)

берег the land along the edge of the sea or ocean, a lake or another large area of water

conserve

берегти to keep and protect something from damage, change, or waste

concrete jungle (noun)

бетонні джунглі (спосіб опису міста чи району, який неприємний, оскільки в ньому багато великих сучасних будівель, а також немає дерев чи парків) a way of describing a city or an area that is unpleasant because it has many large modern buildings and no trees or parks

boon

благо, дар, благочинність a gift or blessing Such a big moon is a big boon for life on Earth.

to contend

боротися to compete against somebody in order to gain something Critics of 'green energy' contend that current technologies are either too costly or impractical to realistically replace our current energy needs.

grapple with

боротися з to try to solve a problem :to deal with a problem The recently established Center for the Technical Study of Modern Art at Harvard has been set up to grapple with the distinctive challenges posed by the art of the last century.

branding (noun)

брендинг (створення назви бренду) the activity of giving a particular name and image to goods and services so that people will be attracted to them and want to buy them

mundane

буденний not interesting or exciting synonym dull, ordinary

turbulent (adj)

бурхливий, турбулентний 1.in which there is a lot of sudden change, confusion, disagreement and sometimes violence 2. (of air or water) changing direction suddenly and violently

a storm in a teacup

буря в чашці a lot of unnecessary anger and worry about a matter that is not important Climate sceptics believe that scientists are exaggerating the current situation and this is simply storm in a teacup.

be responsible for

бути відповідальним за, відповідати за

be a victim of

бути жертвою чогось If you * * * * a violent crime, ti can take years to get over it.

be in bad taste

бути з несмаком, бути недоречгим The jokes he made about the earthquake were * * * and quite offensive.

to be mired in sth

бути зануреним у що-небудь Stuck, entangled (in something, like a swamp or muddy area), soiled However, within a relatively short space of time, we were mired in problems caused by things like online scams and viruses - traps aimed at crashing our computers and even stealing our identity.

be on the verge of

бути на межі чогось about to do/happen = be on the brink of It's vital that we conserve these sites because several of them are on the verge of destruction.

to be granted

бути наданим офіційно to be given something officially or formally If you are lucky, you may be granted permission to enter the primary temple in the centre of the courtyard.

be intent on

бути наміреним to be determined After all, depression is nature's way of telling you that you've got complex social problems that the mind is intent on solving.

Mediate

бути посередником, опосередкований, проміжний to work with opposing sides in an argument or dispute in order to get an agreement Usually, too, authors distinguish advertising fromsalesmanship by defining it as mediated persuasion aimed at an audience rather than one-to-one communication with a potential customer.

be successful in

бути успішним в чомусь, досягнути своєї певної мети accomplishing an aim or purpose. It doesn't have to be a big thing, it might just be rewarding myself with a night out if I'm successful in a test.

accounting (noun)

бухгалтерський облік, бухгалтерія the process or work of keeping financial accounts

budget

бюджет, фінансовий кошторис a plan to show how much money a person or organization will earn and how much they will need or be able to spend

bureaucrat (noun)

бюрократ (той, хто забезпечує правильні правила та регулювання) ensures correct rules and regulation are put in place

protein (noun)

білок, протеїн a substance, found within all living things, that forms the structure of muscles, organs

biofuel

біопаливо a fuel that is made from living things or their waste

in a bid

в заявці, в спробі an attempt to win, get, or do something In abid to stop this, the New South Wales Government decided to offer incentives for Australians to find gold in their own country

in vogue

в моді a fashion for something

in the vicinity of

в околицях near Pesticides can be extremely harmful to any creature living in the vicinity of where they are used.

in the public eye

в очах громадськості, в центрі уваги well known to many people through newspapers and television

in retrospect (noun)

в ретроспективі thinking about a past event or situation, often with a different opinion of it from the one you had at the time In retrospect, and with the benefit of hindsight, it is clear that it was a bad decision.

in the cold light of day

в холодному світлі дня If you think about something * * * * * *, you think about it clearly and calmly, without the emotions you had at the time it happened, and you often feel sorry or ashamed about it We need to ignore all of the media hype and examine this problem in the cold light of day

jail

в'язниця a prison

blemish

вада, шрам an imperfection, flaw In the Oscar Wilde novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, a man remains forever young while his painted portrait acquires the blemishes of his increasingly sinful life.

heavy (adj)

важкий (adj) weighing a lot, and needing effort to move or lift

instrumental in doing sth

важливе значення для Very important in helping or causing sth to happen or be done The introduction of iodine to Morton Salt in 1924 was instrumental in eradicating a dangerous thyroid condition called goiter from the U.S. population.

vandalism

вандалізм the crime of destroying or damaging something, especially public property, deliberately and for no good reason

mislead

вводити в оману to give somebody the wrong idea or impression and make them believe something that is not true. Someone trying to make you believe something that is untrue will deliberate you. The policy was perceived to be a deliberate attempt to mislead the public.

strike

вдарити to hit somebody/something hard or with force

hit a nail hammer a nail

вдарити по цвяху забити цвях

cattle (noun)

велика рогата худоба cows and bulls that are kept as farm animals for their milk or meat

vast

величезний extremely large in area, size, amount, etc. synonym huge Space programmes require vast sums of money

immense (adj)

величезний, безмірний extremely large or great synonym enormous

tremendous (adj)

величезний, гігантський very great synonym huge

hilarious (adj)

веселий, галасливий (adj) extremely funny The last movie I saw was supposed to be a really funny comedy, but I didn't laugh at all.

consume

вживати. споживати to use something, especially fuel, energy or time

interaction (noun)

взаємодія the act of communicating with somebody, especially while you work, play or spend time with them

Take charge of be in charge of

взяти на себе відповідальність бути відповідальним за a responsibility; someone or something entrusted to the care of another The government needs to take charge of the current problems.

take responsibility for have responsibility for have a responsibility to be the responsibility of

взяти на себе відповідальність за нести відповідальність за нести відповідальність перед бути відповідальним за the state or fact of having a duty to deal with something or of having control over someone. The state have a responsibility to provide healthcare.

pothole

вибоїна a pit or hole produced by wear or weathering (especially in a road surface) Over the past year, Bramhurst Road has developed big poholes all over the place.

drop out of

вибути з, вийти з, покинути щось to quit My friends started going out late to nightclubs so I decided to dissociate myself from the group. When people feel isolated and rejected, they sometimes abandon sciety altogether.

burst

вибухати to break open or apart, especially because of pressure from inside; to make something break in this way

garbage collection (noun)

вивіз сміття taking waste from houshold An efficient sewage system and frequent garbage collection are both essential to maintaining sanitation in densely populated areas

fictional (adj)

вигаданий (adj) not real or true; existing only in stories; connected with fiction

benefit (noun)

вигода, користь money provided by the government to people who need financial help because they are unemployed, ill/sick, etc. The modern welfare system in the UK developed during the late 19th and 20th century and includes the provision of both cash welfare benefits (such as an old-age pension or unemployment benefit) and welfare services not involving money (such as healthcare)

eminent (adj)

видатний (adj) famous and respected, especially in a particular profession

prominent (adj)

видатний (adj) important or well known

species (noun)

види a group into which animals, plants, etc. that are able to breed with each other and produce healthy young are divided, smaller than a genus and identified by a Latin name

mining

видобуток корисних копалин the industry or activity of removing substances such as coal or metal from the ground by digging

emissions

викиди gases released into the air, especially by cars and factories This results in an increase in carbon dioxide or greenhouse gas emissions.

emissions (noun)

викиди, виділення the production or sending out of light, heat, gas, etc.

bring about

викликати, спричинити cause to happen Changes in our climate bring about higher temperatures, which in turn inevitably result in reduced yields of desirable crops.

exclude (verb)

виключати, вилучати o deliberately not include something in what you are doing or considering Those who fail to observe these norms are inevitably excluded from that group.

excavate (verb)

викопувати to dig in the ground to look for old buildings or objects that have been buried for a long time; to find something by digging in this way

make the most of every moment

використовувати кожну мить по максимуму She's always telling me that time passes in the blink of an eye and I should make the most of every moment of it.

eradicate

викорінювати, виривати з корнем to destroy or get rid of something completely, especially something bad

arise

виникати, поставати to happen; to start to exist synonym occur

evaporation (noun)

випаровування the process of a liquid changing or being changed into a gas

smelt

виплавляти, плавити to obtain metal from an ore by exposing it to very high temperature Lead is extracted by a process known as smelting, where the rock, or ore is heated to extremely high temperatures.

rectify

виправити to correct something or make something right: I am determined to take whatever action is necessary to * the situation.

solicit

випрошувати to ask for; to seek Political advertising solicits a vote (or a contribution), not a purchase.

emit

випускати, випромінювати to send out a beam, noise, smell, or gas

release (Verb)

випускати, звільняти to let somebody/something come out of a place where they have been kept or trapped

handmade products

вироби ручної роботи The craft market sold many beautiful (things which weren't manufactured.)

yield

виробляти, врожай give or supply, produce Other areas have yielded only small flecks of charcoal from prehistoric fires.

manufacturer (noun)

виробник a person or company that produces goods in large quantities In order to increase their sales, these manufacturers bombard young children with colourful and entertaining TV ads.

reared livestock

вирощена худоба I think it's common knowledge that intensively reared livestock suffer horribly because of their cramped living conditions.

deforestation (noun)

вирубування лісів the act of cutting down or burning the trees in an area

crucial (adj)

вирішальний extremely important, because it will affect other things

resolve

вирішити to solve or end a problem or difficulty If this isn't done, we will never completely resolve this issue.

gruelling

виснажливий extremely tiring and demanding There are somany facts and figures to learn and the exams are really gruelling so you've got to study hard all the time.

exhaust

виснажувати, стомлювати, зморювати to make somebody feel very tired

high-profile (adj)

високий профіль (adj) receiving or involving a lot of attention and discussion on television, in newspapers, etc.

flaunt (verb)

виставляти напоказ to show something you are proud of to other people, in order to impress them First and flaunted by influential rock stars like the Rolling Stones in the early 1970s, tattooing had, by the late 1980s, become accepted by ever-broader segments of mainstream society.

expense (noun)

витрати the money that you spend on something

to indicate

вказати, зазначити to show that something is true or exists

backlash

вкрай негативна реакція a strong public reaction against something The backlash against American consumerism dates nearly to its conception.

equity

власний капітал, справедливість the value of a company, divided into many equal parts owned by the shareholders, or one of the equal parts into which the value of a company is divided finance [noncount] :the value of a piece of property (such as a house) after any debts that remain to be paid for it (such as the amount of a mortgage) have been subtracted

cardholder

власник картки A person or entity that is issued a credit or debit account that is accessed through the use of a card Many credit card issuers, for example, choose not deny a transaction that would put the cardholder over his or her credit limit, it's more profitable to let the customer overspend and then impose penalties.

catchy

вловимий, привабливий (той, що легко запам'ятовується) (of music or the words of an advertisement) pleasing and easily remembered

inner-city slum/shanty town (noun)

внутрішні бідні райони the central part of a city where people live and where there are often problems because people are poor and there are few jobs and bad houses Many people who move to the city from rural areas end up living in inner-city slums/shanty towns because of a shortage of housing

courtyard

внутрішній двір An open space surrounded by buildings or walls If you are lucky, you maybe granted permission to enter the primary temple in the centre of the courtyard.

aquatic

водний growing or living in, on or near water

reservoir (noun)

водосховище a natural or artificial lake where water is stored before it is taken by pipes to houses, etc.

chauffeur

водій, шофер a man paid to drive a privately owned car

fibre (noun)

волокно, клітковина a material such as cloth or rope that is made from a mass of natural or artificial threads

hostile (adj)

ворожий (adj) very unfriendly or aggressive and ready to argue or fight Although this approach may work for a while (many notable practitioners are highly profitable), businesses that that prey on customers are always vulnerable to possible hostility.

Self-reliant

впевнений у собі, самостійний independent

influential (adj)

впливовий having a lot of influence on somebody/something Celebrities are extremely influential in setting fashion trends.

well-adjusted (adj)

врівноважений, добре налагоджений (of a person) able to deal with people, problems and life in general in a normal, sensible way

world-famous (adj)

всесвітньо відомий (adj) known all over the world

lose control of

втратити контроль над

embodiment

втілення living example of These are not only technical but conceptual, since the use of the new materials - many of them never meant to last - often went hand in hand with a disdain for the traditional notion of the artwork as a precious artifact and embodiment of eternal values.

carbon dioxide (noun)

вуглекислий газ This results in an increase in carbon dioxide or greenhouse gas emissions.

carbon footprint

вуглецевий слід Someone's * * is a measurement of the amount of carbon dioxide that their activities produce (unit 16: energy, natural resources)

carbon neutral (adj)

вуглецево нейтральний (adj) If a person, organization, event, etc. is *, it does things such as planting trees to reduce carbon dioxide by the same amount as it produces it

hive (noun)

вулик a structure made for bees to live in How do hundreds of honeybees make a critical decision about their hive if many of them disagree?

to bounce a cheque

відбити чек, повернути чек через помилки of a check :to be returned by a bank because there is not enough money in the bank account to pay the amount that is on the check Penalties for problems such as bouncing a cheque, for example, were orginally designed to discourage banking customers from spending more money than they had and to recoup administrative costs.

Get sidetracked

відволікатися to distract from the main subject I know my young son often gets sidetracked when these images suddenly appear and entice him to 'click' here to win $1 million'!

distracting

відволікаючий taking your attention away from what you are trying to do

remote

віддалений far away from places where other people live It's a really amazing place because it's in a very remote, muntainous area.

discard

відкидати, відмовлятись to throw something away or get rid of it because you no longer want or need it

echo

відлуння the fact of an idea, event, etc. being like another and reminding you of it; something that reminds you of something else

op out (of)

відмовитися від to choose not to do or be involved in something My friends started going out late to nightclubs so I decided to dissociate myself from the group. When people feel isolated and rejected, they sometimes abandon sciety altogether.

reflect

відображати, відбивати to show the image of somebody/something on the surface of something such as a mirror, water or glass

conform (verb)

відповідати (стандартам, нормам) to behave and think in the same way as most other people in a group or society When people conform, it helps make society more peaceful.

cut off

відрізати, перервати to disconnect, interrupt, or discontinue something or someone While I enjoyed the restfulness, I felt too cut off.

relegate SO/sth to sth

відступати, передоручати, відкидати щось/когось на щось/когось іншого demote; downgrade; give somebody a lower or less important position, rank, etc. than before Magazine ad styles were also restrained, with most publications relegating advertisements to the back pages.

segment (noun)

відтинок, сегмент, частина a part of something that is separate from the other parts or can be considered separately First and flaunted by influential rock stars like the Rolling Stones in the early 1970s, tattooing had, by the late 1980s, become accepted by ever-broader segments of mainstream society.

Undertone

відтінок Characteristic that isn't obvious A constant undertone in this theme is that rural living is more satisfying than life in the town

feel to blame for ... take the blame for ... be to blame for ...

відчувати вину за ... взяти на себе провину за ... бути винним за ... to say or think that a person or thing is responsible for something bad that has happened We need to find out who is to blame for the crisis. The party leader took the blame for their election defeat.

feel responsible for be responsible for

відчувати відповідальність за бути відповідальним за trustworthy; reliable The culture department is responsible for the running of museums.

recoup

відшкодувати (v.) to make up for, regain Penalties for problems such as bouncing a cheque, for example, were orginally designed to discourage banking customers from spending more money than they had and to recoup administrative costs.

repel

відштовхувати to successfully fight somebody who is attacking you, your country, etc. and drive them away

break away from

відірватися від, перестати бути частиною чогось stop being part of sth My friends started going out late to nightclubs so I decided to dissociate myself from the group.

military service (noun)

військова служба a period during which young people train in the armed forces The existence of pensions can be traced back as far as the Roman Empire, when soldiers were provided with a pension on retiring from military service.

wind farm

вітрова ферма a group of wind turbines (= tall structures with blades that are blown by the wind) that are used for producing electricity

headline

газетний заголовок the title of a newspaper article printed in large letters, especially at the top of the front page

hype

галас exaggerated claims, especially in advertising; anything intended to mislead We need to ignore all of the media hype and examine this problem in the cold light of day

assure

гарантувати, запевняти to make yourself certain about something

harmonious (adj)

гармонійний friendly, peaceful and without any disagreement One of the main factors in ensuring a harmonious society is that there are clear, established patterns in the way we conduct ourselves.

slogan (noun)

гасло a word or phrase that is easy to remember, used for example by a political party or in advertising to attract people's attention or to suggest an idea quickly

genetically modified food/crops

генетично модифіковані продукти харчування / культури A * * plant or animal has had some of its genes changed scientifically

genome

геном all of an organism's genetic material Biology was next, with genome sequencing throwing up so much data that genetics has turned partly into information science.

slick

гладкий, слизький done or made in a way that is clever and efficient but often does not seem to be sincere or lacks important ideas These days, our ambivalence and need to purge come in slick, packaged form: a magazine called Real Simple that specialises in de-cluttering.

profound (adj)

глибокий, проникливий needing a lot of study or thought

viewer

глядач a person watching television

infuriating

гнівно, розлючуючи making you extremely angry

for hours and hours at a time

годинами For her, the past is a country she likes to visit for hours and hours at a time through her memories.

wobble

гойдатися move unsteadily from side to side The unseen hand of the moon's gravity gently reduces that wobble, preventing rotational instabilities which would otherwise have caused dramatic changes in Earth's climatic zones over time.

chief claim to fame

головна причина на славу a reason why someone or something is famous

principally

головним чином, переважно mainly The general term may cover a variety of forms of assistance but principally involves the payment of some form of pension.

chair a meeting

головувати на засіданні to act as the chairman or chairwoman of a meeting, discussion, etc

disdain (n)

гордовитість, зневага a feeling of strong dislike or disapproval of someone or something you think does not deserve respect These are not only technical but conceptual, since the use of the new materials - many of them never meant to last - often went hand in hand with a disdain for the traditional notion of the artwork as a precious artifact and embodiment of eternal values.

mountainous

гористий having many mountains It's a really amazing place because it's in a very remote, muntainous area.

burglar

грабіжник thief The researchers found 96 pairs of convicted burglers, and 406 pairs who had been charged with assault

engraving

гравірування a picture made by cutting a design on a piece of metal and then printing the design on paper During the Copper Age, prehistoric people carved engravings in rock.

fungus (noun)

грибок, плвснява an organism (= a living thing) that is similar to a plant without leaves, flowers or green colouring, and that usually grows on plants or on decaying matter. Mushrooms and mildew are both fungi.

community college

громадський коледж Type of college with up to 2-year programs leading to certificates, diplomas, or associate degrees. Community colleges are also now attracting more and more students who already have a degree but want to learn new skill or a trade that will help them earn better wages.

community service

громадські чи виправні роботи work helping people in the local community that somebody does without being paid, either because they want to, or because they have been ordered to by a court as a punishment

monetary

грошовий, валютний connected with money, especially all the money in a country Janda was surprised to find that in order to create a relationship, consumers have to perceive it will pay off, monetarily or otherwise.

gourmet

гурман (Людина, яка любить смачну їжу і добре оцінює її якість) A person who likes fine food and is a good judge of its quality Vitamin water drinks, spiked with nutrients such as taurine, vitamin C, calcium and potassium, can be found on shelves of gourmet shops and supermarkets

hybrid car

гібридний автомобіль a car with a gasoline engine and an electric motor, each of which can propel it Demand for eco-friendly hybrid cars is soaring

giant

гігант, велетень Major food giants are actively unveiling products overseas, including yogurt with probiotic bacteria, to aid digestion.

twig

гілочка small branch or division of a branch

hypothesis (noun)

гіпотеза, припущення an idea or explanation of something that is based on a few known facts but that has not yet been proved to be true or correct

hypothetical

гіпотетичний (на основі ситуацій чи ідей, які можливі та уявні, а не реальні та правдиві) based on situations or ideas which are possible and imagined rather than real and true

bounty

дар, щедрість reward or payment More ants maybe needed to haul the bounty home.

degradation (noun)

деградація the process of something being damaged or made worse environmental degradation There is a high risk of dramatic biodiveristy loss and accompanying degradation of a broad range of ecosystem services if the Earth's system is pushed beyond a certain threshold

defection

дезертирство, невдача, порушення, провал desertion At any time, customers may retaliate with anger, lawsuit and defection.

disinfect

дезінфікувати 1. to clean something using a substance that kills bacteria 2. to run a computer program to get rid of a computer virus a household chemical product used to disinfect: bleach

dementia

деменція, слабоумство a chronic or persistent disorder of the mental processes caused by brain disease or injury and marked by memory disorders, personality changes, and impaired reasoning. Such onformation might be useful in education or in treating disability or dementia.

demographics (noun)

демографічні показники (дані, що стосуються населення та різних груп у ньому) data relating to the population and different groups within it

timber (noun)

деревина, будівельний ліс trees that are grown to be used in building or for making things

tree resin

деревна смола A thick, slowly flowing liquid produced by plants that can harden into a solid The embalming substances turned out to include fairly exotic materials, such as oils, beeswax, sugar gum and tree resins and were as complex as those used for human mummification.

deregulate

дерегуляція, зменшити норми to reduce regulations Airlines were deregulated so airlines could set their routes nnd fares themselves.

state (noun)

держава, уряд країни the government of a country One is a model in which the state assumes primary responsibility for the welfare of itss citizens and in which all aspects of welfare are considered to be the right of every citizen.

civil servant (noun)

державний службовець is an administrator who works for the government

jingle (noun)

дзвін a short song or tune that is easy to remember and is used in advertising on radio or television

dictate

диктувати to make (something) necessary to say or state (sth) with authority or power A hands-off approach is dictated, where change is essential to the artist's meaning.

dilemma (noun)

дилема, необхідність вибору a situation which makes problems, often one in which you have to make a very difficult choice between things of equal importance synonym predicament

fumes

дим, випари, різкий запах strong, unpleasant, and sometimes dangerous gas or smoke

distributor (noun)

дистриб'ютор, постачальник, агент по продажу a person or company that supplies goods to shops/stores, etc.

to some, (what, such an, certain...) extent

до певної міри The rise of mass circulation magazines, radio broadcasting and to a lesser extent, motion pictures provided new media for advertisements to reach consumers.

well-brought up (adj)

добре вихований have a good manner

well-bred (adj)

добре вихований having or showing good manners; typical of a high social class

bonanza

добрий врожай A source of great wealth; something that brings great riches Have foragers recently discovered a bonanza of tasty seeds?

gullible (adj)

довірливий, легковірний too willing to believe or accept what other people tell you and therefore easily tricked, being naive

tend

доглядати, прагнути to take care of As the tasks of providing food, clothing and shelter were divided between men and women in tribal societies, she says, women became the primary weavers because they could perform that activity while tending children.

spike with

додавати щось із запахом to add something that gives flavor or interest to (something) - usually + with Vitamin water drinks, spiked with nutrients such as taurine, vitamin C, calcium and potassium, can be found on shelves of gourmet shops and supermarkets.

dose (noun)

доза an amount of a medicine or a drug that is taken once, or regularly over a period of time

make a concerted effort

докладати спільні зусилля We are making a concerted effort to solve this problem.

precious (adj)

дорогоцінний (adj) of great value because of being rare, expensive, or importan

precious metal

дорогоцінний метал a metal that is valuable and usually rare

expertise

досвід, компетентність, спеціальні знання (експертиза) specialized skill or technical knowledge; know-how; expertness Studying cloth can teach us about the expertise of early peoples.

sophisticated

досвідчений clever and complicated in the way that it works or is presented

to culminate in sth

досягти кінцівки в чомусь to reach the highest point Physics was the first science to be transformed by accurate information, initially with telescopes that revealed the heavens and culminating in massive modern-day experiments like the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland.

revenue

дохід, прибуток money that is collected for public use by a government through taxes To combat this problem, governments should, first of all, heavily tax junk food and use the revenue generated to subsidise healthy fruit and vegetables.

plank (noun)

дошка a long narrow flat piece of wood that is used for making floors, etc.

prehistoric (adj)

доісторичний connected with the time in history before information was written down

drama

драма a play for the theatre, television or radio

dramatic

драматичний exciting and impressive With the mountains all around it's a very dramatic landscape and the view from my room was breathtaking.

irritating

дратуючий annoying, especially because of something somebody continuously does or something that continuously happens

tantalizing

дратівливий, спокусливий tempting; tormenting or teasing by keeping something in sight but out of reach The experience can be tantalising and frustrating, since advertisements don't readily proclaim their intent or display the social and cultural context of their creation.

petty crime

дрібний злочин a type of crime that is not considered serious when compared with some other crimes Vandals are generally seen as petty criminals.

in the blink of an eye

дуже швидко, за короткий час, вмить very quickly; in a short time She's always telling me that time passes in the blink of an eye and I should make the most of every moment of it.

in next to no time

дуже-дуже швидко so soon or so quickly that it is surprising Then, in next to no time, you're an adult and time seems to speed up

nuclear fission

ділення ядер A nuclear reaction in which a massive nucleus splits into smaller nuclei with the simultaneous release of energy Just as the discovery of nuclear fission raised moral dilemmas for physicists, and genetic modification is now doing for biologists, so the ability to predict human behaviour is presenting new quandaries for social scientists.

self-centred (adj)

егоцентричний, егоїстичний tending to think only about yourself and not thinking about the needs or feelings of other people (selfish)

self-absorbed (adj)

егоїстичний only concerned about or interested in yourself (selfish)

eco-friendly (adj)

екологічно чистий (adj) * products have been designed to do the least possible damage to the environment

eccentric (adj)

ексцентричний, дивакуватий a person who is considered by other people to be strange or unusual

emu

ему an Australian bird that does not fly but is a very fast runner

issuer

емітент, роздавач, видавець party that issues the bond (the borrower) Many credit card issuers, for example, choose not deny a transaction that would put the cardholder over his or her credit limit, it's more profitable to let the customer overspend and then impose penalties.

energy crisis

енергетична криза the lack of oil

vigorous

енергійний strong, healthy, and full of energy Even vigorous housework or heavy gardening can help avert heart disease.

episode

епізод one part of a story that is broadcast on television or radio in several parts

erosion (noun)

ерозія the process by which the surface of something is gradually destroyed through the action of wind, rain, etc. This in turn contributes to climate change, which warms up the planet.

designer label

етикетка дизайнера hugo boss etc.

ethical

етичний (Має відношення до моралі, цінностей, правильних і неправильних) Having to do with morals, values, right and wrong While advertising generated modern anxieties about its social and ethical implications, it nevertheless acquired a new centrality in the 1920s.

abysmal (adj)

жахливий extremely bad or of a very low standard synonym terrible The play was supposed to be a tragedy, but the acting was so bad it made me want to laugh not cry!

atrocious

жахливий horrifyingly wicked

appalling

жахливий shocking; extremely bad

housing estate (noun)

житловий масив an area in which a large number of houses or flats/apartments are planned and built together at the same time

compound

з'єднати, змішати to make (something, such as an error or problem) worse :to add to (something bad)

come at the cost of

за ціною It seems that housing our growing population *s * * * * providing much needed food.

arrest someone for

заарештувати когось за

contaminated (adj)

забруднений, заражений to make a substance or place dirty or no longer pure by adding a substance that is dangerous or carries disease

contaminate (verb)

забруднювати, заражати to make a substance or place dirty or no longer pure by adding a substance that is dangerous or carries disease

be snowed under

завалений, загружений проблемами чи справами to have so much work that you have problems dealing with it all

invasive

загарбницький, насильницький, агресивний spreading very quickly and difficult to stop

hardened criminal

загартований чи закорінний злочинець criminal who does not want to change it's behavior He was a hardened criminal with a long list of previous convictions.

exacerbate

загострювати, поглиблювати to make something worse, especially a disease or problem synonym aggravate

legitimate

законний (adj.) lawful, rightful; reasonable, justifiable The first stems from a legitimate attempt to create value by giving customers a broa set of options.

pour liquid

залити рідиною

remnants (noun)

залишки a part of something that is left after the other parts have been used, removed, destroyed, etc. synonym remains In some areas, we've fpund remnants of ancient villages buried beneath deep layers of sediment.

entice

заманювати, спокушати to persuade somebody/something to go somewhere or to do something, usually by offering them something Department stores often use smells and sounds to entice shoppers into their stores. I know my young son often gets sidetracked when these images suddenly appear and entice him to 'click' here to win $1 million'!

substitute

замінити, заміна a good that can be used in place of another good In establishing guidelines for the conversation of modern art, Ms Mancusi-Ungaro said that there is no substitute for the artist's voice.

immerse in

занурити в to put (something) in a liquid so that all parts are completely covered Good immerses the threads in a solution to tease apart the strands of protein.

stockpile (noun)

запас a large supply of something that is kept to be used in the future if necessary The report calls this stockpilign an increase in the 'national wardrobe', which is considered to represent a potentionally large quantity of latent waste that will eventually enter the solid waste stream.

avert

запобігати (v.) to turn aside, turn away; to prevent, avoid Even vigorous housework or heavy gardening can help avert heart disease.

brimming with sth.

заповнений чимось full (of), filled (with) Their shopping bags are brimming with new purchases as they talk excitedly about what's in style this summer.

taint

запоганювати to make sth dangerous or dirty especially by adding sth harmful or undesirable to it. Furthermore, when it comes to elections, the coverage in the majority of newspapers is generally tainted with political bias.

tuck in

заправити to put (something) in a particular place usually to hide it, hold it, or make it safe We can observe this principle in the real world in the sport of ice skating, where the skaters manage to spin incredibly fast by tucking their hands in close to their body.

contagious (adj)

заразний, інфекційний a disease spreads by people touching each other

earnings

заробіток the amount of money that someone is paid for working

self-important (adj)

зарозумілий, пихатий thinking that you are more important than other people synonym arrogant

reassure

заспокоювати to say or do something that makes somebody less frightened or worried

obsolescence

застарілість state of being no longer useful or in fashion In her book Waste and Want: A social History of Trash, Susan Strasser, a professor of history at the University of Delaware, traces the 'progressive obsolence' of clothing and other consumer goods to the 1920s.

congeal

застигати, заморожувати (v.) to change from liquid to solid, thicken; to make inflexible or rigid The impact radically changed our planet, expelling a huge amount of debris that eventually congealed into our oversied moon.

convict

засуджений person serving a prison sentence Coal wasn't found until 1791, when some convicts managed to escape and got as far as Newcastle.

convicted criminal

засуджений злочинець to decide officially in a law court that someone is guilty of a crime

censure

засуджувати, оцінювати, критикувати to criticize; to blame

condemn sb to sth

засудити когось за щось to cause (someone) to suffer or live in difficult or unpleasant conditions - + to We used to think that not having a degree would condemn you to a job or in a service sector.

eclipse (noun)

затемнення an occasion when the moon passes between the earth and the sun so that you cannot see all or part of the sun for a time; an occasion when the earth passes between the moon and the sun so that you cannot see all or part of the moon for a time

the calm before the storm

затишшя перед грозою a quiet or peaceful period before a period during which there is great activity, argument, or difficulty Although the unemployment figures dropped today, experts believe this may eb the calm before the storm, with hundreds of job losses predicted for the coming approach.

traffic congestion (noun)

затори на дорогах Congested roads and towns have too much traffic and movement is made difficult. Traffic congestion creates enormous problems for people travelling around the city at peak times

protracted

затяжний Extended in time; prolonged The two galaxies underwent a protracted crash lasting two billionyears.

capture

захопити to take someone as a prisoner, or to take something into your possession, especially by force

thrilling (adj)

захоплюючий (adj) exciting and enjoyable I was expecting the circus acts to be really daring and exciting to watch, but it was all a bit disappointing.

breathtaking

захоплюючий very exciting or impressive (usually in a pleasant way) With the mountains all around it's a very dramatic landscape and the view from my room was breathtaking.

spectacular

захоплюючий, вражаючи, видовищний very impressive synonym breathtaking As for the views, they were just spectacular.

fascinating

захоплюючий. чарівний extremely interesting and attractive

dwell on

зациклюватися на, затримуватися на, задуматися над to think or talk a lot about something, especially something it would be better to forget Depressed people dwell on personal problems, breaking them down into smaller components.

Well-rounded

збалансований, самодостатній having a personality that is fully developed in all aspects

bewildered

збентежений, спантеличений, здивований completely puzzled or confused; perplexed Other fear there will be so many claims they will just become more noise to already bewildered consumers. bewilderingly And yet, since the mid-1970s, when the disposable income of 80% of the US population virtually stopped growing, our spending patterns have bewildering ly continued expanding.

preserve

зберегти to keep a particular quality, feature, etc.; to make sure that something is kept

retain

зберігати * something to keep something; to continue to have something synonym preserve

bind

зв'язувати bound Health club companies also have a long history of luring customers with attractive short-term offers, assaulting them with aggressive sales pitches, and then binding them with long-term contracts.

dump

звалище, кинути, викидати to get rid of something you do not want, especially in a place which is not suitable

winding

звивистий not straight, curvy Go to Bhutan, and you may well find yourself driving for hours along terrifying, winding mountain passes and then climbing to a monastery perched on a cliff that seems to defy all laws of physics.

accuse someone of

звинуватити когось у to say that someone has done something morally wrong, illegal, or unkind

offset

зводити баланс, змістити to balance, counteract or compensate for Such charges may have been conceived as a way to deter undesirable customer behaviour and offset the cost that business incur as a result of that behaviour.

hence

звідси, віднині away from here Hence a goal of the center is to create an archive of videotaped interviews with artists.

flock

зграя A group of sheep or poultry

pack (noun)

зграя a group of animals that hunt together or are kept for hunting packs of savage dogs wolves hunting in packs a pack of hounds

disastrous (adj)

згубний (adj) very bad, harmful or unsuccessful

afar

здалеку far away Scholars held that any silk dating from 2400 to 700 B.C. was carried afar on trade routes from China.

prey (noun)

здобич, жертва an animal, a bird, etc. that is hunted, killed and eaten by another

loot

здобич, пограбовані речі чи гроші [noncount] something that is stolen or taken by force informal :money And after you get all the loot home, then what?

implement

здійснювати, виконувати, реалізувати To put into action; execute With the prevalence of social media, Janda said it is now more important than ever for companies to implement systems that are geared towards managing unhappy customers.

burrow (noun)

земляна нора a hole or tunnel in the ground made by animals such as rabbits for them to live in

hibernate

зимувати to spend the winter in a state like deep sleep bat is a nocturnal, hibernating mammal

offence

злочин, правопорушення, образа an illegal act synonym crime But the study suggests that community service may be just as suitable a form of punishment for minor offences.

criminal activity

злочинна діяльність

juvenile crime

злочинність неповнолітніх crime commited by young person If young people become involved in juvenile crime, they are more likely to have a criminal record when they are older.

to vie for sth

змагатися за щось (v.) to compete; to strive for victory or superiority In an era when conventional medicine seldom provided cures, these manufacturers vied for consumer attention with large, often outrageous, promises and colourful, dramatic advertisements.

solidify

зміцнити to become solid; to make something solid

knowledge

знання, досвід, розуміння Skills, experience, and expertise 1 Thanks to a few classes at university, I have * Russian 2 Since the news report, details of the business deal are now *. 3 Being a political reporter requires * national and international affairs. 4 Visiting the country did so much to * the language and the people 5 The Spanish course is for absolute beginners so no *.

know which way the wind is blowing

знати, в який бік дме вітер to get an idea of what is likely to happen before doing something

finds (noun)

знахідка, відкриття a thing or person that has been found, especially one that is interesting, valuable or useful an important archaeological find

rebate (noun)

знижка an amount of money that is taken away from the cost of something, before you pay for it synonym discount For a car dealership, Janda said this could mean promotions that don't focus on a hard-sell approach but rather on providing relevant information such as the availability of rebates for the customer.

demolish

зносити, зруйнувати to pull or knock down a building

frayed

зношений worn away or tattered along the edges Until recently, these remains were usually overlooked because they were frayed. discoloured or too fragile to withstand the rigours of analysis.

goiter

зоб (збільшення щитовидної залози) enlargement of the thyroid gland The introduction of iodine to Morton Salt in 1924 was instrumental in eradicating a dangerous thyroid condition called goiter from the U.S. population.

oblige

зобов'язувати somebody to do something to force somebody to do something, by law, because it is a duty, etc

golden

золотий made of gold

metropolitan area

зона метрополітену a large city and its suburbs A megacity is usually defined as a metropolitan area with a total population in excess of ten million people

probe

зонд, космічна ракета, випробовувати (v.) to examine, investigate thoroughly; (n.) an investigation; a device used to explore or examine That x-rays, ultraviolet and infrared photography, and chemical analysis - tools used to probe works centuries old - are now being employed on more recent art confirms that modernism has entered history.

to soar from ... to ...

зрости від ... до ... to fly high Air traffic figures soared from 205 million in 1975 before deregulation...

irrigation

зрошення Supplying land with water through a network of canals In response to a drying of cropland, people are likely to seek either new sources of irrigation water or new, wetter areas to farm.

comfortable

зручний, комфортний making you feel physically relaxed; pleasant to wear, sit on, etc. Train travel cost only 1.3 cents per passenger mile and was still more comfortable.

halt

зупиняти to stop Joseph Beuys, for instance, used organic materials like fat or honey precisely because of their tendency to change over time; to halt that process would be to falsify the work in critical ways.

corrupt

зіпсований (той, що змінився від хорошого до поганого) changed from good to bad While making education a priority, he restricted corrupting influences like television (which was introduced only in 1999) and required citizens to wear the nation's traditional kimono-like garb.

collide

зіткнутися if two people, vehicles, etc. *, they crash into each other; if a person, vehicle, etc. *s with another, or with something that is not moving, they crash into it

iodine

йод The introduction of iodine to Morton Salt in 1924 was instrumental in eradicating a dangerous thyroid condition called goiter from the U.S. population.

go hand in hand with

йти рука об руку з, ставатися одночасно з happens at the same time or as a result of These are not only technical but conceptual, since the use of the new materials - many of them never meant to last - often went hand in hand with a disdain for the traditional notion of the artwork as a precious artifact and embodiment of eternal values.

puddle (noun)

калюжа a small amount of water or other liquid, especially rain, that has collected in one place on the ground

sewage system (noun)

каналізаційна система the system of carrying away waste water and human waste from houses and other buildings through large underground pipes or passages An efficient sewage system and frequent garbage collection are both essential to maintaining sanitation in densely populated areas

capsule (noun)

капсула a small container which has a measured amount of a medicine inside and which dissolves when you swallow it

overhaul

капітальний ремонт, перебудова to change sth completely in order to improve it to renovate In some cases, technological advances served to overhaul industries in a lightning-fast pace.

a quarry

кар'єр a large artificial hole in the ground where stone is dug for use as building material At first, this mining was limited to the quarrying and shaping of local sandstones, which they used for the first buildings at Sydney Cove.

punish

карати, наказувати to make somebody suffer because they have broken the law or done something wrong

potassium carbonate

карбонат калію When the researchers tested the baths on fibres from milkweed plants and rabbit hair, only one combination - sumac, bedstraw, and potassium carbonate - produced a deep red that was colourfast.

catastrophe (noun)

катастрофа a sudden event that causes many people to suffer synonym disaster

catastrophic (adj)

катастрофічний (adj) causing a lot of damage and suffering

remorse

каятися to regret Just as American as the need to buy, social observers say, is buyer's remorse.

operate a machine

керувати машиною

executive

керівник, виконавчий a person who manages or directs other people in a company or organization However, in our conversations with dozens of executives in various industries we found that many firms have unwittingly fallen into this trap.

acid rain (noun)

кислотний дощ rain that contains harmful chemicals from factory gases and that damages trees, crops and buildings Clearly, a long-term viable solution that does not produce acid rain and is not damaging to the environment is needed.

lay

класти to put somebody/something in a particular position, especially when it is done gently or carefully

cloning (noun)

клонування a plant or an animal that is produced naturally or artificially from the cells of another plant or animal and is therefore exactly the same as it

climatic

кліматичний connected with the climate of a particular area

client

клієнт a customer or someone who receives services

quilt

ковдра a decorative cover for a bed, made of two layers with soft material between them Before then, and especially during World War I, most clothing was repaired, mended or tailored to fit other family members, or recycled within the home as rags or quilts.

colony (noun)

колонія, поселення a group of plants or animals living or growing in one place A ant colony can solve problems unthinkable to individual ants, such as finding the shortest path to the best food source, allocating workers to different tasks, or defending territory from neighbours.

colossal

колосальний, грандіозний, величезний extremely large The surface of the planet is covered in colossal volcanoes, much larger than any on Earth.

colourfast

кольоростійкий how well a fabric keeps dyes applied to it, even through regular washing When the researchers tested the baths on fibres from milkweed plants and rabbit hair, only one combination - sumac, bedstraw, and potassium carbonate - produced a deep red that was colourfast.

compact

компактний smaller than other things of the same kind

commission

комісія The California Walnut Commision, for example, wanted permission to put this claim on packages of walnut, which are high in Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.

condensation (noun)

конденсація, згущення drops of water that form on a cold surface when warm water vapour becomes cool

connote

конотувати, викликати смислові асоціації to imply something beyond a literal meaning Functional foods, or 'phoods' as they're sometimes called to connote the intersection of food and pharmaceuticals, have been trickling into supermarkets over the past several years - think of calcium-enhanced orange juice and cholesterol-lowering margarine, for example.

conservative (adj)

консервативний opposed to great or sudden social change; showing that you prefer traditional styles and values There are those who observe these social mores religiously, and those people are often labelled conservative.

conceptual

концептуальний, узгоджений (пов'язаний з ідеями або заснований на них) related to or based on ideas

conceptualism (noun)

концептуалізм (теорія про те, що універсали можна сказати, що існує, але лише як поняття в розумі.) the theory that general ideas such as 'beauty' and 'red' exist only as ideas in the mind

corrosion

корозія, іржавіння the gradual wearing away of a metal element due to a chemical reaction

credit limit

кредитний ліміт the maximum amount that you may charge on your credit account Think of the cell or mobile phone service, and banking and credit card industries, each of which now profits from customers who fail to understand or follow the rules about minute use, minium balances, overdrafts, credit limits, or payment deadline.

credit rating

кредитний рейтинг a calculation of someone's ability to pay back money that they have borrowed

creditor

кредитор A person to whom money is owed 'Not only is it bad for creditors, but it also seriously harms a filer's credit rating, affecting the availability and cost of future loans.

crisis (noun)

криза, критичний момент a time of great danger, difficulty or confusion when problems must be solved or important decisions must be made

criminal offence

кримінальний злочин

brittle

крихкий, ламкий fragile All material objects age; paper and silk discolor and turn brittle.

flagrant

кричущий, обурливий, жахливий glaringly bad; outrageous Of course, only the most flagrant companies would explicitly persuade customers into making bad choices.

sales pitch

крок чи стратегія продажів what a salesperson says about a product to persuade people to buy it Health club companies also have a long history of luring customers with attractive short-term offers, assaulting them with aggressive sales pitches, and then binding them with long-term contracts.

turn a wheel

крутити колесо

maize

кукурудза An early form of corn grown by Native Americans That's right - take the research on the maize crop they mentioned.

cultivate

культивувати, вирощувати to develop an attitude, a way of talking or behaving, etc In a recent study, Swinda Janda and collaborator Hong-Youl Ha of South Korea's Kangwon National University explored how businesses can cultivate and keep loyal customers and how relationships between businesses and customers mirror human relationships.

culture

культура the customs and beliefs, art, way of life and social organization of a particular country or group

cyberspace (noun)

кіберпростір the imaginary place where electronic messages, etc. exist while they are being sent between computers

lava (noun)

лава hot liquid rock that comes out of a volcano

incense

ладан, кадило a substance that is used often in religious ceremonies to produce a strong and pleasant smell when it is burned verb Stepping over the high threshold and into the inner sanctuary, you can barely see, because the room is dark and the air is thick with a mixture of smoke from the gas lamps and incense.

varnish

лак paint that provides a hard glossy transparent coating Putting varnish on wood is one way of preserving it.

llama

лама a domestic pack animal

latent

латентний, прихований hidden, present but not realized The report calls this stockpilign an increase in the 'national wardrobe', which is considered to represent a potentionally large quantity of latent waste that will eventually enter the solid waste stream.

flow

литися, протікати to move in one direction, especially continuously and easily:

disaster (noun)

лихо, катастрофа an unexpected event, such as a very bad accident, a flood or a fire, that kills a lot of people or causes a lot of damage synonym catastrophe

hypocritical

лицемірний pretending to have moral standards or opinions that you do not actually have I'm not a vegetarian so I think it would be hypocritical of me to insist on rights for animals.

scales

луска the small, thin, flat plates that help protect the bodies of fish and reptiles

human endeavour

людські зусилля (зусилля людей в загальному зробити щось нове або складне) effort by people in general to do something new or difficult Building the pyramids was an amazing feat of human endeavour.

ferocious

лютий, жорстокий very great or extreme Much of our ferocious consumption arises simply from the sheer number of goods available.

daunting (adj)

лякаючий (adj) making somebody feel nervous and less confident about doing something; likely to make somebody feel this way synonym intimidating Indeed, when you are faced with a daunting problem, feeling depressed is often a useful response that may help you analyse and solve it.

leader of the opposition (noun)

лідер опозиції is in charge of the biggest political party not in power.

chronicler

літописець person who records historical information Over a century ago, Harper's Weekly commented that advertisements were 'a true mirror of life, a sort of fossil history which the future chronicler, if all other historical monements were to be lost, might fully and graphically rewrite the history of our time'.

magnetic

магнітний connected with or produced by magnetism

landfill site

майданчик звалища Large area in which rubbish is left. When it comes to clothing, the rate of purchase and disposal has dramatically increased, so the path that a T-shirt travels from the sales floor to the landfill site has become shorter.

assets

майно something valuable belonging to a person or organization that can be used for the payment of debts

there aren't enough hours in the day

мало часу, занадто зайнятий not to much time, too busy it just goes so fast and there aren't enough hours in the day to get everything done.

dummy

манекен chiefly US informal :a stupid person As individuals, ants might be tiny dummies, but as colonies they respond quickly and effectively to their environment.

margarine

маргарин is a butter-like product made from refined vegetable oils. Functional foods, or 'phoods' as they're sometimes called to connote the intersection of food and pharmaceuticals, have been trickling into supermarkets over the past several years - think of calcium-enhanced orange juice and cholesterol-lowering margarine, for example.

marketing (noun)

маркетинг the activity of presenting, advertising and selling a company's products or services in the best possible way

marble (noun)

мармур a type of hard stone that is usually white and often has coloured lines in it. It can be polished and is used in building and for making statues, etc.

mass branding

масове брендування But, according to Professor James Twitchell, mass branding also spurred us to shop.

have time on your hands

мати купа вільного часу, не мати шо робити, не бути зайнятим to have nothing to do or not be busy I remember the summer holidays went on for ages and I had so much time on my hands.

feel entitled to be entitled to

мати право на to have rights and privileges In some countries, you are intitled to free medical care.

have diverse tastes

мати різноманітні смаки I * quite * * in music - I enjoy opera and rap.

furnish

меблювати, обставляти, забезпечувати to supply with furniture; to supply with what is needed

metropolis

мегаполіс (n.) a large city; the chief city of an area A mega city can be a single metropolitan area or two or more areas that converge or join together. This is sometimes referred to as a metropolis

A megacity/ a megalopolis

мегаполіс A * is usually defined as a metropolitan area with a total population in excess of ten million people)

minority(noun)

меншість the smaller part of a group; less than half of the people or things in a large group

mayor (noun)

мер, міський голова is the leader of the group which governs a town or city.

metalloids

металоїди (Елементи, які мають властивості як металів, так і неметалів.) Elements that have properties of both metals and nonmetals. Examples include mixtures of petroleum hydrocarbons, metals and metalloids in mining and pesticides on or in the food we consume.

fidget

метушитися

unwittingly

мимовільно Unknowingly; without awareness However, in our conversations with dozens of executives in various industries we found that many firms have unwittingly fallen into this trap.

a passing trend

минаючий тренд

bygone (adj)

минуле, пережитий happening or existing a long time ago a * age/era The exhebition contains faded photographs reminding us of a bygone era.

instant celebrities

миттєві знаменитості

mobilise

мобілізувати Prepare military forces for war During World War II, consumption rose with increased employment as the United States mobilised for the war.

broadcaster

мовник. диктор a person whose job is presenting or talking on television or radio programmes

fashion accessory

модний аксесуар an extra piece of equipment that is useful but not essential or that can be added to something else as a decoration

opportunities (noun)

можливості a time when a particular situation makes it possible to do or achieve something synonym chance

opportunity

можливість, нагода an occasion or situation that makes it possible to do something that you want to do or have to do, or the possibility of doing something

monastery

монастир A place where communities of monks live lives of devotion to God in isolation from the outside world Go to Bhutan, and you may well find yourself driving for hours along terrifying, winding mountain passes and then climbing to a monastery perched on a cliff that seems to defy all laws of physics.

freezing (adj)

морозильний, дуже холодний (adj) extremely cold

uncanny

моторошний, надприродний strange, mysterious, weird, beyond explanation Thomas Seeley, a biologist at Cornell University, has been looking into the uncanny ability of honeybees to make good decisions.

migrate (adj)

мігруючий (adj) to move from one town, country, etc. to go and live and/or work in another synonym emigrate

minuscule

мінімальний extremely small

scale

міра, розмір, масштаб a set of numbers, amounts, etc., used to measure or compare the level of something the relation between

Urbanite

міський житель city dweller So I really had no choice but to become an urbanite

tensile

на розтяг, розтяжний capable of being stretched Among those inventions that he is credited with are the strut bridge, the machine for testing the tensile strength of wire and even our modern day scissors.

raid

набіг, наліт a sudden short attack How else could ants organise highways, build elaborate nests, stage epic raids and do all of the other things ants do?

impose

нав'язувати, зобов'язувати to force someone to accept or put up with; to take unfair advantage of; impressive Many credit card issuers, for example, choose not deny a transaction that would put the cardholder over his or her credit limit, it's more profitable to let the customer overspend and then impose penalties.

on-the-job training

навчання на роботі, навчання на робочому місці Employee training at the place of work while he or she is doing the actual job.

surfeit

надмір, надлишок, переїдання an excessive amount of thing synonyms: excess, surplus, abundance, oversupply, superabundance, superfluity, glut, avalanche, deluge; overdose; informalbellyful, gutful, buttload ";a surfeit of apples"; Origin Middle English: from Old French *, based on Latin super- 'above, in excess' + facere 'do.' The destruction of food crops can result from both a lack or a surfeit of water.

overexploitation

надмірна експлуатація excessive use of species that have economic value Threats such as habitat loss, overexploitation, pollution, invasive non-native species, disease and climate change are on the side.

inflate

надувати To fill with air or other gas First, you inflate the balloon and then you put sticky tape on it, but don't tell the students you've done this.

essential items

найважливіші предмети As a student, I had barely any money, just enough for a few (things I really needed).

cutting-edge

найсучасніший the newest, most advanced stage in the development of something

plaster

наложити гіпс чи пластир to cover (a surface) with plaste There's a street I walk down everyday and the walls are plastered with flyers for new bands and events.

influx

наплив a flowing or pouring in; arrival in massive numbers The huge influx of people and a lack of cheap housing led to an increase in slums in the area.

assertive (adj)

наполегливий, самовпевнений expressing opinions or desires strongly and with confidence, so that people take notice

to persist in, to insist on

наполягати to continue despite difficulty How or why they persist in ringing at that time, I just don't know.

violence

насильство violent behaviour that is intended to hurt or kill somebody

mound

насип, курган, малий пагорб a small hill Among the fabric samples Jakes has anaysed are carbonised scraps from Hopewell burial sites, which were typically earth mounds.

consequences (noun)

наслідки a result of something that has happened

implication

наслідок a possible future effect or result - usually plural "Sociologists have been hunting for laws about human interactions and social networks for decades,' says Duncan Watts of Yahoo Research in New York, 'but the far-reaching implications of their theories have been effectively impossible to tes

have the time of your life

насолоджуватися життям, отримувати найкращі відчуття в житті to enjoy yourself very much They just want to go out and have the time of their life!

spine-chilling (adj)

настільки страшний, що аж мурашки по шкірі ідуть (adj) frightening in an exciting way Last week I saw a horror movie, and the special effects were so realistic it was really scary to watch.

push a button press a button

натиснути на кнопку

press a switch

натисніть на перемикач

inspirational (adj)

натхненний (adj) providing inspiration

inspiration

натхнення the process that takes place when somebody sees or hears something that causes them to have exciting new ideas or makes them want to create something, especially in art, music or literature

petrochemicals (noun)

нафтохімія, хімічні продукти з нафти any chemical substance obtained from petroleum oil or natural gas

disposable income

наявний дохід money they are free to spend after paying taxes And yet, since the mid-1970s, when the disposable income of 80% of the US population virtually stopped growing, our spending patterns have bewildering ly continued expanding.

not have the foggiest idea

не мати ні найменшого уявлення to not know or understand something at all To be honest, I don't think the present government have the foggiest idea what to do about either drug problems or obesity.

overlook

не помічати leave undone or leave out; watch over Until recently, these remains were usually overlooked because they were frayed. discoloured or too fragile to withstand the rigours of analysis.

setback (noun)

невдача, затримка a difficulty or problem that delays or prevents something, or makes a situation worse We experienced a minor setback when we lost several plants, but the rest are thriving

mistrust

недовіряти o have no confidence in somebody/something because you think they may be harmful; to not trust somebody/something Someone who has experience of corruptionmight mistrust your intentions.

misjudge

недооцінювати, неправильно судити to form a wrong opinion about a person or situation, especially in a way that makes you deal with them or it unfairly Someone who forms the wrong opinion of people will misjudge them.

inept

недоречний, невмілий unskilled; clumsy 'If you watch an ant trying to accomplish something, you'll be impressed by how inept it is,' says Deborah M Gordon, a biologist at Standford University.

unleaded (adj)

неетилований, безсвинцевий (adj) * petrol or other substance does not contain lead

memorable

незабутній, пам'ятний special, good or unusual and therefore worth remembering or easy to remember synonym unforgettable The most memorable place I've ever visited was Bhutan

poach

незаконно полювати, браконьєр to illegally hunt birds, animals or fish on somebody else's property or without permission

exposure (noun)

незахищеність the state of being in a place or situation where there is no protection from something harmful or unpleasant

clumsy (adj)

незграбний, неповороткий moving or doing things in a very awkward way

insurmountable (adj)

нездоланний (adj) that cannot be dealt with successfully Each individual component is less problematic, so what begins as an insurmountable problem is far less difficult.

invariably

незмінно, постійно always; without changing What I find most annoying is when I'm getting dinner ready, the phone invariably rings and it's someone trying to sell me something.

insignificance (noun)

незначність, беззмістовність the fact of not being big or valuable enough to be considered important

imminent peril

неминуча небезпека danger that likely to happen. From government ministers to rice farmers, every Bhutanese you speak with will declare that his country is in constant, imminent peril.

unavoidable

неминучий impossible to avoid or prevent

precarious

ненадійний not safe or certain; dangerous So a lot of buildings seem really precarious, they're sort of built into the mountainside and seem to just perch there.

insatiable appetite

ненаситний апетит Appears never to get enough food Why is our appetite for 'stuff' so insatiable?

a must-have item

необхідний предмет used to tell people that something is so good or interesting that they should see, read, get it, etc.

essential (adj)

необхідний, важливий completely necessary; extremely important in a particular situation or for a particular activity

immeasurable

неосяжний, невимірний too large, great, etc. to be measured

imperceptible

непомітний very small and therefore unable to be seen or felt; opposite perceptible

inconsistency (noun)

непослідовність, мінливість the tendency to change too often and not stay the same

fickle

непостійний, нестабільний likely to change on a whim or without apparent reason That taught me how fickle the world of fashion can be.

misdiagnose

неправильно діагнозувати to give an explanation of the nature of an illness or a problem that is not correct A doctor might misdiagnose a disorder.

misunderstand

неправильно зрозуміти to fail to understand somebody/something correctly Someone trying to work out what something means might misunderstand or misinterpret.

misinterpret

неправильно тлумачити to understand something/somebody wrongly Someone trying to work out what something means might misunderstand or misinterpret.

misinform

неправильно інформувати, дезорієнтувати to give somebody wrong information about something A person deliberately telling someone something incorrect might misinform them.

indecisive (adj)

нерішучий of a person unable to make decisions

infinitesimal (adj)

нескінченно малий, найдрібніший extremely small synonym tiny

malfunction

несправність To function imperfectly or badly Depression is an ongoing and pervasive problem in our society, and it poses something of an evolutionary paradox: the brain plays a crucial role in our survival, so evolution should have left our brains resistant to such high rates of malfunction

unconventional (adj)

нетрадиційний, нешаблонний not following what is done or considered normal or acceptable by most people; different and interesting Of course, there will always be those who seek to break away from tradition, adn to rebel. These people see themselves as unconventional in every sense of the world.

inconsiderate (adj)

неуважний (до інших) not giving enough thought to other people's feelings or needs

impartial

неупереджений, справедливий not supporting one person or group more than another I'm pretty impartial when it comes to animals.

unheard-of

нечувано, неслихано, ніколи раніше не бувало never having happened before In the 1880s, several industries adopted new production techniques that created standardised products in unheard-of quantities, and sought to find and persuade buyers.

current (adj)

нинішній, поточний (adj) happening now; of the present time

thread (noun)

нитка a thin string of cotton, wool, silk, etc. used for sewing or making cloth

thread

нитка filament Good immerses the threads in a solution to tease apart the strands of protein.

strand

нитка, прядка a beach or shore; a string of wire, hair, etc. Good immerses the threads in a solution to tease apart the strands of protein.

new-found fame

ново-знайдена слава recently discovered or achieved

norm (noun)

норма a situation or a pattern of behaviour that is usual or expected Those who fail to observe these norms are inevitably excluded from that group.

rhinoceros

носоріг large animal with one or two horns on its snout hippopotamus which spends most of its time in water

tedious (adj)

нудний (adj) lasting or taking too long and not interesting synonym boring I really enjoy his plays before, but this one was so boring that I was asleep by the third act.

not a cloud in the sky

ні хмаринки на небі, чисте небо

nocturnal

нічний active at night bat is a nocturnal, hibernating mammal

amalgamate

об'єднати to put two or more things together so that they form one synonym merge

rotate

обертати to move or turn around a central fixed point; to make something do this The next experiment is called the arm engine, and for this one you need a chair that can swivel or rotate and some small hand weights.

revolve

обертатися to go in a circle around a central point

fraud

обман, шахрайство wrongful or criminal deception intended to result in financial or personal gain The school banned social networking sites when internet fraud became a problem

figurative (adj)

образний, переносний (adj) used in a way that is different from the usual meaning, in order to create a particular mental picture. For example, 'He exploded with rage' shows a figurative use of the verb 'explode'.

votive offering

оброчну пропозицію (дар подяки божеству, який зазвичай робиться у виконанні обітниці) a gift of gratitude to a deity usually made in fulfillment of a vow The Egyptians preserved millions of mammals, birds and reptiles as votive offerings.

outrageous

обурливий, образливий very shocking and unacceptable synonym scandalous In an era when conventional medicine seldom provided cures, these manufacturers vied for consumer attention with large, often outrageous, promises and colourful, dramatic advertisements.

abominable (adj)

огидний, бридкий extremely unpleasant and causing disgust synonym appalling, disgusting

declare

оголошувати, заявляти, декларувати announce publicly or officially From government ministers to rice farmers, every Bhutanese you speak with will declare that his country is in constant, imminent peril.

peer (noun)

одноліток a person who is the same age or who has the same social status as you

garment

одяг a piece of clothing In her 2005 book the Travels of a T-Shirt in the Global Economy, Pietra Rivoli, a professor at Georgetown University, writes that each year Americans purchase approximately one billion garments made in China, equivalent of four pieces of clothing for every US citizen.

garb

одяг (для певного випадку чи події) clothing of a distinctive style or for a particular occasion While making education a priority, he restricted corrupting influences like television (which was introduced only in 1999) and required citizens to wear the nation's traditional kimono-like garb.

an opal

опал a precious stone gem But it is opals rather than gold or diamond that Australia became famous for.

prop (noun)

опора a piece of wood, metal, etc. used to support something or keep it in position

desalination (noun)

опріснення the process of removing salt from sea water

organised crime

організована злочинність criminal organizations that plan and commit crime, or the crimes that are committed by such organizations

organic (adj)

органічний produced or practised without using artificial chemicals

horde

орда, натовп в одному напрямі a large group or crowd, especially one on the move The policy succeeds in keeping the backoacking hordes away; only 7000 tourists fly into Bhutan's one airport - which is serviced by just two planes - every year.

rental

оренда the act of paying for the use of something (as an apartment or house or car) These strategies are common across industries from hotels to video stores and car rentals.

indicative

орієнтовний, дійсний showing or suggesting something

wasp

оса an insect with a slender* body and powerful sting

sediment

осад In some areas, we've found remnants of ancient villages buried beneath deep layers of sediment.

settle

оселитися to make a place your permanent home

staple food

основний продукт харчування A basic food that is used frequently and in large amounts Rice crop is such a staple food in many areas and the plan is to create a crop that contains a richer supply of nutrients.

underlying causes

основні причини

personal possessions

особисті речі valuable belongings that are not real estate. At the hospital, they made a list of my (things) and put them in a bag.

conceive

осягати, розуміти to think of Such charges may have been conceived as a way to deter undesirable customer behaviour and offset the cost that business incur as a result of that behaviour.

gain insight into

отримати розуміння to get a deeper understanding of something This type of thinking allows people to gain insight into their problems.

venomous

отруйний producing venom a highly * snake an venomous arachnid

encompass

охоплювати, містити, оточувати (v.) to encircle, go or reach around; to enclose; to include with a certain group or class This variation in estimates can be accounted for by different definitions of what the area encompasses.

healthcare (noun)

охорона здоров'я the service of providing medical care The state have a responsibility to provide healthcare.

purge

очищення, очищувати (v.) to wash away impurities, clean up; (n.) the process of getting rid of something or someone decisively These days, our ambivalence and need to purge come in slick, packaged form: a magazine called Real Simple that specialises in de-cluttering.

arachnid

павукоподібні An arthropod with two body sections, four pairs of legs, and no antennae. an venomous arachnid

monument

пам'ятник structures built to honor a person, a group, or an event Over a century ago, Harper's Weekly commented that advertisements were 'a true mirror of life, a sort of fossil history which the future chronicler, if all other historical monements were to be lost, might fully and graphically rewrite the history of our time'.

paparazzi

папараці a photographer who follows famous people around in order to get interesting photographs of them to sell to a newspaper

paradox

парадокс a statement that seems contradictory but is actually true Depression is an ongoing and pervasive problem in our society, and it poses something of an evolutionary paradox: the brain plays a crucial role in our survival, so evolution should have left our brains resistant to such high rates of malfunction

parasite (noun)

паразит a small animal or plant that lives on or inside another animal or plant and gets its food from it mosquito is a parasitic insect.

greenhouse gas

парниковий газ, парниковий ефект a gas that causes the greenhouse effect, especially carbon dioxide Current research models indicate that climate change associated with increasing levels of greenhouse gases is likely to lead to the soils in the interiors of the major continents drying out.

pasture

пасовище a field of growing grass where animals can eat; a meadow

patent (noun)

патент an official right to be the only person to make, use or sell a product or an invention; a document that proves this

patroller

патрульний noun someone on patrol duty; an individual or a member of a group that patrols an area Before they leave the nest each day, foragers normally wait for early morning patrollers to return.

petal (noun)

пелюстка a delicate coloured part of a flower. The head of a flower is usually made up of several *s around a central part.

old-age pension (noun)

пенсія за віком a regular income paid by the state to people above a particular age The modern welfare system in the UK developed during the late 19th and 20th century and includes the provision of both cash welfare benefits (such as an old-age pension or unemployment benefit) and welfare services not involving money (such as healthcare)

prevail

переважати, панувати to be usual, common, or popular Yet this is not a satisfactory explanation either as depression exists in every culture, including small-scale societies where people are thought to live in environments similar to those that prevailed in our evolutionary past.

outweigh

переважувати to be greater or more important than something

overdraft

перевищення кредиту в банку, заборгованість an amount of money that is spent by someone using a bank account that is more than the amount available in the account :an amount that is overdrawn from an account Think of the cell or mobile phone service, and banking and credit card industries, each of which now profits from customers who fail to understand or follow the rules about minute use, minium balances, overdrafts, credit limits, or payment deadline.

anticipate

передбачити, сподіватися to expect beforehand In the tabloids, Baxter found fewer articles than anticipated about local politicians.

outer suburbs (noun)

передмістя

conviction

переконання, засудження the act of proving that a person is guilty of a crime in a court of law He was a hardened criminal with a long list of previous convictions.

persuasive

переконливий able to persuade somebody to do or believe something

compelling

переконливий, захоплюючий that makes you pay attention to it because it is so interesting and exciting

skew (verb)

перекосити to change or influence something with the result that it is not accurate, fair, normal, etc to skew the statistics These figures are skewed because not all of our customers have paid their bill yet.

Leaf through

перелистувати, прогортувати to turn the pages of a book quickly, without reading it properly On a Saturday afternoon, a group of teenage girls leaf through glossy fashion magazines at an American shopping mall.

terrified (adj)

переляканий (adj) very frightened I really enjoy horror movies. I know it sounds strange, but I like the feeling of being really scared.ed

overpopulated (adj)

перенаселений (adj) with too many people living in it

recyclable (adj)

переробний (adj) able to be recycled

intersection of sth and sth

перетин або схрещування чогось з чимось the set of points the figures have in common Functional foods, or 'phoods' as they're sometimes called to connote the intersection of food and pharmaceuticals, have been trickling into supermarkets over the past several years - think of calcium-enhanced orange juice and cholesterol-lowering margarine, for example.

transition (noun)

перехід the process or a period of changing from one state or condition to another

hurdle (noun)

перешкода a problem or difficulty that must be solved or dealt with before you can achieve something synonym obstacle The enormous cost of this programme is a major hurdle that we need to overcome

obstacle (noun)

перешкода, завада an object that is in your way and that makes it difficult for you to move forward

impede

перешкоджати hinder; obstruct According to Baxter, it could therefore be argued that, by treating women unfairly, media reports not only impede the progress of female candidates but also inevitably deter women from taking part in the political process.

hinder

перешкоджати, заважати to make it difficult for somebody to do something or for something to happen synonym hamper

weather the storm

пержити шторм, витримати бурю If someone or something *s * *, they successfully deal with a very difficult problem if the government introduces necessary byt unpopular measures, they should be prepared to weather the storm rather than please the public with a softer approach.

pioneer (noun)

першовідкривач a person who is the first to study and develop a particular area of knowledge, culture, etc. that other people then continue to develop

periodic (adj)

періодичний happening fairly often and regularly

pesticide (noun)

пестицид (хімічна речовина, що використовується для знищення шкідників, особливо комах) a chemical used for killing pests, especially insects

petition

петиція A formal message requesting something that is submitted to an authority Dozens of petitions have been filed with the agency seeking permission for such claims.

flourish

пишно рости, процвітати to grow well; to be healthy and happy synonym thrive It was the demise of the dinosaurs that let mammals flourish, and humans emerge.

weep, wept, wept

плакати to cry Baseball games stopped, and radio announcers wept when his safe arrival in Paris was announced.

fleck

пляма spot Other areas have yielded only small flecks of charcoal from prehistoric fires.

to gossip

пліткувати to talk about other people's private lives, often in an unkind way

lenient (adj)

поблажливий (adj) not as strict as expected when punishing somebody or when making sure that rules are obeyed

side effects (noun)

побічні ефекти an extra and usually bad effect that a drug has on you, as well as curing illness or pain

behaviour (noun)

поведінка, манери he way that somebody behaves, especially towards other people

turn a dial

повернути цефурблат, набирати номкр

turn a screw

повернути, вкрутити гвинт

ubiquitous

повсюдний seeming to be everywhere or in several places at the same time; very common While backpacking in a quiet, traditional region, I cam across the seemingly ubiquitous fast food ads typical of my hometown.

casual dress

повсякденна сукня

repetitive

повторюваний saying or doing the same thing many times, so that it becomes boring

flooding (noun)

повінь, затоплення large amounts of water covering an area that is usually dry; the fact of this happening

mismanage

погано керувати to deal with or manage something badly A government might mismanage the economy.

absorb

поглинати, вбирати to take in a liquid, gas or other substance from the surface or space around

robbery

пограбування the crime of stealing from somewhere or someone

deterioration

погіршення, псування the process of becoming worse Because textiles are organic, they're subject to biological deterioration from air, water, minerals, insects and fungi.

aggravate

погіршувати, загострювати to make an illness or a bad or unpleasant situation worse The manufacture of polyester and other synthetic fabrics is an energy-intensive process requiring large amounts of crude oil and releasing emissions which can cause or aggravate respiratory disease.

deteriorate

погіршуватися (v.) to lower in quality or value; to wear away After all, the functioning of all body systems and organs tends to deterioate with age

share the same taste

поділяюти один і той самий смак, мати однакові смаки My sister and I wanted to decorate our bedroom but we don't * * * *s so we could never agree on a colour.

reap

пожинати плоди (v) harvest, such as by cutting; gather; get as a result of one's effort I know I'll reap the rewards one day, when I'm qualfied.

get rid of

позбутися to be free of somebody/something that has been annoying you or that you do not want

dispose of

позбутися to get rid of To prevent littering, the company has put a warning on the label asking us to dispose of the wrapping carefully.

index

покажчик, індекс A group of similar stocks and bonds The graph also shows the general trend in the consumer price index during this time.

non-custodial penalty

покарання, не пов'язане з позбавленням волі a criminal sentence that does not involve imprisonment One member of each pair had been sent to prison while the other had been given some type of non-custodial penalty.

abandon

покидати, відмовитися abandon something to stop doing something, especially before it is finished; to stop having something

vocation (noun)

покликання a belief that a particular type of work or way of life is especially suitable for you

alleviate

полегшувати to make something less severe

polyester (noun)

поліестер a strong material made of fibres (called polyesters) which are produced by chemical processes, often mixed with other materials and used especially for making clothes

polyunsaturated fatty acid

поліненасичена жирна кислота a fatty acid containing two or more carbon-carbon double bonds The California Walnut Commision, for example, wanted permission to put this claim on packages of walnut, which are high in Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.

log (noun)

поліно, деревина a thick piece of wood that is cut from or has fallen from a tree

mitigate

пом'якшити to make something less harmful, unpleasant, or bad

retaliate with

помститися комусь to take revenge At any time, customers may retaliate with anger, lawsuit and defection.

moderate (adj)

помірний that is neither very good, large, hot, etc. nor very bad, small, cold, etc.

conspicuous

помітний easy to see or notice; likely to attract attention

notable

помітний striking, remarkable Although this approach may work for a while (many notable practitioners are highly profitable), businesses that that prey on customers are always vulnerable to possible hostility.

incur

понести, нести to bring about Such charges may have been conceived as a way to deter undesirable customer behaviour and offset the cost that business incur as a result of that behaviour.

renewable (adj)

поновлюваний (adj) * forms of energy can be produced as quickly as they are used: * energy sources such as wind and solar power

notion (noun)

поняття, уявлення an idea, a belief or an understanding of something It is based on the notion of equa opportunities for all, equiatable distribution of wealth, and public responsibility for those unable to meet their own needs.

preceding (adj)

попередній previous

all the rage

популярний, в моді to be very popular and fashionable When I was about 11, boots with really high heels were all the rage.

breed

порода to keep animals for the purpose of producing young animals in a controlled way

ferry

пором, переправлятися поромом to carry or move (someone or something) on a vehicle (such as a boat or a car) usually for a short distance between two places To find out, Seeley's team applied paint dots and tiny plastic tags to all 4000 bees in each of several swarms that they ferried to Appledore Island.

vicious circle

порочне коло a continuing unpleasant situation, created when one problem causes another problem that then makes the first problem worse This means we are caught in a vicious circle as more fossil fuels are consumed.

violate

порушувати, насилувати, зневажати to disregard or go against The non-profit Center for Science in the Public Interest has filed suit against the FDA, arguing that the new program violates the 1990 Nutrition Labeling and Education Act, which mandated a higher level of scientific agreement for marketing the health benefits of ingredients.

threshold (noun)

поріг, межа 1. the floor or ground at the bottom of a doorway, considered as the entrance to a building or room 2. the point or level at which something begins or changes 1. Stepping over the high threshold and into the inner sanctuary, you can barely see, because the room is dark and the air is thick with a mixture of smoke from the gas lamps and incense. 2. There is a high risk of dramatic biodiveristy loss and accompanying degradation of a broad range of ecosystem services if the Earth's system is pushed beyond a certain threshold

call into question

поставити під сумнів doubt sth or make others doubt sth Evershed's findings call that assumption into question.

set yourself a goal

поставити собі мету I find the only way to do it is to set myself a goal, you know, give myself something to aim for.

give yourself something to aim for

поставити собі щось, чого можна прагнути I find the only way to do it is to set myself a goal, you know, give myself something to aim for.

supplies (noun)

постачання, завіз the things such as food, medicines, fuel, etc. that are needed by a group of people, for example an army or expedition

pull a lever

потягніть за важіль

dismal (adj)

похмурий very bad or poor The play was supposed to be a tragedy, but the acting was so bad it made me want to laugh not cry!

burial

поховання Act of placing dead body to rest in the ground Among the fabric samples Jakes has anaysed are carbonised scraps from Hopewell burial sites, which were typically earth mounds.

feel in control of take control of have control over lose control of be in control of be out of control

почувати себе під контролем взяти під контроль мати контроль над втратити контроль над контролювати бути поза контролем We * what private business pay their staff. I think the mayor has * the council. Politicians should always * their emotions. Public spending is totally *.

prevalence

поширеність the condition of being widespread, commoness

pervasive (adj)

поширюючий, проникаючий (adj) existing in all parts of a place or thing; spreading gradually to affect all parts of a place or thing a * smell of damp Depression is an ongoing and pervasive problem in our society, and it poses something of an evolutionary paradox: the brain plays a crucial role in our survival, so evolution should have left our brains resistant to such high rates of malfunction

propulsion

поштовх the action of driving or pushing forward.

delinquent

правопорушник neglecting a duty or law; late in payment The children might only start with petty crimes but, if they fall in with the wrong crowd and become a delinquent, then this can escalate to more serious crimes like robbery or ar thief.

gear towards

прагнути до досягнення Organise or arrange something for a particular purpose, audience, etc. With the prevalence of social media, Janda said it is now more important than ever for companies to implement systems that are geared towards managing unhappy customers.

hands-on (adj)

практичний (adj) Someone with a * way of doing things becomes closely involved in managing and organizing things and in making decisions

hands-off approach

практичний підхід The idea that day-to-day operations of the juvenile justice system should be left up to the professionals working in the system without court review or intervention A hands-off approach is dictated, where change is essential to the artist's meaning.

employment (noun)

працевлаштування work, especially when it is done to earn money; the state of being employed

articles of clothing

предмети одягу It's amazing how many (things) are left on buses; we often find hats and scarves and even coats.

luxury goods

предмети розкоші expensive things, such as jewellery and make-up, that are pleasant to have but are not necessary. The shop specialises in (things that only the very rich can afford.)

press

преса newspapers and magazines

harness

приборкувати to control something, usually in order to use its power: There is a great deal of interest in harnessing wind and waves as new sources of power. Turbines are used to harness the energy from the wind.

attract

приваблювати, залучати if you are attracted by something, it interests you and makes you want it; if you are attracted by somebody, you like or admire them

stunning

приголомшливий, вражаючий extremely attractive or impressive synonym beautiful

acquisitiveness (noun)

придбання the quality of wanting very much to buy or get new possessions Now, says Twithell, to curb our acquisitiveness we would have to de-brand: It's a scarf, It's not a Hermes scarf.

accept the consequences of

приймати чи розуміти наслідки Children should be taught to * * * * their actions.

fall into disrepair

прийти в занепад buildings, roads etc that are in * are in bad condition because they have not been cared for It's been vacant for about a year now and it's falling into disrepair.

affix

прикріпити to attach The presence of colour reflects a significant level of technology, including knowledge of colourants in nature and of methods required to affix them to organic materials,' says Jakes.

instrumentation

приладобудування, застосування інструментів a set of instruments 'Today, we're finally combining archaeological background with training in scientific instrumentation to put it all together,' says Lambert.

nucleus accumbens

прилегле ядро (область мозку) a subcortical structure that participates in reward and addiction The researchers found that players who had a larger nucleus accumbers (an area of the brain) did better than their counterparts in the early stages of the training period.

primate

примат monkeys, apes, and humans gorrilla is a critically endangered primate.

suburban (adj).

приміський, заміський boring and ordinary The single fastest-growing demographic group seeking tattoo services is, to the surprise of many, middle-class suburban women

primitive

примітивний happening early in the history of humans and the world, or simple and not complicated In fact prehistoric humans enjoyed a primitive version of cinema, according to researchers.

do more harm than good

принести більше шкоди, ніж користі to be damaging and not helpful

ascribe

приписувати (v.) to assign or refer to (as a cause or source), attribute The book begins by examining the stereotypes that the media ascribes to female candidates, and asserts that as well as potraying women as incompetent leaders, reporters also tend to describe them their according to their fashion choices.

tide (noun)

приплив a regular rise and fall in the level of the sea, caused by the pull of the moon and sun; the flow of water that happens as the sea rises and falls

natural (adj)

природний existing in nature; not made or caused by humans

natural resources

природні ресурси things such as minerals, forests, coal, etc. that exist in a place and can be used by people

problematic (adj)

проблематичний (adj) difficult to deal with or to understand; full of problems; not certain to be successful Each individual component is less problematic, so what begins as an insurmountable problem is far less difficult.

vendor (noun)

продавець (зазвичай той, що на вулиці) a person who sells things, for example food or newspapers, usually outside on the street

productivity (noun)

продуктивність праці the rate at which a worker, a company or a country produces goods, and the amount produced, compared with how much time, work and money is needed to produce them

pierce

проколювати to make a small hole in something, or to go through something, with a sharp object

prosecutor

прокурор The state or federal government attorney in a criminal case. Prosecutors have launched a criminal investigation into the firm's accounting practices.

torrential (adj)

проливний, заливний (adj) used to refer to very heavy rain

penetrate

проникати to go into or through something

proposition

пропозиція, план, афера proposal; A suggested plan One of the most influential propositions in marketing is that customer satisfaction means loyalty and loyalty eans profits.

miscalculate

прорахуватися (неправильно оцінювати суму, цифру, вимірювання тощо) to estimate an amount, a figure, a measurement, etc. wrongly Someone adding up figures might miscalculate.

drill a hole dig a hole

просвердлити отвір викопати яму

become famous overnight

прославитися за одну ніч

trickle into

просочитися, текти невеликим потоком, капати to flow or fall by drops or in a small stream Functional foods, or 'phoods' as they're sometimes called to connote the intersection of food and pharmaceuticals, have been trickling into supermarkets over the past several years - think of calcium-enhanced orange juice and cholesterol-lowering margarine, for example.

condone

простити, забути, виправдати to forgive or overlook an offense (I can't condone ... )

mere

просто, єдиний used to emphasize how small or insignificant someone or something is only However, during the Early Middle Ages, its population declines to a mere 20 thousand.

nasty

противний, неприємний Apparently, it's designed to be resistant to weeds, so farmers don't need to spray any nasty chemicals to remove them.

vocational training

професійне навчання skills and education that prepare you for a job

thrive

процвітати, мати успіх to become, and continue to be, successful, strong, healthy, etc. synonym flourish

a process of trials and errors

процес випробувань та помилок Finding the cure was a process of trial and error. We tried out many theories and failed many times before finally succeding.

mar

псувати, спотворювати to spoil, damage, injure Social scientists have long had to rely on crude questionnaires or interviews to gather data to test their theories, methods marred by reporting bias and small survey sizes.

pigment

пігмент, барвник A chemical that produces color Chemical analysis and powerful microdcopy can reveal remarkable characteristics of textiles: what plants and animals the fibres came from, how the yarns were made, what weaving techniques were employed and what dyes or pigments were used to colour them.

take stock

підвести підсумки to stop and think carefully about the way in which a particular situation is developing in order to decide what to do next

malleable

піддатливий easily changed into a new shape It's relatively simple to extract and it's extremely malleable, so it's easy to shape or flatten into sheets.

obey (verb)

підкорятися, слухатися to do what you are told or expected to do to obey a command/an order/rules/the law

be subject to

підлягати, піддаватися likely to be affected by something Because textiles are organic, they're subject to biological deterioration from air, water, minerals, insects and fungi.

understory

підлісок layer in a rain forest formed by shorter trees and vines The shrew's Achilles' heel is its dependence on a habitat most affected by global climate change and interference from humans - in order to thrive, they require cool, dark coniferous bogs with dense understory, standing water and an abundance of decaying mossy logs.

adolescent (noun)

підліток a young person who is developing from a child into an adult

pressed for time

підтискає час, мало часу you don't have enough time You feel constantly pressed for time, and spare time becomes this luxury you can't afford anymore!

maintain

підтримувати, зберігати to make something continue at the same level, standard, etc.

hard-sell approach

підхід з жорстким продажем (використовувати переконливі прийоми та вводити філософію "чому варто" копіювати підготовку) used persuasive techniques and introduced the "reason why" philosophy to copy preparation For a car dealership, Janda said this could mean promotions that don't focus on a hard-sell approach but rather on providing relevant information such as the availability of rebates for the customer.

foam (noun)

пінопласт a soft light rubber material, full of small holes, that is used for seats, mattresses, etc

every cloud has a silver lining

після дощу завжди Веселка, є у хмаринки світла підкладка (тобто немає лиха без добра) said to emphasize that every difficult or unpleasant situation has some advantage Melting ice in Antarcia is leaving behind large number of tiny marine animals proving that every cloud really does have a silver lining.

furnace

піч a stucture in which heat is generated

reaction (noun)

реакція what you do, say or think as a result of something that has happened

promotional

рекламний connected with advertising

billboard (noun)

рекламний щит, білборд a large board on the outside of a building or at the side of the road, used for putting advertisements on

mend

ремонтувати, лагодити to fix, to repair Before then, and especially during World War I, most clothing was repaired, mended or tailored to fit other family members, or recycled within the home as rags or quilts.

reptile

рептилія, плазун An ectothermic vertebrate that lays eggs and has lungs and scaly skin. The Egyptians preserved millions of mammals, birds and reptiles as votive offerings.

scrutinize

ретельно вивчити to examine closely to observe carefully The painting there, begun by Piet Mondrian (1872 - 1944) in Europe and completed in New York, were scrutinized using the latest scientific techniques.

casts off

речі, які тобі більше не подобаються, відкидати things, usually clothes, that you no longer want Says Rivoli, 'There are nowhere near enough people in America to absorb the mountains of cast-offs, even if they were given away.

risky

ризикований involving the possibility of something bad happening The introduction of foxes to this area put many native species at risk of extinction.

trait (noun)

риса характеру a particular quality in your personality

lever

ричаг, важіль A rigid bar that is free to move around a fixed point He also demonstrated how to lift great weights by means of levers and pulleys, and ways of cleaning harbours by using a pump to suck up water from great depths.

infer

робити висновок to find out by reasoning; to arrive at a conclusion on the basis of thought; to hint, suggest, imply Such information, combined with other evidence, enables researchers to infer the technological skills of ancient civilisations and the cultural importance of their textiles, notes Kathryn Jakes of Ohio State University in Columbus.

dilute

розбавляти to make a liquid weaker by adding water or another liquid to it

evolve

розвиватися, еволюціонувати (v.) to develop gradually; to rise to a higher level The cultural status of tattooing has steadily evolved from that of an anti-social activity in the 1960s to that of a socially acceptable fashion statement today.

scout

розвідник a soldier, airplane, etc., that is sent to get information about the size, location, equipment, etc., of an enemy Scout bees soon appeared at all five boxes.

divulge

розголошувати (v.) to tell, reveal; to make public You may not think twice about it, but if you use a social networking site, a cellphone or the internet regularly, you are leaving behind a clear digital trail that describes your behaviour, travel patterns, and likes and dislikes, divulges who you friends are, and reveals your mood and your opinions.

proliferate

розмножуватися to reproduce, increase, or spread rapidly Of course, not everything is depleted , and these harsh conditions encourage the growth of weeds and also allow pests to proliferate.

accommodate

розмістити, допомагати, надавати житло to make fit, adjust to Conservators had to face the fact that their mission to preserve for future generations the culture of the moent would have to yield to accommodate meterials chosen precisely because of their propensity to decay.

light a fire

розпалити багаття

acquire a taste for

розпробувати, привикнути до смаку something that you dislike at first, but that you start to like after you have tried it a few times I've tried them often but I've never managed to acquire a taste for oysters.

calculated risk

розрахований ризик a risk that you consider worth taking because the result, if it is successful, will be so good:

reckon

розраховувати, вважати expect, believe, or suppose They reckon coastal waters could provide up to ten times Scotland's annual electricity usage.

urban sprawl (noun)

розростання міст the spread of a city into the area surrounding it, often without planning: It is difficult to determine where the city ends because of the urban sprawl

solution

розчин A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances Good immerses the threads in a solution to tease apart the strands of protein.

dissolve

розчинятися to mix with a liquid and become part of it Salt dissolves in water.

herbivore (noun)

рослиноїдна тварина any animal that eats only plants

burgeon

рости і процвітати, розвиток to grow and flourish Scientific interest in ancient textiles and other fibre objects is burgeoning.

ore

руда rock from which metal can be obtained Lead is extracted by a process known as smelting, where the rock, or ore is heated to extremely high temperatures.

shuttle

рухатися туди й назад to move back and forth often between two places

sparsely

рідко, бідно, ледь, тонко barely, thinly Our budget room was very sparsely furnished but adequate nevertheless.

native (adj)

рідний, корінний, місцевий (adj) used to refer to plants and animals that grow naturally in a place, and have not been brought there from somewhere else

swarm (noun)

рій a large group of insects, especially bees, moving together in the same direction Farms were attacked by a swarm of locusts that devasted/damaged crops in the area.

swarm

рій a large number of insects or other small creatures, especially when in motion Farms were attacked by a swarm of locusts that devasted/damaged crops in the area.

horticulture

садівництво The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.

self-congratulatory (adj)

самовдоволений showing that you think you have done something very well and are pleased with yourself

self-assured (adj)

самовпевнений having a lot of confidence in yourself and your abilities, synonym is confident

self-deprecating (adj)

самокритичний done in a way that makes your own achievements or abilities seem unimportant

locust

сарана a grasshopper that often migrates in large numbers Farms were attacked by a swarm of locusts that devasted/damaging crops in the area.

status (noun)

сатус, стан the legal position of a person, group or country I soon realised my status when I was asked to use the tradesman's entrance.

sanctuary

святилище, притулок a sacred place; any place of refuge Stepping over the high threshold and into the inner sanctuary, you can barely see, because the room is dark and the air is thick with a mixture of smoke from the gas lamps and incense.

consciously

свідомо intentionally Some company consciously and cynically exploit their customers' confusion in this way.

deliberately

свідомо, навмисно intentionally A person deliberately telling someone something incorrect might misinform them.

domestic

свійський, внутрішній, домашній, вітчизняний native to a country, not foreign; relating to the life or affairs of a household; a household servant Domestic resale has boomed in the era of the internet.

dawn

світанок, видніти, світати, починатися to start or begin When the Information Age dawned, the World Wide Web seemed like a paradise.

light year (noun)

світловий рік (одиниця відстані світла) distance that light travels in one year, 9.4607 × 1012 kilometres

sensor

сенсор A device that responds to a physical stimulus (as heat, light, sound, pressure, magnetism, or a particular motion) and transmits a resulting impulse (as for measurement or operating a control).

habitat (noun)

середовище проживання або існування the place where a particular type of animal or plant is normally found

perch on

сидіти на кінчику(краю) чогось to sit on the edge of something Go to Bhutan, and you may well find yourself driving for hours along terrifying, winding mountain passes and then climbing to a monastery perched on a cliff that seems to defy all laws of physics.

gravity (noun)

сила тяжіння the force that attracts objects in space towards each other, and that on the earth pulls them towards the centre of the planet, so that things fall to the ground when they are dropped

severe (adj)

сильний, лютий (adj) causing very great pain, difficulty, worry, damage, etc.; very serious

synthetic

синтетичний, штучний (adj.) made or put together by people; (n.) something artificial opposite to organic The manufacture of polyester and other synthetic fabrics is an energy-intensive process requiring large amounts of crude oil and releasing emissions which can cause or aggravate respiratory disease.

crude

сирий, необроблений, не якісно зроблений not carefully or expertly made Social scientists have long had to rely on crude questionnaires or interviews to gather data to test their theories, methods marred by reporting bias and small survey sizes.

petrified (adj)

скам'янілий, дуже переляканий (adj) extremely frightened synonym terrified I really enjoy horror movies. I know it sounds strange, but I like the feeling of being really scared!

hoard

скарб, запас a collection of money, food, valuable objects, etc., especially one that somebody keeps in a secret place so that other people will not find or steal it

sceptic.

скептичний a person inclined to question or doubt all accepted opinions Climate sceptics believe that scientists are exaggerating the current situation and this is simply storm in a teacup

compose a song

скласти пісню

cutback

скорочення a reduction in something, made in order to save money

predicament (noun)

скрутне становище a difficult or an unpleasant situation, especially one where it is difficult to know what to do I doubt that recycling alone can get us out of our current predicament

quandary

скрутне становище a puzzling situation; a dilemma Just as the discovery of nuclear fission raised moral dilemmas for physicists, and genetic modification is now doing for biologists, so the ability to predict human behaviour is presenting new quandaries for social scientists.

follow accepted behaviour

слідувати прийнятій поведінці to do what is considerate as normal And we expect people to behave according to our accepted standards of behaviour.

capital punishment

смертна кара punishment by death

demise (noun)

смерть, кінець чогось the end or failure or death of an institution, an idea, a company, etc. It was the demise of the dinosaurs that let mammals flourish, and humans emerge.

debris (noun)

сміття rubbish/garbage or pieces of material that are left somewhere and are not wanted The impact radically changed our planet, expelling a huge amount of debris that eventually congealed into our oversied moon.

self-conscious

сором'язливий excessively aware of your appearance or behavior

social well-being

соціальне благополуччя

social welfare

соціальне забезпечення practical or financial help that is provided, often by the government, for people or animals that need it

social mores

соціальні звичаї, суспільні моралі social customs There are those who observe these social mores religiously, and those people are often labelled conservative.

legacy

спадок, спадщина An inheritance; something handed down from an ancestor or from the past The source of all this information and the reason we know so much about Leonardo followed his grandfather's habit of keeping a journal.

heritage (noun)

спадщина, спадок the history, traditions and qualities that a country or society has had for many years and that are considered an important part of its character

to speculate

спекулювати, міркувати to form an opinion about something without knowing all the details or facts

with the benefit of hindsight

спираючись на минулий досвід the knowledge and understanding that you have about an event only after it has happened In retrospect, and with the benefit of hindsight, it is clear that it was a bad decision.

consumption

споживання the amount used or eaten

tempt

спокушати, зваблювати to attract somebody or make somebody want to do or have something, even if they know it is wrong

tranquil (adj)

спокійний (adj) quiet and peaceful

juncture

сполучення, злив a particular point in events or time The center has opened at a critical juncture in the afterlife of modernism.

incentive

спонука, стимул, заохочення a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior In abid to stop this, the New South Wales Government decided to offer incentives for Australians to find gold in their own country.

induce

спонукати, провокувати to persuade or influence somebody to do something

spur

спонукати, стимулювати stimulate But, according to Professor James Twitchell, mass branding also spurred us to shop.

akin to

споріднений з, схожий з similar to Users also have access to a list of popular applications, akin to a bestsellers list.

surveillance

спостереження, нагляд close watch over a person, group, or area; supervision We are slowly witnessing a gradual movement in favour of surveillance.

distorted

спотворений pulled or twisted out of shape In my view, the inevitable home-town bias of local newspapers could give a distorted view in terms of the number and length of articles they contain.

a matter of taste

справа смаку, питання в смаці Humour can be quite personal and subjective - it really is a * * *

equitable

справедливий fair, just, embodying principles of justice It is based on the notion of equa opportunities for all, equiatable distribution of wealth, and public responsibility for those unable to meet their own needs.

perceive

сприймати, вбачати to understand, know, become aware of Janda was surprised to find that in order to create a relationship, consumers have to perceive it will pay off, monetarily or otherwise.

devastation (noun)

спустошення, розруха great destruction or damage, especially over a wide area 1. Heavy rains and devastation winds caused several trees to fall. 2. Pesticides may help control pests but they are also harmful/damaging/devastating to local wildlife. 3. Farms were attacked by a swarm of locusts that devasted/damaged crops in the area.

community (noun)

спільнота, громада all the people who live in a particular area, country, etc. when talked about as a group

controversial (adj)

спірний, суперечливий

mammal

ссавець Animals that have hair and produce milk for their young The Egyptians preserved millions of mammals, birds and reptiles as votive offerings.

herd (noun)

стадо a group of animals of the same type that live and feed together A herd of cattle walk slowly towards the farmhouse.

apprenticeship (noun)

стажування, виробнича практика a period of time working as an apprentice; a job as an apprentice But these courses teach real-life skills and often lead directly to an apprenticeship and then full-time employment.

standard (noun)

стандарт, еталонa level of quality, especially one that people think is acceptable

diligently

старанно showing care and effort in your work or duties He used his journals to diligently record his observations and fortunately for us, diagrams of his inventions, such as those of a flying machine.

glean

старанно підбирати, збирати по шматочках to collect bit by bit; to gather with patient labor Today, Good and other researchers are applying high-tech methods of chemical analysis to ancient textiles and fibres to glean unique clues about past civilisations.

status quo (noun)

статус-кво (ситуація, яка є зараз, або як була до недавньої зміни) the situation as it is now, or as it was before a recent change There will always be people who resist change and want to maintain the status quo.

assert

стверджувати, відстоювати to state clearly and firmly that something is true

making headlines

створення заголовків making story on the first page that is interesting

make a name for yourself

створити собі ім'я to become famous or respected by a lot of people

stem (noun) stem from

стебло +the main long thin part of a plant above the ground from which the leaves or flowers grow; a smaller part that grows from this and supports flowers or leaves +to be caused by something or someone The poor quality of our soils stems from this

keep track of

стежити за to continue to be informed or know about someone or something

pillar (noun)

стовп, колона a large round stone, metal or wooden post that is used to support a bridge, the roof of a building, etc., especially when it is also decorative

strut

стойка, роспорка, брус для опори a long, thin piece of wood or metal used for support in a building, vehicle, etc. Among those inventions that he is credited with are the strut bridge, the machine for testing the tensile strength of wire and even our modern day scissors.

safety net (noun)

страхівка, сітка безпеки an arrangement that helps to prevent disaster if something goes wrong Alternatively, a welfare state can refer to the creation of a safety net to provide social services such as free childcare.

terrifying (adj)

страхітливий (adj) making somebody feel extremely frightened Last week I saw a horror movie, and the special effects were so realistic it was really scary to watch.

curb

стримувати to control or limit something that is not wanted: The government should act to * tax evasion. Now, says Twithell, to * our acquisitiveness we would have to de-brand: It's a scarf, It's not a Hermes scarf

restrain

стримувати to hold back; to keep under control; to limit; to draw tight by force Magazine ad styles were also restrained, with most publications relegating advertisements to the back pages.

deter

стримувати, зупиняти to prevent Such charges may have been conceived as a way to deter undesirable customer behaviour and offset the cost that business incur as a result of that behaviour

resistant (adj)

стійкий (adj) not wanting to accept something, especially changes or new ideas

sustainable (adj)

стійкий, сталий, тривалий (adj) causing little or no damage to the environment and therefore able to continue for a long time It should also be possible to produce hydrogen in a sustainable way by using other recyclable materials in addition to cooking oils.

swivel chair

стілець, що обертається a chair that can turn around, commonly used in offices The next experiment is called the arm engine, and for this one you need a chair that can swivel or rotate and some small hand weights.

subjective (adj)

суб'єктивний, особистий (adj) based on your own ideas or opinions rather than facts and therefore sometimes unfair The judging of artistic works can be very subjective; we need to find a way to make it more specific.

subsidise

субсидіювати, фінансувати to give money to somebody or an organization to help pay for something; to give a subsidy synonym fund

rigour

суворість the quality or state of being very exact, careful, or strict Until recently, these remains were usually overlooked because they were frayed. discoloured or too fragile to withstand the rigours of analysis.

criminal record

судимості an official record of crimes that a person has committed If young people become involved in juvenile crime, they are more likely to have a criminal record when they are older.

lawsuit

судовий процес, позов a legal action in which a person or group sues to collect damages for some harm that is done At any time, customers may retaliate with anger, lawsuit and defection.

compound (noun)

суміш a substance formed by a chemical reaction of two or more elements in fixed amounts relative to each other

superbugs

супербактерії, мікроби (бактерії, що стійкі до великої кількості антибіотиків) bacteria that are resistant to large numbers of antibiotics Medical staff in hospitals are combating these superbugs on a daily basis, and some people are turning to natural remedies such as tea tree oil to deal with the problem.

controversy (noun)

суперечка, дискусія public discussion and argument about something that many people strongly disagree about, disapprove of, or are shocked by The use of drugs by athletes has caused considerable controversy in the world sport

rival (noun)

суперник, конкурент to be as good or almost as good as (someone or something)= match But with an estimated 130 species disappearing each day, the world is on the brink of another mass extinction that could rival the one that saw the dinosaurs disappear.

social services (noun)

суспільні або соціальні послуги a system that is organized by the local government to help people who have financial or family problems; the department or the people who provide this help Alternatively, a welfare state can refer to the creation of a safety net to provide social services such as free childcare.

bout

сутичка, бій, раз a short period of time during which something is done or happening This is not a satisfactory explanation for depression, however, as people are most likely to experience their first bout in adolescence

entity

сутність, суб'єкт (все, що має існування, або фізичне, або містичне) anything having existence, either physical or mystical Along with the manufacturers. other entities also turned to advertising.

propensity

схильність a natural inclination or tendency Conservators had to face the fact that their mission to preserve for future generations the culture of the moent would have to yield to accommodate meterials chosen precisely because of their propensity to decay.

cache

схованка hiding place Prehistoric people probably used plants like sumac and bedstraw as dyes, Jakes says, because caches of those seeds have been recovered from archaeological sites although the plants have known dietary use.

agriculture (noun)

сільське господарство the science or practice of farming

rustic

сільський typical of the country or of country people; simple It's a really historic place and very rustic.

drab

сірий, одноманітний, тусклий without interest or colour; dull and boring

sow

сіяти to put seeds in or on the ground so that plants will grow

tabloid press

таблоїдна преса (газета, в якій переважають малюнки) a type of popular newspaper with small pages that has many pictures and short, simple reports

tactful (adj)

тактовний, тактичний careful not to say or do anything that will annoy or upset other people synonym diplomatic

talented (adj)

талановитий (adj) having a natural ability to do something well

tarantula

тарантул an venomous arachnid

municipal solid waste

тверді побутові відходи Waste produced by households and businesses According to the EPA Office of Solid Waste, Americans throw awy more than 68 pounds of clothing and textiles per person per year, adn this represents about 4% of the municipal solid waste.

telemarketing (noun)

телемаркетинг a method of selling things and taking orders for sales by telephone

trend (noun)

тенденція, мода, напрям a general direction in which a situation is changing or developing

theorist (noun)

теоретик (людина, яка пояснює чому все відбувається чи існує саме так) a person who develops ideas and principles about a particular subject in order to explain why things happen or exist

carpenter

тесляр, столяр a woodworker who makes or repairs wooden objects Some of these occupations are familiar, for example, a carpenter, creating things for the home.

technician (noun)

технік, фахівець a person who is very skilled at the technical aspects of an art, a sport, etc.

technique (noun)

техніка, технічний прийом a particular way of doing something, especially one in which you have to learn special skills

tech-savvy

технічно підкований knowing a lot about technology Good at learning and using technology For example, the internet helped tech-savvy music lovers to force changes in the way the music industry did business, while text messaging over cellphones made written communication more immediate.

transient

тимчасовий continuing for only a short time synonym fleeting, temporary The aurora borealis is a spectacular though transient light display caused by millions of explosions.

peer pressure

тиск з боку однолітків the strong influence of a group, especially of children, on members of that group to behave as everyone else does

pressure (noun)

тиск, натиск, вплив the force or weight with which something presses against something else

fabric (noun)

тканина material made by weaving wool, cotton, silk, etc., used for making clothes, curtains, etc. and for covering furniture

textile

тканина, текстильний weaven cloth A fabric made by weaving, used in making clothing Until recently, it was assumed that all (ancient) silk was from China,' says Good, a specialist in fibre analysis and ancient-textile production and trade at Harvard University's Peabody Museum.

interpretation (noun)

тлумачення, інтерпретація he particular way in which something is understood or explained

subtle

тонкий, витончений, делікатний

poplar tree

тополя a tall, fast-growing tree of north temperate regions Oh, yes, the GM poplar trees they're working on should really do a lot to persuade people just how good this type of biotechnology can be.

sales representative (noun)

торговий представник an employee of a company who travels around a particular area selling the company's goods to shops/stores, etc.

traditional dress

традиційне плаття

conventional (adj)

традиційний, загальноприйнятий tending to follow what is done or considered acceptable by society in general; normal and ordinary, and perhaps not very interesting Conventional people help keep our traditions alive.

transaction

транзакція, угода A business activity that changes assets, liabilities, or owner's equity Many credit card issuers, for example, choose not deny a transaction that would put the cardholder over his or her credit limit, it's more profitable to let the customer overspend and then impose penalties.

transatlantic

трансатлантичний (через Атлантичний океан) across the Atlantic Ocean In 1927, Charles Linbergh's transatlantic flight captured America's imagination.

broadcast

транслювати to send out programmes on television or radio

tremor (noun)

тремор, дрож, поштовх a small earthquake in which the ground shakes slightly

long-term (adj)

тривалий період (adj) continuing a long time into the future

lifespan (noun)

тривалість життя the length of time that something is likely to live, continue or function

last an eternity

тривати вічність I think when you're really young, your spare time seems to last an eternity - it just drags on and on.

drag on and on

тривати довше, ніж очікувалося; подовжуватися; затягуватися To last longer than expected I think when you're really young, your spare time seems to last an eternity - it just drags on and on.

disturbing

тривожний making you feel anxious and upset or shocked

tropical (adj)

тропічний (adj) from or relating to the area between the two tropics

gimmick (noun)

трюк(призначений привернути увагу або переконати людей щось купити) an unusual trick or unnecessary device that is intended to attract attention or to persuade people to buy something

trunk

тулуб chest, abdomen, and pelvis

entail

тягне за собою (v.) to include as a necessary step Building a new fence entails tearing down the old one. It is also a problem that replacing our current energy supply will entail expensive research and development, which, in turn, involves government cooperation.

haul

тягнути To pull or carry with effort More ants maybe needed to haul the bounty home.

media attention

увага ЗМІ media are interested about you

coast (noun)

узбережжя the land beside or near to the sea or ocean

consistency (noun)

узгодженість, послідовність the quality of always behaving in the same way or of having the same opinions, standard, etc.; the quality of being consistent

salesmanship

уміння торгувати,продаж товарів ability to sell goods in a fair, sincere, and distinctive manner Usually, too, authors distinguish advertising fromsalesmanship by defining it as mediated persuasion aimed at an audience rather than one-to-one communication with a potential customer.

eschew.

уникати to avoid, shun, keep away from Newspapers almost never printed ads wider than a single column and generally eschewed illustrations and even special typefaces

biased (adj)

упереджений (adj) having a tendency to show favour towards or against one group of people or one opinion for personal reasons; making unfair judgements I think they're the best team here, but then I am biased as I'm their teacher.

prejudiced (adj)

упереджений (adj) having an unreasonable dislike of or preference for somebody/something, especially based on their race, religion, sex, etc. Some companies are prejudiced against taking on employees over 40.

bias

упередження, зміщення a strong feeling in favour of or against one group of people, or one side in an argument, often not based on fair judgement In my view, the inevitable home-town bias of local newspapers could give a distorted view in terms of the number and length of articles they contain

managerial (adj)

управлінський, адміністративний (adj) relating to a manager or management

establishment (noun)

установа, заснування an organization, a large institution or a hotel 2. the people in a society or a profession who have influence and power and who usually do not support change

imagination

уява the ability to create pictures in your mind; the part of your mind that does this

de facto

фактично (adj.) actually existing or in effect, although not legally required or sanctioned; (adv.) in reality, actually Now millions of people carry a de facto tracking device with them all day that automatically logs their every move.

falsify

фальсифікувати, підробляти to make something false; to change something in order to make people believe something that is not true Joseph Beuys, for instance, used organic materials like fat or honey precisely because of their tendency to change over time; to halt that process would be to falsify the work in critical ways.

fiction

фантастика, вигадка a type of literature that describes imaginary people and events, not real ones

dye

фарбувати to change the colour of something, especially by using a special liquid or substance

pharmaceuticals

фармацевтичні препарати, фармацевтика the kind of industry which produces medicines

fauna

фауна all the animal life in a particular region

Federal Government

федеральний уряд (Форма правління, за якою повноваження поділяються між центральним урядом та кількома органами місцевого самоврядування.) A form of government in which powers are divided between a central government and several local governments. Since 1938, the federal government had strictly regulated airline fares and routes.

flyer (noun)

флаєр a small sheet of paper that advertises a product or an event and is given to a large number of people to hand out flyers for a new club

formulation (noun)

формулювання the act of creating or preparing something carefully, giving particular attention to the details; something that is created or prepared in this way

mural

фреска, розпис на стіні wall painting But slowly, brilliant murals reveal themselves, along with an elaborate altar, behind which a group of finely detailed gold and bronze Buddhas seems almost to glow.

forage

фуражувати (шукати їжу) to search for food Instead, their brief life is spent foraging.

futuristic

футуристичний extremely modern and unusual in appearance, as if belonging to a future time

Fixative

фіксатор In one set of experiments, for example, the researchers made dye baths from sumac berries and bedstraw roots combined with different mineral fixatives.

firm

фірма a business organization However, in our conversations with dozens of executives in various industries we found that many firms have unwittingly fallen into this trap.

phytochemical

фітохімічний (речовина, що міститься в рослинній їжі, яка не є важливою поживною речовиною, але може мати властивості, що сприяють здоров'ю) a substance found in plant foods that is not an essential nutrient but may have health-promoting properties Now, our modern-day world of medical science is beginning to realise just how effective these phytochemical, chemical compounds that occur naturally in plants, can be.

food chain (noun)

харчовий ланцюг a series of living creatures in which each type of creature feeds on the one below it in the series

coniferous bogs

хвойні болота low swampy lands of trees that produce seed-bearing cones and have thin leaves shaped like needles The shrew's Achilles' heel is its dependence on a habitat most affected by global climate change and interference from humans - in order to thrive, they require cool, dark coniferous bogs with dense understory, standing water and an abundance of decaying mossy logs.

ploy (noun)

хитрість words or actions that are carefully planned to get an advantage over somebody else Many competitions are simply a marketing ploy to help boost sales.

CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)

хлорфторуглеводороди chemical compounds used in aerosol cans that destroy atmospheric ozone cfcs: an abbreviation for the gases which have now been removed from aerosols to protect the ozone layer.

mugging

хуліганство, вуличне пограбування the crime of attacking somebody violently, or threatening to do so, in order to steal their money, especially in a public place

censored

цензурований, з цензурою something one is forbidden to see, hear, or read

centrality

центральність The functional dominance of cities within an urban system While advertising generated modern anxieties about its social and ethical implications, it nevertheless acquired a new centrality in the 1920s.

cynical (adj)

цинічний, безсовісний believing that people only do things to help themselves rather than for good or honest reasons

cynically

цинічно in a way that shows mistrust in the motives of others Some company consciously and cynically exploit their customers' confusion in this way.

rolling news

цілодобові новини News reports that are broadcast 24 hours a day Then there's the rolling news we have on the TV day and night.

integrity

цілісність (чесність) (n.) honesty, high moral standards; an unimpaired condition, completeness, soundness The problems for the conservator of modern art differ fundamentally from those that concern conservators of old master works, where the goal is to preserve as faithfully as possible the integrity of the original.

price sensitivity

цінова чутливість, чутливість цін The degree to which the price of a product affects consumers' purchasing behavior. Most of the companies in these industries started out with product and pricing strategies designed to provide value to a variety of customer segments, each with its own needs and price sensitivitives.

charming

чарівний, милий, привабливий very pleasant or attractive Of course, that means the accommodation is pretty basic, but the place is altogether so charming that I didn't mind at all.

time goes so fast

час швидко йде time disapeard It just goes so fast and there aren't enough hours in the day to get everything done.

partial

частковий, небайдужий, упереджений (adj.) not complete; favoring one side over another; showing a strong liking for someone or something

draft (noun)

чернетка a rough written version of something that is not yet in its final form

Virtues

чесноти behavior showing high moral standards Lyrics, novels and paintings began to emphasize the beauty of nature and the virtues of rural life

pressurise

чинити тиск, тиснути морально на когось to persuade somebody to do something, especially by making them feel that they have to or should do it Customers can often feel pressurised into buying a product they don't need.

sheer

чистий, абсолютний, істинний adjective always used before a noun - used to emphasize the large amount, size, or degree of something Much of our ferocious consumption arises simply from the sheer number of goods available.

member of parliament (noun)

член парламенту represents a local community in the government

tradesman's entrance

чорний вхід, задній вхід, вхід торговця I soon realised my status when I was asked to use the tradesman's entrance.

prune

чорнослив dried plum Lutein, linked to vision health, is now added to prune juice.

magnificent

чудовий; пишний; величний extremely attractive and impressive; deserving praise

frantic (adj)

шалений, безумний (adj) done quickly and with a lot of activity, but in a way that is not very well organized synonym hectic However, people born and raised in rural areas enjoy the slow pace of life and often feel overwhelmed by the frantic pace of the city

scam

шахрайство, обман an attempt to trick someone, usually with the intention of stealing money or private information However, within a relatively short space of time, we were mired in problems caused by things like online scams and viruses - traps aimed at crashing our computers and even stealing our identity.

rapid (adj)

швидкий happening in a short period of timedone or happening very quickly

snappy

швидкий quick and energetic The agency approved wording that is not quite as snappy for package design.

fleeting (adj)

швидкоплинний lasting only a short time synonym brief I think that , when you get near the end of it, your life must seem brief and fleeting

perishable

швидкопсувний likely to spoil or decay Much of the insight is coming from minuscule samples of textiles, which archaeologists categorise as 'fibre perishables'.

chic

шикарний very fashionable and elegant synonym stylish

thorn

шип, колючка a sharp-pointed tip on a stem or leaf

broadsheet

широкоформатна газета Newspaper double the size of a tabloid. Baxter's study involved a detailed analysis of national broadsheets and one tabloid from each candidate's local area.

gale-force wind

шквальний вітер Winds with speeds of over 62 kilometres per hour Gale force winds hindered the progress of the rescue teams.

harm (noun)

шкода damage or injury that is caused by a person or an event We use harm for things or people. 1. The spider's bite is painful, but it is harmless to humans. 2. Pesticides may help control pests but they are also harmful/damaging/devastating to local wildlife.

damage

шкода, пошкодити physical harm caused to something which makes it less attractive, useful or valuable We use damage only for things. 1. The oil spill caused a great deal of damage to seabirds. 2. Heavy rains and devasting/damaging winds caused several trees to fall. 3. Farms were attacked by a swarm of locusts that devasted/damaging crops in the area. 4. Pesticides may help control pests but they are also harmful/damaging/devastating to local wildlife.

pulley

шків, коловорот A simple machine that consists of a rope that fits into a groove in a wheel He also demonstrated how to lift great weights by means of levers and pulleys, and ways of cleaning harbours by using a pump to suck up water from great depths.

pest

шкідник any organism that damages valuable crops Of course, not everything is depleted , and these harsh conditions encourage the growth of weeds and also allow pests to proliferate.

typeface

шрифт styles of lettering; also called fonts Newspapers almost never printed ads wider than a single column and generally eschewed illustrations and even special typefaces.

assault sb with sth

штурмувати когось чимось attack Health club companies also have a long history of luring customers with attractive short-term offers, assaulting them with aggressive sales pitches, and then binding them with long-term contracts. The researchers found 96 pairs of convicted burglers, and 406 pairs who had been charged with assault.

noise pollution (noun)

шумове забруднення noise, such as that from traffic, that upsets people where they live or work and is considered to be unhealthy for them

thyroid

щитовидна залоза a small gland in the neck that affects growth The introduction of iodine to Morton Salt in 1924 was instrumental in eradicating a dangerous thyroid condition called goiter from the U.S. population.

lest

щоб не було, хоть би не було for fear that - used to say that you do not want something to happen used when you are saying something in order to prevent something from happening The US government's conservation campaign used slogans such as 'Make economy fashionable lest it become obligatory' and resulted in an approximate 10% reduction in the productionof trash.

dense (adj)

щільний, густий, глибокий (adj) difficult to understand because it contains a lot of information

explicitly

явно, точно expressly, definitely, specifically Of course, only the most flagrant companies would explicitly persuade customers into making bad choices.

ibis

ібіс (порода птаха) a large wading bird related to herons His team analysed sample from cat, hawk and ibis mummies.

ignore

іггнорувати to pay no attention to something synonym disregard

defy

ігнорувати, кидати виклик, сперечатися refuse to obey Go to Bhutan, and you may well find yourself driving for hours along terrifying, winding mountain passes and then climbing to a monastery perched on a cliff that seems to defy all laws of physics.

isolated (adj)

ізольований (adj) far away from any others

insulation

ізоляція a substance that reduces the transfer of electricity, heat, or sound A proportion of clothing purchases are recycled, mainly in three ways: clothing may be resold by the primary consumer to other consumers at a lower price, it may be exported in bulk for sale in developing countries, or it may be chemically or mechanically recycled into raw material that can be used to produce insulation.

household name

ім'я/назва, відома кожному a famous person that most people know of

impulsive

імпульсивний Acting or done without forethought

induction

індукція (офіційне введення на посаду) the formal act or process of placing someone into a new job, position, government office, etc. Each new group member is expected to undergo a special unduction programme.

innovate

інновації, оновлювати to introduce new things, ideas or ways of doing something

institute

інститут, засновувати (v.) to establish, set up; (n.) an organization for the promotion of learning After taking the throne in 1974, King Jigme Singye Wangchuck instituted a number of policies designed to preserve the country's cultural identity.

intensively

інтенсивно severely of farming :designed to increase production without using more land I think it's common knowledge that intensively reared livestock suffer horribly because of their cramped living conditions.

interval

інтервал the distance between any two pitches After waiting half an hour, they simulated the ants' return by dropping glass beads into the nest entrance at regular intervals - some coated with patroller scent stimulated foragers to leave the nest

online retailer (noun)

інтернет-магазин person who sells by internet

infection (noun)

інфекція the act or process of causing or getting a disease

infrared photography

інфрачервона фотографія Can be used to monitor the growth and vigor of vegetation, and detect disease plant material from healthy That x-rays, ultraviolet and infrared photography, and chemical analysis - tools used to probe works centuries old - are now being employed on more recent art confirms that modernism has entered history.

edible

їстівний safe or fit to be eaten So they're hoping to make an edible vaccine using tomatoes, that'll be easier to ship, store and even administer to patients.