Western Exam 3

the period of climate change in Europe between 1300 and 1450 is known as the

"little ice age"

How did attitudes toward same-sex relations change from the early to High Middle Ages

Authorities in the early Middle Ages were little concerned with same-sex relationships, but in the High middle Ages such relationships became capital crimes

What aided Martin Luther as his call for reform emerged

Luther understood the power of the new printing press and authorized the publication of his works

What educational book by Baldassare Castiglione provided a treatise on training a young man in the discipline and fashion needed for the courtly ideal of being a gentleman

The Courtier

What was the importance of "fate" to Machiavelli's analysis in the Prince

The most skilled and prepared ruler could not fully escape the operations of fate that might cause a prince to lose his realm

What did the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre lead to

a lengthy civil war

In early Renaissance Italy, art

manifested corporate power

Italian humanists stressed the

study of the classics for what they could reveal about the human race

In religious affairs, Elizabeth I of England followed a policy that

was a middle course between catholic and protestant extremes

Which of the following was one of the central components of the Italian Renaissance

A glorification of individual genius

As a result of the Peace of Augsburg, the people of Germany

Became either Lutheran or Catholic, depending on the preference of their prince

How did the English induce panic among the French troops at the Battle of Crecy

By using the longbow to send a torrent of arrows into the French, followed by artillery from the ring of cannon

What individuals believed the merging of Christian and classical traditions could provide reform for the church and deepen the spiritual lives of people

Christian humanists

Who was the wealthy Florentine responsible for eh vast patronage of Renaissance artists

Cosimo de Medici

What battle provided the English and King Edward III a tremendous victory over mounted French knights in 1347

Crecy

John Calvin rejected the idea of free will because he believed it would

Detract from the sovereignty of God

How were the consequences of the "little ice age" experienced in Europe

Economic disruptions in one region had serious implications for its trading partners in other, distant regions

How were the consequences of the "little ice age" experienced in Europe?

Economic disruptions in one region had serious implications for its trading partners in other, distant regions

In issuing the Statute of Laborers (1351), what were English lords attempting to do

Freeze salaries and wages at pre-1347 levels

Which of the following identifies the term race in the Renaissance

Groupings of people based on ethnic, national, or religious factors

Which of the following characterizes Girolamo Savonarola

He came to power in Florence denouncing vice and corruption, but as people tired of his moral denunciations, he lost authority

What changes around 1300 permitted a significant expansion in the movement of goods?

Improvements in ship design permitted year-around sailing

Why did a woman work receive less compensation than a mans work

It was understood that a woman was either married or to be married and, therefore, not responsible for supporting a family

On the Iberian peninsula, who were the people referred to as the new christians

Jewish and Muslim converts

What Florentine artist was commissioned by Pope Julius II to build his tomb and paint the Sistine Chapel

Michelangelo

Which of the following inhibited women's success as painters in the Renaissance

They could not work in public where the fresco technique was done

On the iberian peninsula, what was the social position of African slaves

They intermingled with the people they lived among and sometimes intermarried with them

In general, during the plague, the clergy

cared for the sick and buried the dead

The Calvinist doctrine of predestination led to a

confidence among Calvinists in their own salvation

The Colloquy of Marburg

failed to resolve the difference among Protestants on the issue of Eucharist.

The establishment of new colleges and universities in the years following the Black Death

greatly weakened the international nature of medieval culture

Fur-collar crime refers to

groups of nobles who roamed the English countryside stealing from the rich and poor and demanding protection money

In which of the following ways did Charles VII of France expand his authority

he expelled the English from all French soil except Calais

How does Dante's Divine Comedy demonstrate the tensions of the fourteenth century

it is a deeply Christian poem but also harshly criticizes some church officials

What English weapon provided an advantage against the mounted French Knights in the battles of Poitiers and Agincourt

longbow

How did the closings of the monasteries and convents affect upper-class women

marriage became virtually the only occupation for upper-class women

How did the cannon affect the power of monarchies

only central governments could afford cannons, enhancing the military power of the central states over its nobility

Confraternities were part of a movement in which

payment and laywomen increasingly took control of parish affairs

Which of the following groups joined in the Jacquerie rebellion in France, killing nobles and destroying noble property

peasants and small merchants

Why did a unified Italian state fail to develop in the 15th century

political loyalty and feeling centered on a passionate attachment to the individual city-state

The Tudor Henry VII of England won broad, popular support by

promoting peace and social order and the local level

According to Machiavelli, government should be judged on whether it

provided order, security, and safety to the populace

Martin Luther's first response to the Peasants' War was to

side with the peasants

The religious life of Bridget of Sweden demonstrates that

some expressions of piety and religious devotion included mystical experiences.

The spanish inquisition was an attempt to

target Jewish converts to Christianity who were believed to continue Jewish religious practice

What characteristic distinguished the English Parliament from other representative assemblies

the frequency of the English Parliament's meetings established the sense and expectation that its authorization was required for certain types of legislation

Which characteristic distinguished the English Parliament from other representative assemblies

the frequency of the English Parliament's meetings established the sense and expectation that its authorization was required for certain types of legislation

In the early sixteenth century, anticlericalism focused primarily on all of the following issues except

the immortality of priests who were drunkards and neglected the rule of celibacy

Which of the following characterizes the inter REF: section of the hierarchies of wealth and orders in the Renaissance

the nobility retained its status by taking in and integrating the new social elite of wealth

according to the text, Thomas More's Utopia was remarkable for its time because it asserted that

the problems plaguing society could be solved by a beneficent government

Which of the following was characteristic of the rebellions that swept across Europe in the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries

they involved both rural and urban laboring people

What were the achievements of the Avignon popes before the Great Schism

they reformed the financial administration of the church and centralized its government

Who benefited from the black death

workers: those who survived demanded high wages after the black death, increasing the standard of living for the broad mass of people

In addition to reforming the church, what was the other goal of the Council of Trent

x reinforcing the power of monarchs x recognizing bishops as completely independent of secular rulers

France supported the Protestant princes of Germany in order to

Prevent Charles V from increasing his power

What French word was coined by historian Giorgio Vasari to describe the "rebirth" of the culture of classical antiquity

Renaissance

How did the choice to embrace or reject the Reform movement occur in a territory or region in the Holy Roman Empire?

The political leaders of the territory or region determined whether to introduce reforms

Why did Protestants allow the dissolution of marriages in divorce?

They viewed marriage as a contract for mutual support, and married partners who failed to provide support endangered their souls and the entire community

What new religious order for women emerged in the 16th century

Ursuline order

What was the Star Chamber

a court that dealt with noble threats to royal power in England

The dissolution of the English monasteries

resulted from Henry VIII's desire to confiscate their wealth

What was theologian John Wyclif's main argument

scripture alone should determine church belief and practice

The Concordat of Bologna, between Francis I of France and Pope Leo X, gave the French monarch the authority to

select bishops and abbots

The concordat of Bologana, between Francis I of France and Pope Leo X, gave the French monarch the authority to

select bishops and abbots

What was the basis of financial support for the evolution of the renaissance artists

the patronage of wealthy individuals and rulers

How did the flagellants respond to the Black Death

they whipped and scourged their bodies as penance, believing that the Black Death was God's punishment for humanity's wickedness

The highly infectious nature of the plague was enhanced by

urban congestion and lack of sanitation

During the Hundred Year's War, the English kings were supported by some French barons because the latter

wanted to stop the French monarchy's centralizing efforts

In terms of gender relations, Renaissance humanists argued that

women's sphere of activity was private and domestic

The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis ended the conflict known as the

Hasburg-Valois Wars

What is the name given to French Protestants

Huguenots

How did Pico della Mirandola understand the uniqueness of humankind

Humans, lacking a fixed placed, were the one part of the created world that could freely choose to rise to the heavens or sink into the realm of animals

The spanish converses were which of the following

Jewish christians, some of whom held prominent positions in the state, church, and business

How did minority groups suffer during the subsistence crises of the fourteenth century

Jews and lepers were accused of poisoning wells to kill Christians, and, as a result, many were killed, beaten, or heavily fined

Who was the most prominent metal smith who helped develop metal movable print

Johann Gutenberg

What was the cause of the Hundred Year's War between England and France

King Philip VI of France's seizure of Aquitaine

What were Lutheran and Calivnist attitudes toward secular rulers

Lutherans taught respect for authority while calvinists encouraged opposition to political authorities who were considered ungodly