World Geography: Chapter 6

Transportation systems

Reliable _____________________has been essential to the economic growth of Canada due to its large land area.

Christians, small minorities

Religion: a. ___________ make up the largest religious group b. Other religions practiced by ____________include Islam,Buddhism, Hinduism, Judaism, and Sikhism.

Quebec Act

The ____________, passed by the British in 1774

Grand Banks

The _____________, once one of the world's richest fishing grounds, covers about 139,000 square miles of Canada's southeast coast.

Appalachian Mountains

The _______________________- heavily eroded are North America's oldest mountains.

Canadian Rockies

The ____________________extend northward from the Rockies in the United States.

Canadian shield

The ___________________is a giant core of rock anchoring the continent and centered on Hudson Bay and James Bay.

Trans-Canada Highway

The __________________runs 4,860 miles from Victoria, British Columbia, to St. John's, Newfoundland.

St. Lawrence River

The ________________flows about 760 miles (1,223 km) from Lake Ontario to the Gulf of St. Lawrence in the Atlantic.

Mackenzie river, great slave lake

The _______________which flows from the ________________to the Arctic Ocean, drains much of Canada's northern interior.

United States

The ______________has more trade with Canada than any other country.

Golf stream

The ____________is a warm, northward-flowing ocean current off the southeastern coast of Canada.

Literacy Rate

The ___________in Canada is 99 percent, and there is an extensive network of public and private schools.

Canadian family

The average ___________________contains three members.

Maritime provinces

They settled in the _______________of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island.

Constitution Act

This legislative link to Great Britain finally ended in 1982 with passage of the _____________.

Quebecois

This made the French-speaking citizens a minority and fueled French nationalism among ____________, Quebec's French-speaking inhabitants.

Eastern half

This stony land makes up the _______________of Canada and parts of the northeastern United States.

Renewable resource

Trees are a ______________, but only if people take steps to protect forests and their ecosystems.

67%

Two parents live in ____________of Canadian families, but the percentage is decreasing just as in the United States.

Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Edmonton

Urban Areas: a. ___________- largest city an industrial and financial center. b. ____________ is an industrial and shipping center. c. On the Pacific coast, _______ handles nearly all of the trade between Canada and Asia d. ________ grew with the development of the petroleum I

Fisheries

_________- places for catching fish and other sea animals coastal Atlantic and Pacific.

Marine West Coast

_________-Pacific coast

French, New France

__________ a. Establish claims to land in the region in the early 1600s. b. Named __________, and part of it became the province of Quebec.

Marine West Coast

__________ ________ _______ a. The Pacific Ranges force moist ocean air upward, where it cools and releases moisture, causing heavy rainfall. b. Winters are overcast and rainy, Summers are cloudless and cool. c. Mosses and coniferous forests grow here.

Coastal lowlands

__________ lie to the east of the appalachians.

Great Bear and Great Slave Lake

__________- northern Canada, naturally occurring dams created by glacial ice.

Subarctic

___________ a. Earth's widest temperatures, varying by as much as 120°F from their bitterly cold winters to cool, short summers. b. In parts, only a thin layer of surface soil thaws each summer. c. Below is permanently frozen subsoil, or permafrost. d. A few needled evergreens survive here, along with herds of woodland caribou that are endangered in some areas.

Leader

___________ in production of uranium, iron ore, coal, petroleum, copper, and silver.

Literalists

___________, or American colonists who remained loyal to the British government, fled to Canada after the American Revolution.

Pacific Range

___________- a series of sharp-peaked mountains a. Cascade Range and the Coast Range.

Rocky Mountains

___________-younger. to the west. Link the United States and Canada, stretching more than 3,000 miles (4,828 km) from New Mexico to Alaska.

Mount Fairweather

____________, on the border of Alaska and western British Columbia, at 15,300 feet (4,663 m) is one of the tallest coastal mountains in the world.

Immigrants

_____________ to Canada came in search of political and religious freedom, economic and educational opportunities, and refuge from wars.

Parliament

_____________- the national legislature, includes the Senate and the House of Commons.

Natural resources, agriculture

______________ and ______________make up over 60 percent of Canada's exports.

Trade

________________ is still central to the Canadian economy.

Energy, minerals, timber, and fish

_______________________have made Canada wealthy.

space and aircraft

_____________________industry

Westward Expansion

__________________in Canada came at a price as immigrants pushed First Nations peoples off their lands.

energy resources

_________________include coal, petroleum, and natural gas.

28 million Internet

_________________users—82 percent of its population.

High tech, electronics industries

________________and__________________rapid growth of.

Scarcely populated

________________areas of beautiful, pristine wilderness.

Second largest oil reserves

________________in the world and makes a substantial amount of money from exporting oil and natural gas.

mineral resources

_______________are also plentiful

Great Britain and France

_______________rivalry began in 1670, when the British chartered the Hudson's Bay Company to seek a northwest passage to the Pacific Ocean led to wars.

Works war II

_______________stimulated the economy, making it a crucial military and industrial power.

Migration

_____________has been westward to the Prairie Provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta due in part to the discovery of oil and natural gas since the 1960s.

Ocean currents

_____________play a key role in Canada's climates.

Exports

____________to the United States amount to over half of all Canadian trade.

Highly developed

___________country with bustling cities. a. rugged natural areas sometimes have difficulty supporting communities.

Nunavut

_________is the cultural and economic homeland for the Inuit people.

70%

_________of the country's population is between the ages of 15 and 64.

58%

_______of Canada's exports were made up of agricultural, energy, forestry, and mining products.

90%

___of the population lives within 100 miles of the U.S.-Canada border.

Cattle ranches

a. Prairie Provinces are major grain producers. b. Many ________________.

Commercial agriculture

intensive _________________in the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence lowlands areas.

Petroleum and natural gas

Canada's _________________________reserves lie largely in or near Alberta.

Maritime Provinces

Canada's _____________________south through the eastern United States to the state of Alabama.

High standard of living

Canada's ____________and government policies protecting multiculturalism are appealing to people of diverse ethnic origins.

Prime Minister

Canada's ___________is the actual head of government.

potash

Canada's mineral inventory includes 33 percent of the world's production of __________(a mineral salt used in fertilizers)

Iron ore and nickel

Canadian Shield are rich in __________________

Separate identity, popular culture

Canadians struggle to maintain a ____________while being bombarded by U.S.

Email, Internet

Communication networks a. Cellular and digital services using satellites have made telephone communication more accessible in distant places. b. Business transactions and personal communications can be completed instantaneously using __________ and the _________________.

French-speaking

Conflicts continue as _____________Canadians seek greater protection for their language and culture.

1/3

Covers _____the northern part of North America, stretching from the Pacific to the Atlantic.

full independence

Gained ____________________in 1931, but the British government kept the right to approve changes to Canada's constitution.

Constitutional Monarchy

Canada is a _____________.

Market economy

Canada is a _________________.

Supported, government

Education and health care are __________ by the ____________.

Hydroelectricity

World's 3rd-largest producer of ___________________

English, French

2 official languages a. _______ the British introduced it into the country b. _________ in the province of Quebec was established as the dominant language.

territories, provinces

3 __________and 10 _________ in Canada.

34 Million

81 percent of Canada's __________inhabitants live in urban areas.

Province

A ___________ is a political unit similar to a state.

Federal assistance

After the war, Canada sought to improve ___________to its citizens through pensions, unemployment insurance, and medical care.

6-16

Attending school is required for children ages ________.

Population density

Average _________________is about 9 people per square mile.

Border

Being neighbors and sharing a _________has permitted international trade that is beneficial to the economies of both countries.

Great Britain

Between 1815 and 1855, a million people arrived from _______ __________.

Multicultural society

Canada has a truly _____________, largely due to immigration.

Dominion

Canada as a _________, a partially self-governing country with close ties to Great Britain.

Trade surplus

Canada exports more to the United States than it imports from it, resulting in a ___________________.

beaver pelts

Drawn to the North American continent to gain riches from precious metals and _____________that came mainly from the Atlantic coast.

English and French

Early 1800s, _____________-speaking communities feuded over colonial government policies.

Environmental problems

Extraction has led to depletion and ________________..

United States

Fears of a takeover by the __________forced both to work together.

34 percent

Forests cover only about __________of the country.

Dominion

In 1867 the colonies of Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick united as provinces of the _____________ of Canada, a new country within the British Empire.

North American Free Trade Agreement

In 1994 the ________________________________(NAFTA) eliminated tariffs and other trade barriers between Canada, Mexico, and the United States.

Quebecois, advocates, political office

In 2012 members from the Parti _____________, a political party in Quebec that _________, or publicly supports, separatism, were elected to ___________in Quebec.

Arctic

In the 1800s, Canada acquired lands stretching from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from the ________ to the U.S. border.

Industrialized, urban

In the 1900s Canada became an _______________________ country.

synthetic crude oil

Large inputs of energy and water are required to transform these substances into _____________________for use by humans.

Klondike Gold Rush

Late 1800s widespread immigration from other parts of the world began a. the ____________________, but many more were attracted by the fertile soil of the prairies of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba.

Germany, Scandinavia

Late 1800s widespread immigration from other parts of the world began b. _________________, Ukraine, Japan, and China arrived to settle the land.

African Americans

Late 1800s widespread immigration from other parts of the world began c. In the 1800s Canada also sheltered ______________who had escaped slavery in the United States.

Slavery, Underground Railroad

Late 1800s widespread immigration from other parts of the world began d. Canada never practiced _____________. These refugees, many of whom escaped via the _________________, were safely beyond the reach of American laws once they arrived in Canada.

Life, infant mortality

Long __________ expectancy and low __________________ Rates

Provinces

Manitoba, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland became _____________ over the next 100 years.

Separatism

Many desire Quebec's independence and strongly support ___________— the breaking away of one part of a country to create a separate, independent country.

hydroelectric projects

Mineral resources were utilized, and _________and transportation systems were developed.

Coasts, Great Lakes, agriculture, fishing, trade

More densely populated areas a. Near the ____________, b. the _______________ c. places that support _________, _________, and ________.

Supreme Court

Nine judges sit on the ____________of Canada, the country's highest court.

25,000, government

Nunavut a. ___________from the Arctic live mostly in settlements of 25 to 500 people, with just a few larger towns. b. Mining, oil exploration, and pipeline construction, along with a decline in the demand for fur, have increased their reliance on _________ services.

Wheat, corn, and other grain crops

One of the world's important suppliers of agricultural products, specifically _______________________________.

French settlers, Canadian territory

Quebec Act a. gave ____________the right to keep their language, religion, and laws. b. extended _____________south to the Ohio River.

Gold, silver, and copper

Rocky Mountains yield ______________________.

Terrain, arctic climate

Rugged __________ and a cold _______________with a short growing season make much of Canada difficult for human settlement.

70%

Services such as transportation and communication, retail, health care, and others provide about _____________of GDP.

United States, Quebec, Montreal and Ottawa

St. Lawrence River a. It forms part of Canada's border with the ______________. b. The cities of _____________________________ grew up along the St. Lawrence and its tributaries.

Dual-income

Since women are increasingly joining the Canadian workforce, there are a growing number of _________ households.

free trade

Some Canadians continue to dislike the effect _______has had on their culture

Tar sands

The Athabasca ___________contain large deposits of extremely heavy crude oil.

Quebec

The British eventually drove the French from the Hudson Bay area, capturing _________ in 1759 and winning control of New France in 1763.

Governor General

The British monarch serves as the head of state and appoints a _______________to act in his or her place.

NAFTA

The Canadian economy produces goods and services at home as well as being linked to the global economy through imports, exports, and trade agreements such as _________.

Encouraged immigration

The government _____________________to Canada.

Status of women in Canada, Canadian charter of rights and freedom

The government of Canada has passed several laws protecting the rights of women. a. The _________________________(SWC) was created in 1971 to increase women's participation and equality in all aspects of life b. In 1982, the ______________ ensured gender equality in employment, public life, and education.

Mistreatment

The injustice was formally recognized in 1998, when the Canadian government apologized to native peoples for their ________________.

Southern

The majority of Canada's transportation systems are located in the ____________part of the country.

Composition

The overall ____________ of the Canadian family is changing and families have fewer children.

Synthetic crude oil

The tar sands in Alberta are a major source of _________________

Ice cap

___ ___ a. Freezing temperatures are common all year because of a lack of direct sunlight. b. The amount and variety of vegetation is limited.

High Latitude Climate

____ __________ _________ a. Grasslands and coniferous forests. b. Spruce and fir trees cover the middle elevations of the ranges. c. Timberline, the elevation above which trees cannot grow, i. Lichens and mosses are found d. Rocky Mountain sheep, mountain goats, elk, mule deer, and black bears

Ice cap

_____-the north

Humid Continental

______ __________ a. Ranges from hot and humid to cool and wet. b. The farther north one travels, the more severe and snowy the winters become, with shorter and cooler summers. c. Coniferous trees tend to outnumber deciduous trees

Niagara Falls, Niagara river

______ on the _________, forms another part of the Canada- U.S. border. The falls are a key source of hydroelectric power.

Tundra

______- Closer to the North Pole

Great Lakes

______-moving glaciers tore at the earth, leaving behind basins that became

Boreal

_______ a. World's second largest area of uninterrupted forest. b. long winters and moderate to high precipitation each year. c. Covered mostly with coniferous evergreen trees d. Home to moose, black bears, beavers, Canada lynx, wolves, snow shoe hares, Canada jays, blue jays, crows, and ravens.

Subarctic

_______- just south of the Arctic Circle

Tundra

________ a. Winter darkness and bitter cold last for months, and the brief summer period brings only limited warming effects. b. The layer of thawed soil is even thinner here than in the subarctic, with vegetation limited to low bushes, short grasses, mosses, and lichens. c. Winter temperatures can fall to -70°F

High latitude climate

________- Canadian Rockies and Pacific Ranges

Humid Continental

________- Southern 1/3

Steppe

_________ a. Drier climate due to the rain shadow effect b. In spring, a warm dry wind called the chinook blows down the eastern slopes of the Rockies and melts the snow

Steppe

_________ (semi-arid) Areas between the Pacific Ranges and Rocky Mountains and east of the Rocky Mountains,

Boreal, taiga

_________ also known as a ______, occupies the bulk of Canada's northern areas.

Timber

_________ is a vital resource in Canada.