wack!!

Oversecretion of ACTH occurs in a.Cushing disease. b.hyperthyroidism. c.diabetes insipidus. d.hypoglycemia.

a.Cushing disease.

Which response to an injection of ACTH indicates a primary adrenal insufficiency? a.No change in serum glucocorticoid level b.An increase in serum glucocorticoid level c.A decrease in serum glucose level d.An increase in serum ACTH level

a.No change in serum glucocorticoid level

Which are clinical findings usually associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus? (Select all that apply.) a.Polyuria b.Polydipsia c.Polyphagia d.Obesity e.Weight gain

a.Polyuria b.Polydipsia c.Polyphagia

Which hormone is highly bound to carrier proteins in the bloodstream? a.Thyroid hormones b.Insulin c.Glucagon d.Parathyroid hormone

a.Thyroid hormones

The therapies that would be appropriate for a patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus include (Select all that apply.) a.carbohydrate counting. b.high-protein diet. c.daily exercise. d.insulin. e.oral hypoglycemic agents.

a.carbohydrate counting. c.daily exercise. d.insulin.

Diabetic neuropathy is thought to result from a.decreased myoinositol transport. b.elevated HbA1c. c.deficient neuronal insulin receptors. d.neuronal demyelination.

a.decreased myoinositol transport.

The release of prolactin is normally inhibited by a.dopamine. b.acetylcholine. c.somatostatin. d.somatomedin.

a.dopamine.

In primary thyroid hormone deficiency, the TSH levels are a.high. b.low. c.undetectable. d.constantly fluctuating.

a.high

Myxedema coma is a severe condition associated with a.hypothyroidism. b.hyperthermia. c.acute cortisol insufficiency. d.pheochromocytoma.

a.hypothyroidism.

An increase in serum osmolality would be expected to ________ secretion. a.increase vasopressin b.decrease vasopressin c.decrease ADH d.decrease aldosterone

a.increase vasopressin

The American Diabetes Association recommends a postprandial blood glucose level of ________ mg/dl for adults with diabetes. a.less than 180 b.more than 180 c.70 d.130

a.less than 180

Hormones that are released from the anterior pituitary gland include (Select all that apply.) a.luteinizing hormone. b.vasopressin. c.prolactin. d.oxytocin. e.follicle-stimulating hormone.

a.luteinizing hormone. c.prolactin. e.follicle-stimulating hormone.

The endocrine system closely resembles the ________ system because many of their actions are coordinated at the level of the hypothalamus. a.nervous b.immune c.integumentary d.lymphatic

a.nervous

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is often associated with a.nonketotic hyperosmolality. b.childhood. c.autoimmune destruction of the pancreas. d.ketoacidosis.

a.nonketotic hyperosmolality.

The underlying pathogenic mechanism for type 1 diabetes is a.pancreatic β-cell destruction. b.lack of insulin receptors. c.lack of exercise and chronic overeating. d.impaired glucose transport into cells.

a.pancreatic β-cell destruction.

An example of a secondary endocrine disorder is a.pituitary hyposecretion of TSH. b.adrenal insufficiency following adrenalectomy. c.congenital adrenal hyperplasia. d.pheochromocytoma.

a.pituitary hyposecretion of TSH.

In type I diabetes, respiratory compensation may occur through a process of a.respiratory alkalosis. b.respiratory acidosis. c.metabolic acidosis. d.metabolic alkalosis.

a.respiratory alkalosis.

Diabetes insipidus is a condition that a.results from inadequate ADH secretion. b.is characterized by oliguria. c.is associated with anterior pituitary dysfunction. d.leads to glycosuria.

a.results from inadequate ADH secretion.

It is true that growth hormone excess in adults a.results in the condition of acromegaly. b.leads to abnormally tall stature. c.is associated with hypoglycemia. d.is usually asymptomatic.

a.results in the condition of acromegaly.

Clinical manifestations of Graves disease may include a.tremor. b.cold intolerance. c.lethargy. d.weight gain.

a.tremor.

In the United States, nearly ________ people have diabetes mellitus. a.7 million b.25.8 million c.366 million d.176 billion

b.25.8 million

Which insulin types are most commonly used in the rapid-acting category? (Select all that apply.) a.NPH b.Aspart c.Glargine d.Lispro e.Regular

b.Aspart d.Lispro

Which are major classifications of deficiencies in growth hormone secretion? (Select all that apply.) a.Increased IGF-1 b.Decreased GH secretion c.Defective GH action d.Decreased IGG secretion e.Defective IGF-1 generation

b.Decreased GH secretion c.Defective GH action e.Defective IGF-1 generation

Which are hormones that increase serum glucose level? (Select all that apply.) a.Vasopressin b.Glucagon c.Growth hormone d.Catecholamine e.Corticosteroid

b.Glucagon c.Growth hormone d.Catecholamine e.Corticosteroid

________ is the most powerful predictor of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. a.Aging b.Obesity c.Sedentary lifestyle d.Cardiovascular disease

b.Obesity

Which are complications of diabetes mellitus that are microvascular? (Select all that apply.) a.Cardiovascular disease b.Retinopathy c.Nephropathy d.Neuropathy e.Stroke

b.Retinopathy c.Nephropathy

What suppresses the normal secretion of growth hormone? a.Hypoglycemia b.Somatostatin c.Somatomedin d.Amino acids

b.Somatostatin

The tightness of the hormone-receptor bond is known as a.specificity. b.affinity. c.half-life. d.set point.

b.affinity

It is true that Graves disease is a.a secondary endocrine disorder. b.associated with autoantibodies to TSH receptors. c.characterized by high serum TSH levels. d.untreatable.

b.associated with autoantibodies to TSH receptors.

An increase in ADH secretion occurs in response to a.decreased serum osmolality. b.dehydration. c.hypervolemia. d.hyponatremia.

b.dehydration.

Most endocrine hormones are water-soluble and exert their effects on target cells by a.binding to nuclear receptors. b.generating second messengers. c.binding to intracellular receptors. d.stimulating action potentials.

b.generating second messengers.

A clinical finding that is consistent with a diagnosis of adrenocortical insufficiency is a.hypokalemia. b.hypoglycemia. c.hypertension. d.moon face.

b.hypoglycemia.

A clinical finding consistent with a diagnosis of syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH) is a.hypovolemia. b.hyponatremia. c.decreased osmolality. d.dehydration.

b.hyponatremia.

A patient presenting with muscle cramps, fatigue, anxiety, depression and prolonged Q-T intervals on EKG may be showing symptoms of a.hyperparathyroidism. b.hypoparathyroidism. c.diabetes insipidus. d.SIADH.

b.hypoparathyroidism.

Surgical removal of a gland may result in a.hypersecretion. b.hyposecretion. c.hyporesponsiveness. d.tissue resistance.

b.hyposecretion

Growth hormone has several effects on the body, including a.decreasing plasma glucose level. b.increasing lean body mass. c.enhancing deposition of fat. d.depressing immune function.

b.increasing lean body mass.

The underlying pathogenic mechanism for type 2 diabetes is a.pancreatic β-cell destruction. b.insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction. c.lack of exercise and chronic overeating. d.impaired glucose transport into cells.

b.insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction.

The formation of active vitamin D a.occurs in the skin. b.is impaired in renal failure. c.is dependent on oral intake of vitamin D. d.is necessary for normal potassium metabolism.

b.is impaired in renal failure.

In comparison to triiodothyronine (T3), the hormone thyroxine (T4) a.has greater biological activity. b.is more abundant in the circulation. c.has a shorter half-life. d.binds to nuclear receptors with greater affinity.

b.is more abundant in the circulation.

The most common mechanism regulating hormone production and secretion is a.positive feedback. b.negative feedback. c.positive reinforcement. d.negative reinforcement.

b.negative feedback.

Growth hormone deficient infants would display a.low birth length and weight. b.normal birth length and weight. c.high birth length and weight. d.normal length and low weight.

b.normal birth length and weight.

A tumor which results in excessive production and release of catecholamines is a.goiter. b.pheochromocytoma. c.Conn syndrome. d.Cushing disease.

b.pheochromocytoma.

An example of a lipid-soluble hormone is a.catecholamine. b.thyroid hormone. c.peptide hormone. d.pituitary hormone.

b.thyroid hormone.

Thyroid hormones are derived from a.peptides. b.tyrosine amino acids. c.globulin. d.catecholamines.

b.tyrosine amino acids.

Which hormone is regulated by releasing and inhibiting factors from the hypothalamus? a.Oxytocin b.Vasopressin c.Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) d.Aldosterone

c.Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

What indicator is most helpful in evaluating long-term blood glucose management in patients with diabetes mellitus? a.Blood glucose levels b.Urine glucose levels c.Glycosylated hemoglobin levels (HbA1c) d.Clinical manifestations of hyperglycemia

c.Glycosylated hemoglobin levels (HbA1c)

_________ is the hormone which causes uterine and milk duct contractions. a.Vasopressin b.Prolactin c.Oxytocin d.Antidiuretic

c.Oxytocin

It is true that lipid-soluble hormones are a.transported in a free state in the bloodstream. b.bound to receptors on the plasma membranes of target cells. c.diffused through cell membranes to activate intracellular receptors. d.activated by second-messenger cascades within the target cell.

c.diffused through cell membranes to activate intracellular receptors.

Cortisol is produced in the zona ________ of the adrenal cortex. a.glomerulosa b.reticularis c.fasciculata d.medulla

c.fasciculata

The breakdown of stored glycogen in the liver and muscles is called a.glycolysis. b.glycogenesis. c.glycogenolysis. d.gluconeogenesis.

c.glycogenolysis.

A thyroid gland that grows larger than normal is known as a.cretinism. b.myxedema. c.goiter. d.colloidosis.

c.goiter

The signs and symptoms of adrenocortical hormone excess may occur from either a primary or secondary disorder. A symptom associated with primary Cushing syndrome is a.hyperpigmentation. b.hypotension. c.hyperglycemia. d.hyperkalemia.

c.hyperglycemia.

A laboratory finding that would help confirm the diagnosis of hyperaldosteronism is a.hypernatremia. b.hyperkalemia. c.hypokalemia. d.hyperglycemia.

c.hypokalemia.

Insulin binding to its receptor on target cells results in a.increased active transport of glucose into the cell. b.glycogen breakdown within target cells. c.increased facilitated cellular diffusion of glucose. d.gluconeogenesis.

c.increased facilitated cellular diffusion of glucose.

Up-regulation of target cell receptors results in a.decreased target cell sensitivity to hormone. b.reduced production of hormone. c.increased target cell responsiveness to hormone. d.an increased hormone half-life.

c.increased target cell responsiveness to hormone.

Radioactive iodine treatment is the therapy of choice in patients with Graves disease. The patient should be expected to a.achieve full recovery after treatment. b.need short-term thyroid replacement therapy. c.need lifelong thyroid replacement therapy. d.receive lifelong iodine treatment.

c.need lifelong thyroid replacement therapy.

A type of insulin that would be most appropriate for acute management of hyperglycemia is a.NPH. b.Semilente. c.regular. d.Ultralente.

c.regular.

A clinical finding consistent with a hypoglycemic reaction is a.acetone breath. b.warm, dry skin. c.tremors. d.hyperventilation.

c.tremors.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases a.sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule of the kidney. b.potassium secretion in the distal tubule of the kidney. c.water reabsorption in the collecting tubule of the kidney. d.urinary output.

c.water reabsorption in the collecting tubule of the kidney.

Which hormone is responsible for regulation of immune and inflammatory reactions? a.Thyrotropin b.Androgen c.Aldosterone d.Cortisol

d.Cortisol

A patient reporting vision changes, photophobia, and lid lag may be exhibiting signs of a.Addison disease. b.Cushing syndrome. c.myxedema. d.Graves disease.

d.Graves disease.

Growth hormone stimulates the liver to release a.ketones. b.insulin. c.bile. d.IGF-1.

d.IGF-1.

Aldosterone secretion would be expected to produce which change? a.Decrease sodium reabsorption b.Decrease urine potassium c.Decrease blood pressure d.Increase blood pressure

d.Increase blood pressure

What effect would adrenocortical insufficiency have on an individual's response to surgical stress? a.More prone to hyperglycemia b.Decreased sensitivity to anesthesia c.More susceptible to hypertensive crisis d.More prone to hypotension

d.More prone to hypotension

Aldosterone secretion is regulated by the presence of ________ in the circulation. a.progesterone b.corticoglobulin c.ACTH d.angiotensin II

d.angiotensin II

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (adrenogenital syndrome) results from a.cortisol excess. b.testosterone-secreting tumor. c.exogenous androgens. d.blocked cortisol production.

d.blocked cortisol production.

Propylthiouracil may be used to treat hyperthyroidism, because it a.destroys thyroid gland cells. b.inhibits the release of TSH. c.suppresses production of autoantibodies. d.inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis.

d.inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis.

It is true that the synthesis of thyroid hormones a.is increased by thyrotropin-inhibiting factor. b.occurs in perifollicular C cells. c.is stimulated by ACTH. d.is inhibited by iodine deficiency.

d.is inhibited by iodine deficiency.

Calcitonin is produced by thyroid parafollicular cells and increases bone formation by a.homeostasis. b.osteoclasts. c.reabsorption. d.osteoblasts.

d.osteoblasts.

Clinical manifestations of hypoparathyroidism a.are similar to those occurring with hypermagnesemia. b.result from decreased neuromuscular excitability. c.are similar to those occurring with hypokalemia. d.result from decreased serum ionized calcium.

d.result from decreased serum ionized calcium.

Diabetes mellitus is the ________ leading cause of death and a major cause of disability in the United States. a.first b.second c.fourth d.seventh

d.seventh

A primary endocrine disorder occurs when a.the pituitary gland oversecretes hormones. b.the pituitary gland undersecretes hormones. c.exogenous hormones suppress endogenous production. d.the target gland is unresponsive to pituitary regulation.

d.the target gland is unresponsive to pituitary regulation.