William Nutrition Chapter 1-19
What is iftar?
"evening breakfast"
The average monthly food cost for a participant of WIC is ______.
$43.58
An average family of 4 can spend ____ to ____ per month on food alone.
$720-855
What are sources for maltose?
molasses, starch digestion, intermediate sweeter in food products
What are the responsibilities for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention?
monitors and investigates cases of food borne illness and is proactive with regard to education and prevention
Plants foods supply mostly what fats?
monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats
Breastfed infants grow slightly _____ rapidly than formula fed infants during first 2 months and then rate declines to a level that is slower.
more
What happens to fat when they are fried at too high of temperature?
more difficult to digest and substances in fat break down into carcinogenic materials
What is the primary cause of weight accumulation?
more energy intake from food than energy output through physical activity and basal metabolic needs
What are body composition changes in boys during puberty?
more increased muscle mass and long bone growth
Fat absorption into gastrointestinal cells and blood stream is more _______ than absorption of other macronutrients?
more involved
Why is non heme iron less efficiently absorbed?
more tightly bound in foods
Iodine deficiency disorders are found in locations with...
mountains or frequent flooding that results in poor soil iodine levels
Where does the digestion of carbs begin in?
mouth
Which can help a person suffering from mouth pain?
mouthwash that contains mild topical local anesthetic before meals
What is gastrointestinal circulation?
movement of large volume of water and electrolytes among blood, cells, and gastrointestinal tract
What does interstitial fluid do?
movement of materials in and out of body cells
What are the three important structures of intestinal wall surface that are adapted for maximal absorption of essential nutrients in digestive process?
mucosal folds, villi, microvilli
What is diverticulosis?
multifactorial disease characterized by formation of small pouches or diverticula along mucosal lining in the colon
How do you convert kilocalories (kcal) to kilojoules (kJ)?
multiply kilocalories by 4.184
Do muscle or adipose tissue contain more water?
muscle
Calcium has a stimulating effect in muscle action that allow what?
muscle contraction
What are calcium ions required for?
muscle contraction and release of neurotransmitter from neuron synapses
<30% VO2 max (easy walking) uses what fuel?
muscle fat stores
Energy derived from proteins may be taken from __________.
muscle mass
Magnesium, potassium, and sodium act as a what?
muscle relaxant
At 10% body weight loss there is what?
muscle spasms, delirium, and wakefulness
What are symptoms of hypomagnesemia?
muscle weakness, tetany, ventricular arrhythmia
What facilitates the swallowing?
muscles at the base of tongue
What happens in the stomach during digestion?
muscles knead, store, mix, and propel food mass forward
What is the pharynx?
muscular membranous passage the extends from the mouth to the posterior nasal passages, larynx, and esophagus
Proteins are subjected to what?
mutations or malformations in structure
Why should children never be put to sleep with bottle of milk or fruit juice?
natural bacteria in mouth feed on carbohydrates, causing enamel-damaging acid
What affects women during early pregnancy in the US?
nausea and vomiting
Total cholesterol <200 mg/dL is considered...
near optimal
>80% VO2 max (sprinting) uses what fuel?
nearly 100% carbohydrate
How does magnesium help with metabolism?
necessary cofactor for more than 300 enzymes that make use of nucleotide triphosphates for... •activating reactions that produce energy •synthesize body compounds •help transport nutrients across cell membranes
Protein has a _______ charge.
negative (anion)
Adequate intakes of folate is linked to what?
nerual tube defects
Dysphagia is common among patients with...
neurological disorders such as Alheimer's, Parkinson's, and stroke complications
How does smoking increase blood pressure?
nicotine constricts small blood vessels
What may a mild vitamin A deficiency cause?
night blindness, slow adaptation to darkness or glare
How many essential amino acids are there?
nine
What are indispensable (essential) amino acids?
nine amino acids that must be obtained from the diet because the body does not make adequate amounts to support body needs
Do gastric secretions contain specific enzymes for the breakdown of cabohydrate?
no
Do humans have the enzymes to digest dietary fiber?
no
Do minerals require a lot of digestion?
no
Does dietary fiber provide direct energy?
no
Does water require digestion?
no
What are vegans?
no animals foods
What happens when saturated fats and trans are replaced with omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids?
no health benefits
No more than what % of kilocalories should come from saturated fats?
no more than 10%
Why has hypertension been called "the silent killer?"
no signs indicate its presence
What race have the highest incidence rates of BLL?
non Hispanic Blacks
60% of iron in animal sources are considered _____.
non heme
All iron in plant sources are considered ______.
non heme
What racial group have the highest BMD and lowest risk for osteoporosis?
non-Hispanic black people
Polypharmacy is more prevalent in what group?
non-Hispanic white population
what are prebiotics?
nondigestible foods that promote growth of beneficial microorganisms within gut
What are sweeteners that do not have a notable caloric value?
nonnutritive sweetners or alternative sweeteners
Wellbutrin is classified as what drug type?
norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRIs)
Omega-3 fatty acids are require for what?
normal function of the brain, central nervous system, and cell membranes
A score of 12-14 on the MNA means...
normal nutritional status
The amount of body fat that a person carries is related to what?
number and size of fat cells in body
Milliequivalents represent what?
number of ionic charges or electrovalent bonds
What alternative living arrangement provides the most medical, nursing, and nutrition support?
nursing homes
What is Nutritrac?
nutrition analysis program
What are sweeteners that contribute to total calories intake?
nutritive sweeteners
What are food sources of magnesium?
nuts, soybeans, legumes, whole grains, oats, cocoa
What can lower ertapenem concentration following a standard dose, but cause toxicity of acyclovir?
obesity
What is an outbreak of food borne illness?
occurrence of 2 or more similar illnesses resulting from ingestion of a common food
What polyunsaturated fatty acid that has its first double bond starts on the third carbon from methyl end is called?
omega-3 fatty acid
What polyunsaturated fatty acid that first double bond that starts on sixth carbon from methyl end is called?
omega-6 fatty acid
What monounsaturatd fatty acid has its double bond on the ninth carbon from the methyl group?
omega-9 fatty acid
What are ovo-vegetarians?
only animals foods in diet are eggs
Total cholesterol <180 mg/dL is considered...
optimal
Triglycerides <150 mg/dL is considered...
optimal
Antidepressants can cause what?
oral and GI side effects that include taste changes, nausea, vomiting, and dry mouth
Hepatitis A is a virus that is transmitted via ______________.
oral fecal route
What are examples of functional foods?
orange juice, soy based foods, yogurt, folate enriched breads, indigestible carbohydrates
What are the richest source of copper?
organ meats,veal, beef, lamb, oysters, soy flour, and legumes
What are phytochemicals?
organic molecules found in plants that have health benefits
The FDA approved what drug for treatment of obesity?
orlistat (Alli, Xenical)
How can water be absorbed?
osmosis
A bone mineral density (BMD) 2.5 or more below mean indicates...
osteoporosis
The hydrophilic part of the micelles face where?
outward
What is considered clinically or extremely obese?
over 35
Competitive foods have contributed to what?
over consumption of calories, plate waste, decreased nutrient intake
Toxicity of vitamin A usually results from what?
overconsumption of preformed vitamin A rather than carotenoids
After semistarvation, the regaining of body fat mass is often ___________.
overshot
What are sources of phosphoric acid?
oxidation of phosphoproteins for energy
What are sources of sulfuric acid?
oxidation of sulfur containing amino acids
What hormone is released from posterior pituitary gland that stimulates milk let-down?
oxytocin
What are the GI accessory organs?
pancreas, liver, gallbladder
Treatment of CF includes....
pancreatic enzyme replacement products
The mumps virus attack the ________ gland.
parotid
Diffusion applies to _________ in a solution.
particles
How can fat freely travel in the bloodstream?
particles of fat are wrapped in protein covering (which is hydrophilic)
What do sodium dependent glucose transporters allow?
passage of glucose and galactose from intestinal lumen to intestinal cells
What is facilitated diffusion?
passively moves down concentration gradient but need membrane transporters to assist particles with crossing of membrane
At what age do Muslims observe the fast of Ramadan?
past puberty
Bacteria that are harmful to people are referred to as _________.
pathogens
What foods carry risk of highest risk of anaphylaxis?
peanut, tree nut, and seafood allergies
Aflatoxin may contaminate what food?
peanuts, tree nuts, corn, and animal feed
What are some other important factors that impact childhood eating behaviors?
peer food habits and school envrionment
__________________ from small, local muscles sweep back and forth, thereby stirring chyme at the mucosal surface.
pendular movements
What is pinocytosis?
penetration of larger materials by attaching to thicker cell membrane and being engulfed by the cell
In what people does harmful overnutrition appear in?
people who use excessive amounts of dietary supplements
Who are the Cajun people?
people with French Catholic ancestors that establish communities in southern Louisiana
Amino acids are joined by what type of bond?
peptide bonds
What are wavelike contractions of the stomach muscles that continue mechanical digestive process that further mixes food particles with gastric secretions?
peristalsis
________________ slowly pushes the food mass forward, sometimes with long sweeping waves over the entire length of intestine?
peristaltic waves
Vitamin B12 deficiency may result in what?
pernicious anemia
What enables plants to transform solar energy into carbohydrate?
photosynthesis
What is the major form of vitamin K in plants?
phylloquinone
What is cretinism characterized by?
physical deformity, dwarfism, mental retardation, auditory disorders
What are anthropometric measurements?
physical measurements of the human body that are used for health assessment, including height, weight, skin fold thickness, and circumference
What enzyme provided by gut bacteria can free phosphorus from phytic acid?
phytase
What is another plant compound found in grains that can also bind with calcium?
phytate
How can few triglycerides (neutral fat) be absorbed?
pinocytosis
What is the fetus's lifeline to the mother?
placenta
Maternal smoking or exposure to second hand smoke during pregnancy is associated with what?
placental complications, preterm delivery, fetal growth restriction, congenital abnormalities, and sudden infant death syndrome(SIDS)
How do Vietnamese usually eat their rice?
plain and in separate rice bowl
What is hypoatremia?
plasma sodium concentration of less than 135 mEq/L
What does the micelle structure allow?
products of lipid digestion to travel to brush border membrane so that fats are absorbed into epithelial cells of intestine
What is vitamin D considered to be?
prohormone
What hormone is released from the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates milk production?
prolactin
what is hematocrit?
proportion of packed red blood cells with regard to total blood volume
What does chronic inflammation disrupt?
protective epithelial barrier until ulceration of mucosal surface destroys segments of GI tract
10% to 35% of total kilocalories should come from...
protein
Water is attracted to what?
protein
What makes up the largest dry weight portion of the body?
protein
Carbohydrates help regulate what?
protein and fat metabolism
What is hemoglobin?
protein structure that contains iron that is needed for oxygen transport
What is ferritin?
protein that stores iron for later use
What are key nutrients to considered for vegetarians?
protein, iron, zinc, calcium, vitamin D, vitamin B12, omega-3 fatty acids
What are the most common food allergens?
proteins found in egg, cow's milk, peanut, tree nuts, wheat, crustacean shellfish, and soy
What are treatment for GERD symptoms?
proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)
Why do many Mediterraneans consume red wine?
provide antioxidant polyphenols that are protective against atherogenesis
Foods that are energy and nutrient dense...
provides lots of kcal and micronutrients
What does bariatric surgery do?
provides significant and sustained weight loos and reduced risk of death as a result of condition associated with obesity
What is binge eating disorder?
psychiatric eating disorder characterized by the occurrence of binge eating episodes at least twice a week for 6 month
What disease may result in hyponatremia?
psychogenic polydipsia
What is the second stage of rapid growth?
puberty
What controls the flow of chyme at the end of stomach?
pyloric valve
Vitamin B6 is also known as what?
pyridoxine
Vitamin B6 refers to what group of six related compounds?
pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, and their respective activated phosphate form
Low dose of _________ causes weight gain.
quetiqapine
When happens when more thyroxine is needed?
TSH stimulates thyroid gland to take up more iodine and kidneys to retain more iodine
What as the least expensive food source of calcium?
Total cereal
What is the Commodity Supplemental Food Program (CSFP)?
USDA purchases food items that often lack in the target population (low income elderly older than 60)
What bacteria has the highest relative rate?
Vibrio
What does the enzyme cholesterol esterase act on?
acts on cholesterol esters (not free cholesterol) to form combination of free cholesterol and fatty acids in preparation for absorption into lacteals
What are fortified foods?
added nutrients that would not naturally occur in food
The phrase generally recognized as safe is used to define...
additives that have been used in foods and do not require FDA approval
Capillary fluid shift mechanism is dependent upon what?
adequate plasma protein to exert required osmotic pressure
Fats can be stored where?
adipose tissue
The lowest level of % water content of total body weight should be the lowest during ________.
advanced years
What are food intolerances?
adverse reactions to foods not immune mediated
What are sources of carbonic and lactic acid?
aerobic and anaerobic metabolism of glucose
Cardiovascular fitness is defined in terms of ____________.
aerobic capacity
A heart that has been strengthened by exercise has increased ___________________.
aerobic capacity (heart can pump more blood per minute without an undue increase in heart rate)
Excess salivation is seen in disorders that...
affect nervous system, local mouth infections, injuries, and drug reactions
What is a natural toxin produced by fungi?
aflatoxin
When should allergens such as wheat, egg white, citrus juice, and nuts be given?
after traditional solid foods are tolerated
Ascorbic acid is sensitive to what?
air, heat, and alkaline mediums
What is the protein found in egg whites?
albumin
What plasma proteins help control water balance throughout the body by exerting osmotic pressure?
albumin
Beverages that contain ________ and _________ should be avoided since these substances pass into breast milk.
alcohol and caffeine
What are soluble fiber?
algal polysaccharides, B-glucans, gums, mucilages, pectins
Pantothenic acid is sensitive to what?
alkalis
What does voluntary work include?
all actions related to person's conscious activities of daily living and physical activity
Pantothenic acid occurs in what foods?
all animal and plant cells
Chylomicrons allow what?
allow products of fat digestion to enter circulation 1. Chylomicrons enter lacteals 2. Then lymphatic circulatory system 3. Then bloodstream
White-green foods provide what?
allyl sulfides
What are considered tree nuts?
almonds, pecans, or walnuts
Zinc toxicity can cause what?
alter lymphocyte functions and cause nausea, vomiting, and epigastric pain
What is peristalsis?
alternating muscular contractions and relaxations that force contents forward
If soy and cow formulas cannot be used, what is the alternative?
amino acid based formulas
Niacin can be made from what?
amino acid tryptophan
What are the building blocks of protein?
amino acids
What are the building blocks of proteins?
amino acids
What two enzymes are secreted in the intestinal walls?
aminopeptidase and dipeptidase
What fluid contains various proteins that surround fetus during growth and guards it against shock or injury?
amniotic fluid
How can proteins defend against disease and infection?
building special white blood cells and antibodies as part of body's immune system
What are some examples of visible fats?
butter, margarine, cream, salad oils, dressings, lard, shortening, fatty meats
What are examples of energy dense food?
butter, oil, French fries, fried meats, ice cream
When do most infants double their birth rate?
by 6 months old
How is Co2 transported to lungs?
by RBC
What additional minerals do women require during pregnancy?
copper, iodine, iron, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, zinc, chromium
What are sources of glucose?
corn syrup
What is Ghrelin?
counterpart to leptin and triggers hunger
What is injunction?
court order to stop sale and production of food item
Hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine form ________ bonds with other residues, which strengthen collagen structure.
covalent
What % lactose is in cow milk and human milk?
cow milk: 4.8% human milk: 7%
What foods contain the highest concentration of fluorides?
crab, shrimp, raisins, grape juice, hot breakfast cereals, tea
The most popular shellfish native to Louisiana is ________.
crawfish
Cajuns blended their own French culinary background with ________ cooking found in New Orleans.
creole
What is a congenital disorder resulting from insufficient thyroid hormone to fetus during gestation?
cretinism
Rennin and calcium act on the casein of milk to produce what?
curd
What are foods that are effective carriers of Staphylococcus aureus?
custard or cream filled bakery goods, processed meats, ham, tongue, cheese, ice cream, potato salad, sauces, chicken and ham salads, spaghetti, and casseroles
What is chronic dieting syndrome?
cyclic pattern of weight loss by dieting followed by rapid weight gain
The essential amino acid methionine can make what amino acid?
cysteine
Sulfur is part of what 2 amino acids?
cysteine and methionine
Within RBC, the enzyme carbonic anhydrase combines with carbon dioxide and water to form what?
carbonic acid (H2CO3)
Hyperkalemia can cause what?
cardiac arrest
What are symptoms of potassium deficiency?
cardiac arrest, respiratory muscle weakness with breathing difficulties, poor intestinal muscle tone, bloating, muscle weakness
Monounsaturated fats are also what?
cardio protective
Hyperhomocysteinemia is common in patients with ________________ disease.
cardiovascular
Trans fat is related to what disease?
cardiovascular disease
What is the leading cause of death in the US?
cardiovascular disease
Diets high in phytochemicals protect against what?
cardiovascular disease, cancer, other chronic disease
What do low density lipoproteins do?
carry fat and cholesterol to cells
What do high density lipoproteins do?
carry free cholesterol from body tissues back to liver
What is the protein found in milk and cheese?
casein
Proteins are constantly being broke down into amino acids through _________ and then resynthesized into tissue proteins as need through _________.
catabolism breaks down anabolism builds up
What does Molybdenum function as?
catalytic component in cell enzymes involved in oxidation reduction reactions
What is a cerebrovascular accident or stroke?
caused by arteriosclerosis within blood vessels of brain that cuts off oxygen supply
What does teratogenic mean?
causing birth defect
What is the brush border?
cells located on microvilli within lining of the intestinal tract
What us the brush border?
cells located on microvilli within lining of the intestinal tract
What are osteoblast?
cells responsible for mineralization and formation of bone
What are the insoluble fiber?
cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin
Constant carbohydrate intake and reserves are necessary for what system?
central nervous system
What is obligatory water loss?
certain amount of water must be excreted as urine to rid body of metabolic waste
Defects in the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) come from...
changes in smooth muscle, nerve, and hormone control of peristalsis
Phytic acid is a strong _______?
chelator
What are food additives?
chemicals that are added to prevent spoilage and extend shelf life
What is the least expensive and most bioavailable supplement for calcium?
chewable calcium carbonate (Tums)
What is mastication?
chewing of food into fine particles to be mixed with salavia
Many psychologic influences of food are rooted in _______________ experiences.
childhood
What age group has highest risk for elevated blood lead levels (BLLs)?
children between 1-5
What minerals are acidic?
chlorine, sulfur, and phosphorus
What hormone triggers gallbladder contraction to release bile?
cholecystokinin
What is the most significant zoosterol?
cholesterol
Vast majority of gallstones are...
cholesterol containing gallstones
What may happen when cholesterol is too concentrated?
cholesterol may separate out and crystallize to form gallstones
Gallstones can be classified as...
cholesterol stones, pigment stones, or mixed stones
Gallstones are composed primarily of...
cholesterol, bilirubin, and fatty acids
What is rickets caused by?
chronic calcitriol deficiency during childhood
Many fad dieters result in what condition?
chronic dieting syndrome
What is inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?
chronic inflammation of GI tract and persistent activation of mucosal immune system against normal healthy gut flora
What is cirrhosis?
chronic state of liver disease in which liver is damaged beyond repair with scar tissue and fatty infiltration
Disease progression of steatohepatitis may advance to ______________ if left untreated.
cirrhosis
The Krebs cycle is also known as?
citric acid cycle or TCA(tricarboxylic acid) cycle
How does rennin prevent food from passing too rapidly from infant's stomach to intestine?
coagulating milk into more solid curd
Vitamin B12 contains what mineral?
cobalt
Pantothenic acid is part of what?
coenzyme A (CoA)
Many vitamins function as what?
coenzyme factors, especially for most of B-complex vitamins
What is biotin?
coenzyme for 5 carboxylase enzymes
What can be derived from vitamins and play an integral part of some enzymes?
coenzymes
What are common esophageal irritants?
coffee, strong tea, chocolate, carbonated beverages, tomato and citrus juices, spicy foods, smoking, and alcoholic beverages
Breastfed infants are more ________________ than formula fed infants?
cognitively advanced
What remains when hydroxyapatite is removed from bone?
collagen matrix
Disulfide bonding of cysteine residues is necessary for what?
collagen superhelix formation
Phytochemicals give fruits and vegetables what?
color
A 2006 outbreak of E. coli infection was traced to what?
commercially grown spinach
How can monosaccharides be absorbed?
competitive, selective, and active transport by sodium pump
What are proteins that contain all nine indispensable(essential) amino acids?
complete proteins
Polysaccharides are considered what?
complex carbohydrate
What is iodine's basic function?
component of thyroxine (T4), a hormone synthesized by thyroid gland to control basal metabolic rate
What is a base?
compound that has fewer hydrogen ions and accepts hydrogen ions, which reduces solution's acidity
What is an acid?
compound that has more hydrogen ions and that also has enough to release extra hydrogen ions when in a solution
What does the word "amino" refer to?
compounds that contain nitrogen
What is nutrition science?
comprises the body of scientific knowledge that governs food requirements for maintenance, growth, activity, reproduction
What is the concept of particles in water solution?
concentration of particles in water determine internal shifts and balances among compartments
What is nutrient density?
concentration of vitamins and minerals in a given volume
What is neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS)?
condition from which infant suffers after birth because of abrupt discontinuation of a drug chronically used through gestation
What is dumping syndrome?
condition in which there is quick emptying of the stomach of a hyperosmolar content into the small intestine, causing fluid to shift into intestinal lumen from intravascular compartment
What is osteopenia?
condition that involves low bone mass and increased risk for fracture
What is intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)?
condition that occurs when a newborn weights less than 10% of predicted fetal weight for gestational age
What program provides adults who are older than 60 with nutritionally sound meals in senior centers?
congregate nutrition services
When under anticoagulant medication, patients should eat a ____________ amount of vitamin K rich food.
constant
Each succeeding step of triglyceride breakdown occurs with increasingly _________.
difficulty
What is the first ideal food for infants?
human milk
What may be provided if breast milk alone is not meeting energy demands of preterm infant?
human milk fortifiers
How many amino acids are linked together to form a single protein?
hundreds
What is the trans form of a fatty acid?
hydrogen atoms around carbon double bond are on opposite sides
At 5% body weight loss there is what?
difficulty in concentrating
What is dysphagia?
difficulty swallowing
Monosaccharides do not require what?
digestion
What is the process by which food is broken down?
digestion
What are treatments of achalasia?
dilating or cutting LES muscles
What is two amino acids joined together?
dipeptide
What is osteoporosis?
disorder in which bone mineral density is low and bones become brittle
What is congenital hypothyroidism?
disorder resulting from insufficient thyroid hormone during gestation
The calcification of bones and teeth depends on deposition of what?
hydroxyapatite by osteoblasts in bone's collagen matrix
What bonds between cysteine residues in protein keratin are essential to hair, skin, and nail structure?
disulfide bonds
At 8% body weight loss there is what?
dizziness, labored breathing with exercise, increased weakness
Women have _______ the risk of developing osteoporosis.
double
What type of storage should protect food from decay?
dry or cold storage
What is Cheilosis?
dry, scaling process at the corners of the mouth that affects lips and corner angles
How can polypharmacy affect nutrition?
dug-nutrient interactions
What may follow GI surgery procedures?
dumping syndrome
When is growth the most rapid?
during 1st year of life
When is zinc needed greatly?
during periods of rapid tissue growth
If nausea and vomiting persist, what may develop?
hyperemesis gravidarum
A potassium intake that is equal to sodium intake may help prevent what?
hypertension
Excessive sodium intake has been linked to what?
hypertension
Obesity increases the risk for what?
hypertension, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, arthritis, and cancer
What may water intoxication cause?
hyponatremia (low serum sodium levels less than 136mEq/L)
What is the regulatory center for thirst, hunger, body temp, water balance, and blood pressure?
hypothalamus
T4 synthesis is ultimately controlled by what?
hypothalamus and pituitary gland
What is congenital hypothyroidism (CH)?
hypothyroidism present at birth
When is increased thiamin intake necessary?
during pregnancy, lactation, and other conditions that increase total kilocalorie needs
What food has the highest % of water content?
iceberg lettuce (96% water content)
Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are both _____________ diseases.
idiopathic (of unknown cause)
What raises body need for protein?
illness or disease
What is dysbiosis?
imbalance of intestinal microbiome
Children born to women with mild iodine deficiency may suffer what?
impaired mental and physical defects
What is hyposmia?
impaired smell
What is hypogeusia?
impaired taste
What are sources of Clostridium botulinum?
improperly canned foods
How does exercise reduce the risk for heart disease?
improved heart function, decreased blood cholesterol levels, and improved oxygen transport
How does food enter the fundus?
in individual bolus lumps
At 11% body weight loss there is what?
inability of decreased blood volume to circulate, failing renal function
What is lactose intolerance?
inability to break down lactose into monosaccharide units b/c of lack of enzyme lactase
What is angiotensinogen?
inactive enzyme produced by liver that circulates within blood at all times
All enzymes involved in protein digestion (proteases) are stored as what?
inactive proenzymes called zymogens
How do proteins maintain solvency?
each protein chain adopts to folded form, which can fold or unfold depending on metabolic needs
Cajuns are descendants of who?
early French colonists of Acadia
What are lacto-ovo-vegetarians?
eat diary products and eggs
What is grazing?
eating small, frequent meals throughout the day
What proteins have the highest quality score?
egg and cow milk proteins
What are the main food sources of cholesterol
egg yolks, organ meats, meats
What are sources of Salmonella?
eggs, poultry, meat, unpasteurized milk or juice, cheese, contaminated raw fruits and vegetables
What are two main types of particles that control water balance in the body?
electrolytes and plasma proteins
What is the goal of the United Nations Committee on World Food Security?
eliminate world hunger by raising level of overall nutrition, improving agricultural productivity, and enhancing lives of rural population
What are foods that are not nutrient dense?
empty calories
To be absorbed by small intestine, what must happen to B-Carotene and preformed vitamin A?
emulsification by bile salts
Why is bile needed for chemical digestion?
emulsifies fat into smaller pieces
Pleasurable flavors stimulate "feel good" body chemicals in the brain called _________.
endorphins
What is goiter?
enlargement of the thyroid gland
What formulas impairs absorption of ciprofoxacin?
enteral nutrition formulas
Bile is absorbed ans transported by portal vein to the liver for reuse in a process called what?
enterohepatic circulation
Listeria monocytogenes occurs where?
environment and in high risk individuals
Invertebrates and fungi are able to convert ______ into ergocalciferol what they receive ultraviolet irradiation.
ergosterol (precursor)
Nutrients in the diet are divided into what categories?
essential, non essential, and energy yielding nutrients
How can urinary urea nitrogen excretion be used for biochemical test?
estimate nitrogen balance
How can complete blood count be used for biochemical test?
evaluate for anemia
How can fasting glucose be used for biochemical test?
evaluate for hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia
How can liver enzymes be used for biochemical test?
evaluate for liver function
How can total lymphocyte count be used for biochemical test?
evaluate immune function
How can creatinine height index be used for biochemical test?
evaluate protein tissue breakdown
How can blood urea nitrogen and serum electrolytes be used for biochemical test?
evaluate renal function
What is a gastroscopy?
examination of upper intestinal tract using flexible tube with small camera on end
What is the major causative factor of pancreatitis?
excessive alcohol consumption
What may increase risk for childhood obesity?
excessive gestational weight gain, gestational diabetes, maternal smoking, use of breast milk substitutes
What is the primary reason for chloride deficiency?
excessive loss of HCl through vomiting, which results in metabolic alkalosis
What favors HDL production?
exercise
What is the most effective nondrug treatment for people with stage 1 hypertension?
exercise
What is biotinidase deficiency?
inborn error of metabolism that results in neurologic disturbances
What are sources of ketones?
incomplete oxidation of fat for energy
What are proteins that are deficient in one or more of the nine indispensable amino acids?
incomplete proteins
How are flavonoid exception to the color indicator of phytochemicals?
flavonoids can cover multiple colors
What will happen without the presence of plasma proteins?
fluid leaks from capillaries and accumulates in the intercellular tissue spaces causing edema
What is the most stable form of folate?
folic acid
What can interfere with levodopa and alendronate absorption, but improvve deferasirox and gabapentin-enacarbil absorption?
food
What happens by the time the food reaches the antrum(lower portion of stomach)?
food is now a semi liquid acid food mix called chyme
In preschool aged children (3-5) what may develop?
food jags
What are probiotics?
food that contains live microbials
Lead may contaminate what?
food, water, air, and environment
What may influence "energy in" in a person?
foods
What are functional foods?
foods that may provide health benefit beyond basic nutritional value
When should iron fortified formula be used?
for any infant who is not breastfeeding
What is simple diffusion?
force by which particles move outward in all directions from an area of greater concentration of particles to an area of lesser concentration
What is hydrostatic pressure?
force exerted by fluid pushing against a surface
What terms are used to recognize the changing milk composition throughout each feeding?
foremilk, midmilk, and hindmilk
The use of anti depressive medications by adults in the US has increased by __________.
fourfold
What are symptoms of hypervitaminosis D?
fragile bones, kidney stones, calcification of soft tissues
Iron toxicity may result in what?
free radical damage that overwhelms body's ability to neutralize oxidative stress by antioxidants
When does the neural tube form?
from 21-28 days' gestation
How can vitamin K from bacterial synthesis be absorbed?
from large intestine
What are sources of fructose?
fruits, honey
What substance in grapefruit juice can alter bioavailability of drugs.
furanocoumarin
What compounds in grapefruit inhibit CYP3A?
furanocoumarins
What carbohydrate is not usually found as free monosaccharide, but rather a product of lactose digestion?
galactose
Where is bile sent to for concentration and storage?
gallbladder
Ulcers are Why are ulcers most common in the duodenal bulb?
gastric contents emptying there are most concentrated
What hormone stimulates parietal cells within lining of the stomach to secrete HCl?
gastrin
What relaxes to allow food to enter to stomach?
gastroesophageal sphincter
Predisposition for obesity is highly associated with _________.
genetics
What is preeclampsia?
gestational hypertension + proteinuria
When does linear growth in bone mineral density reach its peak for boys and girls?
girls: 16 yrs boys: 21 yrs
What is the conversion of amino acids to glucose?
gluconeogenesis
What molecule can diffuse across membrane by either simple diffusion or facilitated diffusion?
glucose
What happens in the event of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus?
glucose concentration is high, producing polyuria(excessive urination) and body water loss
What is gestational diabetes?
glucose intolerance with onset during pregnancy
The rate at which sodium is absorbed is enhanced by the presence of what?
glucose or other protein metabolic products
Starch is made up entirely of what?
glucose units
Green foods provide what?
glucosunolate
What are CD activating proteins known as?
gluten
What is the protein found in wheat products?
gluten
Wheat products contain...
gluten
Majority of dietary fats are what?
glycerides (have fatty acids attached to glycerol)
What is the body's reserve store for quick energy?
glycogen
What polysaccharide is not a dietary source?
glycogen
Excess glucose can be stored as what?
glycogen in the liver and muscles for quick energy
The anabolic process of converting extra glucose into glycogen is called ______________.
glycogenesis
What are the responsibilities of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Seafood Inspection Program?
governs safety of seafood and fisheries
In what foods are starches found?
grains, legumes, vegetables, fruits
What are sources of starch?
grains, rice, corn, bulgur, legumes, vegetables
What increases nilotinib bioavailability and simvastatin toxicity?
grapefruit juice
Hypertension is defined as systolic blood pressure greater than _______ and diastolic blood pressure greater than ________.
greater than 140 mm Hg systolic greater than 90 mm Hg diastolic
What is the canning temperature?
greater than 27°C(80°F)
What is dietetics?
health profession responsible for applying nutrition science to promote health and treat disease.
Some strains of E. coli are part of what?
healthy gut flora that survive in intestine to produce vitamin K
α-tocopherol is unstable to what?
heat and alkalis
Retinol is unstable when exposed to what?
heat and oxygen
What is human energy measured in?
heat units called kilocalories (kcalories or kcal)
Vitamin D is relatively stable under conditions involving what?
heat, aging, and storing
Folate is destroyed by what?
heat, cooking water, and food processing
What happens when saturated fats and trans fats are replaced with omega-3- polyunsaturated fatty acids?
helps with lipid profiles and reduce risk for heart disease
40% of iron in animal sources are considered _____.
heme
What form of iron is most efficiently absorbed, but contributes least to total iron intake?
heme
Iron occurs in what two forms?
heme and nonheme
What are noncellulose polysaccharides?
hemicellulose, pectins, gums, mucilages, and algal substances
What is iron essential for during early years of life?
hemoglobin formation and cognitive development
Approx 70% of iron is what?
hemoglobin in RBCs
What are the functions of iron?
hemoglobin synthesis and metabolism
Premature infants who do do not have enough vitamin E are vulnerable to what?
hemolytic anemia
People infected with E. coli can develop what?
hemolytic uremic syndrome (RBC break apart)
What are other forms of viruses?
hepatitis A and rotavirus
What may also cause heartburn?
hiatal hernia
The lower end of the esophagus normally enters the chest cavity through an opening in the diaphragm called the ________>
hiatus
Total cholesterol >240 mg /dL is considered.
high
Triglycerides 200-499 mg/dL is considered...
high
Sulfhydryl group or thiol groups form what?
high energy bonds that make reactions energetically favorable
Pregame meals should be...
high in carbs, low in fat, low in fiber, moderate in protein
What is flurosis?
high intake of fluoride, staining of teeth
Why are children at highest risk for malnutrition?
high needs during rapid growth and development
Protein needs in older adults are ______ per kg of body weight.
higher
Membranes channels are ___________ to molecules that are allowed to pass.
highly specific
What are common symptoms of food allergies?
hives, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and respiratory symptoms
What is the body's state of dynamic balance?
homeostasis
Barley products contain..
hordein
What is morning sickness caused by?
hormonal adaptions to human chorionic gonadoptrophin (hCG) during first trimester
What are foods with high risk for choking?
hot dogs, nuts, grapes, popcorn, cherries, peanut butter, and round candy
At 4% body weight loss there is what?
increased effort for physical work, nausea
Acculturation in Hispanic/Latino populations have been linked with ...
increased risk for chronic disease
Why was sibutramine (Meridia) withdrawn from the US market?
increased risk of heart attack and stroke
During exercise, blood pressure __________.
increases
What does inhibition of CYP3A from furanocoumarins do?
increases amount of drug that enters circulation
What are symptoms of PUD (peptic ulcer disease)?
increases gastric muscle tone and painful contractions when stomach is empty
How does sibutramine work?
increases heart rate and increase energy expenditure
How does Nitrate (beet juice) enhance endurance performance?
increasing availability of nitric oxide, which can improve blood flow and efficiency of oxygen use at submaximal exercise
What causes constipation during pregnancy?
increasing pressure of enlarging uterus and muscle relaxing effect of progesterone on GI tract
How can hyperventilation be used to combat acidosis?
increasing rate of breathing increases release of CO2
How does exercise enhance the circulatory system?
increasing the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
How are loop diuretics and thiazide diuretics used to treat hypertension?
increasing urinary excretion of fluids
How can BEE or REE be measured?
indirect calorimetry
How are amino acids classified as?
indispensable, dispensable, or conditionally indispensable
The highest level of % water content of total body weight should be the highest during _______.
infancy
What is failure to thrive?
infants, children, or adolescents who do not grow and develop normally
Who are at most risk for hyponatremia from water intoxication?
infants, children, psychiatric patients with polydipsia, patients in endurance events
Drug resistant strains of E. coli are likely transmitted to humans via....
infected poultry
What are some risks to lipectomy?
infection, large disfiguring skin depressions, and blood clots
What is hepatitis?
inflammation of liver cells
What is Gingivitis?
inflammation of the gums that involves mucous membrane and its supporting fibrous tissue that circles base of teeth
What is Stomatitis?
inflammation of the oral mucous lining of the mouth
What is Glossitis?
inflammation of the tongue
What conditions require the administration of corticosteroids?
inflammation, asthma, arthritis, severe allergies, and intestinal disorders
What is acute hepatitis?
inflammatory condition that is caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, or toxins
Manganese toxicity occurs as what?
inhalation toxicity in miners exposed to manganese dust
What fiber is helpful for prevention of constipation?
insoluble fiber
Two commonly used medications produced through means of biotechnology are ________ and ________.
insulin and penicillin
Potassium is necessary for the release of what?
insulin from pancreatic B cells
Amitriptyline and metronidazole ___________ appetite.
interfere with
Most of ECF is what?
interstitial fluid
What digestive secretion has the highest volume?
intestinal secretion (3000mL)
99% of magnesium is _________.
intracellular
Potassium is the major __________ electrolyte.
intracellular
Body water is categorized into what two major components?
intracellular and extracellular
What is a component of gastric digestive secretions that is necessary for absorption for vitamin B12 by intestinal cells?
intrinsic factor
Eating nonfood substances can result in what?
introduce pathogens and inhibit micronutrient absorption
When should solid foods be used?
introduced at approx 6 months of age and after extrusion reflex of early infancy disappears
The greatest use of energy in the body is the result of ______________.
involuntary work
How is ascorbic acid necessary to build strong tissues?
involvement in collagen synthesis
What forms are minerals absorbed and used in?
ionic form
What are charged particles in a solution?
ions
What are the two most common micronutrient deficiencies worldwide?
iron and zinc deficiency
What disease can increase risk for lead poisoning fourfold to fivefold?
iron deficiency anemia
What are the most common deficiencies in the world?
iron deficiency anemia, protein energy malnutrition, vitamin A deficiency, and Iodine deficiency
What reduces doxycycline concentration?
iron sulfate
What is transferrin?
iron transport protein in blood
After 6 months, infants need additional _____.
iron(through solid foods)
What does the term folate refer to?
large class of molecules that are derived from folic acid found in plants and animals
Shigella is usually confined to the _____________.
large intestine
What does the term saccharide come from?
latin word saccharum, which means sugar
What is the majority of lead exposure to children?
lead based paint
What body compartment is more metabolically active?
lean body mass
What are the four body compartments that make up total body weight?
lean body mass, fat, water, and bone
What is disproportionately small for gestational age (dSGA)?
length and head circumference are normal size but weight is ≤10th percentile
What does reform mean in Judaism?
less ceremonial emphasis and minimal general use
What does conservative mean in Judaism?
less strict observance
What % of calories come from saturated fats?
less than 10%
What is the limit for dietary cholesterol?
less than 300 mg/day
What is the process of the milk moving form upper milk producing cells down to nipple for infant suckling?
let down
What is a chelator?
ligand that binds to metal to form a metal complex
What is retinal part of?
light sensitive pigment in retinal cells called rhodopsin (visual purple), which enables eye to adjust to different amounts of light
What is the name of chemical group of fats and fat related compounds?
lipids
How is fat carried in bloodstream?
lipoproteins
What are the major vehicles for lipid transport in the bloodstream?
lipoproteins
Absorbed amino acids enter portal blood and travel to ______.
liver
What is the primary site for glycogen metabolism?
liver
Where are monosaccharides transported to?
liver
Where is bile first produced?
liver
Where is glycogen found?
liver and muscle
What organ is the "metabolic capital" ?
liver b/c it performs numerous functions for metabolism of a lot of nutrients
What are the major accessory organs of the GI?
liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
Where are the highest concentration of selenium found?
liver, kidneys, heart, and spleen
What is an infarct?
local area of dying or dead tissue
What happens during puberty?
long bones grow quickly, sex characteristics develop, and fat and muscle mass increase
__________________ by long muscles that run the length of the intestine rolls the slowly moving food mass in a spiral motion to mix it and expose new surfaces for absorption.
longitudinal rotation
Lasix is an example of a _____________.
loop diuretic
What is osteoporosis?
loss of bone density that leads to brittle bones and spontaneous fractures
What is sarcopenia?
loss of lean tissue mass associated with aging
What conditions may need specialized growth charts?
low birth weight infants, achondroplasia, Down syndrome, fragile X, Pradel-Willi syndrome, sick cell disease, and spastic quadriplegia
What is hypovolemia?
low blood volume
What are problems associated with the elderly?
low body weight and rapid unintentional weight loss
A bone mineral density (BMD) between 1 and 2.5 standard deviations below mean indicates....
low bone mass
What is factors contribute to IUGR?
low prepregnancy weight, inadequate weight gain, inadequate folate and iron status, use of cigarettes/alcohol/drugs
What is hypokalemia?
low serum potassium
Why do vegetarian diets have concerns about zinc deficiency?
low zinc content and bioavailability in plant foods
Most plant proteins have ________ quality scores than animal proteins.
lower
The higher the hydrogen ion concentration, the _______ the pH number.
lower
What is the distribution of the output of water per day assuming that the total output is 2400 mL?
lungs and skin 350 mL diffusion 350 mL sweat 100 mL kidneys 1400 mL anus 200 mL
Red foods provide what?
lycopene
Maganese can serve as substitute for what mineral?
magnesium
75% Vo2 max (running) uses what fuel?
mainly carbohydrate
Diseases within small intestine usually result in _____________.
malabsorption
What are androgens?
male sex hormones
A score of 0-7 on MNA means...
malnourished
What is refeeding syndrome?
malnourished patients are fed high carb diet too aggressively and sudden shift in electrolytes and fluid retention cause cardiac failure
Poor oral health is associated with what in the elderly?
malnutrition
What are the advantages and disadvantages for using sugar alcohols?
•lowered risk of dental cavities since oral bacteria cannot use alcohol for fuel •slowed digestion may result in osmotic diarrhea
Why is mucus needed for chemical digestion?
•lubricate and protect mucosal tissue that line GI tract •help mix food mass
How does water act as a lubricant?
•lubricating effect on moving body parts •fluid within joints (synovial fluid) helps provide smooth movement and prevents damage from constant friction
ADH/vasopressin is synthesized by the _________ gland and stored in the __________ gland for release.
•made in hypothalamus •stored in pituitary
What are Chlomicrons?
•made mostly from dietary triglycerides •transport absorbed dietary triglycerides (exogenous) to plasma and tissues
What are sources and functions of cellulose?
•main cell wall constituent of plants (stalks and leaves of vegetables, outer coverings of seeds) •holds water, reduces colonic intraluminal pressure
What is the kidney's role?
•maintain appropriate levels of all constituents of blood •accomplished by filtering blood and the reabsorbing water and needed materials •remaining waste products are concentrated and excreted as urine
What is glycogen in the liver used for?
•maintain blood glucose levels and ensure brain function •reservoir of energy to ensure whole body's needs are met •reserves protect cells from depressed metabolic function and resulting injury
What do firming agents do?
•maintain crispness and firmness •used in processed fruits and vegetables •includes calcium chloride, calcium lactate
What is the purpose of capillary fluid shift mechanism?
•maintain homeostasis by performing balancing act between opposing fluid pressures •water, nutrients, and oxygen must be pushed out of blood circulation and into tissue circulation to distribute goods within cell •water and cellular waste products (metabolites and carbon dioxide) must be pulled back into circulation to be disposed of •maintains balance by means of hydrostatic pressure and COP
What are the functions of chloride?
•maintain water and acid/base balance •digestion •respiration
What are other assessment tools for the geriatric population?
•malnutrition screening tool •nutritional risk screening 2002 •malnutrition universal screening tool •subjective global assessment
What are the goals of diet therapy for patient with congestive heart failure?
•manage shortness of breath and fatigue •control fluid imbalance that results in pulmonary edema
Mothers who are away from infant can breastfeed by using what?
•manual expression or breast pump •milk stored in bottle for later use
What are high-fructose corn syrups?
•manufactured by changing glucose in cornstarch into fructose •used heavily in processed food products, canned and frozen fruits, and soft drinks
What milk or milk substitute provides highest amount of kcal/L?
•mature human milk •lowest= standard formulas (Enfamil)
What is VO2 max?
•maximal uptake volume of oxygen during exercise •used to measure intensity and duration of exercise that a person can perform
What are assisted living facilities?
•may exist with continuing care communities •regulated by individual state government •provide meals, housekeeping, laundry, and help with dressing, bathing, and personal hygiene •meals are served in cafeteria or restaurant setting
How does a disease state affect BEE?
•may increase or decrease BEE •use direct or indirect calorimetry
How do body fat calipers work?
•measures width of skin folds at precise body sites •measurements are then used in specific formulas to calculate body fat •calipers are easy, portable, and inexpensive •reliability of test depends on skill of technician
What are good sources of niacin?
•meat, poultry, fish •enriched and whole grain breads, cereals
Body weight usually increases until age ___ for men and age ___ for women.
•men= 50yrs •women= 70yrs
Collagen is important in tissues of what origin?
•mesodermal •this includes connective tissue
Methlycobalamin is a coenzyme that helps with what?
•methionine synthase and serine hydroxymethyltransferase •reduction of blood homocysteine levels •involved in amino acid glycine, which is needed for hemoglobin synthesis •just like TH4 from folate
What are some characteristics for lactose?
•not found in plants •less sweet and less soluble than sucrose •remains in intestine longer and encourages useful bacteria growth •absorption of calcium and phosphorus
Why are refrigerated convenience foods dangerous?
•not sterile •vacuum packaged or modified atmosphere chilled food products are only minimally processed and not sterilized (they are risk of temperature abuse)
What are sugar alcohols?
•nutritive sweeteners that provide 2-3 kcal/g •examples: sorbitol, mannitolm and xylitol •produced in food industry laboratories for use in candies, chewing gum, beverages
What are sources and functions of B-Glucans?
•oats and barley bran •binds bile acids, which decreases serum cholesterol levels
What are sources of Gums?
•oats, legumes, guar, barley •decreases gastric emptying, slows digestion, gut transit time, and glucose absorption
What causes heartburn or "full feeling" during pregnancy?
•occur after meals •caused by pressure of enlarging uterus crowding stomach •gastric reflux may occur in lower esophagus (burn) •full feeling comes from gastric pressure, lack of normal space in area, large meal, or formation of gas
What is spina bifida?
•occurs when lower end of neural tube fails to close •as a result, spinal cord and backbone do not develop properly
What is anencephaly?
•occurs when upper end of neural tube fails to close •brain fails to develop
What do color additives do?
•offset color loss due to exposure to light, air, temperature extremes, moisture and storage conditions •correct natural variations in color •used in many processed foods (candies, snack foods, margarine, cheese, soft drinks, jams and jellies, gelatins, pudding, pie fillings) •includes in FD&C Blue Nos. 1 and 2, Green No.3, Red Nos.3 and 40, Yellow Nos. 5 and 6, Orange B, Citrus Red No. 2, annatto extract, beta-carotene, grape skin extract, cochineal extract or carmine, paprika oleoresin, caramel color, fruit and vegetable juices, saffron
Pancreatic juice in the small intestine contains what enzymes?
•one enzyme for triglycerides •one enzyme for cholesterol
What are things to note for lignin?
•only noncarbohydrate type of dietary fiber •forms in woody part of certain plants •binds to cellulose fibers, which gives them strength/stfifness •combines with bile acid to lower cholesterol
Oral and dental problems from purging behavior may involve what?
•oral mucosal irritation •decreased salivary secretions (xerostomia) •tooth enamel erosion
What are carotenes?
•orange pigments that contain no oxygen •ex: α-carotene, β-carotene, γ-carotene, δ-carotene, lycopene
What are plasma proteins?
•organic compounds of large molecular size •too large to move easily across cell membranes •mainly in form of albumin and globulin •stay inside blood vessels
What are carotenoids?
•organic pigments found in plants •can be divided into carotenes and xanophylls
What is the most common calcium related clinincal issue?
•osteporosis •primary problem among postmenopausal women
Unrefined grains retain what?
•outer bran layers •inner germ •endosperm
Children often outgrow early allergies to ___________________, but less likely to outgrow allergies to ___________________.
•outgrow milk, egg, soy, wheat •NOT outgrow peanuts and tree nuts
What is the difference between overweight and obesity?
•overweight means body weight above a population weight for height standard •obesity is a more specific term that refers to degree of fatness
Accumulation of lead in blood results in what?
•oxidative stress that interferes with calcium, zinc, and iron •leads to anemia, kidney damage, seizures, and paralysis
What does the enzyme CYP3A do?
•oxidizes lipid soluble drugs to make more water soluble in preparation for urinary excretion •as more of drug is oxidized, less is absorbed
What are the pancreatic enzymes?
•pancreatic amylase converts starch into disaccharides maltose and sucrose •trypsin and chymotrypsin split large protein molecules into smaller peptide fragments and amino acids •carboxypeptidase removes end amino acids from peptide chains •pancreatic lipase converts fat into glycerides and fatty acids
What two hormones does calcitriol interact with to control calcium and phosphorus absorption?
•parathyroid hormone •thyroid hormone calcitonin
What gland salivary amylase (ptyalin)?
•parotid gland •lie under each ear at the back of the jaw
What are the functions of selenium?
•part of antioxidant enzyme gluthathione peroxidase •spare vitamin E •part of protein selenoprotein, which can convert T4 to T3
What roles does zinc have in metalloenzymes?
•participation in catalytic functions •maintenance of structural stability •involvement in regulatory functions
What are fuel factors?
•reflect quantity of ATP units that will be provided to body after metabolism of each energy yielding substance •may be referred to as energy density •carbs= 4kcal/g •fat= 9kcal/g •protein= 4kcal/g •alcohol= 7kcal/g
What is the rooting reflex in newborns?
•reflex that occurs when an infant's cheek is stroked or touched and infant will turn toward stimuli and make sucking motions in an effort to nurse •help facilitate breastfeeding
What is main function of liver?
•remove ammonia (nitrogen) from blood by converting it to urea for urinary excretion •also processes medications
Treatment of Cirrhosis requires what medications?
•remove excess sources of ammonia •Lactulose: pulls water and ammonia into colon for elimination •Neomycin: destroys ammonia producing bacteria in the gut
What do nutrients do?
•replace vitamins and minerals lost in processing •add nutrients that may be lacking (fortification) •used in flour, breads, cereals, rice, macaroni, margarine, salt, milk, fruit beverages, energy bars, instant breakfast drinks •includes thiamine hydrochloride, riboflavin, niacin, folate, B carotene, potassium iodide, iron, ascorbic acid, vitamin D, amino acids
CoA is involved in the biosynthesis of....
•sphingolipids (in neural tissue) •some amino acids •isoprenoid derivatives (cholesterol, steroid hormones) •δ-aminolevulinic acid (precursor of rings in hemoglobin and cytochromes in ETC) •neurotransmitter acetylcholine •melatonin
What does pepsin do?
•splits bond to turn large protein into short chains of polypeptides •b/c of normal gastric emptying time, pepsin only completes first stage of breakdown
What are symptoms of hypothyroidism?
•thin, coarse hair •dry skin •poor cold tolerances •weight gain •low, husky voice •can advance to myexdema coma and death
Retinoic acid and retinol are involved in what?
•skeletal and soft tissue growth through roles in protein synthesis and stabilization of cell membranes •maintain healthy epithelial tissue (barrier to infection)
What are characteristics for healthy people?
•skin is smooth and clear •hair is glossy •eyes are clear and bright
Separation of final fatty acid from remaining monoglyceride is a _______ process that less than __________ of total fat present reaches complete breakdown.
•slow process •less than 1/3
How does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system work?
•slowly increase blood volume by reabsorbing sodium in kidneys •this increases water retention 1. Enzyme renin is released from kidneys into blood if blood flow in kidneys drops below normal. 2. Renin coverts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I 3. As blood flow through lungs, an enzyme found in capillaries called angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II 4. Angiotensin II increases release of ADH from pituitary gland, leads to vasoconstriction, and circulates to the adrenal glands to trigger the release of aldosterone 5. Aldosterone stimulates kidneys' nephrons to reabsorb sodium.
Between infancy and adolescence, the childhood growth rate ______ and becomes _________.
•slows •becomes irregular
What are symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome?
•small head circumference •flattened nasal bridge •epicanthal fold •microphthalmia •low set ears •small midface •indistinct philtrum •thin upper lip •small jaw
Lifestyle factors associated with hypertension include...
•smoking •chronic stress
The Wold Health Organization have developed a oral rehydration salt solution packet that contains what?
•sodium chloride •trisodium citrate dihydrate •potassium chloride •glucose
Where can C. perfringens be found?
•soil, water, dust, and refuse •raw meat and poultry
What are the functions of body water?
•solvent •transport •thermoregulation •lubricant
What is milk anemia?
•sometimes used for toddlers that excessively drink cow milk to exclusion of other iron rich foods •milk is poor source of iron •high calcium intake can inhibit iron absorption
What are some things to note in Southeast Asian food?
•soups are common with meals •fresh fruits and vegetables •seasonings include chives, spring onions, chili peppers, ginger root, coriander, turmeric, and fish sauce •seafood •chicken, duck, and pork •nuts and legumes are primary source of protein •stir frying in wok w/ lard or peanut oil
What is WIC?
•special supplemental food program for women, infants, and children younger than 5 •nutritional support for women who are pregnant, postpartum, or breastfeeding •provided with vouchers that are exchanged for foods such as milk, eggs, cheese, juice, fortified cereals, fruits, and vegetables
Why can water molecules and small particles pass through capillary membranes?
•walls are thin and porous •plasma proteins cannot pass, so they exert COP to bring water and small molecules back into capillary
What are causes of being underweight?
•wasting disease (chronic infections and fever that raise BMR) •poor food intake •malabsorption •hormonal imbalance •low energy availability •poor living situation
What are the functions for potassium?
•water balance •metabolic reactions •muscle action •insulin release •blood pressure
What happens as blood volume is diluted with excess water?
•water moves to intracellular fluid (ICF) to reestablish equilibrium with sodium concentration •this dilutes ICF as well •leads to edema, lung congestion, muscle weakness
What vitamins cannot cannot be stored to a significant extent?
•water soluble vitamins •exceptions are cobalamin (B12) and pyridoxine (B6)
What are symptoms of niacin deficiency?
•weakness, poor appetite, indigestion, various disorders of skin and nervous system •confusion, apathy, disorientation, and neuritis •pellagra
What are food fads?
scientifically unsubstantiated beliefs about certain foods that may persist for a short time in a society
What are good sources of iodine?
seafood and iodized salt
Rye products contain...
secalin
What hormone is produced by the mucosal gland in the first part of the intestine and controls the acidity and secretion of enzymes form pancreas?
secretin
__________________ from the alternating contraction and relaxation of circular muscles progressively chop the food mass into successive soft lumps and then mix them with GI secretions.
segmentation rings
Paxil, Zoloft, Prozac, and Celexa are classified as what drug type?
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
How can amino acids be absorbed?
selective transport
What mineral is present in all body tissue except adipose tissue?
selenium
What triggers secretions?
sensations, emotions, hormones, and food
How can plasma proteins be used for biochemical test?
serum albumin and prealbumin used to evaluate protein status
Intestinal absorption and bodily retention of manganese are associated with what?
serum ferritin concentration
What is the transport form of iodine in blood?
serum protein-bond iodine
What is Tolerable Upper Intake Level?
sets maximal intake that is unlikely to pose adverse health risks in healthy individuals
What can render an amino acid conditionally indispensable?
severe physiologic stress, illness, genetic disorder
What is an important part of Italian life?
sharing food
How many carbons does short, medium, and long chain fatty acids have?
short= 2-4 carbons medium= 6-10 carbons long= more than 12 carbons
Down syndrome children are _______ in stature.
shorter
Hypertension is called the ______ disease.
silent
What are the unclear minerals?
silicon, tin, cadmium, arsenic, aluminum
What is facilitated diffusion?
similar to diffusion but makes use of protein channel for carrier assisted movement of larger items across membrane
Monosaccharides and disacchardies are considered what?
simple carbohydrates
What are disaccharide?
simple double sugars composed of two single sugar units linked together
How does B-Hydoxymethylbutyrate (HMB) enhance recovery in resistance exercise?
slowing protein degradation and increasing protein synthesis
A low maternal weight gain is a predictor of what?
small for gestational age(SGA) infants
What are electrolytes?
small inorganic substances that can dissociate or break apart in solution and that carry an electrical charge
Fat digestion largely occurs where?
small intestine
Where are vitamins absorbed?
small intestine
Why are electrolytes able to freely diffuse across most membranes of the body?
small size
What are examples of empty calories?
sodas, pastries, donuts, cakes, sugary drinks
There is a direct correlation between _________ intake and blood pressure.
sodium
The kidneys usually excrete excess ________ so toxicity does not occur.
sodium and potassium
What is needed for the normal response of neurons?
sodium and potassium
What is the source of chloride?
sodium chloride
Intravenous therapy provided ____________ and __________ in water.
sodium chloride (base) and potassium
What foods may contain Listeriosis?
soft cheese, poultry, seafood, raw milk, refrigerated law liquid whole eggs, and meat products
C. botulinum spores are found where?
soil and canned foods
Dietary fiber is divided based on what?
solubility
What fiber is primary noted for its ability to bind bile acids and lower blood cholesterol levels?
soluble fiber
What is the most widely known sugar alcohol?
sorbitol
What formula can be used in case of a milk allergy or intolerance?
soy-based formula
What foods are rich in choline?
soybean products, eggs, liver, other meats
Nutramigen and Puramino are considered what type of formulas?
special formulas for infants not breastfed or who cannot tolerate standard formulas
Dysphagia is usually diagnosed by a...
speech language pathologist
What are the two most common forms of neural tube defects?
spina bifida and anencephaly
Oxalic acid is a compound found in what plants?
spinach, rhubarb, Swiss chard, beet greens
What is a example of a potassium sparing diuretic?
spironolactone
Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium botulinum are what?
spore forming, rod shaped bacteria that can form powerful toxins
What milk or milk substitute provides the highest amount of carbs per liter?
standard formula (Enfamil)
What are the important polysaccharides in human nutrition?
starch, glycogen, dietary fiber
What are symptoms of acrodermatitis enteropathica?
starts with skin lesions and progresses to compromised immune function
What may cause hypomagnesemia?
starvation, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of GI fluids, renal disorders
Antihistamins and steroids ____________ appetite.
stimulate
What sends nerves signals to the brain of the mother that causes release of prolactin and oxytocin?
stimulation of nipple from infant suckling
Where does the chemical digestion of protein begin?
stomach
Inactive enzyme pepsinogen is secreted by ______ cells.
stomach cells
Fat mass cannot be melted away without using what?
stored energy in adipocytes (fat cells)
Ascorbic acid is drawn upon during times of _______.
stress
Individuals with __________ lives were more likely to develop an ulcer.
stressful
What does orthodox mean in Judaism?
strict observance of laws
The control of food-borne disease focuses on what?
strict sanitation measures and rigid personal hygiene
At 2% body weight loss there is what?
stronger thirst, vague discomfort, loss of appetite
What is exercise?
subcategory of physical activity that is planned, structured, and repetitive
Sucrose, lactose, and maltose are composed of what monosaccharide?
sucrose= glucose + fructose lactose= galactose + glucose maltose = glucose + glucose
Why are sugar alcohols used in products used for individuals who cannot tolerate high blood sugar level?
sugar alcohols are absorbed more slowly and do not increase the blood sugar level as rapidly as glucose
What are the 2 most common additives?
sugar and salt
What minerals are found in some protein?
sulfur, phosphorus, iron, and iodine
What is metabolism?
sum of all body processes that accomplish basic life sustaining tasks
What is metabolism?
sum of total chemical changes that occur in the body
Older adults are recommended to take what?
supplemental vitamin B12 and vitamin D
Milk production is on a __________________ procedure.
supply and demand
_____________________ stir and mix chyme at the intestinal wall, thereby exposing additional nutrients for absorption.
surface villi motions
What is Iodine's basic function?
synthesis of prohormone thyroxine
What are steroids?
synthetic sex hormones that have two actions •anabolic (tissue growth) •androgenic (masculinization)
Moderation of alcohol is associated with a reduction of...
systolic blood pressure
The force of blood surge when the heart contracts is known as...
systolic pressure
What are sources of sucrose?
table sugar (sugar cane, sugar beets)
Foods that have been irradiated may __________ different.
taste
How do clothing and body wraps result in small weight loss?
temporary water loss
Alcohol is a known _______.
teratogen
Hypocalcemia relative to blood phosphorus concentration results in what?
tetany (muscle spasms)
What is a broad spectrum antibiotic that is used to treat conditions such as respiratory tract infections, acne, infections of skin, and stomach ulcers?
tetracycline
In the body folate is converted to the coenzyme __________________.
tetrahydrofolic acid (TH4)
What is nutrition?
the food people eat and how their bodies use it
What is osmosis?
the movement of water molecules from an area with a low solute concentration to an area with a high solute concentration
What is acculturation?
the process of an individual or group of people adopting the behaviors and lifestyle habits of a new culture
Sulfur is a component of what 2 vitamins?
thiamin and biotin
Thiamin is part of what coenzyme that provides the body with energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
thiamin pyrophosphate
RDAs are measured in milligram for what vitamins?
thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, choline, vitamins C and E
Hydrocholorothiazide is an example of a ____________.
thiazide diuretic
At 0-1% of body weight loss there is what?
thirst
Why shouldn't fluid intake depend on thirst?
thirst sensation is indicator of present dehydration rather than warning in advance
What are initial symptoms of dehydration?
thirst, headache, decreased urine output, dry mouth, dry mouth, and dizziness
What may also be used as an indicator of BEE?
thyroid function tests
What does the hypothalamus excrete?
thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
What is the primary function of protein?
tissue building
Why are blood vessels dependent on ascorbic acid's role in collagen synthesis?
to help walls resist stretching as blood is forced through them
Vitamin E is also known as what?
tocopherol
Why is cow milk inappropriate food source for infants younger than 1?
too high in protein and electrolytes
If a person eats something with 10% DV for fiber, then the person is eating 10% of the recommended ____________________.
total fiber intake for the day
Hydrogenated foods are high in what?
trans fat
What fluid is the smallest component of ECF?
transcellular fluid
What is iron bound to in circulation?
transferrin
What protein binds and transport iron through blood?
transferrin
Hepatitis B is a virus that is transmitted via ______________.
transfusions of infected blood or by contaminated syringes or needles
What is the movement of nutrients through the circulatory sytem from one area of the body to another?
transport
What is another name for gastric lipase?
tributyrinase
Most natural fats are what?
triglyceride
Simple fats are...
triglycerides
What is three amino acids joined together?
tripeptide
During the mid 1960s, the FDA established "______________________" that dealt mainly with food standards of identity.
truth in packaging
What three enzymes are produced by the pancreas to continue breaking down protein?
trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase
How can cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol be activated to yield active form of vitamin D (calcitriol)?
two successive hydroxylation reactions
What are sources of Vibrio vulnificus?
undercooked and raw seafood, especially shellfish and oysters
What are sources of Escherichia coli O157:H7?
undercooked beef, unpasteurized milk and juice, raw fruits and vegetables, contaminated water
What are sources of Vibrio parahaemolyricus?
undercooked or raw seafood, such as shellfish
What are forms of malnutrition?
undernutrition and overnutrition
What is the leading cause of unintentional weight loos in elderly patients?
unintentional weight loss
When should water and juice be used?
unnecessary for breastfed infants during first 6 months of life
What are sources of Listeria monocytogenes?
unpasteurized milk, soft cheese
Whole grain food products are produced from what?
unrefined grain
What are sources of Staphylococcus aureus?
unrefrigerated or improperly refrigerated meats, potato, egg salads, cream pastries
Polypeptide are chains of up to ____ amino acids linked together.
up to 100
What remains closed during following to prevent airflow into esophagus and stomach?
upper spincter
What does thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) control?
uptake of iodine from blood into thyroid gland depending on amount that thyroid gland needs
Excess minerals are excreted as what?
urine
What is food irradiation?
use of ionizing radiation to kill bacteria and parasites that are on food after harvest
What is polypharmacy?
use of multiple medications by same patient
What may increase accuracy of assessing chronic disease risk?
use of waist circumfrence
What is adequate intake?
used as a guide when insufficient scientific evidence is available to establish RDA
What is quack or quicksalver?
used by Dutch to describe the pseudophysician or pseudoprofessor who sold worthless salves, magic elixirs, and cure all tonics
What are antiemetics?
used to prevent or control vomiting
What does ergogenic mean?
various substances that increase work or exercise capacity and output
What are sources of Cyclospora cayetanensis?
various types of fresh produce
Transportation of nutrients require the work of what two systems?
vascular and lymphatic systems
ADH is also called what?
vasopressin
What are examples of foods containing monounsaturated fats?
vegetable oils: olive, canola (rapeseed), peanut, nuts, avocados
What are examples of foods containing polyunsaturated fats?
vegetable oils: safflower, sunflower, corn, soybean
What are examples of nutrient dense food?
vegetables, fruits, legumes, while grains, lean protein, low fat dairy
What are lacto-vegetarians?
vegetarians that accept dairy products from animal sources to complement diet of plant foods
Triglycerides >500 mg/dL is considered...
very high
What is used to treat patients with stage 2 hypertension?
vigorous drug therapy
What are the most common forms of hepatitis?
viral infections and alcohol
What are the functions of vitamin A?
vision, growth, tissue strength, immunity, antioxidant
As dehydration conditions worsen, what are some symptoms that appear?
visual impairment, hypotension, anorexia, muscle weakness, kidney failure, and seizures
Medications made from vitamin ___ have caused birth defects.
vitamin A
What is the leading cause of preventable blindness in children worldwide?
vitamin A deficiency
RDAs are measured in micrograms for what vitamins?
vitamin A, B12, D, K, folate, and biotin
Thiamin is also known as what?
vitamin B1
Aging may alter what the bioavailability of what vitamins?
vitamin B12 and D
What can be done about B12 deficiency when there is lack of HCl and intrinsic factor?
vitamin B12 injections, which bypass digestive tract
HCl increases the bioavailability of what vitamins and minerals?
vitamin B12, calcium, iron, zinc, and magnesium
Riboflavin is also known as what?
vitamin B2
Niacin is also known as what?
vitamin B3
Deficiency of _______________ can prolong pentobarbital action.
vitamin C
Smoking reduces what vitamin reserves?
vitamin C
What reduces fluconazole activity?
vitamin C
What vitamin is involved in the synthesis of collagen?
vitamin C
What are the water soluble vitamins?
vitamin C and B
What is an example of vitamin use in tissue building?
vitamin C developing collagen
What reduces atorvastatin concentration?
vitamin D
Anticoagulation medication warfarin has interaction with foods high in vitamin __.
vitamin K
α-tocopherol intakes the exceed UL of 1000mg/day may interfere with what?
vitamin K activity
How does vitamin K help with bone development?
vitamin K modifies glutamic residues of osteocalcin to form calcium binding γ-carboxyglutamic acid residues
Excess amounts of vitamins ___ and ___ are concerns.
vitamins A and D
What vitamins act as antioxidants to protect cell structures from free radicals?
vitamins A,C,E
What are the fat soluble vitamins?
vitamins A,D,E, and K
What two vitamins are potentially needed for children?
vitamins K and D
During energy production ________ and _________ are not oxidized.
vitamins and minerals
What are micronutrients?
vitamins and minerals
Ionized sodium concentration influences what?
volume of extracellular water
The nutrition care process model contains what steps?
•assessment •diagnosis •intervention •monitoring •evaluation
What does aminopeptidase do?
•attacks nitrogen end (amino end) •releases one amino acid at a time, which produces peptides and free amino acids
What is Wilson's disease?
•autosomal recessive disorder of copper overload •can result in liver and nerve damage
What is metabolic syndrome?
•combination of disorders that increases risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes •also known as syndrome X and insulin resistance syndrome
What is Crohn's disease?
•common in ileum and colon •Jews and smoking at higher risk •skip lesions •symptoms: abdominal pain, fever, fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, painful defecation, and diarrhea •iron deficiency anemia b/c of blood loss
What is Helicobacter pylori?
•common, spiraling, rod-shaped bacteria that inhabit GI area around pyloric valve(connects lower stomach to duodenal bulb) •acidic environments are favorable for H. pylori
What is the concept of body water compartments?
•compartment means dynamic areas within the body •membranes separate compartments of water •body's dynamic mechanism shift water to places of greatest need and maintain equilibrium
What are the functions of Maganese?
•component of cell enzymes •catalyze metabolism of carb, amino acids, and cholesterol •formation of bone and cartilage •wound healing
What is the vascular system?
•composed of veins and arteries •responsible to supply nutrients and oxygen to whole body via blood •transports waste (carbon dioxide and nitrogen) to lungs and kidneys for removal
What is the function of the gallbladder?
•concentrate and store bile and then release into small intestine when fat is present •bile emulsifies fat to prepare it for digestion
How does magnesium help with muscle action?
•conduction of nerve impulses that stimulate muscle contraction as part of (MgATP) •calcium is pumped out of myofibribillar space into sarcoplasmic reticulum by pumps that require MgATP
What are symptoms of thiamin deficiency?
•constipation, indigestion, and poor appetite •alertness, reflexes decrease, apathy, fatigue and irritability results •chronic deficiency is known as beriberi
What are some current research projects involving nutrition?
•consumer behavior research •risk and safety assessment of high risk foods and food contaminants •safe practices for food processors •whole genome sequencing program •total diet study (evaluates level of nutrients and contaminants in foods)
What may cause a deficiency in phosphate?
•consuming antacids that contain aluminum hydroxide •Aluminum ion binds with phosphate, making it unavailable for intestinal absorption
Linoleic is an essential fatty acid that contains ___ carbon atoms and ___ double bonds. The first double bond is located on the ____ carbon atom from the omega end.
•contains 18 carbon atoms, 2 double bonds •first double bond on 6th carbon from omega end •under omega-6 fatty acid
How can some cholesterol-lowering effects be achieved?
•diet low in trans-fatty acids •use of unsaturated fat in place of saturated fats
What are some examples of things the reduce zinc absorption?
•dietary fiber •iron to zinc ratio greater than 3:1 •vegetarian diets due to high phytic acid consumption
Most foods are a combination of _______.
•different types of fat •means that there is probably monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and saturated fats in the food
What processes transports nutrients into body circulation?
•diffusion •energy driven active transport •pinocytosis
How does body temperature affect BEE?
•fever increases BEE by 7% for each 1°F increase •during starvation or malnutrition, adaptive thermogenesis results in lowered heat production to conserve energy and reduce BEE •in cold weather, BEE rises in response to generating more heat
What is a peptic ulcer?
•eroded mucosal lesion in the central portion of the GI tract •can occur in lower esophagus, stomach, or duodenal bulb
What is chloride shift?
•exchange of bicarbonate ion with chloride ion in plasma •bicarbonate ions move out of RBCs and into plasma •chloride ions move into RBCs and out of plasma
What is anorexia nervosa?
•extreme psychophysiologic aversion to food that results in life threatening weight loss •psychiatric eating disorder that results from morbid feat of fatness
How can vitamin B12 be absorbed?
•facilitated diffusion •requires intrinsic factor
How can dipeptides be absorbed?
•facilitated diffusion •requires pyridoxine (pyridoxal phosphate)
How can fructose be absorbed?
•facilitated diffusion •requires protein carrier
As breast is emptied, milk becomes more concentrated in what?
•fat •thus hindmilk is a good sources of essential fatty acids for infants
What is associated with a drop of BEE?
•fat mass increase •loss of fat free mass during menopause among women
What contributes the satiety after meal?
•fats •b/c fats have slower rate of digestion
What are invisible fats?
•fats that cannot cut out of the food ex: cheese, milk, nuts, seeds, olives, avocados, and lean meat
What is a saturated fatty acid?
•fatty acid is filled with all available carbon •heavy, dense, solid at room temp •ex: dairy, meat, and eggs
How can fatty acids and glycerides (monoglycerides and diglyycerides) be absorbed?
•fatty acid-bile complex (micelles) •requires bile
What does dipeptidase do?
•final enzyme in protein splitting system •breaks remaining dipeptides into two individual amino acids
What is an unsaturated fatty acid?
•fatty acids that is not completely filled with all of the hydrogen that it can hold •less heavy and dense •liquid at room temp
What are good sources of vitamin D?
•fatty fish •milk is practical to fortify with vitamin D since it has calcium and phosphorus •butter substitutes are also fortified with vitamin D
When should breastfeeding be continued for?
•first full year of life •supplemented with vitamin K shot at birth and daily vitamin D
What is colostrum?
•first milk produced after birth •yellowish fluid that is rich in antibodies (immune boost) •up to 20% protein •large amounts of lactalbumin, more minerals, and immunoglobulins •less lactose and fat than mature milk
What are sources of preformed vitamin A?
•fish liver oils, liver, egg yolks, butter, and cream •occurs naturally in milk fat
What are dispensable (non-essential) amino acids?
•five amino acids that body can synthesize from other amino acids that are supplied through diet •does not have to consumed daily
What are the active form for Riboflavin coenzymes?
•flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) •flavin mononucleotide (FMN) •both coenzymes required to product ATP via Krebs cycle and electron transport chain
What is colloidal osmotic pressure (COP)?
•fluid pressure that is produced by protein molecules in plasma and the cell •exerts constant osmotic pull that protects vital plasma and cell fluid volumes
What are congregate care arrangements?
•focused on keeping elderly living in their own homes with outside assistance available to meet specific needs •services include: congregate community meals, nutrition education, home delivered meals, personal care aides, adult day services, transportation, respite care •regulated at state level
What are changes that FDA approved for the updated Nutrition Facts Label?
•font size will be significantly increased to draw attention to number of servings per container and total calories per serving •calories from fat will no longer be printed below the total calories •Vitamin D and Potassium will replace vitamin A and C •added sugars will be distinguished from naturally occurring sugar
Shigella is found where?
•feces of infected individuals and is transmitted through means of poor hygiene •more common during summer and in young children
What did Dr. Frederick Hopkins experiment with?
•fed group of rats a synthetic mixture of protein, fat, carbohydrate, mineral salts, water •rats became ill and died •he then added milk to ration and rats maintained normal growth •provided necessary foundation for individual vitamin discoveries
Parenteral means...
•feeding that does not make use of GI tract •uses intravenous delivery or nutrient solutions
Enteral means...
•feeding that uses GI tract •oral or tube feeding
What two drugs were used together for weight loss but was later banned b/c of devlopment of valvular regurgitation in users?
•fenfluramine and phentermine •"fen-phen"
What is excess body fat associated with?
•higher rates of mortality •risk factor for chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease
What are 2 theories to consider when introducing solid foods?
•infants may develop a preference for a sweet taste first and may not like bitter taste of vegetables •infants who were given meat before cereal had a better zinc intake
Cholecystitis is...
•inflammation of the gallbladder •results from low-grade chronic infection or obstruction
What is Ulcerative colitis?
•inflammatory disease limited to colon •symptoms: urgent diarrhea with blood and mucus, abdominal pain, weight loss, fever, and rectal pain •inflammation does not skip sections of bowel •not associated w/ as much micronutrient deficiency as anemia b/c of location •dehydration and electrolyte imbalances are more common
What is are problems with orlistat?
•inhibiting dietary fat absorption also inhibits absorption of fat soluble vitamins •GI side effects such as flatulence and loose stools
How does orlistat work?
•inhibits dietary fat absorption •max benefits occur when combined with lifestyle changes that induce a negative energy balance
Why shouldn't children between the age of 1-2 not be fed reduced-fat cow milk?
•insufficient energy is provided •essential fatty acid (linoleic acid) is lacking
What is Estimated Average Requirement?
•intake level that meets the needs of half of the individuals in a specific group •basis for development of RDA
What determines if a mineral is major or trace?
•intake of more than 100mg/day is major •anything less is trace
The physical activity guidelines for Americans are based on what three components?
•intensity •frequency •duration
What are sources of pectins?
•intercellular plant material (fruit) •binds to bile acid and minerals, decreases serum cholesterol levels
What type of fluids make up ECF?
•interstitial fluid (water that surrounds cell and bathes tissue) •water within lymphatic circulation •transcellular fluid (water moving through body via tissue secretion)
What are the metabolic functions that calcium is necessary for?
•intestinal absorption of vitamin B12 •activation of fat-splitting enzyme pancreatic lipase •secretions of B cells of pancreas •governs membrane permeability
What does calcitriol stimulate?
•intestinal cell absorption of calcium and phosphorus •renal absorption of calcium and phosphorus •osteoclastic resorption of calcium and phosphorus from trabecular bone
Where are lipoproteins produced?
•intestinal muscosal cells after meal that contains fat •liver as part of fat metabolism
Giardia lives in _________ and is passed on through _________.
•intestine •feces
What foods should be added during 6 months?
•iron fortified infant cereal made from rice, barley or oats •pureed baby food (vegetables or strained fruit)
What is the most prevalent nutrition problem in the world?
•iron-deficiency anemia •mostly among preschool children and pregnant women
Excess protein intake....
•is NOT stored as muscle •excess protein is broken down so nitrogen unit is removed and remaining carbon chain can be converted to glucose or fat
What is Vibrio?
•isolated from cholera patients •salt requiring organism that inhabits salt water coast regions of NA •usually ingested via contaminated seafood
What is calcitriol?
activated hormone form of vitamin D
What is the major cause of CVD?
atherosclerosis
How can sodium be absorbed?
active transport by sodium pump
What is preformed vitamin A?
active vitamin A found in animal food products
How can iron be absorbed?
•active transport •requires ferritin mechanism
How can calcium be absorbed?
•active transport •requires vitamin D
What is aerobic exercise?
activities that draw on body's fat reserve for fuel while oxygen intake is increased
How does phosphate help with acid-base balance?
acts as chemical buffer
What milk or milk substitute provides the highest amount of protein, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, and iron per liter?
Nutramigen
What is the preferred fuel for before exercise and during recover period?
carbohydrate
45% to 65% of total kilocalories should come from...
carbohydrates
What is Celiac disease?
autoimmune response to specific sequence of amino acids found in wheat, barley, and rye proteins
What are macronutrients?
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
What are examples of energy and nutrient dense foods?
avocados, cheese, seeds, nuts, nut buttters
What is dietary treatment for people with GSD?
avoid hypoglycemia
Lipids are composed of what 3 elements?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Why is calcium found in plant forms sometimes not readily available?
bound to oxalate or phytate
How do infants to eat a 1-3 months?
rooting, sucking, and swallowing
What % of adult body weight is magnesium?
.1%
Chloride accounts of what % of body weight?
.2%
What % of body is sodium?
.2%
The adult body is __% potassium.
.4%
Fat free means less than ____ g of fat per serving.
.5 g
How many liters per day should infants ages 0-6 months drink?
.7 L
How many liters per day should infants age 7-12 months drink?
.8 L
DRIs recommend a protein intake of ___ g per kilogram of body weight.
.8 g/kg
How much protein should be consumed per kg of body weight?
.8g/kg per day
Healthy adults younger than 65 should be ____ to ____ g/kg/day?
.8g/kg/day
Celiac disease is estimated to affect __% of US population, with Caucasians being more affected.
0.8%
The body is said to be in nitrogen balance when....
1 g of nitrogen excreted in the urine for every 6.25 g of protein consumed
Infants can drink cow milk after __ year of age.
1 year
When do children learn to walk?
1 year old
Healthy adults over 65 should get _____ to ____ g/kg/day of protein.
1-1.2g/kg/day
The basal metabolic rate declines an average of __% to __% per decade, and more rapid decline at approx 40 years for men and 50 years for women.
1-2%
In adulthood, there is an average decline of ______ per decade in BEE.
1-2% per decade
An absolute minimum of ____ g of carbohydrate per day is necessary to maintain normal brain function.
130 g/day
What are four types of drugs for management of PUD?
1. Antibiotics 2. Antacids, which counteract or neutralize acid 3. Hydrochloric acid secretion contollers (Histamine H2-receptor antagnoists and proton pump inhibitors) 4. Mucosal protetors, which deactivate pepsin and produce gel like substance to cover ulcer and lets it heal
What is the process of capillary fluid shift mechanism?
1. Blood first enters capillary system form larger vessels that come from heart. 2. Greater blood pressure from heart forces water and small particles (glucose) into tissues to nourish cells. This is an example of hydrostatic pressure. 3. When circulating tissue fluids are ready to reenter blood capillaries, initial blood pressure has diminished. 4. COP of concentrated protein particles that remain in capillary vessel now has greater influence. 5. COP draws water and metabolites back into capillary circulation after having served the cells. 6. Small amount of normal turgor pressure from resisting tissue of capillary membrane remains the same and operates throughout the system.
How does pancreatic lipase breakdown triglycerides?
1. Pancreatic lipase breaks off one fatty acid at a time from glycerol base 2. Thus, a diglyceride and fatty acid is produced 3. Lipase breaks off another fatty acid and a monoglyceride is produced 4. Third fatty acid is broken off
What are the six essential nutrients?
1. Carbohydrates 2. Protein 3. Fat 4. Vitamins 5. Minerals 6. Water
What are ways protein foods may be assessed?
1. Chemical score: derived from amino acid ratio 2. Biologic value: based on nitrogen balance 3. Net protein utilization: based on biologic value and degree of protein's digestibility 4.Protein efficiency ratio: based on weight gain in relation to protein intake
What is the process to form a blood clot?
1. Prothrombin, which is synthesized in the liver is converted to Thrombin 2. Thrombin initiates conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
DRIs encompass what four interconnected categories of nutrient recommendations?
1. RDA 2. Estimated Average Requirement 3. Adequate Intake 4. Tolerable Upper Intake Level
What are the five principles in a weight management program?
1. Realistic goals 2. Negative energy balance 3.Nutritional adequacy 4. Cultural appeal 5. Energy readjustment to maintain weight
Drugs that are used to treat obesity work in what four ways?
1. Reducing energy intake by suppressing appetite 2. Increasing energy expenditure by stimulating BMR 3. Reducing absorption of food in gut 4. Altering lipogenesis and lipolysis
What is the advised phosphate intake?
1393 mg/day
What is the average intake of iron for women in the US?
14.5 g/day
Approximately ___% of Americans live with income below federal poverty line.
14.8%
What blood pressure is considered stage 1 hypertension for 18-59 years old?
140-159/90-90
What causes thyroid gland to swell up?
1. Thyroid gland is starved for iodine and cannot produce T4 2. Low T4 concentration causes pituitary gland to release more TSH 3. Large amounts of TSH overstimulates nonproductive thyroid gland, causing increase in size
What three demands for energy determine body's energy requirement?
1. basal energy expenditure 2. physical activity 3. thermic effect of food
Irritable bowel syndrome has what thee major symptoms?
1. chronic and recurrent pain in lower abdomen 2. small volume bowel dysfunction that varies from constipation or diarrhea 3. excess gas formation with increased distention and bloating that is accompanied by resembling abdominal sounds, belching, and flatulence
Carbohydrate fuels come from what two sources?
1. circulating blood glucose 2. glycogen stored in muscle and liver tissue
A personal behavior modification for weight management is directed toward what?
1. control of eating behavior 2. promotion of physical activity to increases energy output 3. pursuit of emotional (stress0, social, and psychologic health
Where do the three major sources of digestive agents for fats come from?
1. emulsification agent from gallbladder 2. two specific enzymes form pancreas 3. small intestine
Fitness level (oxygen and fuel use) is influenced by what two factors?
1. fitness of lungs, heart, and blood vessels 2. body composition
How is exercise beneficial for weight management?
1. helps regulate appetite 2. increases basal metabolic rate 3. reduces genetic fat deposit set point level 4. critical for weight loss maintenance
What three infectious sources can mouth ulcers develop from?
1. herpes simplex virus: mouth sores on inside mucous lining of cheek (commonly called cold sores or fever blisters) 2. Canadida albicans: fungus that causes sores on oral mucosa and results in candidiasis or thrush 3. hemolytic Streptococcus: bacteria that causes mucosal ulcers (commonly called canker sores)
What are the three basic functions of nutrients?
1. provide energy 2. build tissue 3. regulate metabolic processes
Fish, beef streaks, roasts, veal, and lamb should be cooked at ___°F.
145°F
Current DRIs recommend a daily vitamin D intake ____ mcg/day during pregnancy.
15 mcg/day (600IU)
How much iodine does the average adult body contain?
15-20 mg
Overweight women should gain how many pounds during pregnancy?
15-25 lb
How 2 actions help digest carbs?
1. Muscle actions that mechanically break food mass into smaller particles 2. Chemical processes in which specific enzymes break down the nutrients into still small usable metabolic products
To reduce risk of chronic disease, one should exercise _________ minutes of moderate physical activity per week.
150 min
Very low birth weight infants (VLBW) weigh less than _____ grams.
1500 g (3 lb 5 oz)
A dietary restriction between _____ to _____ mg/day of sodium is advised.
1500-2400 mg/day
What is the mEq/L of extracellular fluid?
155 mEq/L
Women who are older than 71 and have ideal body mass need how many calories per day?
1564 kcal/day
Protein is approximately ____ % nitrogen?
16%
What blood pressure is considered stage 2 hypertension?
160+/100+
Ground beef, hamburgers, egg dishes, and pork should be cooked at ___°F.
160°F
What are four negative effects of foods fads?
1. Danger to health 2. Cost 3. Lack of sound knowledge 4. Distrust of food market
What is the process for the release of bile?
1. Fat comes into duodenum 2. This stimulates the secretion of hormone cholecystokinin from glands in intestinal walls 3. Cholecystokinin causes gallbladder to contract and secrete bile into intestine via bile duct
How are fat soluble vitamins absorbed?
1. First as micelle 2. Then as chylomicrons 3. Chylomicrons enter lymphatic system and then blood •absorption is enhanced by presence of dietary fat
What are four claims that food faddist make?
1. Food cures 2. Harmful foods 3. Food combinations 4. Natural foods
What are the two most common causes of peptic ulcer disease (PUD)?
1. H.pylori infection 2. long term use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
What is the feedback mechanism that helps maintain adequate T4 levels in the body?
1. Hypothalamus excretes thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) 2. TRH stimulate release of Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from pituitary gland 3. TSH controls thyroid gland uptake of iodine from bloodstream and release of triiodothyronine(T3) and T4 into circulation If blood T4 concentration decreases, hypothalamus and pituitary gland released more TRH and TSH
What are the four types of vegetarian diets?
1. Lacto-vegetarians 2. Octo-vegetarians 3. Lacto-ovo-vegetarians 4. Vegans
What % of children and adolescents between 2 and 19 are obese?
17%
How can baby food be made?
1. straining vegetables and fruits 2. freezing batch at a time in ice cube trays 3. storing cubes in plastic bags in freezer 4. cube can be reheated for feeding
What three factors influence protein requirement?
1. tissue growth 2. quality of dietary protein 3. additional need that results from illness or disease
Poultry breast should be cooked at ___°F.
170°F
What is the mEq/L of intracellular fluid?
175 mEq/L
How many trace minerals are there?
18
What is considered normal BMI?
18.5-24.9
Whole poultry should be cooked at ___°F.
180°F
Approximately ___% of total water intake comes from food.
19%
What enzyme catalyzes second hydroxylation in the kidneys to produce calcitriol?
1α-hydroxylase
Leftovers should be refrigerated within __ hours.
2
Older adults with acute or chronic illness should get _____ to ____g/kg/day.
1.2-1.5g/kg/day
How many liters per day should children ages 1-3 drink?
1.3 L
Approximately _____ million people live in nursing homes in the US.
1.37 million
The average adult in the US consumes approximately ___ times the amount of protein on any given day.
1.5 times
Approximately ___% of adult body weight is calcium.
1.5%
What is the ratio of calcium to phosphorus in typical bone?
1.5:1 by weight
How many liters per day should children ages 4-8 drink?
1.7 L
A fluid loss of more than ___% of body weight typically requires medical attention.
10%
Easily absorbed sugars (simple sugars) should be limited to no more than __% of total kilocalorie intake.
10%
Men usually have ___% more body water than women.
10%
People should obtain what % of total caloric intake as protein?
10-35%
Protein should provide approx __% to __% of total kilocalories.
10-35%
Extremely low birth weight infants (ELBW) weight less than _____ grams.
100 g (2 lb 3 oz)
What is the UL for vitamin B6?
100 mg/day
What is the upper limit for folic acid?
1000 mcg/day
Approximately ______ mL of water is necessary for metabolism of 1000 kcal consumed.
1000mL
C. perfringens multiplies rapidly when food is held at temperatures between ____________ °F.
109-117°F
Obese women should gain how many pounds during pregnancy?
11-20 lb
"Very lean" and "excellent" body fatness levels for women are...
11.4-18.8%
Premature infants need ________kcal/kg/d.
110-135 kcal/kg/d
What is the UL for iodine in adults?
1100 mcg/day
Ultra endurance athletes need up to __ g/kg body weight per day.
12 g/kg carbs
When do infants triple birth weight?
12-15 months of age
In a normal person, there is a _______________ reserve of glycogen in the liver and muscles.
12-48 hour
What blood pressure is considered prehypertension?
120-139/80-89
What do gastric secretions include that inhibits actions of salivary amylase?
HCl
Low cholesterol cannot be foods that contain more than ___ g of saturated fat per serving.
2 g
Body mass index for age charts can be used from ____________.
2 years and up
Dehydration symptoms become apparent after __% of normal weight is lost.
2%
What is the average weight gain during the first trimester?
2-4 lb
What is pepsinogen activated by to become pepsin?
HCl
One in every _____ adults in the US have hypertension.
3
Hypertriglyceridemia is associated with low ______________.
HDL-cholesterol
What food safety system focuses on preventing food-borne illness by identifying critical points and eliminating hazards?
Hazard Analysis & Critical Control Point (HACCP)
What makes up the largest minority group in the US?
Black or African American (14%)
DRI states that fat should not exceed what % of calories?
35%
___% of Americans are obese.
35%
1 lb of fat is about ______ kcal.
3500 kcal
About _______ kcal can be stored in 1 lb of body fat.
3500 kcal
By 2060, the median age will increase from ___ to ___.
36 to 42
What are the approximate caloric allowances for children ages 1-2?
36.2 kcal/lb
Full term infants are born between ___ and ___ weeks of gestation.
37-42 weeks
The U.S. department of Agriculture reports that animals products contribute to ....
38.1% total fat 53.8% saturated fat 95.3% cholesterol
___% of adults older than 65 take 5 or more prescription drugs regularly.
39%
Breastfeeding mothers should have a fluid intake of approximately _______.
3L/day
What is the average daily water output?
2400 mL
Men who are 51-70 and have ideal body mass need how many calories per day?
2469 kcal/day
How many elements are essential to human life?
25 elements
There is a ____ g/day DRI protein increase for pregnant women.
25 g/day
Reduced saturated fat means ___% less saturated fat.
25%
What % of Americans do not participate in any leisure time physical activity?
25%
What is considered overweight BMI?
25-29.9
Normal weight women should gain how many pounds during pregnancy?
25-35 lb
Infants who weight less than ______ g at birth is considered low birth weight.
2500 g
Low birth weight (LBW) infants weigh less than _____ grams.
2500 g (5 lb 8 oz)
During pregnancy, iron should increase by how much?
27 mg/day
The DRIs recommend a daily iron intake of ___ mg/day during pregnancy.
27 mg/day
Underweight women should gain how many pounds during pregnancy?
28-40 lb
Does C. botulinum or C. perfringens produce more serious type of food poisoning?
C. botulinum
How many liters per day should girls ages 9-13 drink?
2.1 L
How many liters per day should girls ages 14-18 drink?
2.3 L
How many liters per day should boys ages 9-13 drink?
2.4 L
The average adult metabolizes how much water per day?
2.5-3 L
How man liters per day should girls 19+ drink?
2.7 L
Sedentary women should drink how much water?
2.7 L
Approximately how much of fats should come from plant sources?
2/3
How many common amino acids are there?
20
Low cholesterol means less than ____ mg of cholesterol per serving and per 100 g.
20 mg
Bicarbonate (base) is approximately ___ time more abundant than carbonic acid?
20 times
Obesity is a clinical term used to describe at least ___% above a desired weight for height.
20%
What does high mean in nutrition?
20% or more of DV per serving
What is the composition of LDL?
20-22 % protein 20-28% phospholipid 37-48% cholesteryl esters 10-15% triglcerides 8-10% cholesterol
Before food mixes with acidic stomach secretions, up to what % of starch may have been changed to maltose?
20-30%
What % of all youth between ages 12-19 yrs old have abnormal lipid levels?
20.3%
The FDA established _______ calories as the reference amount for calculating the percent daily value (%DV).
2000 calories
What is the UL for ascorbic acid?
2000 mg/day
What is the UL for calcium?
2000 to 3000 mg/day
Women who are 51-70 and have ideal body mass need how many calories per day?
2066 kcal/day
As long as the __:__ ratio is maintained, the ECF pH is held constant.
20:1
Only ___% of Americans have sufficient aerobic and muscle strengthening activity.
21%
The ideal fat content % of total body weight for men is...
21-25.8%
What is the average gestational weight gain?
22-36.8 lb
Men who are older than 71 and have ideal body mass need how many calories a day?
2238 kcal/day
How many grams of carbohydrates should be eaten per day for an adult?
225-325 of carb
During pregnancy, how many liters per day should women drink?
3 L
How many calories should males consume?
3 to 8= 1441 kcal/day 9 to 13= 2079 kcal/day 14 to 18= 3116 kcal/day 19 to 30= 3081 kcal/day 31 to 50= 3021 kcal/day 51 to 70= 2469 kcal/day 71+= 2238
How many calories should females consume?
3 to 8= 1487 kcal/day 9 to 13= 1907 kcal/day 14 to 18= 2302 kcal/day 19 to 30= 2436 kcal/day 31 to 50= 2404 kcal/day 51 to 70= 2066 kcal/day 71+= 1564 kcal/day
What is the UL for phosphorus?
4 g/day
How do minerals enter portal blood circulation and travel throughout body?
bound to plasma protein or mineral-specific transport proteins
What are the approximate caloric allowances for kids ages 14-18?
boys = 24 kcal/lb girls= 19.3 kcal/lb
Approximately what % of U.S. adults are vegetarian?
5%
There is about a __% decreased metabolic activity during middle and older years.
5%
What are the approximate caloric allowances for kids ages 9-13?
boys= 26.3 kcal/lb girls= 23.8 kcal/lb
General training needs __ to __ g/kg body weight of carbs per day.
5-7 g/kg carbs
How many liters per day should boys ages 14-18 drink?
3.3 L
What is the UL for choline?
3.5 g/day
How any liters per day should boys 19+ drink?
3.7 L
Sedentary men should drink how much water?
3.7 L
During lactation, how many liters per day should women drink?
3.8 L
Body protein accounts for approximately how much of dry matter in tissue?
3/4
Obese adults have a BMI of ___ or greater.
30
Diet should consist of about __% fat.
30%
What is considered obese BMI?
30-35
Adults usually need between_____________ kcal/kg/d.
30-40 kcal/kg/d
What is the upper intake level of retinol?
3000 mcg/day
The sucking reflex is developed between ___ and ___ weeks gestation.
32-34 weeks
The idea fat content % of total body weight for women is...
32.2-36.9%
What are the approximate caloric allowances for infants?
33.4-35.6 kcal/lb
What is the current intake of fat for Americans?
33.7% of kilocalories
What is the increased calorie recommendation during first 6 months of lactation?
330 kcal/day
Extracellular fluid makes up ___% of total body water.
34%
The DRIs note an increase of _____ kcal/day during the second trimester.
340
Women older than ____ face higher risk for obstetric and perinatal complications.
35
Women who have a waist circumference greater than ___ inches suffer increased risk.
35 inches
How much additional vitamin C do smokers need?
35 mg/day
Hunger usually peaks every ____ to ____ hours.
4-5 hours
When exercise intensity exceeds ___% VO2 max, carbohydrate becomes predominant fuel source.
65%
Intracellular fluid takes up ___% of total body water.
66%
What % of adults in the US are overweight?
68.5%
How many extra calories are Americans consuming in caloric sweeteners?
690 calories
Endurance athletes needs __ to __ g/kg body weight of carbs per day.
7-10 g/kg carbs
What is the compound in the epidermal layer of skin that is able to be converted into cholecalciferol upon exposure to ultraviolet light?
7-dehydrocholesterol (precursor)
What is the normal pH of blood?
7.35-7.45
What range of pH is compatible with life?
7.35-7.45
1 g of body fat = _____ kcal
7.7 kcal (difference due to water in fat cells)
The USDA organic seal may not be used when ____% or less of ingredients are organic ingredients.
70%
The protein DRI for pregnant women is what?
71 g/day
After live donors have a lobectomy (surgical removal of a lobe of an organ), their organs increased in volume by __% within 7 days post surgery.
73%
When does bone mineral density reach peak velocity of accumulation?
8-20 years old
During the first 3 years of life, children need between ___________ kcal/kg/d to support rapid growth.
80-120 kcal/kg/d
Individuals 70+ should take ____ IU/day of vitamin D.
800 IU/day
What is the total volume of all digestive secretions?
8200 mL
The most rapid population increase over the next decade will be those who are older than ___.
85
How many calories should children ages 1-2 consume?
869 kcal/day
Running burns _______ kcal per hour.
875 kcal
1 g of pure fat = ______ kcal
9 kcal
What are the approximate caloric allowances for kids ages 3-8?
boys= 32 kcal/lb girls= 29.7 kcal/lb
More than ___% of the body's calcium is found in bones and teeth.
99%
What is Ramadan?
9th month of the Muslim year where there is daily fasting from sunrise to sunset
"Very lean" and "excellent" body fatness levels for men are...
4.2-10.5%
Men who have a waist circumference greater than ___ inches suffer increased risk.
40 inches
What is the UL for zinc?
40 mg/day
Approximately ___% of adult peak bone mineral density is deposited during short period of adolescence.
40%
The mother's plasma volume increases by ____% to ____% during pregnancy.
40-50%
Infants should receive a minimum of _____ IU of vitamin D to prevent rickets.
400 IU
What is the increased calories recommendation during the second 6 months of lactatoin?
400 kcal/day
Woman who are pregnant should take _________ of synthetic folic acid.
400 mcg/day
What is the Upper Limit for vitamin D for people older than 9 years old?
4000 IU/day (100mcg)
Home refrigerator temperatures should be held below ___°F.
40°F
What are the recommended DRIs for carbohydrates?
45 to 65% of kilocalories
Menopause usually occurs between ages...
45-55
Normal body water content ranges from ___% to ___% of total body weight.
45-75%
The DRIs notes an increase of _____ kcal/day during the third trimester.
452
1 lb body fat = _____ g
454 g
At temperature greater than ___°F, precooked or leftover food are potential reservoirs for bacteria and survive cooking and can then recontaminate cooked food.
45°F
The average woman would need ___ grams of protein per day.
46 g/day
The protein DRI for nonpregnant women is what?
46 g/day
What pillar of Islam is fasting?
4th pillar
What % of people older than 45 take at least one prescription medication?
50%
The adult body is approximately what % water?
50-70%
Energy deficit of ______ kcal/day results in a weight loss of 1 lb per week.
500 kcal
A walking program of more than _______ steps per day can help reduce fatness.
5000 steps
How many calories should infants consume?
501-713 kcal/day
What is the composition of HDL?
55% protein 26%-46% phospholipids 15-30% cholesteryl esters 3-15% triglycerides 2-10% cholesterol
The average man would need ___ grams of protein per day.
56 g/day
Currently, about ___% of women are employed.
58%
The CDC estimates that 1 in every __ people get sick each year from food borne illness.
6
The iron content of breast milk meets the needs of an infant for the first ___ months of life.
6
When should iron fortified solid foods be introduced?
6 months
___% of Americans are extremely obese.
6.4%
Children and adolescents should engage in ___ minutes or more of physical activity each day.
60 minutes
In the 1999, ___% of all women were employed.
60%
Non-Hispanic population is expected to increase by about ___% by 2050.
60%
To build aerobic capacity, the level of exercise must raise pulse rate to within ___% to ___% of an individual's maximal heart rate.
60%-90%
The brain, liver, heart, and kidneys account for what % of REE?
60-70%
What % of total energy expenditure will be used to meet basal energy demands?
60-75%
What is the % distribution of total energy expenditure?
60-75% basal energy expenditure 15-30% physical activity 10% thermic effect of food
Individuals 1-70 should take ____ IU/day of vitamin D.
600 IU/day
Current DRIs recommend a daily folate intake of ____ mcg/day during pregnancy.
600 mcg/day
Sleeping burns _______ kilocalories per hour.
63 kcal
What mechanism is the first line of defense against hypovolemia?
ADH
Energy is needed in the form of _____________.
ATP
What program manages nutrition for older Americans?
Administration on Aging of the US Department of Health and Human Services
What race has higher bone mineral density and strength than Caucasians?
African Americans
What are the dispensable (non-essential) amino acids?
Alanine Aspartic acid Asparagine Glutamic acid Serine Tyrosine
Protein folding mistakes are involved what disease?
Alzheimer's disease, cystic fibrosis, and other hereditary disease
Amiodarone is considered a...
Antiarrhythmic
What are the conditionally indispensable amino acids?
Arginine Cysteine Glutamine Glycine Proline
Alcohol can interfere with the absorption of what vitamins?
B complex vitamins
What vitamins act as coenzymes?
B vitamins
Orange foods provide what?
B-carotene
Excessive folic acid can mask what?
B12 deficiency
Overall bone strength is determined by what?
BMD and collagen matrix formation
Leptin is also produced in the _______ and influenced by the amount of adiposity and gender.
brain
Iodine deficiency remains the number one cause of preventable _________________.
brain damage
Body absorbs more iron when taken along with vitamin ___.
C
Clinicians should use ____ growth charts for children older than 2 years.
CDC
Tabasco is made by...
Cajun family
What may cause hypertriglyceridemia?
Capecitabine
What lowers vitamin D and biotin status?
Carbamazepine
What drug is used for generalized tonic-clonic and focal seizures?
Carbamazepine (Tegretol)
Who first used the word vitamin?
Casimir Funk, a Polish Chemist
What are examples of anions for nutrition?
Cl-, bicarbonate(HCO3-), phosphate, sulfate
What are the two most common forms of inflammatory bowel disease?
Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis
What is the most common fatal genetic disease in North America for white people?
Cystic Fibrosis
What diet was able to lower blood pressure?
DASH diet
Vitamin B12 is essential for what?
DNA synthesis and cell division
What increases bioavailability of theophylline?
Daidzein
Why are enzymes needed for chemical digestion?
break down other nutrients
What are the four Ds that characterize pellagra?
Dermatitis Diarrhea Dementia Death
What is the fourth leading cause of death globally?
Diarrheal disease
Gastrointestinal fluids are part of the ______ compartments.
ECF
What may reduce vitamin E absorption?
Ezetimibe
What law enforcement agency has been charged by US Congress with ensuring that America's food supply is safe?
FDA
What foods should be tested for tolerance?
Fermentable Oligiosaccharides Disaccharides Monosaccharides And Polyols s
What two major organ systems (other than blood circulation) help to protect homeostasis of body water?
GI circulation and renal circulation
What is an appetite stimulant that is secreted from the stomach to activate appetite regulating network?
Ghrelin
What is the most common form of parasitic food borne illness in the united states?
Giardiasis
What is the formula for calculating maximal attainable heart rate?
Heart rate = 220 - Age
What is the fastest growing ethnic group in American?
Hispanic or Latino
What are the indispensable(essential) amino acids?
Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine Phenylalanine Threonine Tryptophan Valine
What is the largest research facility in the world dedicated to study of nutrition in aging?
Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University in Boston
The largest population of Puerto Ricans in the is in what city?
New York City
What impairs vitamin B6 status?
Isoniazid
Adequate selenium intake plays a role in prevent what diseases?
Kashin-Bek(chronic arthritis and joint deformity) and Keshan disease (heart muscle disease)
What are examples of teratogenic disease?
Kestan disease, goiter, cretinism, fetal growth restriction
Foods prepared in according to Jewish rules is called...
Kosher
What is the classic protein deficiency disease?
Kwashiorkor
During care after MI, patients are treated with ________ protocol and given analgesics.
MONA
What countries have food culture that is believed to have protective qualities against development of certain chronic diseases?
Mediterranean
Adherence to a _____________________ diet reduces risk factor for CVD.
Mediterranean diet
What are the two inborn error of metabolism that involve copper?
Menkes' disease and Wilson's disease
How does magnesium relate to basal energy expenditure?
MgATP is involved in the secretion of thyroxine, which helps maintain normal metabolic rate
What equation was the most reliable REE measurement?
Mifflin-St. Jeor equation
What is one of the standard assessment tool routinely used to evaluate nutritional risk in elderly residing in nursing home?
Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA)
What are examples of cations for nutrition?
Na+, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2
The _________ people whose reservations extend over New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah.
Navajo
36% of Shiga toxin producing strains of E. Coli in the US are from what strain?
O157:H7
Prenatal clinics screen pregnant women between 24-28 weeks' gestation with what?
One step or Two step oral glucose tolerance test
What antiemetic medication may increase need for riboflavin?
Phenergan (promethazine)
Muslim dietary laws are based on the ______.
Quran
What antiemetic medication can stimulate prolactin and increase milk supply?
Reglan(metoclopramide)
What is the most commonly performed malabsorptive procedure and is considered the gold standard?
Roux-en-Y bariatric procedure
What is the basic body of dietary laws as established in the Torah?
Rules of Kashrut
What are significant events in Jewish history?
Sabbath, Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur, Sukkot, Hanukkah, Purim, and Passover
What is the main species of Shigella?
Shigella dysenteriae
What are two examples of fat substitutes?
Simplesse and Olean
_________ is associated with sacropenia.
Sorafenib
What is the WIC?
Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children
What herb is thought to have the most drug-herb interaction?
St. John's wort
What herb is commonly taken and has been studied extensively?
St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum)
What is steatohepatitis?
The accumulation of fat in the liver causing an inflammatory reaction
The rate of water absorption is enhanced by what?
as sodium absorption improves
Low plasma protein levels contribute to __________.
ascites (fluid accumulation in abdominal cavity)
Clinicians should use ____ growth charts for infants from birth to 2 years old.
WHO
What is the chemical name for vitamin C?
ascorbic acid
When should fluoride supplementation be provided for infants?
at 6 months
What does light or lite mean in food labeling?
at least 1/3 reduction in kilocalories
A score of 8-11 on the MNA means...
at risk of malnutrition
What are possible effects of semistarvation diet (fasting)?
acidosis, low blood pressure, electrolyte imbalance, loss of lean muscle mass, and decreased BMR
What are the acids and bases in nutrition?
acids: carbonic acid, lactic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, ketone bodies, minerals bases: minerals, sodium bicarbonate, calcium carbonate
Individuals who store more body fat in the _________ region have more health risks.
abdominal
Using alkalizing agents such as sodium bicarbonate and sodium citrate may cause what?
abdominal pain, nausea, cramps, and diarrhea
A sudden increase in weight after 20th week of pregnancy may indicate what?
abnormal edema and impending hypertension
What is an allergy?
abnormal reactions of immune system to a substances
How long is the small intestine?
about 22ft
What is health?
absence of disease
What is the main absorptive task for large intestine?
absorb water
What is the process by which nutrients are taken into cells that line with GI tract?
absorption
How are unsaturated fatty acids classified?
according to location of first double bond from omega end
What is steatosis?
accumulation of fat in the liver cells
What is pulmonary edema?
accumulation of fluid in the lung of tissues
What are artificial sweeteners most commonly used in the United States?
acesulfame-K, aspartame, luohan guo (monk fruit extract), neotame, saccharin, stevia, and sucralose
With every breath, CO2 is an ______ that leaves the body.
acid
What happens if sphincter is not working?
acid mixed food to seep back into esophagus from stomach, causing heartburn
What three types of materials help with chemical digestion of stomach?
acid, mucus, enzymes
Protein digestion begins in the ________ medium of the stomach and is completed in the ________ medium of the small intestine.
acidic medium alkaline medium
Niacin is stable in what?
acidic mediums and heat
Clostridia species are _________.
anaerobic
What is the most severe form of allergic reaction?
anaphylactic shock
What is the major condition that indicates a deficiency of iron?
anemia
A symptom of heart attacks is...
angina pectoris (chest pain that radiates down left arm)
Most saturated fat are of what origin?
animal origin
What are the only natural sources of vitamin B12?
animal products
What are the three most common eating disorders?
anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED)
What is atypical anorexia nervosa?
anorexia nervosa, but weight is within or above normal range
What can help treat symptoms of hiatal hernia?
antacids
Red-purple foods provide what?
anthocyanin
What is warfarin?
anticoagulation medication that reduces overall production of blood clotting factors
St. John's wort is considered an ______________.
antidepressant
Atorvastatin is considered a...
antihyperlipidemic
Many medications contain diuretics for the purpose of reducing overall body fluid as ________________.
antihypertensive medication
What are the functions of vitamin C?
antioxidant, cofactor for enzymes, helps with metabolic and immunologic activities
Phenothiazines and chlorpromazine are classified as what type of drugs?
antipsychotics
Tocopherol became known as the ____________ vitamin.
antisterility
What are competitive foods?
any food or beverage that is served outside of federal meal program
What is a diuretic?
any substance that induces urination and subsequent fluid loss
Where is selenium deficiency found in?
areas with poor soil content of selenium
How does water act as thermoregulation?
as body temp rises, sweat is released and evaporates which cools body
Premature infants and high risk infants should be fed what?
breast milk
What are food jags?
brief sprees or binges of eating one particular food
What is the % distribution of causes of food borne illness?
bacteria 54% virus 36% chemical or toxic agents 8% parasites 2%
What bacteria are helpful?
bacteria in yogurt
Vitamin B12 originates from what?
bacteria that inhabit GI tracts of herbivorous animals
What may influence "energy out" in a person?
basal metabolic rate, body size, lean body mass, age, gender, and physical activity
What may determine individual fat storage?
basal metabolic rate, physical activity, and lean muscle mass
Why are the enzymes needed for protein digestion not stored in an active form?
because cells and organs that produce and store them (which are made of structural proteins) would be digested as well
Hormones are approved for use in _________ and ___________.
beef cattle and lamb production
What are the richest sources of B12?
beef liver, lean meat, clams, oysters, herring, crab
Premature infants are born before ___ weeks gestation.
before 37 weeks gestation
When does a gradual loss of functioning cells occur?
beginning about age 30
What supplement has similar pH buffering effects as sodium bicarbonate?
beta-alanine
Fat soluble vitamins are more completely absorbed when _____ is present.
bile
What GI fluid secretion isn't predominantly water?
bile
What eating disorder has the highest prevalence rate?
binge eating disorder
Nutrition needs depend more on peson's _________ age than chronologic age.
biologic
What is senescence?
biological aging
Infants increase their _________ by 50% during first year and double it by 4 years of age.
birth length
What is the approximate daily fluid needs for age groups?
birth to 6 months: .7 L/day 7 to 12 months: .8 L/day 1 to 3 years: 1.3 L/day 4 to 8 years: 1.7 L/day MALES 9 to 13 years: 2.4 L/day FEMALES 9 to 13 years: 2.1 L/day MALES 14 to 18 years: 3.3 L/day FEMALES 14 to 18 years: 2.3 L/day MALES >19 years: 3.7 L/day FEMALES >19 years: 2.7L/day
What is considered small for gestational age (SGA) on a growth chart?
birth weight is ≤10th percentile
What is proportionately small for gestational age (pSGA)?
birth weight, length, and head circumferential are all ≤10th percentile for age and gender
What is mastication?
biting and chewing that breaks down food into smaller particles
What race beings sexual maturation younger?
blacks
What are the two established functions in the body?
blood clotting and bone development
Why are water soluble vitamins able to move directly into portal blood circulation?
blood is mostly water, so carrier proteins are not needed
What is physical activity?
bodily movement produced by the contraction of skeletal muscles that increases energy expenditure above basal level
Surplus of calories, regardless of source (fat, carbohydrates, and protein) will be stored as what?
body fat
What is glycogen crucial for?
body metabolism and energy balance
How does the body control temperature rise in response to hat released during energy production?
body sends heat to skin, where it is released as sweat
What is body mass index?
body weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters (kg/m^2)
What indicates how well body tissues are being maintained?
body's nitrogen balance
Why should home canned food be boiled for at least 10 min?
boiling for 10 min destroys toxin, but not spore
What can occur if phosphorus intake is higher than calcium intake?
bone reabsorption
Total cholesterol 200-239 mg/dL is considered...
borderline high
Triglycerides 150-199 mg/dL is considered...
borderline high
Why is copper called the "iron twin"?
both copper and iron are... •metabolized in the same way •components of cell enzymes •involved in energy production and hemoglobin synthesis
What is the cis form of a fatty acid molecule?
both hydrogen atoms around carbon double bond are on the same side
Why should honey not be given to an infant younger than 1?
botulism spores
What has long been viewed as a diuretic?
caffeine
The first hydoxylation reaction occurs in the liver produce what?
calcidiol (also known as 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3)
Vitamins D2 and D3 are referred to as _________.
calciferol
Fluoride forms a strong bond with what mineral?
calcium
Iron and _______ compete for absorption.
calcium
What mineral is needed during rapid growth periods of infancy through adolescence?
calcium
What minerals are more bioavailable during pregnancy?
calcium and zinc
Amlodipine is considered a...
calcium channel blocker (Antihypertensive)
What is an example of fortified foods?
calcium fortified orange juice
Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) can bind to what minerals?
calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc
What additional minerals do adolescence require?
calcium, phosphorus, magnesium
What are the 7 major minerals?
calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, chloride, and sulfur
What is the % recommended intake for each energy yielding nutrient?
carb: 45-65% fat: 20-35% protein: 10-35%
As exercise intensity increases, reliance on _______________ as a fuel source increases.
carbohydrate
What food category has the highest case of bacteria outbreak?
dairy and eggs
What does alcohol induced thiamin deficiency cause?
debilitating brain disorder known as Wernicke's encephalopathy
As child gets older, protein requirements per kilogram of body weight gradually _______.
decline
Fluid needs do not ______ with age.
decline
What results in elevated blood glucose and diabetes for aging adults.
decline in insulin production or insulin sensitivity
After physical maturity, energy requirements ________.
decrease
Long term use of proton pump inhibitors is associated with what?
decreased absorption of some nutrients
At 3% body weight loss there is what?
decreasing blood volume, impaired physical performance
How can hypoventilation be used to alleviate alkalosis?
decreasing rate of breathing retain CO2
What is the rebound effect?
deficiencies occurring b/c a person stops overdosing
Lipoproteins with the highest protein content have the highest _____________.
density
What is one indication of essential fatty acid deficiency?
dermatitis
Early sexual maturation increases the risk of what?
developing adult onset chronic disease
Salivary amylase acts breakdown starch into what?
dextrin and maltose
What are symptoms of salmonella?
diarrhea, fever, vomiting, and abdominal cramps
What is the leading cause of preventable child mortality and morbidity in the world?
diarrheal disease
The pressure that remains in the arteries when heart relaxes is known as...
diastolic pressure
Why is beriberi prevalent in Asian countries?
diet relied heavily on polished white rice
Glycogen is not a what?
dietary carbohydrate
What promotes loss of calcium through urinary excretion?
dietary sodium
Where is chloride found in?
extracellular fluid
At 6% body weight loss there is what?
failure to regulate excess temperature
Pinocytosis is one mechanism by which ___ is absorbed form small intestine.
fat
What is the primary fuel source during lower intensity aerobic exercise?
fat
What is the protective myelin sheath that surrounds fat made of?
fat
40% to 65% VO2 max (jogging, brisk walking) uses what fuel?
fat and carbohydrate in similar proportions
When glycogen reserves are full, additional energy from carbs, lipids, and fats are stored as _________________.
fat in adipose tissue
Why is fat metabolism slower and requires more oxygen?
fat is more dense nutrient
What is simplesse?
fat substitute made by reshaping protein of milk whey or egg whites
What is olean?
fat substitute that is an indigestible form of sucrose
15% to 25% of total kilocalories should come from...
fats
Only the ______________ part of fat can be converted to Acetyl CoA.
fatty acids
What are the building blocks of lipids?
fatty acids
What are polyunsaturated fats?
fatty acids have 2 or more unfilled spots (more than one double bond)
What is a monounsaturated fat?
fatty acids have one unfilled spot (one double bond between carbon atoms)
What are the final products of fat digestion to be absorbed?
fatty acids, monoglycerides, and glycerol
What is steatorrhea?
fatty diarrhea
What can be a result of choline deficiency?
fatty liver disease
Atherosclerosis is characterized by...
fatty plaques composed of cholesterol on inside lining of major blood vessels
What is food neophobia?
fear of new food
Dry mouth from lack of salivation may be caused by...
fear, infection, or drug reaction
How does E. coli spread?
fecal contamination, under cooked meat, unpasteurized foods
Iron is stored as what?
ferritin
Alcohol use during pregnancy can lead to what?
fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASDs)
What is the most severe form of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder?
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
When does mature breast milk come in?
few days after delivery
Calcium is essential for the formation of what protein matrix of a blood clot?
fibrin
The Quran mentions what foods as being of special value to physical and social health?
figs, olives, dates, honey, milk, and buttermilk
What is another form of passive transport process where water and molecules move down a hydrostatic pressure gradient?
filtration
Hispanic population is expected to increase by a factor of ____.
five
Orange-yellow foods provide what?
flavonoids
What are the trace minerals?
iron, zinc, iodine, selenium, copper, manganese, fluoride, chromium, molybdenum, cobalt, boron, vanadium, nickel
What is the most commonly diagnosed GI disorder?
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
Excessive use of NSAIDs...
irritates gastric mucosa, decreases mucosal integrity, and may result in erosion, ulceration, and bleeding
GI fluids are _____.
isotonic
What is the international unit of measurement for energy?
joule (J)
When does calcium absorption, deposition, and retention peak?
just before puberty
Body mass index is measured in...
kg/m^2
The largest amount of water leaves through where?
kidney
Dehydration is associated with what risk factors?
kidney infections, kidney stones, gallstones, and constipation
What is an example of urinary control of pH?
kidneys can excrete more or less hydrogen ions
How does ADH conserve water?
kidneys' nephrons increase reabsorption of water
How does water leave the body?
kidneys, skin, lungs, and feces
Why isn't dietary fiber digested?
lack enzymes that are needed to break beta bonds between molecules
What is the primary cause of inadequate circulating serum vitamin D?
lack of sun exposure
Seventh-Day Adventists follow what diet?
lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet
Hindu and Buddhist are generally what?
lacto-vegetarian
What is the most common food intolerance?
lactose
What is the sugar in milk?
lactose
What are sources of galactose?
lactose (milk, milk products)
The liver can store what?
large amounts of fat soluble vitamins, especially vitamin A
Methyl mercury is a toxin that contaminates what?
large bodies of water and fish within the water
What disaccharide is derived within the body from intermediate digestive breakdown of starch?
maltose
Most weight gain for pregnant women occur in __________.
maternal stores: fat, protein, water, and other nutrients
What milk or milk substitute provides the highest amount of fat per liter?
mature human milk
What is the greatest source of zinc?
meat
What are sources of iron?
meat, eggs, fortified cereals, some vegetables, liver
What are sources of Clostridium perfringens?
meats, poultry, gravy, dried or precooked foods
What are sources of Bacillus cereus?
meats, stews, gravies, vanilla sauce
Xerostomia can also be caused by what?
medication, disease, or radiation therapy of head or neck
Decrease levels of what hormone may interfere with normal sleep cycles?
melatonin
What is the form of vitamin K synthesized by intestinal bacteria?
menaquinone
What is the cessation of estrogen and progesterone production by the ovaries?
menopause
Physical activity can lead to ____________ benefits.
mental health
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder is the leading cause of preventable ___________ and ___________ in the US.
mental retardation and birth defects
What is ATP?
metabolic end product of energy yielding foods consumed
What is the sum of the vast number of chemical changes in cell that produces materials essential for energy, tissue building, metabolic controls?
metabolism
Deoxyadenosylcobalamin is a coenzyme that helps with what?
metabolism of fatty acids that have odd number of carbon atoms
What are two active coenzyme derivatives of cobalamin?
methlycobalamin and deoxyadenosylcobalamin
Mercury is converted what by bacteria?
methyl mercury
What is one of the standard tables used in the US?
metropolitan life insurance company's ideal weight for height chart
In the small intestine, bile salts surround monoglycerides and fatty acids to form what?
micelles
The non water soluble fat particles are found where in the micelle?
middle
What is the best source of calcium?
milk
What are good sources of riboflavin?
milk, enriched grains, animal protein, almonds, soybeans
What are sources of lactose?
milk, milk products
What are the units of measurement for vitamins?
milligrams or micrograms
α-tocopherol requirements are expressed in what units?
milligrams per day
Blood pressure is measured in what units?
millimeters of mercury (mmHg)
How do diuretics affect mineral status?
minerals that are excreted and need to be replaced include sodium, potassium, magnesium, and zinc
What bonds to tetracycline and prevents absorption?
minerals with a 2+ charge (magnesium, calcium, and iron)
What is the work center of the cell in which all metabolic reactions take place?
mitochondrion
Many Southeast Asians eat rice in ___________.
mixed dishes
How does water act as a solvent?
polarity of water effectively ionizes and dissolves many substances
What is the portion of circulation from intestines to liver?
portal circulation
What is a hiatal hernia?
portion of upper stomach protrudes through hiatus opening
What has increased from 1970s in American meals?
portion sizes
What mineral is necessary for maintaining normal heart action?
potassium
Why is much of potassium loss when fruits or vegetables are boiled?
potassium is water soluble
What is spironolactone?
potassium sparing diuretic (meaning you should not consume extra potassium)
What minerals are bases?
potassium, calcium, sodium, and magnesium
What corticosteroids increase excretion of nutrients, including potassium?
prednisone, methylprednisolone, and hydrocortisone
What is eclampsia?
preeclampsia + seizures
What is chronic hypertension?
preexisting hypertension or hypertension that appears before 20 weeks gestation
What is preeclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension?
preexisting hypertension with development of proteinuria during gestation
What is the distribution of the intake of water per day assuming that total intake is 2400 mL?
preformed in liquids 1500 mL preformed in foods 700 mL metabolism(oxidation of food) 200 mL
What is resistant hypertension?
presence of high blood pressure despite treatment with three antihypertensive medications
Where does the name of vitamin thiamin come from?
presence of thiazole ring in its structure
What is the function of fluoride?
prevent development of dental caries by strengthening ability of teeth to withstand erosive effect of bacterial acids
What are problems and solutions associated with Omega-3 fatty acid (alpha linolenic)?
problem: few plant foods are good sources of alpha-linolenic acid solution: good sources of alpha-linolenic acid include flaxseeds, walnuts, canola oil, soy products
What are problems and solutions associated with vitamin B12 for vegetarians?
problem: no plant food contains active vitamin B12 solution: choose foods fortiefied with B12
What are problems and solutions associated with calcium for vegetarians?
problem: oxalates reduce absorption of calcium founds in spinach, beet greens, and Swiss chard solution: regularly consume plant foods high in calcium and low in oxalates
What are the problem and solutions associated with iron for vegetarians?
problem: plant foods contain hon-heme iron which is less bioavailable solution: tale iron intakes and vitamin C supplements
What are problems and solutions associated with zinc for vegetarians?
problem: plant foods high in phytates bind zinc solution: regularly consume foods such as nuts, soy products, zinc fortified cereals
What are the problems and solutions associated with protein for vegetarians?
problem: plant protein quality varies, lower bioavailability than animal protein solution: consume a variety of plant foods, include soy products
What are problems and solutions associated with vitamin D for vegetarians?
problem: primary dietary source is milk solution: sun exposure, foods high in vitamin D
What is weaning?
process of gradually acclimating a young child to food other than mother's milk or breast milk substitute as need to suckle wanes
Why are hydrochloric acid and buffer ions needed for chemical digestion?
produce correct pH for enzymatic activity
Why is water and electrolytes needed for chemical digestion?
products of digestion are carried and circulated through GI tact and into tissue by water/electrolytes
What are sources of Shigella?
raw produce, contaminated drinking water, uncooked and cooked foods that are not reheated
What are sources of Noroviruses?
raw produce, contaminated drinking water, uncooked foods and cooked food that are not reheated, shellfish from contaminated waters
What are sources of Hepatitis A?
raw produce, contaminated drinking water, uncooked foods and cooked foods that are not reheated after contact with infected food handler, shellfish from contaminated waters
How do malabsorptive procedures work?
rearrange small intestine to dedcrease length and efficiency of gut for nutrient absorption
What is the FDA's methods of enforcement?
recall, seizure, injunction, and prosecution
What are Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)?
reference values for the nutrient intake needs of healthy individuals for each gender and age group
What are Daily Values (DV)?
reference values the relate nutrition information to a total daily diet of 2000 kcal
What is balance in terms of nutrition?
refers to relative intake and output of substances in the body to maintain the equilibrium necessary for health in various circumstances
What is basal energy expenditure (BEE) or basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
refers to sum of all internal workings activities of body while at total rest
What are enriched grains?
refined grains products that have some vitamin and minerals added back
Americans consume what % of their grain products as refined and whole?
refined: 88% whole: 12%
What is the fastest growing segment of the convenience food market?
refrigerated convenience foods
The liver is a _______________ organ.
regenerative
Who carries the responsibility of medical nutrition therapy?
registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN)
What are the responsibilities of Federal Trade Commission?
regulates advertising and truthful marketing of food products
What are the responsibilities of the Environmental Protection Agency?
regulates use of pesticides and other chemicals and ensures safety of public drinking water
What determines a lipoprotein's density?
relative load of fat and protein
Lead poisoning has declined due to what?
removal of lead from gasoline and paint
How do chelating agents affect mineral status?
remove excess metal ions from body
What system corrects for hypovolemia through a negative feedback mechanism?
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
What enzyme is only present during infancy and childhood and is especially important for infant's digestion of milk?
rennin
What are corticosteroids used for?
replace normal hormones that should be released by adrenal glands
What are the responsibilities of the Food Safety and Inspection Service of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA)?
responsible for food safety of both domestic and imported meat, poultry, and processed egg products
What is aldehyde form of vitamin A?
retinal
What is another name for vitamin A?
retinol b/c its major function in retina of eye
Why is milk usually stored in plastic or cardboard cartons?
riboflavin is destroyed by light
Inadequate vitamin D to support intestinal absorption of calcium can result in what?
rickets
What are potassium sparing diuretics?
rid body of excess fluids but without wasting potassium in urine
Giardiasis is usually transmitted by ______.
water
Osmosis applies to _______ molecules.
water
Saliva, gastric juice, pancreatic juice, intestinal juice are all GI fluid secretions primarily made of what?
water
What provides the essential base for all metabolic process?
water
What is the main functions of sodium?
water balance, muscle action, nutrient absorption
Fiber intake should be gradually increased with what?
water intake
What does increasing temperatures cause water in the body to do?
water loss through sweat and requires fluid intake for replacement
What are sources of Escherichia coli producing toxin?
water or food contaminated with human feces
What is Choline?
water soluble nutrient associated with B-complex
What does transcellular fluid consists of?
water within GI tract, cerebrospinal fluid, ocular and joint fluid, and urine
What happens by 6-9 months of age and as other foods are introduced?
weaning from bottle
What can help avoid excessively high blood glucose concentration?
weight management through regular physical activity along with balanced meals
When are conditional indispensable amino acids indispensable?
when endogenous sources cannot meet metabolic demands
How can diverticula develop?
when pressure become sufficiently high in segment with weakened bowel walls
What are foods that inhibit iron absorption?
whole grain cereals, unleavened breads, legumes, tea, coffee
What is considered a staple fo drinking and cooking for Cajuns and French Canadians?
wine
What is considered appropriate for gestational age (AGA) on a growth chart?
within 10-90th percentile
Do men or women have more osteoporosis and lower bone mass?
women
What is the mean fiber intake for women and men in the United States?
women 15.5g/day men 18.7g/day
What are the daily recommended intake for women and men who are older than 50 years of age?
women 21g/day men 30g/day
What are the daily recommended intake of fiber for women and men aged 19 to 50 years old?
women 25g/day men 38g/day
What are some tests that determine status of bone integrity?
x-rays, dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, and bone scans
What is one condition common in older people that is caused by severe reduction in the flow of saliva?
xerostomia (condition of dry mouth)
What are good sources of thiamin?
yeast, pork, whole or enriched grains
Are nonnutritive sweeteners much sweeter than sucrose?
yes
What are groups with highest risks of developing food borne illness?
young children, pregnant women, elderly individuals, people with compromised immune system
What people are most affected by epilepsy?
younger than 2 and older than 65
Yellow-green foods provide what?
zeaxanthin
What can improve hypogeusia and hyposmia?
zinc intake
What is the most abundant fat-soluble antioxidant?
α-tocopherol
What is the most significant tocopherol?
α-tocopherol
What is accumulated in the fetus during the final 1-2 months of gestation?
α-tocopherol stores
The estimated lifetime prevalence of anorexia nervosa is __% in women and ___% in men.
•0.9% •0.3%
The estimated lifetime prevalence of bulimia nervosa is ___% in women and ___% in men.
•1.5% •0.5%
What is a kilocalorie?
•1000 calories •amount of heat needed to raise 1kg of water 1 degree Celsius
How much glycogen is stored in adults?
•100g in liver (8% of weight) •300-400g in skeletal muscle (1-2%)
The estimated lifetime prevalence of binge eating disorder is ___% for women and ___% for men.
•2.9% •3.0%
Less sodium means at least a ___% reduction and ____mg or less per serving.
•25% •140 mg
What women are at higher risk for development of gestational diabetes?
•30 yrs and older •overweight
The US Census Bureau predicts that the US population will increase by ___% from 2015 to 2060 to a total of ____ million people.
•30% •416 million
What is the upper limit for niacin?
•35mg/day •too much niacin can cause reddened flush on skin
Approximately ___% of infants worldwide are exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months, compared with only ___% in the US?
•37% •18.8%
The heart is a ___ chambered organ that is about the size of an adult ____.
•4 •fist
The death rates for anorexia nervosa is ____% and for bulimia nervosa it is ____%.
•4.37% •2.33%
Approximately ___% to ___% of total kilocalories should come from carbohydrate.
•45-65% •emphasis on complex carbohydrate
About __% of adults and __5 of children have true food allergies.
•5% adults •8% children
The protein requirement of a lactating women is _____.
•71 g/day •25 g/day more than average need (46 g/day)
What is the expected life expectancy in the United States for men and women?
•76.4 yrs for men •81.2 yrs for women
Whites have a life expectancy of ____ years while blacks have a life expectancy of ____ years.
•80 years •76.1 years
Health experts believe that __% of all cases of heart disease, strokes, and type 2 diabetes and __% of cancer cases could have been prevented by lifestyle modification.
•80% •40%
What is the % composition of chylomicron?
•85-88% triglycerides •8% phospholipids •3% cholesteryl esters •1-2% protein
How is alcohol digested?
•85-95% absorbed without any chemical digestion •alcohol takes precedence over metabolism of any other nutrient in body b/c it is toxin to liver •by product of alcohol metabolism is acetaldehyde •after detoxifying alcohol, liver uses remaining by products to produce fatty acids, which many lead to accumulation of fat in liver
The projected average life expectancy in 2060 is...
•85.6 years •for men= 84 yrs •for women= 87.1 yrs
In the US, ___% of soybean crop and ___% of corn crops are geneticallymodified.
•94% •93%
The lifestyle management guideline recommendations was written by...
•ACC/AHA •written to reduce risk of cardiovascular disease
What are some cardiovascular drugs influenced by grapefruit's inhibition of CYP3A?
•Amiodarone •Amlodipine •Atorvastatin
What are some Jewish food restrictions?
•Appropriate meats should come from animals that chew their cud and have clover hooves. Pork, rabbits, and birds of prey are avoided at all times. All forms of meat are cleansed of blood. •Meat and milk products are not to be eaten at the same meal or prepared with the use of same dishes. •Only fish with fins and scales are allowed. Shellfish and crustaceans are avoided. •No egg with blood spot may be eaten.
What are some traditional Jewish food?
•Bagels: doughnut shaped hard yeast rolls •Blintzes: thin, filled, rolled pancakes •Borscht (borsch): soup of meat stock, beaten egg or sour cream, beets, cabbage, or spinach that is served hot or cold •Challah: Sabbath loaf of white bread that is shaped as a twist and used at beginning of meal after Kiddush (blessing over wine) •Gefullte (gefilte) fish: "stuffed fish", usually first course of Sabbath evening meal and is made of chopped and seasoned fish filets that are stuffed back into skin or rolled into balls •Kasha: buckwheat groats (hulled kernels) that are used as cooked cereal or as potato substitute with gravy •Knishes: pastries that are filled with ground meat or cheese •Lox: smoked and salted salmon •Matzo: flat, unleavened bread •Strudel: thin pastry filled with fruit and nuts
Who observed that many sailors became ill and died on long voyages when they ad to live on rations without fresh foods?
•British naval surgeon Dr. James Lind •discovered scurvy
What are some dishes in the middle east?
•Bulgur (or burghel): partially cooked and dried cracked wheat that is available in a coarse grind as a base for pilaf or in a fine grind for use in tabouli and kibbeh •Falafel: "fast food" made from seasoned paste of ground, soaked beans that is formed into shapes and fried •Kibbeh: meat dish that is made of cracked wheat shell filled with small pieces of lamb and fried in oil •Pilaf: sauteed and seasoned bulgur or rice that is steamed in a bouillon, sometimes with poultry, meat, or shellfish •Pita: flat circular bread that is torn or cut into pieces and stuffed with sandwich fillings or used as a scoop for a dip in hummus •Tabouli: salad made from soaked bulgur that has been combined with chopped tomatoes, parsley, mint, and green onion and then mixed with olive oil and lemon juice
Food safety depends on what?
•Clean: wash hands and surfaces often •Separate: do not cross contaminate •Cook: cook to proper temperatures •Chill: refrigerate promptly
Folate deficiency impairs what?
•DNA and RNA synthesis •results in large and immature erythrocytes (megaloblastic anemia)
What does TH4 participate in?
•DNA synthesis and cell division •synthesis of amino acid glycine, which is used in hemoglobin synthesis •reduction of blood homocysteine concentration
What are the functions of zinc?
•DNA, RNA, protein synthesis, energy metabolism and food intake regulation •formation or hydrolysis of carbs, lipid, proteins •immune system •reproduction growth hormone, neurotransmission •structure and function of biomembranes •stabilizer of RBC membrane, which decreases oxidative damage
What was issued as a results of public concern about hunger and nutrition in the United States?
•Dietary Guidelines for Americans •updated statement issued every 5 years
What are functions for non cellulose polysaccharides?
•absorb water and swell to a larger bulk •slowing emptying of food mass (aiding satiety) •binding bile acids in intestine •preventing spastic colon pressure •fermentation material on which colon bacteria can work on
How is calcium best taken?
•absorbed in doses 500 mg or less •taken on empty stomach
What is Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
•acid "setting up shop" in esophagus •constant regurgitation of acidic gastric contents into lower esophagus results in erosive esophagitis
What ergogenic benefit come from caffeine?
•acting directly on skeletal muscle during exercise •acting on central nervous system •both decrease ratings of exertion
What diseases can cause water loss?
•GI problems like diarrhea •uncontrolled diabetes mellitus b/c excess of water through urine as a result of high blood glucose levels
Where can Salmonella be found?
•GI tracts of most animals •raw unpasteurized milk •foods containing raw or undercooked egg, poultry, or meat •seafood from polluted water, especially oysters and clam
How does chloride help with digestion?
•HCl •gastric enzymes require a specific acid concentration to function
How is physical energy expenditure calculated?
•Physical activity (PA) number is given based on standard values depending on lifestyle (1-2.5) •This factor is multiplied by BEE or REE
What is the composition of intracellular fluid?
•Potassium •Magnesium •Phosphate and other organic anions •Protein
What are the responsibilities of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)?
•Primary governing body of American food supply, with the exception of commercial meat, poultry, and egg products. •Governs dietary supplements, bottled water, food additives, and breast milk substitute infant formulas
______________ plus ________________ impairs vitamin B12 status.
•Ribavirin •peginterferon-a2b
What are the specifies of Salmonella that commonly cause food borne illness?
•Salmonella typhi •Salmonella paratyphi
What is the composition of extracellular fluid?
•Sodium •Calcium •Chloride •Bicarbonate
What are the 2 most common types of food poisoning?
•Staphylococcal •Clostridial
What 3 landmark reports reinforced the need to reorganize entire food labeling system?
•Surgeon General's report on Nutrition and Health •National Research Concil's Diet and Health Report •Public Health Service's national health goals and objectives
Whys is folate important for both mother and fetus throughout pregnancy?
•Tetrahydrofolic acid (TH4) participates in DNA synthesis, cell division, and hemoglobin synthesis •particularly relevant during periconceptional period (from 2 months before conception to week 6 of gestation)
What is rickets?
•Vitamin D deficiency in children •soft long bones that bend under child's weight •contributes to development of osteoperosis and osteomalacia as adults
What does a vitamin B6 deficiency lead to?
•abnormal central nervous system •one cause of microcytic hypochromic anemia
What is dyslipidemia?
•abnormal lipid profile •ex: high LDLs
What does involuntary work include?
•activities not consciously performed •circulation, respiration, digestion, absorption •chemical energy in metabolic processes •electrical energy in brain and nerve activities •mechanical energy in muscle contraction •thermal energy to maintain body temp
What does the pancreas do?
•acts as exocrine and endocrine gland •secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate
What do flavors and spices do?
•add specific flavors (natural and synthetic) •used in pudding and pie fillings, gelatin dessert mixes, salad dressing, candies, soft drinks, ice cream, BBQ sauce •includes natural flavoring, artificial flavor, and spices
What do sweeteners do?
•add sweetness with or without extra calories •used in beverages, baked goods, confections, table top sugar, sugar substitutes, many processed foods •includes sucrose, glucose, fructose, sorbitol, mannitol, corn syrup, high fructose corn syrup, saccharin, aspartame, sucralose, acesulfame potassium (acesulfame-K), neotame
What are social and economic factors that determine food choices?
•advertising and marketing culture •general and nutrition education •income •political and economic policies •religion and social class •social problems, poverty, alcoholism, and drug abuse
What is the thermic effect of food?
•after eating, extra energy is required for digestion, absorption, and transportation of nutrients to the cells •approx 5-10% of body's total energy needs for metabolism relate to digestion and storage of nutrients from food
What are the 2 types of steatohepatitis?
•alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) •nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)
What are sources and function of algal polysaccharides?
•algae and seaweeds •used as thickener in food products
An ___________ environment with a pH greater than ____ is necessary for the activity of pancreatic enzymes.
•alkaline environment •pH greater than 8
What are physiologic factors that determine food choices?
•allergies •disability •health and disease status •heredity •nutrient and energy needs •therapeutic diets
What is celiac disease?
•allergy to gluten •response is destruction of GI tract lining
What do emulsifiers do?
•allow smooth mixing of ingredients •prevent separation, keep emulsified products stable •reduce stickiness, control crystallization, keep ingredients dispersed, and help products dissolve more easily •used in salad dressings, peanut butter, chocolate, margarine, frozen desserts •includes soy lecithin, mono and diglycerides, egg yolks, polysorbates, sorbitan, monostearate
What is a registered dietitian (RD)?
•also known as clinical nutrition specialist, registered dietitian nutritionist, or public health nutritionist •is the nutrition authority on the health care team
What are MedGEm and BodyGem?
•alternative methods for determining REE with fast and portable devices •person holds device while breathing only from mouthpiece •measures ONLY oxygen intake •predicts REE using modified Weir equation with a constant respiratory quotient of .85
What does inadequate selenium cause?
•alters immune function •increases opportunity for oxidative stress
What is energy density?
•amount of energy in a given amount of food •fats have highest energy density
What is resting energy expenditure (REE)?
•amount of energy needed by body for maintenance of life at rest •up to 10% higher than BEE
Muscosal lesion results from...
•amount of gastric acid and pepsin secretions •extent of Helicobacter pylori infection •degree of tissue resistance and mucosal integrity
A nutrient's bioavailabilty depends on what?
•amount of nutrient present in GI tract •competition among nutrients for common absorptive sites •form in which nutrient is present
Bile is not a what?
•an enzyme •but functions as an emulsifier that breaks fat into small particles (increasing total surface area for enzymatic action) and lowers surface tension of fat (so enzymes can penetrate) •bile also provides alkaline medium that is necessary for pancreatic lipase (chief lipid enzyme)
Complete proteins are primarily of what origin?
•animal origin (egg, milk, cheese, meat, poultry, fish) •Gelatin is exception since it is animal, but incomplete •Soy is exception since it is plant, but is complete
What are good sources of sulfur?
•animal protein •meat, eggs, milk, cheese, legumes, and nuts
Where do saturated fats and cholesterol come from?
•animals sources •meat fats, dairy fats (cream, ice cream, butter, cheese), egg yolks •coconut and palm oils
How do antacids affect mineral status?
•antacids alter the acidic environment of stomach needed for absorption of many drugs and minerals •mineral deficiency can occur, especially phosphate
What are example of anticholinergic drugs?
•antidepressant amitriptyline (Elavil) •antipsychotic chlorpromazine (Thorazine)
What 2 hormonal systems maintain constant body water balance?
•antidiuretic hormone mechanism •renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
What is the most vital function of α-tocopherol?
•antioxidant action •other functions include cell signalling antiproliferative(inhibits cell growth) effects against conditions such as glaucoma
What are functions of phytochemicals?
•antioxidant activity •hormonal actions •DNA replications •enzyme activity •antibacterial effects
What does lean mean in nutrition?
•applies to meat, poultry, and seafood •less than 5 g of fat, 2 g of saturated fat, and 95 mg of cholesterol per serving
What is Galactosemia?
•autosomal recessive disorder that results when galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase is not produced by body •galactose cannot be converted to glucose •treatment is galactose free diet with formulas for infants and lactose-free food •symptoms include cognitive disability, speech problems, neurological disorders, ovarian dysfunction
What is Phenylketonuria?
•autosomal recessive genetic disorder that results when phenylalaline hydroxylase is not produced by body •if untreated, could cause permanent mental retardation and central nervous system damage •symptoms include hyperactivity, convulsive seizures, psychiatric disorders •treatment is low-phenylalanine diet of special formulas and low protein food products
What are physical factors that determine food choices?
•available food supply •food technology •geography, agriculture, and distribution •sanitation and housing •season and climate •storage and cook facilities
Biotin is bound by ______, which is found in egg whites.
•avidin •so consuming raw eggs inhibits biotin absorption
With Antidepressant...
•avoid beer, red wine, tyramine containing food such as cheese, yogurt, sour cream, liver, cured meats, caviar, dried fish, avocados, bananas, raisins, soy sauce, miso soup, ginseng, and caffeine •drink 2-3L of water per day and take drugs with food; keep constant sodium intake
How can stomach gas be avoided?
•avoid carbonated drinks •do not gulp •chew with mouth closed •do not drink from can or through straw •do not eat while nervous
What may help relieve symptoms of morning sickness?
•avoid empty stomach by eating small, frequent meals with snacks that are dry, bland, low fat, low fiber •drink liquids between meals •try ginger to vitamin B6
With Antihypertensives...
•avoid licorice and tyramine containing foods •avoid with grapefruit juice
Nutrition care for foods allergies for what two aspects?
•avoiding offending foods •substituting nutritionally appropriate alternatives for excluded foods
Chromium was thought to...
•be essential component of glucose tolerance factor •reduce insulin resistance
What does HCl do?
•begins unfolding and denaturing of complex protein chains •unfolding makes peptide bonds more available for enzymatic action •provides acid medium necessary to convert pepsinogen into active pepsin
What are some things to note for Chinese foods?
•believe that refrigeration diminished natural flavors, so freshest food and cooked quickly at high temp in wok is preferred •meat is used in small amounts •eggs and soybean •uses dried, salted, pickled, spiced, candied, or canned as garnish and relish •rice is staple grain •traditional beverage is green tea •seasonings include soy sauce, ginger, almonds, and sesame seeds •peanut oil is main cooking fat
Carbonic acid dissociates into what?
•bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) •proton (H+)
What is Questran?
•bile acid sequestrant •lowers blood cholesterol by taking bile acid from recycling process •known as antiphyperlipidemic
How can vitamins A,D,E, and K be absorbed?
•bile complex (micelles) •requires bile
What are the major functions of the liver?
•bile production •synthesis of proteins and blood clotting factors •metabolism of hormones and medication •regulation of blood glucose levels •urea productions to remove waste products of normal metabolism
How can phytic acid lead to iron deficiency anemia?
•binds to other materials that have similar charge such as iron, calcium, magnesium, and zinc •this can inhibit absorption
What is considered large for gestational age (LGA) on a growth chart?
•birth weight is ≥ 90th percentile •also known as macrosomia
What is used to treat patients with stage 1 hypertension?
•blood pressure lowering medication •usually includes diuretic
What are some things to note in the Eat Right 4 Your Type diet?
•blood type determines way body absorb nutrients and dictates diet and exercise plan that will suit best •type O: avoid wheat and beans •type A: avoid meat, dairy, wheat •type B: avoid chicken, wheat, lentils •type AB: avoid meat •not validated
What are other names for assisted living facilities?
•board and care •domiciliary care •sheltered housing •residential care •personal care
What is negative nitrogen balance?
•body excretes more nitrogen than it keeps •happens when body has inadequate dietary supply of protein or total energy •occurs during malnutrition, illness, and starvation
How can body fatness be measured?
•body fat calipers •hydrostatic weighing •bioelectrical impedance analysis •air displacement plethysmography •dual energy x-ray absorptiometry
What are the four basic function of calcium?
•bone and tooth formation •blood clotting •muscle and nerve action •metabolic reactions
What are the functions of phosphorus?
•bone and tooth formation •energy metabolism •acid-base balance
What does hypophosphatemia cause?
•bone loss •loss of appetite •weakness •pain
What are symptoms of hypervitaminosis A?
•bone pain, dry skin, hair loss, fatigue, anorexia •liver injury with portal hypertension •ascites (fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity)
What are some things to note in Italian foods?
•bread and pasta •milk is typically mixed with coffee •lots of cheese •meats, poultry, and fish •vegetables used alone, mixed in, soups, and salads •seasonings include herbs, spices, garlic, wine, olive oil, tomato puree, and salted pork •main dishes prepared by browning vegetables and seasonings in olive oil, adding meat or fish, covering with liquid such as wine/broth/tomato sauce, and simmering on low heat •fresh fruit as snack and dessert
What are some things to note in Greek food?
•bread is center of every meal •milk seldom used as beverage but served as yogurt •feta cheese (white cheese made from sheep's milk and preserved in brine) is popular •lamb is preferred meat •vegetables are often main entree and cooked with broth, tomato sauce, onions, olive oil, and herbs •rich pastries such as baklava are served on special occasion
What does the enzyme lecithinase?
•breaks down lecithin for absorption •secreted by small intestine
How were vitamins first named?
•by assigning letters of the alphabet to each vitamin in the order that they were discovered •vitamins were later named by chemical structure or body function
Women with gestational diabetes are at higher risk of what?
•caesarean delivery •fetal damage such as birth defects, stillbirth (fetus death), macrosomia (abnormally large baby), and neonatal hypoglycemia
Hypercalcemia is associated with what?
•calcification of soft tissue •decreased intestinal absorption of other minerals
What is essential for the fetal development of bones and teeth?
•calcium, along with phosphorus, magnesium, and vitamin D •calcium is also necessary for blood clotting
What are micovilli?
•can be seen under electron microscope •small hair like projections that cover all of villi on surface of small intestine •covering of microvilli on each villus is called brush border
What are villi?
•can be seen under light microscope •small finger like projections that cover folds of mucosal lining •increase area of exposed surface •each villus has ample supply of blood vessels to receive protein, carbohydrate, and water soluble micronutrient •each villus also have lymph vessel (lacteals) to receive fat soluble nutrients
How do infants eat during 10-12 months?
•can reach for spoon •bite •grab bottle or food and bring it to mouth •can drink from cup •tongue control to lick food off lower lip •can finger feed themselves
What are the three energy yielding nutrients?
•carbohydrates, fat, and proteins •only other yielding substance is alcohol
What is the body's main buffer system?
•carbonic acid (H2CO3) •sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
What are low density lipoproteins (LDLs)?
•carry at least two thirds total plasma cholesterol to body tissues •formed endogenously in liver and in serum from catabolism of VLDLs and IDLs •deliver cholesterol to tissue •"bad cholesterol" •low density of protein
What are high density lipoproteins (HDLs)?
•carry total fat and more protein •transport cholesterol from tissues and arteries back to the liver for catabolism •endogenously produced in the liver "good cholesterol"
What are sources and functions of hemicellulose?
•cell wall plant material (bran, whole grains) •holds water and increases stool bulk, reduces colonic pressure, binds bile acids (which decreases serum cholesterol level)
Why do critical periods for becoming obese occur during early growth periods?
•cells are multiplying rapidly during childhood and adolescence •after body has added extra fat cells for more fuel storage, these cells remain for a person's lifetime
How do infants eat during 4-6 months?
•change from suckling pattern with a protruded tongue to a mature and stronger suck with liquids •munching pattern begins •able to grasp objects, bring them to mouth, and bite
Why is dehydration dangerous in elderly adults?
•changes in hypothalamus reduces thirst sensation •slows process of rehydration
What is Penicillamine?
•chelator that attaches to zinc and copper and blocking absorption •used to treat Wilson's disease and rheumatoid arthritis •prevent kidney stones
What are things to note for cellulose?
•chief component of cell walls in plants •add bulk that helps move food mass along •stimulates normal muscle action in intestine •forms soft feces •sources include stems, leaves, covering of grains •where phosphorus (in the form of phytic acid) is stored as
What are some guidelines for women who are capable of becoming pregnant?
•choose foods that supply heme iron and vitamin C(since this enhances iron absorption) •consume 400 mcg/day of synthetic folic acid
What foods should be added during 10-12 months?
•chopped fruits and vegetables •finger foods
What are the two most common symptoms of malabsorption disorders?
•chronic diarrhea •steatorrhea
What is Xerostomia?
•chronic dry mouth •occur in middle aged= elderly adults •associated with rheumatoid arthritis or radiation therapy •causes swallowing and speaking difficulties, taste interference, and tooth decay
How does water act as transport?
•circulates through body in form of blood, secretions and tissue fluid •carries nutrients anywhere in body
What are the best food sources of ascorbic acid?
•citrus fruits, bell peppers, and kiwis •other sources include berries, broccoli tomato juice, and other green/yellow vegetables
What factors may be involved in failure to thrive?
•clinical disease •neuromotor problems •dietary practices •unusual nutrient needs or losses •psychosocial problems
What is nursing diagnosis?
•clinical judgement about individual, family, or community experiences to actual or potential health problems/life processes •provides basis for selection of nursing interventions to achieve outcomes
How is phosphorus necessary for energy metabolism?
•coenzyme thiamin pyrophosphate controls oxidation for carb, fat, protein •adenosine triphosphate •protein construction (as component of RNA) •genetic inheritance
Alpha-linolenic acid is an essential fatty acid that contains ___ carbon atoms and ____ double bonds. The first double bond is located on the ____ carbon atom from the omega end.
•contains 18 carbon atoms, 3 double bonds •first double bond on 3rd carbon from omega end •under omega-3 fatty acid
What are growth charts used for?
•continuous assessment of a child's growth rate •measurements are plotted as a percentile of population in terms of specific anthropometric measurements
What is tissue turnover?
•continuous process of reshaping, building, and adjusting to maintain overall protein balance within body •balance among tissue protein, plasma protein, and dietary protein
What do pH control agents and acidulants do?
•control acidity and alkalinity •prevents spoilage •used in beverages, frozen desserts, chocolate, low acid canned foods, baking powder •includes lactic acid, citric acid, ammonium hydroxide, sodium carbonate
What do intramural nerve plexus do?
•control muscle tone in wall •regulate rate and intensity of alternating muscle contractions •coordinate various movement •extends from esophagus to anus
Other enzymes require ascorbic acid to perform what functions?
•conversion of neurotransmitter dopamine to norepinephrine •synthesis of carnitine, a mitochondrial fatty acid transporter involved in extracting energy from fatty acids •oxidation of phenylalanine and tyrosine •metabolism of tryptophan and folate •maturation of bioactive neural and endocrine peptides •absorb nonheme iron by keeping it in ferrous form
Biotin in ________ and _________ is completely bioavailable.
•corn and soy meal •biotin in wheat is NOT BIOAVAILABLE
What are 2 examples of biotechnology in agriculture?
•corn that expresses protein that serves as insecticide •synthesis of rice with increased B-carotene
What are symptoms of riboflavin deficiency?
•cracked lips and mouth corners •swollen red tongue •burning, itching, or tearing eyes •scaly, greasy dermatitis in skin folds
What is pica?
•craving for consumption of nonfood items •common among pregnant women
What does HCl do in the stomach?
•creates the acidity needed for gastric enzymes to work and for absorption to occur •activates first protease, pepsinogen
What is gastric restriction?
•creation of small stomach pouch designed to reduce space available for food •limits appetite and eating
What are popular seasonings in Cajun cuisine?
•crushed and fermented red chili peppers •cayenne pepper •crushed black pepper •white pepper •bay leaves •thyme •file powder (made from sassafras leaves and seasons/thickens dish)
What are the three basic aspects of undesirable eating behavior?
•cues or antecedents •response •consequences
What are ways to control flatulence?
•cut down on simple carbohydrates (sugars) •observe milk's effect b/c it may be caused by lactose intolerance •prior leaching process before cooking dry beans to remove indigestible saccharides such as raffinose and stachyose •eliminate known food offenders
What are two conditions that trigger malabsorption?
•cystic fibrosis (CF) •inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
What are some things to note in the hCG diet?
•daily injections of human chorionic gonadotropin hormone keep body in an anabolic state and reduce appetite •very low calorie diet (500 calories a day) •avoid oil, butter, dressing, cosmetics, lotions, medications, massages •not validated
What does lead poisoning do?
•damage to central nervous system •alter cognitive and motor skills
What are goods sources of B-carotene?
•dark green, leafy vegetables ex: collard greens, kale, and spinach •dark-orange vegetables ex: carrots, sweet potatoes or yams, pumpkins, melon, and apricots
High doses of niacin supplements can cause what?
•decrease low density lipoprotein and triglyceride levels •improve high density lipoprotein •side effects include reddened flush on skin
Why should people older than 50 years consume more vitamin B12?
•decreased gastric acid production •HCl is secreted from gastric mucosal cells and necessary for vitamin B12 digestion along with intrinsic factor •however as people age there is decreased HCl secretion
What is prediabetes syndrome?
•decreased glucose tolerance •insulin response to glucose in bloodstream is inadequate to maintain blood glucose levels within a normal range but not high enough to be diagnosed for diabetes
What is the fluid shift mechanism that occurs in heart failure?
•decreased heart function causes blood to accumulate in vascular system •buildup offsets delicate balance of filtration pressure and causes fluid to collect within intracellular spaces
How can dumping syndrome be avoided?
•decreasing carb intake •avoiding fluid with food
What are intermediate density lipoproteins (IDLs)?
•degradation of VLDLs leave IDLs in circulation •continue delivering endogenous triglycerides
High doses of choline have resulted in what?
•depressed blood pressure •fish body odor •sweating •excessive salivation •reduced growth
Why should caregivers never prop bottle or leave baby alone to feed?
•deprives infant of cuddling that is vital part of nurturing •causes milk to pool in mouth, which can lead to choking, earache, or baby bottle tooth decay
Why is there an increased need for proteins during pregnancy?
•development of placenta •growth of fetus •growth of maternal tissue •increased maternal blood volume •amniotic fluid
What is overt diabetes?
•diabetes at initial prenatal visit •have undiagnosed diabetes before becoming pregnant
Malabsorption includes disturbances of...
•digestion of macronutrients: carbs, proteins, and fats •terminal digestion at brush border mucosa: disaccharides and peptides are hydrolyzed by disaccharidases and peptidases for final step of digestion •absorption: end products of macronutrient digestion, micronutrients, and water are absorbed across epithelium of small intestine
What are the intestinal enzymes?
•disaccharidases that convert respective disaccharides into monosaccharides •enterokinase activates typsinogen (which is released from pancreas to become trypsin) •amino peptidase removes end amino acids from polypeptides •dipeptidase splits dipeptides into two remaining amino acids •intestinal lipase splits fat into glycerides and fatty acids
What is achalasia?
•disorder of esophagus in which muscles of tube fail to relax, which inhibits normal swallowing •occur when lower esophageal sphincter maintain high muscle tone •also called cardiospasm
Why has BMI to define obesity undergone criticism?
•does not measure body fat per se but rather total body weight relative to height •for individuals with more muscle mass than average (football players), BMI may not be most ideal for assessing risks
The number of people who are older than 65 will _____, for a record high of ___% of total population.
•double •23%
How does growth periods affect BEE?
•during rapid growth, growth hormone stimulates cell regeneration and raises BEE to support anabolic metabolism •rate of cellular regeneration slows with age, so BEE decreases as well •BEE rises significantly during pregnancy •BEE increases by 4.5% 1st trimester, 10.8% 2nd trimester, 24% 3rd trimester
What are the requirements of a RDN?
•earned bachelor's degree approved by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Accreditation Council for Education in Nutrition and Dietetics (ACEND) •complete ACEND internship •pass national exam by commission on dietic registration
How does bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) work?
•easy, portable, inexpensive, noninvasive •one type is a foot to food analyzer that require person to stand on with bare feet while electrical current travels through his or her body •analyzer determines body fat percentage on basis of gender, age, height, weight, total body water, and rate at which electrical current travels •fat impedes current, so lower total body fat means faster travel time of current •bioelectrical impedance machines that use multiple frequency analysis with eight point tactile electrodes have least error and highest correspondence to reference amount of body fat
How can you decrease reflux frequency and volume?
•eat small, frequent meals •sip small amounts of liquid with meals •adequate fiber and water •avoid eating 3-4 hours before bed
What are some things to note in the Paleo diet?
•eating diet we are genetically adapted to base on hunter gatherer ancestry •high protein, low carbohydrates •not validated
What are some things to note for Atkins diet?
•eating too many carbohydrates causes obesity •ketosis leads to decreased hunger •carbs prevent diet from burning fat •EAT meat, fish, poultry, eggs, cheese, high fiber vegetables, butter, oil nuts, seeds •AVOID carbohydrates •not validated
What is "normal eating"?
•eating when hungry and stopping when full •demonstrating moderate restraint with regard to food selection •recognizing overeating and undereating are sometimes acceptable •having ability to be flexible with eating schedule
What is secondary hypertension?
•elevated blood pressure that has known cause •symptom or side effect of another primary condition
What does cold temperatures cause water in the body to do?
•elevated respiratory water loss •hypoxia •cold induced diuresis •increased energy expenditure •raises water needs
What are some things to note in the Whole30 diet?
•eliminating processed foods for a 30 day period allows metabolism to reset and rebalances hormone levels •avoid added sugar, alcohol, grains, legumes, dairy •not validated
What are characteristics of Marasmus?
•emaciated appearance with little body fat •chronic form •result of starvation
What is bile?
•emulsifying agent •produced by liver and stored in gallbladder
When should whole cow milk or milk substitute be introduced?
•end of first year •reduced-fat or fat free milk is NOT recommended until 2 years
What does the human body synthesize so that there is always small amount of cholesterol?
•endogenous cholesterol •produced in liver, adrenal cortex, skin, intestine, testes, and ovaries
Exercise stimulates the production of what?
•endorphins (natural chemicals that decrease pain and improve mood) •may produce "high"
How does potassium help with metabolic reactions?
•energy production •conversion of blood glucose into stored glycogen •synthesis of muscle protein
What does to FDA do?
•enforcing food sanitation •controlling food additives •regulating movement of foods across state lines •maintaining nutrition labeling of foods •ensuring safety of public food service
What do flavor enhances do?
•enhance flavors already present in foods •used in many processed foods •includes monosodium glutamate (MSG), hydrolyzed soy protein, autolyzed yeast extract, disodium guanylate or inosinate
What are hemorrhoids?
•enlarged veins in the anus that often protrude through anal sphincter •caused by increased weight of the baby
What enzymes works with α-tocopherol as an antioxidant?
•enzyme glutathione peroxidase •contains SELENIUM
What is enterokinase?
•enzyme secreted in the duodenum in response to food •activates trypsin
Magnesium is a cofactor for what?
•enzymes that activate amino acids for protein synthesis •helps with cell replication
What factors influence how much a mineral is absorbed?
•food form- minerals from animal sources are more readily absorbed •body need- more is absorbed if body is deficient •tissue health- if absorbing intestinal surface is affected by disease, absorptive capacity is diminished
What is MyPlate?
•food guidance system released in June 2011 by U.S. Department of Agriculture •visual pattern of current basic five food groups arranged on a plate to indicate proportionate amounts of daily food choices •goal is the promote variety and moderation
What are some things to note in Mexican foods?
•food habits of early Spanish settlers and Native American nations form basis •dried beans tomatoes, corn, and squash •small amounts of meat and eggs •high prevalence of lactose intolerance •mango, papaya, avocado •corn has been basic grain used for bread in form of tortillas •major seasonings are chili peppers, onions, and garlic •fat has been lard
What is the difference between bacterial food infections vs bacterial food poisoning?
•food infections result from eating food that is contaminated by large colonies of bacteria •food poisoning result from ingestion of bacterial toxins that have been produced in food
What three areas formed the basis of recommendations from the Institute of Medicine?
•foods for mandatory regulations •the format of label information •educations of consumers
What is Meals on Wheels?
•for older adults who are ill/disabled and cannot travel to community centers •meals are delivered by couriers to homes
What is active transport?
•force by which particles move against concentration gradient •requires carrier to help transport particles across the membrane •ex: glucose enters cells through active transport mechanism that involves sodium as partner
What is simple diffusion?
•force by which particles move outward in all directions from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration •used by small materials that do not need protein channel
What is congestive heart failure?
•form of chronic heart disease •weakened heart muscle is unable to maintain adequate cardiac output to sustain normal blood circulation •makes breathing, eating, walking, sleeping difficult to perform
What are very low density lipoproteins (VLDLS)?
•formed in liver from endogenous fat •carry triglycerides to cells throughout the body •contain about 12% cholesterol •very low density of protein
What is the Supplemental nutrition assistance program (SNAP)?
•formerly known as Food Stamp Program •issues electronic benefits transfer cards to primary care provider in households with monthly income less than 130% of poverty line •about 42 million low income use this •elderly adults have lowest participation rates at 42%
What is the Nutrition Services Incentive Program?
•formerly known as Nutrition Program for Elderly •operated through US Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Aging •purpose is promote socialization, health, and well-being for older individuals by reducing hunger and food insecurity •provides cash from USDA for delivery of nutritious meals to elderly •people older than 60 can eat hot lunches at community centers
What is SNAP?
•formerly known as food stamp •45.7 million participants each month •electronic benefits transfer cards are issued to primary care provider •household must have monthly income below poverty limit
What is the DRI for linoleic acid?
•found in polyunsaturated vegetable oils •17g/day for men •12g/day for women
What is DRI for alpha linolenic acid?
•found in seed oils •1.6g/day for men •1.1g/day for women
What is fructose?
•found primarily in fruits and honey •as fruit ripens, stored starch is changed to sugar •sweetest of simple sugars
What are two basic forms in which minerals occur?
•free ions in body fluids (sodium) •covalently bound minerals that may be combined with other minerals (calcium and phophorus in hydroxyapatite)
Polyunsaturated fatty acids in phospholipids of cell and organelle membranes are susceptible to what?
•free radical oxidation •α-tocopherol intercepts oxidation process
What is SuperTracker?
•free software tool that can assess energy intake •estimates energy output through physical activity and basal energy expenditure
How do secretions from pancreas enter the duodenum?
•from common bile duct •secretions contain starch splitting enzyme pancreatic amylase that breaks down starch into disaccharides and monosaccharides
How does Leptin production control satiety?
•functions as negative feedback mechanism against overconsumption of total energy •plasma leptin rise after weight gain and drop after weight loss
How do infants eat during 7-9 months?
•gag reflex weakens as infants begin chewing solid foods •develop normal controlled gag and control of chocking reflex •mature munching increases intake of solid foods while chewing with rotary motion •can sit alone, secure items, and hold bottle alone •develop pincer grasp
Cholelithiasis is...
•gallstone formation •impaired metabolism of cholesterol, bile acid, phospholipids, and bilirubin
What fat enzymes are present in gastric secretions?
•gastric lipase (tributyrinase) •acts on emulsified butterfat
What can disrupt secretions of intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid?
•gastrointestinal disorders that destroy cells in the stomach •ex: atrophic gastritis
What are the functions for magnesium?
•general metabolism •protein synthesis •muscle action •basal energy expenditure
What does an individual with hyperthyroidism have?
•higher metabolic rate and higher energy needs •b/c too much thyroxine produced
What is cystic fibrosis?
•generalized genetic disease of childhood that is inherited as autosomal recessive trait •inhibits normal movement of chloride and sodium ions in body tissue fluids •ions become trapped inc ells and causes thick mucus to form and clog ducts/passageways
What is Glycogen Storage Disease (GSDs)?
•genetic defect that inhibits normal metabolic pathway of glycogen •absence of enzymes needed for synthesis or breakdown of glycogen
What is hemochromatosis?
•genetic disease resulting in iron overload •mutation in HFE gene •autosomal recessive •treatment involves bloodletting
What is phenyketonuria (PKU)?
•genetic disorder in which the affected individual lacks the enzyme needed to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine •tyrosine becomes indispensable amino acid •phenylalanine levels in blood may rise to toxic levels
What are features of anorexia nervosa?
•genetic predisposition •dieting behavior •high level of exercise •body dysmorphic disorder (obsession with a perceived defect of the body) •obsessive compulsive disorder •acculturation •perfectionism •negative self evaluation
Other common used herbs that have drug interactions include...
•ginkgo •ginger •ginseng
How is iron necessary for metabolism?
•glucose metabolism •antibody production •drug detoxification •collagen and purine synthesis •conversion of B-carotene to active vitamin A
What is the doubly labeled water method?
•gold standard for measuring energy expenditure •ingest water labeled with known concentration of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes •elimination of isotopes is measured to predict energy expenditure and metabolic rate
What are some complementary protein combinations?
•grains and peas,beans, or lentils •legumes and seeds •grains and dairy
What are major food sources of starch?
•grains in the form of cereal, pasta, crackers, bread, and other baked goods •legumes in the form of beans, peas, potatoes, rice, corn, and bulgur
What are good sources of vitamin B6?
•grains, enriched cereals, liver and kidney •limited amounts in legumes
What is the Senior farmers' market nutrition program?
•grant based program the provides for low income older adults with income that is less than 185% below poverty income •coupons that can exchange for fresh fruits, vegetables, and herbs from farmers markets, community supported agriculture programs, and roadside stands.
Why do infants require more water per unit of body weight than adults?
•greater % of infant's total body weight is composed of water •larger proportion of infant's total body water is in extracellular space •infants have proportionally larger surface area and metabolic rate
What are rich sources of folate?
•green, leafy vegetables, orange juice, legumes, chicken liver •grain products fortified with folic acid
During aging, what hormone levels decrease?
•growth hormone •sex hormones estrogen and testosterone
What are pyschologic factors that determine food choices?
•habits •preferences •emotions •cravings •personal food acceptance •positive or negative experiences and associations
Inadequate intake of dietary essential fatty acids is linked to what?
•hair loss •infertility •low blood platelet levels •impaired vision •compromised brain function •growth retardation
Breastfeeding is more common in women who...
•have higher socioeconomic status and education •30 yrs and older •western states
How do premature infants different normal infants?
•have more body water, less protein, and fewer mineral stores •little subcutaneous fat to maintain body temp •poorly calcified bones •incomplete muscle development, sucking reflex is weak or absent •limited ability for digestion, absorption, renal function •immature livers that lack developed metabolic enzymes or adequate iron stores
What is a myocardial infarction (MI)?
•heart attack •caused by failure of heat muscle to maintain normal blood circulation b/c of blockage of coronary arteries
Sodium can be loss under what conditions?
•heavy labor or strenuous physical exercise •sport drinks replace losses during such activities
Iron is a component of what?
•heme (nonprotein part of hemoglobin) •myoglobin (protein found in muscle cells)
Extra blood volume increases what proteins in blood as well?
•hemoglobin, which help supply oxygen to cells •albumin, which regulates blood volume through osmotic pressure to prevent edema
What did Henrik Dam discover in chicks that were fed diet with all lipids have been removed?
•hemorrhagic disease •Dam called it koagulation vitamin or vitamin K
What form of GSD affect glucose availability of whole body?
•hepatic form •ex: Gierke's disease or type 1 glycogenosis
What is gestational hypertension?
•high BP diagnosed after 20 week digestion •BP returns normal within 6 weeks postpartnum
What is essential or primary hypertension?
•high blood pressure with no identifiable cause •more than 90% of cases
Aerobic exercise has shown to increase levels of what?
•high density lipoprotein levels •when intensity increases, low density lipoprotein and triglyceride levels were lowered
What causes fat to accumulate in the liver?
•high levels of fatty acids in circulation •exaggerated lipogenesis •impaired lipolysis
What foods are rich in phosphorus?
•high protein foods •milk, milk products, meat, fish, and eggs •bioavailability from plant seeds are lower b/c of phytic acid
How does dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) work?
•highly accurate way to assess body composition •uses radiation to distinguish bone, muscle, water, and fat density •less intimidating than hydrostatic weighing but more expensive •"gold standard" to validate all other body composition analysis
What are medications that interfere with cobalamin absorption?
•histamine H2 blockers metformin (Glucophage) •proton pump inhibitors
What is cholecystokinin (CCK)?
•hormone secreted from mucosal epithelium of small intestine in response to presence of fat and certain amino acids •inhibits gastric motility •increases release of pancreatic enzymes •stimulates gallbladder to secrete bile to emulsify fat
What is secretin?
•hormone that simulates gastric and pancreatic secretions •increases in response to low pH in duodenum •stimulates pancreatic release of bicarbonate •stimulates secretion of pepsinogen from chief cells of stomach
What occurs in the Krebs cycle?
•hub of energy production •occurs in mitochondria •energy is converted into form that body can use •ensures that body has enough adenosine triphosphate
What is the concept of a unified whole for water?
•human body forms one continuous body of water that is contained by envelope of skin •every space inside and outside of cell is filled with water based fluids
What is Leptin?
•human equivalent of the "obesity gene" •hormone mainly released from adipose tissue and is believed to determine set point for fat storage
What are examples of antihypertensive medication?
•hydrocholorothiazide (Esidrix) •furosemide (Lasix) •bumetanide (Bumex) •spironolactone (Aldactone)
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs include...
•ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) •aspirin (acetylsalicyclic acid)
Why is being active important for people with type 2 diabetes?
•improves action of naturally produced insulin by increasing sensitivity of insulin receptor sites •also enhance glucose uptake without requiring insulin by skeletal muscle cells clearing glucose from blood
How does intestinal gas form?
•in colon where bacteria attack fermentable residues and cause them to decompose and produce gas •carbs release hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane •protein releases hydrogen sulfide, volatile compounds such as indole and skatole •less fermentable residue foods can improve symptoms
What first produces pepsin?
•inactive proenzyme pepsinogen by a single layer of chief cells in stomach wall •HCl than changes pepsinogen to active enzyme pepsin
What are contributing factors to poor bone health?
•inadequate calcium and vitamin D intake •physical inactivity •smoking and alcohol use •decreased estrogen level after menopause in women •thin body frame •certain disease states and use of medications that alter mineral bioavailablity and bone turnover
What are factors that contribute to loss of bone density?
•inadequate calcium intake or poor intestinal calcium absorption •lack of physical activity •side effects of medication
What are causes of iron deficiency anemia?
•inadequate dietary intake •excessive blood loss •lack of gastric HCl, which frees iron for absorption •presence of iron inhibitors (phytate, phosphate, tannin, oxalate) •manifestation of intestinal mucosal lesions
What are contributing factors so sarcopenia?
•inadequate protein metabolism •inadequate physical activity
A diet rich in monounsaturated fats results in what?
•increase high density lipoprotein levels •improves atherogenic index (ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol) •reduces vascular inflammation
Menopause is accompanied by what?
•increase in body fat •decrease in lean tissue •increase risk of chronic disease
What are effects of diet high in trans-fatty acids?
•increase in low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels •reductions in high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels •increase in atherogenic index and endothelial dysfunction •increase production of atherosclerotic inflammatory cytokines
What are two factors that have fueled rapid progress toward better food labels?
•increase in variety of food products entering US marketplace •changing patterns of American eating habits •both factors led many health conscious consumers and to rely increasingly on nutrition labeling to help attain health goals
What does Carbamazepine do?
•increase metabolism of vitamin D, calcium, folate, and biotin •thus, more of these substances are needed
Why is exercise important?
•increase skeletal tissue glucose uptake independent of insulin •even though insulin sensitivity is declining, exercise helps by shuttling glucose into tissues and out of blood
What is iron necessary for in pregnancy?
•increased hemoglobin synthesis •baby's prenatal storage of iron
What are dietary mangement techniques for diverticular disease?
•increasing dietary fiber (particularly insoluble fiber) •adequate fluid intake
How do weight bearing exercises help strengthen bones?
•increasing osteoblast activity •weight bearing load increases calcium deposits in bone, which increases bone density and reduces risk for osteoporosis
What are the two concepts of nutrient interaction?
•individual nutrients have many specific functions •no nutrient ever works alone
Why is high fluid intake critical during infancy?
•infant's body content of water is large (70-75%) •large amount of water is outside of cells and is more easily lost
What are signs of readiness for solid food?
•infants have good head control •signs of reaching for food and eagerness to be fed •controlled movement of tongue •have doubled birth weight
How do you know if a nutrient is essential?
•its absence will create a specific deficiency disease •body cannot manufacture it in sufficient amounts and must obtain it from diet (diet with 10% or less of total calories from fat cannot supply adequate amounts of essential fatty acids)
What do anti-caking agents do?
•keep powdered foods free flowing •prevent moisture absorption •used in salt, baking powder, confectioner sugar •includes calcium silicate, iron ammonium citrate, silicon dioxide
Rapid breakdown of fat results in what?
•ketone production b/c of incomplete fat oxidation •acidosis or ketosis upsets normal acid-base balance and could result in cellular damage •protective action of carb is antiketogenic effect
What do kidneys do when blood pH levels are too acidic?
•kidneys will accept more hydrogen ions from blood in exchange for sodium ions •sodium ions are basic •blood is losing an acid (by losing H+) •this increases blood pH back to normal
What are two severe forms of PEM (protein energy malnutrition)?
•kwashiorkor and marasmus •both result in stunted growth, weakened immune system, and poor development
What is the difference between kwashiokor and marasmus?
•kwashiorkor is more fatal and results from acute protein deficiency •marasmus results from more chronic deficiency of many nutrients
Why is phytic acid undigested in humans?
•lack of necessary enzyme phytase
Why is gelatin a insignificant protein?
•lacks three essential amino acids tryptophan, valine, and isoleucine •only small amounts of leucine
Adjustable gastric bands (AGB) can be placed by _________________ surgery and the band is subcutaneously adjusted as needed with the use of a _________________.
•laparoscopic •small port
What is the parotid gland?
•largest of 3 pairs of salivary gland •lie above the angle of the jaw and below and in front of the ear
What are necessary control measures for parasites?
•laws controlling hog and cattle food sources and pastures •avoidance of rare beef and under cooked pork
What are factors that affect BEE?
•lean body mass •growth periods •body temperature •hormonal status •disease state
What are the four body compartments that make up body composition?
•lean body mass (muscle mass) •fat •water •bone
How does lean body mass affect BEE?
•lean body mass includes muscles, bones, connective tissue such as ligaments and tendons, and internal organs •one of the largest contributor to overall metabolic rate •more lean body mass, the higher BEE •greater metabolic activity in lean tissue than adipose tissue
How can you increase lower esophageal sphincter pressure?
•lean protein intake •avoid high fat meals •avoid peppermint and spearmint
Decreased metabolic rate in adults reflect loss of what?
•leans muscle mass •high metabolically active organ tissues such as brain, liver, heart, and kidneys
How can fatty acids chains be classified?
•length •short, medium, or long •chain contains carbon atoms with methyl group (CH3) at one end (omega end) and an carboxyl group (COOH) at other end
Phylloquinone is sensitive to what?
•light and irradiation •should be kept in dark bottles
What are mucosal folds?
•like hills and valleys of a mountain range •surface of small intestine piles into many folds •can easily be seen when such tissue is examined
With Nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs...
•limit alcohol intake •increase vitamin C, folate, and vitamin K
What is food insecurity?
•limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods •limited ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways
Initial fat breakdown may begin in the mouth by the action of what enzyme?
•lingual lipase, which is secreted by the Ebner's glands at the back of the tongue •important for digestion during infancy
What are the only fatty acids known to be essential?
•linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid •serve functions related to tissue strength, cholesterol metabolism, muscle tone, blood clotting, heart action
What is Lecithin?
•lipid substance produced by liver •key building block of cell membrane •combination of glycolipids, triglycerides, and phospholipids •helps transport fats and cholesterol
Most micronutirents, vitamins, and minerals require ___________.
•little to no digestion •vitamins A, B12, and biotin are exceptions
Unlike water soluble vitamins, fat soluble vitamins can be stored where?
•liver and adipose tissue •accumulation in body can result in toxicity
What are the best food sources for biotin?
•liver, cooked egg yolk, soy flour, cereals •gut bacterial also synthesizes biotin
What accounts for the water solubility of fiber?
•looser physical structure •greater water holding capacity
What is the female athlete triad?
•low energy availability •menstrual dysfunction •low bone mineral density
What is hyponatremia?
•low sodium in blood •can occur because of too much plain water •results in acid-base imbalances and muscle cramping
What are some benefits for vegetarianism?
•lower levels of saturated fat and cholesterol •lower obesity prevalence •better lipid profiles and lower rates of death from cardiovascular disease •lowered risk of renal disease •management of type 2 diabetes and cancer
What does an individual with hypothyroidism have?
•lower metabolic rate and lower energy needs •b/c not enough thyroxine produced
What is the one step oral glucose tolerance test?
•method for diagnosing diabetes using 75-g oral glucose tolerance test •patient's fasting plasma glucose level is measured •patient drinks solution with 75 mg of glucose •plasma glucose is measured again 1 hr and 2 hr later
What is the two step oral glucose tolerance test?
•method of diagnosing diabetes using two step method of oral glucose tolerance test in a nonfasting patient •patient drinks 50-g glucose solution •plasma glucose is measured 1 hr later •if glucose levels greater than 140g/dL, patient must return for step 2 •step 2 is fasting 100-g glucose tolerance test
What foods are permitted in muslim culture?
•milk •fruits and vegetables except if fermented or poisonous •breads and cereals unless contaminated •seafood •many land animals except swine, pork, and birds of prey •eat kosher meat or Halal meat •alcohol is strictly prohibited
What are sources of calcium?
•milk and milk products •calcium fortified soy products, fruit juices, cereals •low oxalate greens: bok choy, collard greens, kale, and turnip greens
What is a chemical buffer system?
•mixture of acidic and alkaline components •involves an acid and a base partner that protect a solution from wide variations in pH
What do enzyme preparations do?
•modify proteins, polysaccharides, and fats •used in cheese, dairy products, meat •includes enzymes, lactase, papain, rennet, chymosin
What are characteristics of Kwashiorkor?
•more common among children aged 18-24 months •children are switched from nutritional breast milk to dilute diet of carbs and little protein •edema and fatty liver
Why can starch supply energy over a longer period of time?
•more complex in structure than simple sugars •break down more slowly
What foods should be added during 8-10 months?
•more grain products •more vegetables •egg yolks and beans •cheese
How does hydrostatic weighing work?
•more precise method and often used in athletic programs and research studies •requires complete submersion of an individual in water •person must exhale as much air as possible and then stay underwater for a few seconds •relatively accurate, but not easy, portable, or insexpensive so many patients are unwilling
Why does physical activity increase water requirement?
•more water is lost in sweat and respiration •more water is necessary for increased metabolic demands of physical activity
What is osteocalcin?
•most abundant noncollagenous protein in bone matrix •vitamin K dependent protein •binds calcium to form bone crystals
What is glucose?
•most basic single sugar •circulating in blood •primary fuel for cells •found in corn syrup or processed food items •supply comes from digestion of starch •also called dextrose
What is Creatine?
•most commonly use ergogenic aid •increases water content in muscle, leading to GI distress
Where is vitamin A stored?
•mostly in liver (70%) •remaining stored in adipose, lung, skin, spleen, eyes, and testes
What happens when CD-activating protein is ingested?
•mucosal surface of small intestine is damaged •leaves villi that are malformed and with few remaining functional microvilli •injured mucosa reduces surface area for nutrient absorption •decreased release of peptide hormones, bile, and pancreatic secretions intensifies malabsorption
What is the formula for calculating basal energy needs?
•multiply 1 kcal/kg body weight by number of hours in a day if man •multiply .0 kcal/kg body weight by number of hours in a day if woman
What two movements do layers of smooth muscle in the GI wall provide?
•muscle tone or tonic contraction, which ensures continuous passage of food mass and valve control •periodic muscle contractions and relaxation, which are rhythmic waves that mix food mass and move it forward
What are two characteristics of vitamins?
•must be vital organic substance that is not carb, fat, or protein •cannot be manufactured by body in sufficient amounts to sustain life and must be supplied by diet
What form of GSD inhibit normal glycogen metabolism in striated muscles?
•myopathic form •ex: McArdle's disease (type 5 glycogenosis)
Where is Mercury found?
•naturally in environment •also by product of human production
What are prolactin inhibitors?
•negative environmental and psychologic factors that contribute to early cessation of breastfeeding •factors include stress, fatigue, medical complications, lack of support, poor self-efficacy, and irregular breastfeeding
Adequate stores of folic acid helps prevent what?
•neural tube defects •ex: spina bifida and anencephaly (no brain)
What destroys thiamin?
•neutral or alkaline environments •cooking
Proton pump inhibitors are a class of drugs that do what?
•nhibit release of acid in stomach
Niacin is part of what two coenzymes?
•nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD): helps with macronutrient metabolism •nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP): involved in DNA repair and steroid hormone
Is alcohol a nutrient?
•no •perform no essential function in body •not stored in body
What is Aspartame?
•nonnutritive sweeteners •composed of aspartic acid and phenylalanine •200 times sweeter than sucrose •people with Phenylkeotnuria should avoid this
Pancreatitis inhibits what?
•normal exocrine pancreatic function •decreased secretion of digestive enzymes
What is the most common cause of food borne illness in the United States?
•norovirus •but less likely to cause hospitalization
To maintain nitrogen balance, what may occur?
•parts of amino acid that contains nitrogen may be removed by deamination, converted to ammonia, excreted as urea in urine •non nitrogen residue can be used to make carbohydrate or fat, or it may be reattached to another amino acid
How do fatty materials enter bloodstream?
•pass through lymph vessels in villi (lacteals) •flow into larger lymph vessels •eventually enter bloodstream through thoracic duct
How does hormonal status affect BEE?
•people with underactive thyroid gland have decreased metabolic rate •hypothyroidism is treated with Levothyroxine •epinephrine, insulin, and cortisol increases metabolic rate •deficiency of growth hormone may be linked to obesity
What are the two most common reasons women stop breastfeeding?
•perception that baby is not satisfied with breast milk alone •do not think they are making enough milk
What are four general areas of concern regarding chemical usage in agriculture?
•pesticide residues on foods •gradual leaching of chemicals into groundwater •increased exposure of farm workers to chemicals •increased amount of chemicals necessary as insects develop tolerance
What are three genetic diseases involving errors in metabolism?
•phenylketonuria (PKU) •galactosemia •glycogen storage disease (GSD)
What is the antidote for the effects of excessive anticoagulant drug dose?
•phylloquinone •often used to control and prevent certain types of hemorrhages
What four areas of adult life shape growth and development?
•physical •pyschosocial •socioeconomic •nutritional
Why is dehydration common in the elderly population?
•physiologic changes in hypothalamus causes decrease in thirst sensation and reduced fluid intake •diminishing kidney function •both these slow rate of rehydration
Why is it hard for iron and zinc to be absorbed?
•phytic acid in grain products bind to minerals and prevent absorption •divalent(having 2 ve) cations compete for absorption •high folic acid intake may also reduce absorption
What is provitamin A?
•pigment in yellow, orange, and deep green fruits or vegetables •can be converted to retinol
How can whole protein be absorbed?
•pinocytosis •requires protein carrier
Incomplete proteins are generally of what origin?
•plant origin (grains, legumes, seeds, nuts) •soy protein is exception
What is the volume of body fluid compartments as % of body weight for adult females?
•plasma 4% •interstitial 11% •intracellular 35% •total 50%
What is the volume of body fluid compartments as % of body weight for adult males?
•plasma 4% •interstitial 16% •intracellular 40% •total 60%
What is the volume of body fluid compartments as % of body weight for infants?
•plasma 4% •interstitial 26% •intracellular 45% •total 75%
What are colloids?
•plasma proteins that draw water into vessel to reestablish equilibrium of solute concentration between fluid compartments •exert colloidal osmotic pressure to maintain integrity of blood volume
What are things the inhibit iron absorption?
•polyphenols (tea and coffee) •oxalic acid (spinach, chard, and berries) •phytates (whole grains and legumes)
What are some reasons for malnutrition?
•poor food habits •lack of appetite or loneliness and not wanting to eat alone •lack of food availability as a result of economic or social issues •poor oral health •General gastrointestinal problems •declining of salivary secretions and dry mouth with diminished thirst and taste sensations •inadequate hydrochloric acid secretion in stomach •decreased enzyme and mucus secretion in intestine •decline in gastrointestinal motility
What does zinc deficiency cause?
•poor wound healing, hair loss, diarrhea, skin irritation, compromised immune function •reduces amount of carrier proteins available to transport iron and vitamin A
What are good sources of selenium?
•pork, turkey, lamb, chicken, and organ meats •fish, whole grains, seeds •brazil nuts
How does indirect calorimetry work?
•portable metabolic cart allows person to breathe into attached mouthpiece or ventilated hood system while lying down •normal exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide is measured •metabolic rate is calculated from rate of gas exchange
What happens when fibrous scar tissue replace functional liver tissue and blood can no longer circulate throughout liver?
•portal hypertension •ammonia intoxication and hepatic encephalopathy( alterations in brain homeostasis) •esophageal varices (dilation of blood vessels within esophagus walls)
What is the festival of Id al-Fitr?
•post ramadan festival •highlight of meal is kharuf mahshi (whole lamb stuffed with rich dressing)
What does botulism contain?
•powerful paralyzing toxin •symptoms include nausea, vomiting, weakness, blurred vision, and slurred speech •irritates motor nerve cells and blocks transmission of neural impulses at nerve terminals
Dietary vitamin A comes in what two forms?
•preformed vitamin A (or retinol) •provitamin A or (B-carotene)
What is the absorption rate of preformed vitamin A and B-carotene?
•preformed vitamin A = 75-100% •B-carotene = 3-90%
How can water enter the body stream?
•preformed water in liquids that are consumed •preformed water in foods that are eaten •product of cell oxidation when nutrients are burned in the body for energy
Women store more fat during _________ and after __________.
•pregnancy •menopause
Where does the name riboflavin come from?
•vitamin's chemical nature •yellow-green fluorescent pigment that contains ribose
What do preservatives do?
•prevent food spoilage from bacteria, fungi, or yeast •slow or prevent changes in color, flavor, texture and delay rancidity (antioxidants) •maintain freshness •used in fruit sauces/jellies, beverages, baked goods, cured meats, oil/margarine, cereals, dressings, snack foods, packaged fruits, and vegetables •includes ascorbic acid, citric acid, sodium bezoate, calcium propionate, sodium erythrobate, sodium nitrite, calcium sorbate, potassium sorbate, BHA, BHT, EDTA, tocopherols (vitamin E)
What are vitamin A related compounds associated with?
•prevention of age related macular degeneration •related compounds include carotenoids, lutein, and zeaxanthin
What do dough strengtheners and conditioners do?
•produce more stable dough •used in breads and other baked goods •includes ammonium sulfate, azodicarbonamide, L-cysteine
What do stabilizers, thickeners, binders, and texturizers do?
•produce uniform texture and improve mouth feel •used in frozen desserts, dairy products, cakes, pudding, gelatin, dressings, jams, and jellies, sauces •includes gelatin, pectin, guar gum, carrageenan, xanthan gum, whey
Why is ascorbic acid needed during collagen synthesis?
•proline and lysine need to be hydroxylated (OH added), which can only be done by ascorbic acid dependent enzymes prolyl hydroxylase and lysyl hydroxylase •iron is cofactor for these enzymes and ascorbic acid is needed to maintain iron in its active ferrous form
What is hyperemesis gravidarum?
•prolonged and severe vomiting in pregnant women with a loss of more than 5% of body weight •presence of ketonuria, electrolyte disturbances, and dehydration
When is hypokalemia more likely to develop?
•prolonged vomiting or diarrhea, severe malnutrition, or surgery •using antihypertensive medications, particularly diuretics that cause urinary potassium loss
What do leavening agents do?
•promote rising of baked goods •used in breads •includes baking soda, monocalcium phosphate, calcium carbonate
What do yeast nutrients do?
•promote yeast growth •used in breads and other baked goods •includes calcium sulfate, ammonium phosphate
What does mucus do?
•protect stomach lining from erosive effect of HCl •bind and mix food mass to help move along GI tract
What is protein sparing action?
•protein does not have supply energy if dietary carbohydrate is sufficient •protects protein for tissue growth and maintenance
What are problems with excess protein?
•protein foods with animal origin are also high in saturated fats and cholesterol •person who fills up on high protein foods have little room for other foods with essential vitamins,minerals, fiber •results in inflammation and apoptosis in glomerular cells of kidneys
Protein needs are related to what 2 basic factors?
•protein quality (quantity and ratio of amino acids) •adequate number of total kilocalories in diet
What are peptide hormones?
•proteins that help with metabolism of glucose •ex: insulin and glucagon
What are the vitamin K dependent blood factors?
•prothrombin •thrombin •fibrinogen •fibrin
What is the most effective prevention regimen against allergic disease?
•provide breast milk and to avoid all solid foods and cow milk for minimum 17 weeks after birth •add one new food every 3-5 days
What are continuing care retirement communities?
•provide continuum of residential long term care •can range from independent living with community organized events to nursing care facilities
What do fat replacers do?
•provide expected texture and creamy mouth feel in reduced fat foods •used in baked goods, dressings, frozen desserts, confections, cake and dessert mixes, dairy products •olestra, cellulose gel, carrageenan, polydextrose, modified food starch, microparticulated egg white protein, guar gum, xanthan gum, whey protein concentrate
What is bulimia nervosa?
•psychiatric eating disorder related to a person's fear of fatness •cycles of gorging on large quantities of food are followed by compensatory mechanisms (self induced vomit, diuretics and laxatives)
Antipsychotic drugs can cause what?
•psychogenic polydipsia •patients experience dry mouth and consume lots of water
What are sources and function of mucilages?
•psyllium husk, flaxseed •hold water
What is the Healthy People series?
•published by U.S. department of health and human services •focus on positive health and disease prevention
What is the metabolically active form of vitamin B6?
•pyridoxal 5'-phosphate •involved in macronutrient metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis •ATP production •synthesis of heme of hemoglobin •niacin formation from tryptophan
What is acrodermatitis enteropathica (AE)?
•rare autosomal recessive disorder that results in severe zinc deficiency and death •not enough zinc is able to be absorbed by gut •treated by high dose zinc supplements at infancy
What is aribofavinosis?
•rare riboflavin deficiency •symptoms include tissue inflammation and poor wound healing
What are sources of Campylobacter jejuni?
•raw and undercooked poultry •unpasteurized milk •contaminated water
What is night eating syndrome?
•recurrent episodes of night eating •there is awareness and recall of eating
What happens when there isn't enough vitamin E?
•red blood cell membrane phospholipids and proteins are susceptible to oxidation and destruction •leads to hemolytic anemia •disrupts synthesis of myelin
Why should there be a brief period of reduced energy intake during first day after heart attack?
•reduces metabolic workload on damaged heart •small feedings spread over day
What are some things to note in a food frequency questionnaires?
•respondent indicates how many times a day, week, month, or year that he/she consume specific foods by using questionnaire consisting of hundreds of foods PROS: •can be self administered •machine readable •inexpensive •may be more representative •does not alter respondents usual intake CONS: •modest demand on respondent •cultural/ethnic specific foods often not included •intake data can be compromised when multiple foods are grouped within single listing •requires literacy and good long term memory •not effective for monitoring short term dietary changes
What are things to note in multiple day food record?
•respondent records time, amounts, and type of food consumed for 3-7 days PROS: •does not rely on memory •can provide detailed intake •multiple day is more representative CONS: •requires high degree of cooperation •client must be literate/be able to write •take more time •analysis is labor intensive •act of recording alters usual intake •underreporting and inaccurately estimating portion sizes •respondent burden can lead to low response rate
What are signs of anorexia nervosa?
•restriction of energy intake •intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat •restricting type (weight loss is accomplished by dieting, fasting, or exercise)
What are two primary types of surgical procedures for weight loss?
•restrictive (making stomach smaller) •combination restrictive and malabsorptive (making stomach smaller and inducing malabsorption)
What do humectants do?
•retain moisture •used in shredded coconut, marshmallows, soft candies, confections •includes glycerin, sorbitol
What are some things to note in Japanese food?
•rice is basic grain •soy sauce seasoning •tea is main beverage •contains more seafood, especially in the form of sushi •vegetables are often steamed or pickled •fresh fruit •soybean products and seaweed •aesthetic appeal •high in sodium content and low in milk products b/c of lactose intolerance
What are some things to note in the Zone 1-2-3 Program?
•right combination of foods leads to a metabolic state at which body functions at peak performances and stabilizes hormonal communication •leads to decreased hunger, increased weight loss, increased energy, and increased control of cellular inflammation •eat protein, fat, and carb in 40/30/30 ratio •avoid alcohol, fruit, and saturated fats •not validated
What is Staphylococcus aureus?
•round bacterium that forms masses of cells •results in powerful toxins in contaminated food that rapidly produces illness
What are 2 types parasitic worms that affect food?
•roundworms such as Trichinella spiralis worm found in pork •flatworm such as common tapeworms found in beef and pork
What does the salivary glands secrete?
•saliva that contains salivary amylase (pytalin) to break down starch •mucous material that lubricates and binds food particles to swallow each bolus
Most fad diets fail on what two counts?
•scientific inaccuracies and misinformation •failure to address necessity of changing long term habits and behaviors
What is one persuasive factor that can impact nutrition for school aged children (5-12)?
•screen time •correlates to long term negative effects on food habits and risk for obesity
What people are susceptible to vitamin K deficiency?
•secondary result of another clinical condition •severe malabsorption disorders •treated chronically with antibiotics •babies since they don't have bacteria in gut
What are things to note for chymotrypsin?
•secreted first as inactive chymotrypsinogen •activated by trypsin •continues protein splitting
What are things to note for carboxypeptidase?
•secreted first as inactive procarboxypeptidase •activated by trypsin •attacks acid (carboxyl) end of peptide chain to produce small peptides and some free amino acids
What are things to note for trypsin?
•secreted first as inactive trypsinogen •activated by enzyme enterokinase •breaks long protein chains into small polypeptides and dipeptides
What are some physical changes of aging that affect food patterns?
•secretion of digestive juices lessens •motility of GI muscles weaken, which causes decreased absorption •decreased taste, smell, thirst, and vision that reduce fluid intake •reduced hand eye coordination that can impact ability to prepare and cook food
What is wellness?
•seeks full development of potential for all people within their given environments •implies a balance between activities and goals •also implies a positive dynamic state that motivates a person to seek a higher level of functioning
What do gases do?
•serve as propellant, aerate, or create carbonation •used in oil cooking spray, whipped cream, carbonated beverages •includes carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide
What are some things to note in Native American foods?
•share spiritual attachment to land and determination to retain culture •corn, beans, rice •cornbread, mush dumplings, fruit dumplings (walakshi), fry bread, ground sweet acorns, tortillas, cabbage, carrots, cassava, dandelion, greens, eggplant, milkweeds, onions, pumpkin, squash, turnip •dried wild cherries, grapes, wild bananas, berries, and yucca •duck, eggs, fish egg,s geese, venison, beef, pork, chicken, mutton, lentils, nuts •lard and shortening
What are eicosanoids?
•signaling hormones that act as messengers for central nervous system •divided into four classes: prostaglandins, prostacyclins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes •derived from essential fatty acids
How can you clear food materials from esophagus?
•sit upright when eating meals •do not recline after eating •wear loose fit clothing
What are conditionally indispensable amino acids?
•six amino acids that are normally considered dispensable amino acids because body can make them •under certain circumstances the body cannot make them in high enough quantities and they become indispensable
What are some things to note in Black or African American food?
•spoonbread (souffle like dish of cornmeal with beaten eggs) •hoppin John (blacked eyed peas served over rice) •high prevalence of lactose intolerance •pork, corn, green leafy vegetables, and fried foods
Vitamin B6 is stable to ________ but sensitive to ______ and _______.
•stable to heat •sensitive to light and alkalis
What is the most significant polysaccharide for human nutrition?
•starch •composed of many coiled and branching chains in treelike structure •composed of 24-30 glucose units
What is aerobic capacity?
•state in which oxygen is required to proceed •milliliters of oxygen consumed per kilogram of body weight per minute as influenced by body composition
What are some long term complications of GERD?
•stenosis (narrowing or stricture of the esophagus) •esophageal ulcer •Barrett's esophagus (squamous cell epithelium of esophagus changes to resemble tissue lining of small intestine
What are body composition changes in girls during puberty?
•store more subcutaneous fat •pelvis widens •size of hips increase
How can Cajun foods be described?
•strongly flavored and spicy •abundant seafood as base and cooked as stew and served over rice
What are the functions of choline?
•structural component of cell membrane •component of phospholipid lecithin •involved in lipid transport •hemocysteine reduction •neurotransmitter acetylcholine
What are the functions of proteins?
•structural tissue building •water balance through osmotic pressure •buffer agent to help maintain pH balance •digestion and metabolism through enzymatic action •cell signaling and transport •immunity •source of energy
What are sterols?
•subgroup of steroids •amphipathic •sterols made from plants are phytoseterols •sterols made from animals are zoosterols •help with membrane fluidity and cellular signaling
What is disaccharide is common table sugar?
•sucrose •granulated, powdered, or brown sugar
What is the external energy cycle?
•sun and its vast nuclear reactions •with water and CO2, plants transform sun's radiation into stored energy •food chain continues as animals eat plants
Why do mothers need more calories during second and third trimester?
•supply increased fuel required by metabolic workload for both mother and fetus •spare protein for added tissue building requirements
What is Laparoscopic fundoplication?
•surgical procedure that restores LES function and esophageal peristalsis •upper portion of stomach (fundus) is wrapped around esophagus and sewn into place so that esophagus passes though the muscle of the stomach
What is lipectomy (liposuction)?
•surgical removal of subcutaneous fat by suction through a tube that is inserted into a surface incision or •removal of larger amounts of subcutaneous fat through a major surgical incision
What are the functions of glycogen stores?
•sustain normal blood glucose levels during short term fasting periods •immediate fuel for muscle action •protect cells from depressed metabolic function and injury
What are some things to note in the South Beach Diet?
•switching to the "right" carbohydrates stops insulin resistance, reduces cravings, and causes weight loss •avoid fatty meats, full fat cheese, refined grains, sweets, juice, potatoes •is validated
What is Levothyroxine (Synthroid)?
•synthetic hormone prescribed to treat hypothyroidism and to regulate energy balance •absorbed in the jejunum and ileum of small intestine •absorption is maximized on empty stomach since gastric acid delays drug absorption •dietary fiber reduces bioavailability by binding to drug •calcium, iron, and soy products interfere with drug absorption •gastrointestinal disorders also interfere
With Antihyperlipidemics...
•take with evening meal and avoid more than one alcoholic drink per day • include rich sources of fat soluble vitamins, folate, B12, and iron •avoid grapefruit juice
With Antihistamines...
•take with water •avoid alcohol •avoid taking with grapefruit juice
Excessive vitamin A consumption during pregnancy is known as what?
•teratogen •which is why acne treatment (which have vitamin A) is restricted during pregnancy
How should bottles and nipples be cleaned?
•terminal sterilization method •rinse bottle and nipples after each feeding and force water through nipple holes to prevent formula from crusting in the,
What are Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs)?
•the average daily dietary intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirement of nearly all healthy individuals in a group •first published during WW2
What happens to monoglycerides and fatty acids that make it into intestinal cells via micelle transport?
•they are both reconstructed to form triglycerides again •triglycerides are then packaged into a new carrier called chylomicron
What medication causes bone loss over time?
•thiazides (antidiabetic medication) •cyclophosphamide therapy (prostate cancer treatment)
Cystic Fibrosis symptoms include?
•thick mucus in lungs •pancreatic insufficiency: lack of pancreatic enzymes •malabsorption •liver and gallbladder disease •inflammatory complications •increased salt concentration
Drugs with anticholinergic properties result in what?
•thickening of saliva and dry mouth •need to increase fluid intake
What happens to starch mixtures when cooked?
•thickens •b/c portion that encases starch granules has gel-like quality that thickens starch mixture
What is glycemic index?
•thought to be ideal tool for controlling blood glucose levels •ranks food according to how fast blood levels rise after consuming food •foods that produce higher peak in blood sugar are given higher ranking •low GI foods do not produce high blood glucose spikes and are favorable
What are signs of ascorbic acid deficiency?
•tissue bleeding, joint bleeding, susceptibility to bone fracture, poor wound healing, bleeding gums, and tooth loss •extreme deficiency results in scurvy
The FDA food labeling requires what information about fat?
•total fat •saturated fat •trans fat •polyunsaturated fat (optional) •monounsaturated fat (optional) •cholesterol
As part of DVs, the daily reference are dietary standards for what nutrients?
•total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, total carbohydrates, dietary fiber, iron, calcium, and sodium •current label has vitamins A and C but proposed label has vitamin D and Potassium
What are things to note in a 24-hour food recall?
•trained interviewer asks respondent to recall all food and drinks consumed during the previous 24 hours PROS: •fast, easy, inexpensive •low respondent burden •not dependent on respondent's level of education/literacy •does not change respondent's usual intake CONS: •underreporting and overreporting are common •depends on memory •accuracy is dependent on skill of interviewer •omission of sauces, dressings, and beverages lead to low estimates
What are some things to note with diet history?
•trained nutrition professional interviews patient about number of meals eaten per day, his/her appetite, and GI distress, use of dietary supplements PROS: •assess usual nutrient intake •can detect seasonal changes •data about all nutrients can be obtained •can correlate well with biochemical measures CONS: •lengthy interview process •requires highly trained interviewers •requires respondent who can remember usual diet •difficult and expensive to code for group analysis
How does stomach gas form?
•trapped air bubbles •when a person eats too fast, drinks through straw, or takes in extra air while eating •burping may help release gas
How do kidney nephrons respond to decreased renal blood flow?
•trigger vasopressin and reninangiotensin-aldosterone systems to increase blood pressure •pituitary gland-->vasopressin-->reabsorption of water •adrenal gland-->aldosterone-->resorption of sodium •fluid retention is increased in both, edema is exacerbated
What are phospholipids?
•triglyceride derivatives in which one fatty acid has been replaced with a phosphate group •results in amphiphilic molecule (hydrophobic and hydophilic) •major constituents of cell membrane and allow fluidity
Lipoproteins are composed of what?
•trigylcerides •protein •phospholipids •cholesterol •other fat-soluble substances
What are some things to note in Puerto Rican food?
•tropical fruits and vegetables •starchy vegetables and fruits such as plantains and green bananas •rice, beans •milk, meat, yellow and green vegetables are used in limited amounts •dried codfish is staple •cooking fat is lard
Riboflavin can convert ___________ to ___________.
•tryptophan to niacin(vitamin B3) •retinal to retinoic acid •synthesize active form of folate
The treatment for gestational diabetes is similar to _______ diabetes.
•type 2 •diet and exercise
What sudden fiber intake result in?
•uncomfortable gas, bloating, and constipation •can also traps small amounts of fiber and present absorption (chelation)
What are sources of Cryptosporidium?
•uncooked food or food contaminated by ill food handler after cooking •contaminated drinking water
What are the 3 basic principles to understand water?
•unified whole •body water compartments •particles in water solution
What allows proteins to act as buffering agent?
•unique structure •combination of carboxyl acid group and base group
What are the richest sources of potassium?
•unprocessed food •fruits such as oranges and bananas •leafy green vegetables •fish •whole grains •seeds •milk products
Fats from plant and fish sources are usually what?
•unsaturated •palm and coconut oils are exceptions
What does air displacement plethysmography work?
•used with BOD POD •reliable method that does not need technical expertise or radiation •expensive and not portable •calculates % body fat using weight, body volume, thoracic lung volume, and body density •however, discrepancies may arise when measuring children, elderly, and morbidly obese
Results may vary with the same method because of...
•using different settings (athlete vs non-athlete) •using same machine but with different manufacturer •using different test administrators •being subjected to administrator error
What are the richest sources of α-tocopherol?
•vegetable oils (wheat germ, soybean, safflower) •nuts seeds, fortified cereals as well
What is hydrogenation?
•vegetable oils are partially hydrogenated to produce more solid, shelf stable fat •normal bend is changed from cis to trans
What are the functions of cholesterol?
•vital to membranes •precursor for some hormones
What controls calcium's intestinal absorption?
•vitamin D •parathyroid hormone •calcitonin hormone •estrogen hormone
What is ergocalciferol?
•vitamin D2 •not produced by humans •inactive form
What is cholecalciferol?
•vitamin D3 •inactive form
Why do infants who are born in the US receive one time prophylactic injection of 1 mg of vitamin K at birth?
•vitamin K is needed for blood clotting •infants are born without bacterial flora that make some vitamin K
What is positive nitrogen balance?
•when body holds on to more nitrogen than it excretes •stores more nitrogen in the form of protein by building tissue •occurs in periods of rapid growth such as infancy, childhood, adolescence, pregnancy, and lactation •occurs also in people who have been ill and are being "built back up"
When does body draws form its stored energy?
•when food not available •such as during sleep, fasting, starvation
When does undernutrition appear?
•when nutritional reserves are depleted •nutrient/energy intake not sufficient •hospitalized patients that have illness that adds stress on body
What is the internal energy cycle?
•when people eat plant and animal foods •stored energy changes into body fuels •water is excreted, CO2 is exhaled, heat is radiated
How an hypothyroidism occur?
•when poorly functioning thyroid gland does not make enough T4 •this reduces basal metabolic rate
What foods should be added at 12 months?
•whole eggs •whole milk
What foods should be added during 8 months?
•whole-milk yogurt •pureed baby food (meats)
Why do carbohydrates exist in large quantities?
•widely available •easily grown •low in cost •easily stored
What are sources and functions of lignin?
•woody part of plants (broccoli stems, fruits with edible seeds, strawberries and flaxseeds) •antioxidant, binds to bile acids and minerals, decreases serum cholesterol
What is Menkes' disease?
•x-linked disease of copper metabolism •no treatment or cure •progression through neurodegeneration and connective tissue deterioration •do not survive through childhood
Adequate vitamin A prevents what?
•xerosis- itching, burning, and inflamed eyelids •xerophthalmia- blindness caused by severe deficiency
What are xanthophylls?
•yellow pigments that contain some oxygen •ex: α- and β-Cryptoxanthin, Lutein, Lycophyll, Neoxanthin, Violaxanthin, Zeaxanthin
Does alcohol provide energy?
•yes •7 kcal/g
What are the 5 biotin enzymes?
•α-Acetyl-CoA carboxylase: involved in fatty acid synthesis •β-Acetyl-CoA carboxylase: inhibiting fatty acid breakdown •Pyruvate carboxylase: synthesis of glucose during fasting •Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboyxlase: degradation of amino acid leucine •Propinyl-CoA carboxylase: breakdown of three-carbon fatty acid propionic acid
What is considered high lead blood level?
≥ 5mcg/dL
