ZOOLOGY
ATP
Used to provide energy for most of the immediate work that the cell does and is considered as the energy currency of the cell
Inhalation and Exhalation
Ventilation includes the process of
Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda, Echinodermata and Chordata
WHAT ARE THE 9 PHYLUMS (Prince Charles Plays Needless Music And Always Eats Cucumbers)
Periosteum, Articular Cartilage, Diaphysis, Medullary Cavity , Epiphysis, Epiphyseal
WHAT ARE THE PARTS/ ANATOMY OF A LONG BONE
axon, dendrites and cell body/soma
WHAT ARE THE THREE BASIC PART OF NEURON
protogynous
WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON FORM OF SEQUENTIAL HERMAPHRODITISM AMONG FISHES?
ZOOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF ANIMALS from zoon-animal) and logos meaning study)
WHAT IS ZOOLOGY
Activation, Resorption , Reversal, Formation, Quiescence
WHAT are the five steps in bone remodeling
Cleaning, Reduces Friction, Protection, Absorption, Sensation, Secretion, Excretion, diffusion
WHAT are the functions of Epithelial tissues
Pseudounipolar, unipolar, bipolar, Multipolar
What are the classification of neuron based on morphology
Gastrin, Secretin, Cholecystokinin, Gastric Inhibitory peptide
What are the digestive hormones
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) / GLYCINE
What are the inhibitory neurotransmiiter
External gills Internal Gills lungs Tracheae
What are the methods of respiration ?
FUNGI, ANIMALIA, PROTISTA, PLANTAE, EUBACTERIA AND ARCHEA BACTERIA
What are the six kingdom classifications?
aerobic cellular respiration and Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
What are the two types of Cellular Respiration
because the membrane is basically, fluid and is not rigid
Why fluid mosaic model?
epiphyseal disc/ plate
a band of HYALINE cartilage located at the end of long bones , between the epiphysis and the diaphysis and may eventually transform into a bone tissue.
plasma membrane
a bilipid layer that has a molecule that act as channels and pumps moving different molecule into and out of the cell
protosomes l; annelida, mollusca, and anthropoda
a blastophore that evolves with mouth first ex:
trypanosoma evansi
a blood parasite that can be seen in horses and ruminants that causes edema or enlargement of chest and appendages
Cranium
a bony capsule that protects the entire central nervous system
Sodium potassium pump. There are 3 Na molecules and 2 K molecules, para maregulate ung charge ng cell kapag 3 K at 3 Na ang pumasok massira ang charge ng cell.
a carrier protein and an active transport that actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell. How many Na molecules go out and How many potassium molecules go inside? bakit ganun ung number of atoms na pumapasok at lumalabas?
hyaline cartilage
a cartilage that is the source of growth in long bones and protects the joint
Neuroglia/ Glial cell
a cell in the nervous system that functions and a support and protection for neurons
ciliated flame cells; solenocytes
a cell that can be found in the ends of the nephridium. They are also called as
Grits
a certain material to help in digestion of the chicken's gizzard. This helps in breaking down the particle size of the food they have
balantidium coli
a ciliated paracite that is found within the large intestine of human and pigs. It causes balantidiasis
Class Hirudinea
a class under phylum annelida that is considered a parasite and needs a host when feeding.
Anuria
a condition among dogs in which there is a complete blockage of gal-stones on the urethra
monorchid ; yesssss
a condition in which an individual would have one testicle hanging on his scrotum; is it possible for people with this condition to impregnate someone?
cryptorchidism; intraabdiminal hernia
a condition in which one or both of the testes fail to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum. What could be the reeason for this?
blood
a connective tissue of liquid plasma and cells
periosteum
a fibrous connective tissue covering the entire bone particularly the exterior.
meninges
a fibrous connective tissue that covers the spinal cord and brain
polypoid form
a form in phylum coelenterata in which it forms a colony, reproduce through budding (asexual), sedentary and its tentacles can be seen upward
medusoid
a form in phylum coelenterata in which it is individual, produces sexually, mobile, has downward tentacles, dioecious, have an abundant mesoglia, and
Integrative function
a function of the nervous system in which impulses are analyzed and stored as memory
Integrative function
a function of the nervous system in which it involves the processing of the information received from the sense organs.
Motor function
a function of the nervous system that responses to the stimuli that causes muscle to contract or glands to secrete
sensory function
a function of the nervous system where there is a sense change (stimuli) both outside and within the body
bowman's capsule
a funnel-like structure that surrounds the glumerulus and collects the filtrate from the glumerulus
Cartilage
a gel like substance that is high in proteoglycans which provides the protective cushioning
Loose connective tissue; Areolar connective tissue
a gel-like substance with both elastic and non-elastic fibers running through the ground in many directions. This tissue is also called as?
Adrenal Gland
a gland that is situated under the cranial surface of they kidney and regulates the autonomic nervous system particularly the sympathetic NS
sweat glands (sudoriferous)
a gland that occurs everywhere (except the nipples and external genitalia) and is common among palms , soles and forehead
stomach
a hallow organ situated between the esophagus and small intestine
Glial cells/ Neuroglia
a highly branched supportive; non neuronal cells located BETWEEN neurons and DOES NOT CONDUCT IMPULSES and is only for SUPPORT and protection of neurons
Neuropeptide Y
a hormone secreted by the stomach that stimulates appetite (matakaw) and secretion o growth hormone (tataba),, decreased physical activity; and is associated with obesity
histamine
a hormone secreted by the stomach that stimulates gastric acid secretion
Gastrin
a hormone secreted by the stomach that stimulates secretion of gastric acid by parietal cells
Endothelin
a hormone secreted by the stomach that stimulates smooth muscle contraction of the stomach
Somatostasin
a hormone secreted by the stomach that suppresses release of gastrin, CCK, secretin, motilin, GIP; lowers gastric emptying therefore doesnt feel hunger
Atrial Natriuretic Hormone; taking too much fluid, taking too much salt
a hormone that comes from the heart, this is stimulated every time there is too much blood; what are the reason for the increase in blood level
Somatostatin
a hormone that inhibits growth releasing hormone from the pituitary gland
Mineralocorticoids
a hormone that is essential for electrolyte regulation particularly sodium retention , potassium excretion and water retention and eventually raises the blood pressure
Enkephalins
a hormone that is secreted by the adrenal medulla which regulates pain
dopamine
a hormone that is secreted by the adrenal medulla, this increases heart rate and blood pressure
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
a hormone that releases Adrenocorticotropic hormone release from the pituitary gland
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
a hormone that stimulates follicle stimulating hormone, and lutenizing hormone release from thhe pituitary gland
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
a hormone that stimulates growth hormone release from the pituitary gland
dopamine
a hormone that stimulates prolactin release from the anterior pituitary ; inhibits/prevents glucose secretion
estrogen
a hormone that stimulates the development of female sexual characteristic
testosterone
a hormone that stimulates the development of male reproductive system and the male sexual characteristics
thyrotropin-releasing hormones
a hormone that stimulates thyroid-stimulating hormone; it is produced in the pituitary gland
calcitonin
a hormone whose function is to reduce/ inhibits blood calcium level
horns
a keratin structure that is tough, cornified layer of the intergument covers. Its core is bone of dermal origin with its covering that is epidermal origin. It grows all year round through out the lifetime of the animal
receptor protein
a kind of protein that is essential for signal transduction
stratum lucidum (clear cells)
a layer of the skin in which the cells are dead and tightly packed; nucleis are indistinct or absent
stratum corneum (horny layer)
a layer of the skin that is composed of clear, dead, scale-like cells without nucleus
stratum spinosum (spiny layer)
a layer of the skin that is contact between cells occurs via desmosomes
stratum granulosum (granular layer)
a layer of the skin that lacks nucleus and its cytoplasm contains a keratohyaline granules
DNA and RNA
a material that contains all the biological information of an organism
peristalsis
a movement of a muscle that works in a wave-like motion to propel food along track. MOVEMENT FROM ORAL TO ABORAL SIDE
heart
a muscular pump to move the blood
cervix
a muscular sphincter between uterus and the vagina
Motor neuron
a nerve cell that is attached to an internal organ such that, the organ will do what it'll do
Sensory neurons
a nerve cell that transmits impulses from a sense receptor to the brain or spinal cord. It is usually attached to a sensory organ
Motor neuron
a nerve cell that transmits impulses from the brain or spinal cord to a muscle or gland
Action potential
a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
interneuron
a neuron that carries nerve impulses from one neuron to another
atrioventricular node ; pacemaker
a nodal region that causes contraction and sometimes is called that ______ for it keeps heartbeat regular
Sinoatrial node
a nodal region that initiates heartbeat near the atrium and is the PRIMARY pacemaker of the heart
kidney
a paired organ that regulates body fluid levels as a primary duty and excretion of waste as its secondary duty
fasciola/ liver fluke
a parasite that can be found on the bile duct of ruminants
Peripheral Nervous System
a part of the nervous system that consists of the nerves that connect to the brain and the spinal cord as well as the autonomic nervous system
central nervous system
a part of the nervous system that is consist of brain and the spinal cord. This is the integrating and communicating center of the body
epiglottis
a part of the pharynx that prevents food from entering the trachea
Posterior pituitary gland
a part of the pituitary gland that is not capable of secreting but are capable of storing and releasing hormone
quiescence phase
a phase that is not included within the cell cycle
quiescence phase
a post-mitotic phase and use to refer to both quiescent and senescent ( non-variable r damaged cell). this means MATANDA (OR AGING CELL)
Transcription
a process in which ONE STRAND of DNA is being used as a template to make complementary strand of RNA
Exhalation
a process in which the ribs move down and in while the diaphragm domes up
P 27 (protein 27)
a protein that binds to cyclin and cdk blocking the entry to S phase. Another checkpoint aside from CDK
P53 (Protein 53)
a protein that functions to block the cell cycle whenever a DNA is damaged. It usually functions when a damage is irreparable then it will cause apoptosis of the cell
myosin filaments
a protein that has a club-shaped head that projects towards the actin filament
sol
a protoplasm that is more liquid
Reflex
a rapid automatic response to a stimulus and does not require involvement of the brain
scientific method
a series of steps that the scientists take in order to acquire , test and characterize the natural world,
melanin
a skin pigment that protects the body from UV radiations which increases the exposure to the sun
sperm host gland
a special organ within the vagina of birds where the sperm cells are being deposited
aquaporins
a specialized membrane protein used by water to move in and out of the cell
period of ovum
a stage in pregnancy where from the time of fertilization until the attachment of the fertilized egg of the uterine wall (FERTILIZATION-IMPLANTATION)
period of fetus
a stage in pregnancy where the embryo is complete; this extends from the end of the embryonic period or after differentiation to the birth. It is the longest period of pregnancy
Movement; peristalsis
a stage in the digestive process that propels food through the digestive system. The movement of food to the digestive system is called ?
digestion
a stage in the digestive process where there is a breakdown of food into molecular components small enough to cross the plasma membrane
Secretion
a stage in the digestive process where there is a release of digestive juices (ENZYMES) in the response to a specific stimulus
Elimination; defecation
a stage in the digestive process where there is a removal of undigested food and waste. The removal of food and waste is called as
Absorption
a stage in the digestive process where there there is a passage of molecules into the body's interior and their passage throughout the body
elongation of the complementary strand
a step in DNA replication where the leading strand elongates without interruption
Initiation of Replication
a step in DNA replication where there is a separation of the double helix into strands that will serve as templates by DNA helicase
elongation
a step in the translation process in which the ribosomes move along the mRNA the tRNA and transfer it to amino acid to the growing protein chain, producing the protein
initiation
a step in translation process where mRNA enters the cytoplasm and becomes associated with ribosomes.
elongation
a step in translation where amino acids are being added one-by-one
initiation
a step in transtion in which the tRNA carries a specific amino acid pair up with the mRNA codons inside the ribosome
mantle
a substance that can be seen in phylum mollusca that is responsible for the secretion of calcium carbonate for the secretion of new shell ?
semen
a substance that contains 10% protein and 90% fluid and is considered as a connective tissue.
Excretory system
a system that regulates the chemical composition of body fluids by removing metabolic waste and retaining the amount of water, salts and nutrient
glumerulus
a taft of capilliaries from which the fluid leaves the circulatory system
epimysium
a thick connective tissue and is the outer covering of the entire skeletal muscle is called
endosteum
a thin sheet of connective tissue that covers the spongy bone
basement membrane
a thin sheet of connective tissue that separates the underlying tissues. It provides structural support for epithelium and also binds to neighboring structures
Muscle tissue
a tissue consisting of cells with fibers and which the only function is to contract
stratified epithelium
a tissue in which the top cells are flat and scaly and it may not be keratinized
Periosteum
a tough fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers the outside of diaphysis
trichocyst
a toxic thread like stinging structure that can be seen in ciliates
DNA polymerase 3
a ttype of DNA POLYMERASE enzymes that adds bases to the new DNA chain;
Sporilation,
a type of Bacterial replication in which it produces spores. Its spores are usually resistant to heat and chemicals, after some time it would germinate forming another bacterial cell
conservative
a type of DNA replication where you must maintain the original DNA strand
Ribosomal RNA
a type of RNA that functions in polypeptide synthesis
Basophil
a type of WBC granulocytes that appears to be reddish/orange / pinkish in color
heliozoans
a type of amoeba that are aquatic and is either planktonic or live attached by a stalk or some substrate (coral , stone / ocean floor)
foraminiferans
a type of amoeba that is primarily a marine group and posesses reticulopodia and secretes a test that is made up of calcium carbonate
radiolarians
a type of amoeba that is relatively large and possess a test of long movable spines and needles or a highly sculptured or ornamented lattice
Cellularity
a type of animal organization in which certain animals may have an organ system and several animals have cellular grade of organization-- they do not have an organ system but they do have microorganisms within their body that functions just like an organ
germ layers
a type of animal organization in which the organs are derived
acoelomate organisms; flat worms
a type of animal that doesn't have a body cavity ex:
coelomate ; humans
a type of animal with body cavity ex:
Triploblastic; bilateral symmetry
a type of animal with three germ layers and has a _________ symmetry
diploblastic ; radial symmetry
a type of animals with two germ layers and has a ________ symmetry
Budding
a type of bacterial reproduction in which the outgrowth or bud from the parent and eventually detaches and forms a new individual
radial symmetry
a type of body symmetry that can be cut on many planes
bilateral symmetry
a type of body symmetry that can be cut on one plane
spony bone (cancellous bone)
a type of bone that can be found inside the dense bone and occurs in most bones.
chitin
a type of carbohydrates that has basic structure if a repeating sugar molecule
fibrocartilage
a type of cartilage that has numerous fibers and chondrocytes and is arranged in long columns with fibrous matrix
Fibrocartilage
a type of cartilage that is devoid of perichondrium
Merkel cells
a type of cell that is associated with the sensory receptor of the skin
Aerobic Respiration
a type of cellular respiration that requires use of oxygen
No circulatory system; tape worms and faltworms
a type of circulatory system where circulatory system is absent; their body cavity usually has no lining or an enclosed fluid; examples of these are
open circulatory system
a type of circulatory system where the blood (hemolymphs) is pumped from the heart to the blood vessels; leaves the blood vessel and eneters body cavities (hemocoel) , where organs are bathed in blood or sinuses within the organs
Extracellular digestion
a type of digestion that occurs in the lumen of the digestive system , with nutrient molecules being transferred to the blood or body fluid
Hindgut (large intestine); rectum and cecum
a type of digestive system variation in which it is responsible for the digestion and absorption prior to defecation. This also includes organs like
melanocytes
a type of epidermis that produces main color of the skin and protects it from UV
chitin
a type of exoskeleton that is made up of polysaccharide substances and is the common exoskeleton found among insects
Filter feeders; oysters and mussle (tahong )
a type of feeder that collects all organism and particles from surrounding water. Give an example
Fluid feeders. Butterfly, mosquito
a type of feeder that pierces body of plant or animal and withdraw fluids. Give an example
Absorptive feeders , tape worms
a type of feeders that lives in the digestive track (intestine) of another animal and absorb nutrients from that animal directly into their wall meaning they do not have a mouth , or intestine. Give an example
Internal Fertilization
a type of fertilization in which males have a copulary organ to transmit sperm
Internal Fertilization
a type of fertilization that enables animals to reproduce in a terrestrial environment
Internal Fertilization
a type of fertilization that is practiced by species that lay eggs or have a period of internal embryonic development
synovial joint
a type of joint hat permits the greatest degree of flexibility and have the ends of bones covered with a connective tissue filled with joint fluid that lubricates it
cartilagenous bones
a type of joint that permits certain amount of movement
Type I fibers
a type of muscle fiber that are loaded with mitochondria, they depend on Cellular respiration for ATP production and is resistant to fatigue
Type I muscle fibers (slow twitch)
a type of muscle fibers that is rich in myoglobin (that makes the red color), responsible for posture and is also known as __________
involuntary muscle
a type of muscle that contract on their own
voluntary muscle
a type of muscle that contract with your own will
cardiac muscle
a type of muscle that forms the wall of heart, and is striated that is responsible for the contraction oof the heart that propels blood to the rest of the body
smooth muscle
a type of muscle that is arranged into sheets such that they will function as a whole
skeletal muscle
a type of muscle that may contract independently
smooth muscle
a type of muscle tissue that are spindle in shape
smooth muscle
a type of muscle tissue that are spindle in shape and contains one nucleus per cell
dendrites
a type of nervous tissue that is elongated, branch process from the soma. Looking for a microscope , youll see a lot of nissl granules / ribosomes
Axon; axon hillock
a type of nervous tissue that is single, elongated, unbranched process arising from the soma/ body. Looking from a microscope its basal part or the ___________ does not contain ribosomes/ nissl granules
Multipolar
a type of neuron that has 1 axon and numerous dendrites originating from the cell body
bipolar neuron
a type of neuron that has 1 axon, and 1 dendrite at the opposite pole of the cell body
Pseudounipolar
a type of neuron with one axon, and one dendrite fused closed to a the cell body. CAN be seen on one pole of the cell body
macro nucleus
a type of nucleus in balantidium coli that is involved in cytoplasmic activity/ control within the cell
micro nucleus
a type of nucleus that can be seen balantidium coli that is involved in the reproduction
amoeba
a type of organism that has a distinct/ clear cytoplasm and has an inner granular part (see image1.jpg sa zoology/new folder)
viruses
a type of organism that has no intention to harm our cells, they only want the cell for them to reproduce because viruses cannot reproduce on their own.However, cells are getting destroyed in the process
leeches ;anterior sucker and a posterior sucker
a type of organism that has two types of sucker; namely the __________ and __________
Receptor protein
a type of protein can, attach to a a specific ligand molecule and acts as an intercellular communication system
heliozoans
a type of protista that contains naked or enclosed with a test that contains openings for axopodia
phylum mastigophora ; zooflagellate
a type of protoza that moves using flagella; it is also called as _________
phylum sporozoa; apicomplexa
a type of protozoa that forms spores; it is also called as ______
phylum ciliophora
a type of protozoa that moves using cilia
phylum sarcodina
a type of protozoa that moves using pseudopods
semiconservative
a type of replication where the new DNA strand contain one strand that is old and one that is new
sexual reproduction
a type of reproduction in which gametes could be form by the same or different individual
Ctenoid scales
a type of scale that has a characteristic that resembles a bone
Asexual reproduction
a type of sexual reproduction that involves one parent, so that the offsprings would have the same genotype with the parent. Therefore, no variation among the species.
Simple Squamous Epithelium
a type of simple tissue that form lining of cavities such as the mouth , blood vessels , heart, lungs and make up the outerlayer of the skin
Exoskeleton
a type of skeleton that is an external anatomical feature that supports and protects the softer animal's body and provides surface for attachment of muscle
Loa loa
a type of tapeworm that causes elephantiasis
unarmed tapeworm ; taenia saginata
a type of tapeworm that does not have hooks; this is also called as
Linnaean System
a type of taxonomic system by which every species is given two latin names, a genus or group name, and the species names
alternative cladistic taxonomy; cladogram
a type of taxonomic system that look for shared, derived characteristics to investigate evolutionary history such that they created a _____________
Dense connective tissue
a type of tissue whose Nuclei and fibers are aranged in parallel rows
isotonic solution; iso means same
a type of tonicity in which it has the same concentration, therefore same rate in both direction. What is the meaning of iso?
hypertonic solution
a type of tonicity that's causing a cell to shrink
Leukocytes
a type of vascular tissue that fights the infection and are generally larger compared to RBC
erythrocytes
a type vascular tissue that transports oxygen and carried nutrients
Foregut; esophagus and stomach
a variation of the digestive system that serves as the storage and initial stages of digestion and for swallowing the food. This is composed of organs like
tonicity
ability of solution to cause cell to loose or gain water
bulk transport
ability of the cell to transport macromolecules INTO AND OUT of the cell and requires energy
amphibious
able to live both on land and in water
20 angstrom , 2 nm , 2000pm
about how long is a DNA strand?
3.4 angstrom, 340 pm , 0.34 nm
about how long is the distance between each base pair of dna
22 autosomes and an X or Y chromosome
about how many autosomes are present in the body
95%
about how many of animals does not posses a back bone/ invertebrates ?
90%
about how many percent of Na that is presented to the renal tubule is absorbed?
amelia
absence of limb
cloacal kissing
act of copulation among birds.
seminal vesicle
adds fructose to nourish the semen and prostate gland and to promote contractions in the female
Astrocytes
after a neuron die, they would not be replaced through mitotic process but would be replaced by a scar tissue. This scar tissue is produced by the
32
aligator has how many number of chromosome ?
Metaphase
alignment of chromosomes at the center of the cell
Metazoa
all multicellular organisms are now placed under the kingdom
fibrocartilage
all pubic symphysis is composed of
phosphate symporter
allow the pass of phosphate molecules with a hydrogen
Gap junction
allows movement of molecule from one cell to the other
Transport proteins
allows passage of hydrophilic substances and polar molecules including h2O
antiporter
allows the movement of a compound with a corrseponding element that will move outside and is essential in the maintainance of the charges in the cell
Adipose tissue/ adipocyte
also called as fat cells, respond to the nucleus and most of the cell contains a large vacuole that stores fats
Plasma
also called liquid matrix, it houses 90% H2O and 10% proteins , electrolytes , hormones oxygen and glucose
Dermis
also known as "hide" , it is the inner layer of the skin that is made up of strong flexible connective tissue full of blood vessel , nerves, hair follicle, oils and sweat glands
signet ring
an adipose tissues shape is like a
cephalopods
an animal whose feet is attached to the head
Deuterostomes; chordata and echinodermata
an blatophore that evolves with anus first ex:
acrosome
an enzyme that can be seen in the head of a sperm that plays a role in the breaking down the barrier surrounding the egg
DNA ligase
an enzyme that eventually joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of the Okazaki fragments
DNA polymerase I
an enzyme that proofreads the recently completed complementary strand
DNA polymerase
an enzyme that synthesizes new DNA by adding nucleotides to the growing strand
RNA polymerase
an enzyme that uses one of the DNA strand to make an RNA copy of that one gene
SYNAPSE
an event where neurotransmitters are being released by one axon and will be received by another neuron. BASICALLY NEURON-TO-NEURON COMMUNICATION
cladogram
an evolutionary diagram that depicts the sequence of the origin of the unique derived characteristics of an animal
stratum lucidum (clear layer)
an extra layer of the skin and is only found on thick skin but is never found on thin skins
Sodium
an important electrolyte for it regulates the osmotic pressure in the blood.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament
an injury that is common among athletes that usually results to a cross or torn ligament that increases the range of motion of an individual
blastophore
an invagination/ opening from the surface germ layer of an embryo
ostia
an open-ended pore where the blood is drawn back towards the heart
cell cylce
an ordered set of events , culminating in cell growth and division into two daughter cell
Malpighian tubules
an organ among insects that collects water and uric acid from the surrounding hemolymphs and empty it into the gut
Intergumentary system
an organ system that protects the body from damage, comprising of skin , hair , scales , nails , sweat glands and other skin derivatives
Large intestine
an organ that is RICH in microorganism unlike the other GIT organs
Testes
an organ that is responsible for the production of the hormone testosterone
Ovaries
an organ that is under the influence of follicle stimulating hormone coming from anterior pituitary and secretes estrogen that is essential for the development of female sexual characteristic
tongue
an organ that manipulates food during chewing and swallowing
ovary
an organ that produces egg cells in female
testes
an organ that produces sperm in males
Pancreas
an organ that secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon which regulates the blood glucose level
Pancreas
an organ that sends pancreatic juice which neutralizes the chyme , to the small intestine through the pancreatic duct
Sequential hermaphroditism
an organism changes sex during its life
Enterocoelomates; echinoderms and chordates
an organism in which mouth is developed first and is from mesodermal pouches of early/primitive gut. Ex are
Schizocoelomates; annelids and anthrodpods
an organism in which the mouth was developed and is from splitting of mesoderm bands in development ex are?
Sporozoans
an organism that causes human malaria / hemolysis
unicellular
an organism that consists of only one cell
Earth worms; nephrostome and nephridiopore
an organism that contains two metanephridia in their body segment; these metanephridia are
frogs or amphibians
an organism that has a paired urinary bladder
Protogynous
an organism that is female first and later, changes to male
Clostridium tetani
an organism that secretes toxin called tetanospasmin that stops / prevents the secretion of inhibitory neurons GABA and Glycine that causes the simultaneous contraction of opposing muscle
Paramecium
an organism that uses the vacuole as means of waste elimination
Pseudocoelomate
an organism whose body cavity is filled with fluid
ciliates
an organism whose cilia are embedded in the pellicle of an animal and has trichocyst
boars (pig)
an organism with a corkscrew shaped penis
bulls
an organism with a corkscrew shaped penis
opossum (marsupials)
an organism with with a forked shaped penis
type I collagen and collagenous protein
an osteoid is comprises of
Crustaeans
animals with five pairs of legs are known as
Arachnids
animals with four pairs of legs are known as
insect
animals with three pairs of legs are known as
calcitonin
another hormone secreted by the thyroid gland, this plays a role in the secretion of the regulation of calcium
Neutrophil
another type of WBC granulocyte, that contains granules that are blue in color and is essential for bacterial infection.
genes
are a biochemical structures inside the cell that carries the trait
phylum echinodermata
are a free-living organisms that is EXCLUSIVELY in MARINE FORM, adults of this phylum are radially symmetrical while larvae are bilaterally symmetrical
Interferons
are a group of signaling proteins made and released/ synthesized by host cells in response to the presence of several viruses. These are released outside the cells and will inform a non-infected cell, by use of a membrane protein. When the message is received the cell that was informed will synthesize proteins that has a tendency to degrade incoming virus. Protecting the cell.
phylum porifera
are a primitive multicellular animals with cellular grade of organization and has no organ system and can be aquatic , sedentary or solitary
ceruminous glands
are a type of apocrine gland that is located in the ear canal that produces cerumen (ear wax)to stop dust from enetring the ear and is considered modified sweat gland
mammary gland
are another specialized type that produces milk (produces milk)
feathers
are believed to have evolved from reptilian scales. Its columns of epidermal cells project into the skin initially to form an invagination.
arteries
are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
fish scales
are called dermal scales since they are derived from the dermis
Thrombocytes
are cytoplasmic fragments of the megakaryocytes and is essential for blood clotting and coagulation
osteoprogenitor cells
are determined osteogenic PRECURSOR cells which develop into chondoblasts , osteoblast and fibroblast
Ganoid scales
are found in deep sea fishes and is usally rhomboid in shape and have an articulating peg and socket joints between them.
placoid scales; denticles
are found in sharks and rays and vary greatly in external appearance. They do not increase in size as fish grows, instead new scales are added and is responsible for the rough apperance of the shark's scales. They are also called as
YEEEES
are glands derivatives of the epidermis
Tissues
are group of cells that has similar morphologic features and perform similar functions
transmembrane proteins
are integral protein that span the membrane ; the hydrophobic region streches amino acids , coiled into alpha helices
bronchi
are lined with ciliated epithelium and mucus producing cells and exhibits a dochotomous branching system
villi
are lining of small intestine that is folded into finger-like projections and mainly functions for absorption of nutrients
Long bones
are longer than they are wide and work as a lever. They are found on the lower and upper extremities of the body
Stratum spinosum
are made up of desosomes or desosomal membrane or spine-like structure. Maintains an attachment between cells through cell adhesion protein
Osteocytes
are mature bone cells, they regulate the amount of calcium that is deposited in or removed from the bone matrix
hypodermis
are not part of the skin, it consists mainly of adipose tissues plus some areolar tissues. They stores fat and anchors the skin
animals
are organisms that uses muscles to convert the chemical energy of atp into mechanical work
no, its their reflex response of plant everytime there's an intruder
are plants heterotropic organism? (e.g. pitcher plant)
air sacs
are plastic-like structures that may be transparent and can be found on the peritonial cavity of a bird
uropygial gland
are preen gland of birds and secretes oil and wax to waterproof feathers and bill maintenance
sweat glands
are present to collect water and various wastes from the blood stream and excrete them through the pores of the epidermis
Leukocytes
are relatively larger but are fewer in number compared to RBC and is essential for the defense of the body. They can also squeeze through the walls o0f the blood vessels
Cytoid and Ctenoid scales
are scales found in the majority of bony fishes. Their anterior part is usually overlapped by the posterior portion of the scales in front that gives them greater flexibility because it does not cause pulling of the other scales
cardiac muscle
are seen only in the heart, and is the only muscle with branches and each of this muscle tissue contains 1-2 nucleus per cell with a cross striations
proteins
are small in number (1-10% of the lipid membrane) but is 50 % on the total weight of the cell.
sesamoid bones
are small round bony muscle masses embedded in certain tendons and may be subjected to compression and tension
Glands
are specialized to secrete specific products, it is derived by an infolding of the epidermis
neurotransmitters
are the electrochemical signals the cells used to transmit impulses
neurons
are the functional unit of the nervous system and functions only to conduct impulses and DOES NOT CONTRACT
organs of prehension, humans use their hands, cattles use their tounge, horses use their thick lips
are the organs used by the animals to acquire food. give an example...
Artirioles
are the small arteries that connect larger arteries with capillaries. ARE THE BRANCHES OF THE ARTERY
heterodont
are the teeths that are modified in shape and size to serve specialized functions like cutting, piercing , grinding and shearing
intercalated disks
are the terminal ends of the cardiac muscle which binds and functionally couple all muscles to allow a rapid spread of stimuli for heart contraction
Ependymal cells
are the type of cells that are usually seen in the ventricle (space) found within the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord
cells of stratum granulosum, cells of stratum spinosum
are the type of skin layer that originated from the keratinocytes
yes
are there equal proportions of purines and pyrimidines ?
trachea
are tubes connected to the outside that carry air directly to cells for gas exchange
Eosinophil
are type of WBC that cannot be seen because they have a neutral staining granules (does not accept any strain)
platelets
are type of blood that are necessary for blood clotting
Short bones
are type of bones that is short , cube-shaped and can be found in the ankles and wrist (carpals and tarsals)
Substrate feeders. Termites and earth worms
are type of feeders that eat the material (dirt or wood) they burrow through. Give an example
Agranulocytes
are type of white blood cell that does not contain granules
teeth
are used to catch and hold prey, to crush hard shells and in some higher vertebrae to carry out the mechancal digestion in the mouth
skeletal muscle fibers
are usually elongated and cylindrical in shape and the size of its muscle fiber is the size of its entire muscle
cardiac muscle
are usually in one of two nuclei and these nuclei are located centrally. They also have a short fibers and exhibits branching
Matrix
area between the membrane that houses the enzyme of the Kreb's cycle
M-line
area in the skeletal muscle where there is no myosin head and anchors the myosin
Nucleoid region
area on the cytoplasm that contains the sing;e bacterial DNA molecule.
Cristae
area on the surface of the membranes, contains the enzyme for ETC
nodes of ranvier
areas in the axon that is devoid of myelin sheet
the blunt end
as the egg is being laid, which point of the egg comes first ?
morula
as the fertilized egg travels down the fallopian tube, it starts to divide by mitosis until there is a solid ball of cells called __________
in the cytoplasm through glycosidic pathway
aside from mitochondria where can we generate ATP
Telophase II
at this point-- In females, there is only one dividing cell and the other three are polar bodies as in telophase I, the cytoplasm will be concentrated to one of the emerging cell resulting for the large cell to become and egg cell and the smaller ones will be polar bodies
ligaments
attaches bone to bone , stabilizing and strengthening joints and determining the range of motion
because they are within the white blood cells that is necessary to kill the microorganism the cell has captured.
bakit di naapektuhan ng Hydrogen Peroxide ang white blood cells?
kasi foreign yung sperm/ egg cell ng different species kaya there's a possibility na atakihin yung foreign material na un ng WBC another thing is the different chromosmal number
bakit di pede ipag breed ang different species
para magsurvive, evolution = survival of the fittest
bakit kailangan mag-evolve ng isang species
because latin is "language of learned" - it is universal/ understood by all -never changing
bakit latin ang ginagamit sa taxonomical system?
because on the drug called THALIDOMIDE (used in the 1960s) , which is an anti-morning sickness drug that has a side effect of having an undeveloped limbs
bakit nagkaroon ng phocomelia?
skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
based on structure or function muscles are categorized as:
phospholipid
basic structural component of membrane lipid
44
bat has how many number of chromosome ?
by opening of the sodium channel and closing of the potassium channel. since there are sodium outside compared to the inside the electrolytes/ cation will go towards the concentration gradient, therefore sodium will move from the outside to the inside and will make the membrane more positive
before a contraction we want the membrane to become more positive how?
Aristotle
believed in spontaneous generation, he believed that when a dead leaf fall into a pond, it transforms into fishes.
Liver and is stored in the gall bladder
bile salts are secreted from the
it prevents the glucose molecule from coming out of the cell
binding of phosphate to glucose prevents?
troponin
binding site for calcium
prostosome and deuterostome
blastophore could evolve to
chromosome 9
blood type is related to what chromosome number?
renal artery and renal vein
blood will enter the kidney via? blood will leave via
chromosome 19
blue/green eyes is related to what chromosome number?
mineral salts
bone hardness is due to the presence of _______ in the bone matrix
osteoclasts
bone-eating cells
shape
bones are categorized according to their ?
developmental biology (embryology)
branch of zoology that studies how organisms grow and develop
chromosome 15
brown eye color is related to what chromosome number?
bone matrix (25 %), water (5%), inorganic material in the form of hydroxyapatite (70%)
calcified bones/ bone connective tissue contains
micelles
can be acted upon by pancreatic lipases into fatty acid and mono glyceryte and pass into the epithelial cells
Secretin
can be found in the duodenum, these signals the secretion of sodium bicarbonate in the pancreas and stimulates bile secretion in the liver
gastric inhibitory peptide
can be found in the duodenum, this decreases the stomach chumming , in turn slowing the EMPTYING THE STOMACH . This also induces insulin secretion.
Cholecystokinin
can be found in the duodenum, this stimulates the release of the digestive enzyme in the pancreas and stimulates the emptying of bile in the gall bladder. ONLY FUNCTIONS ON ANIMALS WITH GALL BLADDER
skeletal muscle
can be made to contract or relax by conscious control
valves
can be seen in a closed circulatory system where it prevents backflow of blood within the blood vessel
Rostellum
can be seen in armed tape worm; this is provided with hooks
gynaecophoric canal
can be seen in blood fluke, this embraces the female during copulation
tentacles
can be seen in coelenterata, this is a long , hollow structure used for locomotion and food capturing
No cephalization
can be seen in earthworms, this means an organism does not have a distinct head
mesenchyme
can be seen in phylum platyhelminthes this is a loosely organized, mainly mesodermal embryonic tissue which develops into connective and skeletal tissues, including blood and lymph.
notochord
can be seen on chordates, this is a solid supporting structure on the dorsal side of the body at some stage of the life cycle
no, you can kill a bird by compressing its peritonial cavity
can you kill a bird by strangling its neck?
collar cells or chonatocytes
canals and spongcoel of a porifera is lined with....
perichondrium
cartilage is covered/ outline with a tissue called.
38
cat has how many number of chromosome ?
60
cattle has how many number of chromosome ?
Cancer
caused by a damaged P53 gene, it allows even the damaged cells to replicate
ribosomes
cell structures responsible for protein synthesis
Pinocytosis
cell takes droplet of proteins into the vesicle. There is an INVAGINATION of the plasma membrane
simple columnar epithelium
cells are taller than they are wide, nucleus is closer to the base
endocytosis
cells take in macro-molecule by forming vesicle from the plasma membrane
Eukaryotic cells
cells that have a true nucleus and are membrane bounded
Nucleus
central control center that monitors internal and external conditions (including reproduction , the production of ATP) and turns on or off different genetic programs
smooth ER
channels formed are similar to RER but tubular and without ribosomes
Growth phase 1
characterize by cell growth and the cell is preparing to begin DNA replication
Mitochondrion
characterized by a double membrane which creates two areas within the organelle; the organelle that houses enzyme for krebs and the one for ETC
biochemistry
chemical process that occur on a living organism.
lacunae
chondrocytes of the cartilage are housed with in the
Centromere
chromosomes contains a ___________ that is necessary for the attachment to microtubules for migration
hirudin
class hirudinea secreats this chemical that re establish blood supply and serves as an anti-coagulant and an anesthetic
pulmonary valve
closing of the tricuspid valve would trigger the opening of
chromosome 2
colon cancer is related to what chromosome number
Polymorphism
common in coelenterata, this is a type of animal wherein there is a different type of individuals are present in a colony for different functions
Hermaphroditism
common in the animal kingdom, this type of organism has both sexes. (MEANING BOTH INDIVIDUAL WILL HAVE BOTH OVARIES AND TESTES)
stratified epithelium
composed of several layers of cells and are then called compound epithelium
ommatidia
compound eyes in phylum arthropoda
Transmissible Venereal Tumor
condition having numerous vacuoles that causes a growing mass rising on the genital area of an animal
phocomelia
congenital condition in which the proximal portions of the limbs are poorly developed or absent
Intergumentary system
considered the largest organ system in the animal's body
Mitochondria
considered to be the powerhouse of the cell; it is the place which produce energy and the storage of that energy as ATP will occur
head
consist mainly of nucleus and acrosome
centriole
consist of fused microtubules and is responsible for separating replicated chromosomes into the two daughter cells. Therefore essential during mitotic cell division
Axial skeleton
consists of bones that form the axis of the body, it protects the organs of the head, neck and trunk. Protecting the internal organs
muscle tissues
consists of fibers (myofibrils) that are highly specialized for active generation of force contraction
Respiratory system
consists of the airways, the lungs and the mediate movement of air into and out of the body
digestive system
consists of tube running from the mouth to the anus known as the alimentary tract / GIT and the ancillary organs
page 1 ng meiosis at mitosis
construct the meiosis process between male and female
dermis
contains a dense connective tissue made up of collagen fibers that is responsible for its elasticity and strength
cytoplasm
contains dissolved nutrients , helps breakdown waste products and moves material around the cell
diploid
contains full number of chromosomes
haploid
contains only the half the chromosomes of the body cell
exoskeleton
contains rigid and resistant components that fulfill a set of functional roles including excretion , sensing, support, feeding and acting as a barrier against desiccation
systole; diastole
contraction is also known as? relaxation?
No, because air could still enter the body via the spiracles
could an insect die from simply drowning it to water?
spicule
could be made up calcium carbonate or silicious spicules they are responsible for the sturdiness of the sponge, thus acting as the skeletal system of the sponge
Proventriculus
counterpart of human stomach in birds
crypts of liberkuhn
crypts is also known as the
Cell biology
deals with biological function in the cellular level (deals with cellular process)
taxonomy
deals with the classification of living organism
molecular biology
deals with the interaction between various systems of a cell , including DNA RNA, and protein synthesis
virulent
degree of phatogenecity
tendons and ligaments; non elastic
dense connective tissue includes the _______ , ___________and its fibers are _______
Creatine phosphate
derives its high-energy phosphate from ATP and can donate it back to ADP to form ATP
it is made up of collagen (responsible for the strength of the skin) and elastic fibers (skin elasticity)
dermis is made up of what type of connective tissues?
acetyl choline will fuse to the membrane of an axon and eventally this charges the acetyl choline. Within muscle cells (particularly the membrane) we have a receptor for the acetyl choline that will stimulate the muscle contraction. When will it stop? the acetylcholinesterase enzyme will degrade the acetylcholine such that a contraction will stop.
describe how an acetycholinesterase works
the skeletal muscle is composed of a bundle of muscle fibers, they will contract/ react when they recieve a signal from the nervous system (action-potential). A neuromuscular junction is the site of the signal exchange. Muscle fibers are composed of many myofibrils that contains contractile unit called sarcomere which contins thick (myosin) and thin filaments (actin) giving the skeletal muscle its striated appearance. Muscle contract when these filaments slide each other. Because the actin filaments are anchored to the z line the sarcomere shortens from both sides when the actin filaments slide along the myosin. The action between the actin and mysoin is described as sliding, the myosin filament actually pulls the actin along its length. The cross bridges of the myosin filament attaches to the actin filament and exert force on them to move or the sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction, this is where the sarcomere shorten without the thick or thin filaments changing in length. A contraction begins when a bound ATP is hydrolized into ADP + Pi, this causes the myosin head to extend and can attach to the binding site on actin forming a cross bridge. A movement called the powerstroke is triggered allowing the myosin to pull the myosin filament towards the M line therefore shortening the sarcomere. ATP and Pi are released during the power stroke the myosin remains attach to actin until a new molecule of ATP binds either freeing the myosin to either allowing it to undergone another process for more contraction or remain unattached for the muscle to relax. Action potential generated from the nerve will be passed up to the terminal part of the axon this will cause for the opening of the calcium channel and the release of calcium ions into the cytosol of the axon which cause for the vesicle containing neurotransmitter, acetylcholine to bind to the membrane and release acetyl choline through exocytosis. This acetyl choline will bind to the receptor protein of muscles, the action potential will be transmitted from the nerve to the muscle. This action potential will travel to the transverse tubules (which is atached to the sarcoplasmic reticulum) of the skeletal muscle, so therefore the action potential will travel to the neuromuscular junction into the t-tubule then into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, on the sarcoplasmic reticulum this will cause the opening of the calcium gate there by releasing calcium into the cytoplasm of the muscle cells. The muscle contractions are controlled by the actions of Calcium ions. the actin filaments are associated with regulatory protein called tropomyosin and troponin. When a muscle is relaxed tropomyosin blocks the cross bridge binding sites on actin. When calcium ion levels are high enough and ATP is present, calcium ions binds to the troponin which displaces tropomyosin exposing the troponin binding site on actin this allows myosin to attach to the binding site on actin forming a cross bridge.
describe the muscle contraction process
+\- glycosyl transferase,
determines the blood type of an organism; how does it work?
chromosome 5
diabetes is related to what chromosome number?
lysosomes
digest and dispose foreign particles , malfunctioning structure and worn out organelle
The cardiac cycle is basically made up of contraction and relaxation but before that there are different valves present in the heart. within the heart we have the atrioventricular valve (AV) which separates atrium from the ventricle.
discuss the cardiac cycle
Biodiversity
diversity of life on both a large and small scale
no, birds doesnt have a sweat gland
do birds sweat?
No; Five
do phylum echinodermata have distinct brain? how many radiating nerves does this phylum have?
gawin mo lang veh.
do the diagram on how people / scientists study animals
gawin mo lang :)
do the whole activation and Krebs cycle process
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
does a dental scrapings put it on a slide and studied it under a microscope and found out that there are numerous animal-like structures moving around.
no
does amoebas form spores?
No, if the size of the mother bacteria is 2 microns, the offsppring of the bacteria would be 2 microns as well
does bacteria has variability?
YES, it has less amount of cells compared to that of the matrix
does bone connective tissue has less amount of cells ?
yes
does connective tissue have more matrix than cells?
No, kasi hindi naman nagstay ang food sa esophagus in a long period of time therefore, there are few diseases where esophagus is involved
does esophagus prone to infection ?
yes, in garden snails, they usually have a structure that would be inserted in their necks. Therefore both of the snails would be fertilized. earthworms, they would lie opposite to each other
does hermaphrodite organism requires mating process? how?
yesss, though they still have to look for a shell kasi nagiincrease pa rin size nila
does hermit crab undergone ecdysis
yes
does humans and a giraffe have the same number of cervical vertebra
noooo
does myosin move during muscle contraction ?
yes
does phylum mollusca posses blood?
Yes. there are certain substance present on the parotid gland that prevents microbial growth
does poison gland in frogs have a certain anti microbial activity?
No,epithelial tissues is composed mainly of cells and less matrix
does the epithelial tissue consists mainly of matrix?
NO, keratohyaline granules are very specific for stratum granulosum
does the layers above and below that stratum spinosum contains keratohyaline granules
yes, because different species of animals would have a difeerent number of vertebra
does the number of spiral nerves would depend on the vertebra?
YEEES
does the peristaltic motion also contributes to the propulsion of food?
78
dog has how many number of chromosome ?
chromosome 21
down syndrome is related to what chromosome number?
binary fission
during this asexual reproduction, the single DNA replicates and both copies attach tp the cell membrane
Inhalation
during this process the muscle (intercostal muscle) of the chest will contract lifting the ribs and pulling them outward.
capilliaries
each alveoli is surrounded by
annelida
earthworms belong to what phylum
matrix
embedded here are a variety of connecting and supporting fibers like collagen and eslatic fibers
keratinocytes
epidermal cells that transform as they move up in the epidermis eventually forming keratin (scales)
chromosome 5
epilepsy is related to what chromosome number?
ciliated columnar epithelium
epithelial tissue that posses hair-like outgrowths , cilia on their free surface and can be found on the air passage like nose. Can also be found for uterus and fallopian tube
endothelium
epithelial tissues that occurs on the interior of the body
Cenozoic era
era that is considered as the age of mammals
Mesozoic era
era where the fist mammals arises, it is the era believed to be belonged with the reptiles
growth, tissue repairs and replacement of the worn-out tissues
essentials of mitosis
because the phenotye (physical attributes) is dependent on the genotype
ex: ang nanay at tatay mo ay 5' bakit hindi ka pede maging 6'?
Robert Hooke
examined a cork from a bottle wined and chopped it into thin pieces and put it on a slide to examine
small intestine
example of an organ with simple columnar epithelium
acetabelum
examples of ligaments
phocidae family
examples of these are seals or organisms that has reduced limbs (flippers)
Hyperthyroidism
excessive activity of the thyroid gland that increases metabolism rate of a person thereby increasing the temperature inside the body as well
oscula
excurrent pores that can be seen in the spongcoel of a phylum porifera
Movement
exhibited by cells; the protoplasm has a contractile ability
gastric glands HCl and Pepsin
exocrine glands in the stomach wall that secrete gastric juice into the stomach. RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF
the DNA should first unwind and after the unwinding process the replication process will now happen. where the old strand would serve as a template in which it will form a new strand of DNA (exact copy). After the replication process it would then go to a process called transcription where one strand would serve as a template for synthesizing mRNA and the other one will act as the storage of genetic information. In synthesizing the youll replace the Thymine to Uracil. After transcription, it will now go to the cytoplasm and will go to ribosome (rRNA).After migrating to the ribosome TRANSLATION process will then occur. In the translation process we have a nucleotide called tRNA which carries amino acid and in there, there is an amino acyl side where the amino acid attaches. After the attachment of the amino acid in the amino acyl side, the tRNA will then go to the rRNA where the anticodon will be attached to the codon of the mRNA. This anticodon would then tranlate the codon of your DNA to its complementary. After that, an enzyme will form a bond to the translated amino acid and this enzyme will detach the anticodon from the codon in the ribosomes. After the detachment, it will now move to the amino acyl pool where all the RNAs are found. The translation would only stop when it reaches the stop codon. The proteins that was a product of the translation process would then be delivered to the different parts of the body
explain the Central Dogma of Molecular Genetics
at the start of the ETC , two electrons are passed from NADH to NADH dehydrogenase, coupled with this transfer there is one Hydrogen ion that is pumped out of this transfer. Next, the two electrons are then transfered to ubiquinone to cytochorme BC1 Each electrons are then passed from cytochrome BC1 to cytochrome C which accepts electron ONE AT A TIME. And ONE hydrogen ion is pumped through the surface for EACH transfer of electron THE next step is at the cytochrome oxidase which requires 4 electrons, these four electrons interact with a molecular oxygen molecule and 8 hydrogen ions. Four electrons + 4 hydrogen ion + oxygen molecule are used to create two water molecule . The other four molecule is pumped accross the membrane The other four molecules is pumped across the membrane, this series of hydrogen pumping steps creates a gradient. The potential energy on this gradient is then used by the ATP synthase to make ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate
explain the electron transport chain
The cell membrane EVAGENATES the bulk material and will be enclosed by the vesicle containing cell membrane and witth the aid of digestive enzymes the particular molecule will be digested and eventually will be discharged via exocytosis
explain the process of phagocytosis
Extracellular and the Cytoplasmic layer (where proteins can be found)
explain the two parts of plasma membrane
exoskeleton
external rigid frameworks , such as those found in some invertebrates (insects)
termination of replication
final stage of DNA replication where gaps within the newly synthesized strands are sealed or joined together
Telophase
final stage of mitosis, sister chromatid the opposite poles
Growth
follows on cell division ; there is an assimilation of protoplasm and an increase in size
maceration of the fetus or destruction of the uterus itself
for pregnants, too much oxytocin would cause
osteoprogenitor cells then there are cytokines that would develop these oteoprogenitor cells to become chindroblast which eventuallywould transform into chondrocyte
for the formation of cartilage we will be needing
calcium carbonate; siliceous
formainiferans secretes test that are primarily ____________ while radiolarian possess a test that is _______________
Telophase I
formation of new nuclear membrane (cytokinesis), in the male cell it will proceed tp Interphase II, however in the females the bigger cell is the one who will be proceeding to the interphase II and the smaller ones will degenerate forming polar bodies
Cytokinesis
formation of the cytoplaasm after the process of the cell dividing into two
Glycolipid
forms 5% of the membrane lipid and is ONLY present on the EXTRACELLULAR LAYER . They have a carbohydrate side chains
actin filament
forms zig-zag pattern along the anchored points of the z line and is on the outer edge of the sarcomere
Pineal gland
found deed within the brain and known as the third eye as it corresponds to light and day motion
Acetylcholinesterase
found in the membrane of a muscle; this is a neurotransmitter that is required for muscle contraction and is found inside the axon; it degrades the acetylcholine that makes the reaction stop.
articular cartilage
found on the outer surface of the epiphysis and forms a smooth surface that reduces friction
Growth phase 1, Synthesis phase, Growth phase 2 and the Mitotic Cycle
four phases of cell cycle
Compound, Facilitated, Active, Passive
four type of transport
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
function also is for protein synthesis and transports the protein that was synthesized by ribosomes provided in its structure.
Reproduction
function of the protoplasm in which cells divide to form identical daughter cells ; function of nucleus of the protoplasm
excretion
function of theprotoplas in which cells must get rid of the EXCRETORY WASTE
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
functions at the connective duct, this happens when you are not taking enough water which causes aquaporins to be inserted to the membrane of collecting duct so that large quantities of PURE WATER can be reabsorbed
Pons
functions in collaboration with the medulla, regulating breathing and reflex actions in response to auditory and visual stimuli
Neuron
functions primarily in conducting or transferring and receive signals from all parts of the central nervous system
connective tissue
functions primarily to bind or connect together all types of cell
renal pelvis
funnel-shaped reservoir that collects the urine and passes it to the ureter
Reduction
gain of electrons
External Fertilization
gametes are released into the water by each sex at the same time
page 4 sa ANIMAL DIVERSITY
gawin mo ung digaram ng animal kingdom
PAGE 2
gawin mo ung evolutionary family tree sa page 2
nasa notebook
gawin mo ung summary ng buong glycolysis hanggang ETC (yung table)
gawin mo lang hehe
gawin mo ung table ng coelenterata sa page 9
gawin mo lang
gawin mo ung table ng phylum porifera sa page 7
Plasmids
gene carrying , circular DNA structures that are not involved in reproduction. It carries gene for anti-biotic resistance , and has the ability to replicate on its own.
Mitosis
generally, a type of cell division involving somatic cells resulting in the production of daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as that of the parent.
Protandrous : within the sea anemone there lives a clown fish, usually there is one breeding pair and there is a non breeding pair. The breeding pairs are usually the largest among the group and dominance is based on the size. The largest among the group would be the female and the second largest would be the male. When the female dies the male will assume the function of the female. The male clownfish would become a female Protogynous: parrot fishes/ angel fishes.
give an example of a sequential hermaphroditism
Formation of Fingers and Toes, apoptosis triggers the separation of fingers
give an example of an apoptosis
-the omnivor, herbiovor, insectivor, -In pigs: the fed it with booster, starter, pre starter and finisher - in chickens they usually depends on the breed and use. Ex you have a broiler and a layer chicken; both are chicken but they have different function and different requiremnts of feed.
give an example of animal nutriology application
amphibians
give an example of animals who undergone external fertilization
skull of a baby isn't fused yet, as the child is maturing there are certain bones that tends to fuse together. This type of bone formation would involve intramembranous ossification.
give an example of intramembranous ossification
hepatocytes (liver cells), Neurons, Sex cells
give an example of non proliferative cells
bacteria; E. coli the generation time is 20-30 minutes.
give an example of organisms that reproduce via asexual reproduction
-fertilization process, then forming a zygote then this will divide until it forms the organs etc (how heart develop from a zygote) -any malformation of a particular organ
give an example of the use of embryology
bones of the vertebrae and the skull
give an example pf an irregular bone
Kapag may sakit ung animals: usually animals tend to stay out of the herd In chicks: kapag nasa isang place lang sila (sa may ilaw) hindi masyadong malamig ung place. Kapag theyre all over the place, and theya are spreading their wings ibigsabihin naman naiinitan. Sa dogs, kapag kinain ung placenta ibigsabihin its avoiding the predators, kinakain niya ung placenta to remove the scent of it thus protecting the puppies
give examples of ethology
food chain on a wetland area. crocodiles living in swamps
given an example of ecology
lice on a human host, has an effect giving rise to leuikemia etc
given an example of parasitology and pathology
Proterozoic eon ; algae
gives rises to Eukaryotic fossil in the form of ___________
pyruvate
glucose is partially broken down into 3 carbon molecule called
cytosol ,mitochondrial matrix, and inner mitochondrial membrane (Cristae)
glycolysis occurs in? krebs cycle occurs in? and ETC occurs in?
reptalia, aves, amphibia, mammalia, and pisces
gnatosthomata is divided into class...
Gills
greatly increases area for gas exchange; this typically occurs in every animal groups including anthropods, annelids fish and amphibians
microplasma
group of bacteria that does not have a cell wall, and causes pneumonia
Prokaryotes
group of cells that does not have a nucleus and membrane bound organelle
chromosome 19
hair color is related to what chromosome number?
bone modeling
happens when bone resorption and bone formation occur on a separate surfaces
cellular respiration
harvest electrons from organic compound such as glucose to make a molecule called ATP
prokaryotic
has a primitive "nucleus" and doesn't have a nuclear membrane and the genetic material is at the nucleoid
ovoviviparous organism
have eggs that hatch as they are laid, making it look like live birth.
total collapse of the villi
having a defect crypts would lead to the
monoecious
having male and female reproductive organs in the same animal
Gregor Mendel
he is the father of genetics, he is the first person to study genetics using peas
scolex
head of an adult tapeworm; can contain suckers or hooks
cholesterol
helps to enhance the permeability barrier property of membrane and provides stability on the membrane
acidotic
high amount of hydrogen in the blood will make it ?
because the secretions of the organ will not travel via the duct. It will travel directly through the blood stream.
hormones are said to be ductless in nature, why is that so?
because hormones are rich in blood vessel, because all of the secretions should pass to the blood vessel
hormones are said to be very vascular, why is that so?
the cells secreting hormones should have these intercellular vacuole for the storage of the hormones. Ex. the pancreas responsible for the secretion of insulin and glucagon
hormones usually exist in the presence of the intercellular vacuole, why is that so
64
horse has how many number of chromosome ?
Interphase
houses 90 % of the cell cycle
1. thyrotropin releasing hormone 2.anterior pituitary gland 3. anterior pituitary gland 4. thyroid stimulating hormone 5. thyrotropin 6. thyroid 7. thyroxine: T3 and T4 8. increase metabolic rate 9.pituitary gland or to the 10. hypothalamus 11. thyrotropin 12. T3 and T4
how are the hormone regulated? for example because of the exposure to cold, your body temperature would decrease as well, because of this the hypothalamus will secrete_____1_____ with its target organ being the _____2____, such that this _____3______ will send ________4_____ or ____5____ in which the primary target organ is ________6_____. Such that the thyroid gland will secrete_______7______ in which the main function is to_____8_____, therefore increasing the body temperature as well. As long as the temperature is reached, this will send signal to the __9___ or to the ___10___ to stop the secretion of _____11____ and this particular hormone release are stopped. thereby stopping the release of ______12____.
if an organism is provided with capsule that is very much larger in diameter compared with the bacterial cell itself it would prevent phagocytosis form happening
how can a bacterial capsule protect a bacteria from phagocytosis
CO2 + H2O <--> H2CO3 <--> H+ + HCO3-
how can a blood stabilize pH and lowers concentration? (in equation)
-through the smooth surface of the hyalinecartilage it provides sliding area which reduces friction. Ex may uric acid / acid crystals
how can a cartilage reduces friction on the joint?
by stimulating osteoclastic activity
how can a hormone increase the calcium level in the blood ?
probably because of the cancerous melanocyte-producing cell
how can a mole develop into cancer
by progressively moving forward and not in circular motion
how can a sperm cell fertilize an ovum
ex with bacillus anthrasis that is provided with capsule has more ability to cause disease compared to the bacillus anthrasis without capsules
how can capsule make a bacteria virulent?
normally, potassium (which is normally being absorbed) and hydrogen is being excreted out. But when the hydrogen ion increases resulting to the acidity of the blood, potassium / sodium resorted and Hydrogen will go out. This would produce to an acidic urine, because the hydrogen would be added to the ammonium ions and will be released through the urine
how can kidney regulate the pH of the blood
usually, the skin contains a staphyloccocus A., E.coli etc. but then again, they're not capable of causing disease unless there is a "break" on your skin. The skin basically protects the body from infectious organisms
how can the skin protect someone from bacteria?
by the time it reaches the outside environment of the skin
how can you tell if a hair is dead?
Through binary fission
how do bacteria divide?
nag spread sila ng wings to release heat from body
how do birds react on environmental temperatures
mouth, stomach , small intestine, large intestine , cecum
how do the horses digest food?
through, Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus , species
how do we classify animals
animals are being studied through scientific method
how do zoologist, veterinarians and biologists study animals?
hyaline cartilage joins bones firmly together in such a way that a certain amount of movement is still possible between them
how does a cartilage help function as a movement
fishes have a two chambered heart the atrium and the ventricle. Each pumping of atrium the blood is pushed to the ventricle and as the ventricle contracts blood is pumped onto the gills for oxygenation. The oxygenated blood from the gills would be delivered to the rest of the body.The blood that is delivered to the rest of the body would only have a low blood pressure because it willl first be delivered to the lungs before being deliverd to the rest of the body.
how does a fish circulatory works ?
because an irritant (sand), the oyster will produce calcium carbonate that would cover the irritant. This calcium carbonate would then be converted to a pearl
how does a pearl oyster produces its shell?
during expiration (exhalation), the alveolus is inflated. The alveolus would have a natural recoil tendency that during expiration the alveoli has a tendency to deflate. The deflation usually is brought about by the interaction of water molecules found inside the walls of the alveoli. Usually water molecules would have forces of attraction in which will contribute to the surface tension which will cause deflation of alveoli. Too much surface tension collapse of the alveoli, therefore there is a need to prevent it by the secretion of surfactant by type II pneumocyte.. These surrfactant woud then insert themselves into the water molecules where the hydrophilic head would be directed in the water molecules while the tail which is hydrophobic would be outside.
how does a surfactant in the alveoli works
when it contracts, blood is pumped away from the heart through its associated blood vessel called the pulmonary artery. Therefore the deoxygenated blood coming from the vena cava will go to the right atrium to the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery for oxygenation in the lungs then it will be returned to the atrium to the left ventricle and again will be pumped to the rest of the body by means of the aorta
how does a ventricle works
The RBC is containing an oxygen-carrying molecule which is the hemoglobin that increases the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. Meanwhile, carbon dioxide is the main product of metabolism therefore a metabolically active site would produce large amount of carbon dioxide which would then be in contact with RBC that is highly oxygenated. When they come in contact with a tissue with a high amount of carbon dioxide the diffususion would be from the tissue (which has a high CO2 level) to the RBC (that has a high O2 level) then from RBC (Which has a high O2 level) to the tissue (With a high CO2 level).
how does alveoli gas exchange happen
the deoxygenated blood is returned to the heart by means of veins (vena cava). When the atrium contracts , blood coming from the right atrium will be pushed into the right ventricle In the case of the Left atrium, the blood will originate from the LUNGS such that oxygenated blood will be returned to the left atrium by means of pulmunary vein. As the left atrium contracts blood is pumped into the left ventricle
how does an atrium works ?
RBCs are getting manufactured in the bone marrow which is situated in the spongy tissue at the ends of long bones
how does bone participate in the manufacturing blood cells
the c-shaped cartilagenous rings in the trachea and bronchi assist in keeping those tubes open ex : sa paghinga, it will serve as a passage hole for air.
how does cartilage serves a support
the chicken will eat the food , then it will travel down to the esophagus towards to the expanded part of the esophagus which serves as the temporary storage pouch of food , this is called the Crop/ buchi. This is followed by the proventriculus , which is the portion in which chemical digestion will happen is considered as the true stomach of a chicken This is followed by the gizzard/ balun-balunan, this is the muscular stomach of the animal, it decreases the particle size of the food the chicken ingest. The gizzard would require certain material to help in digestion, they are known as the grits. The grits helps breakdown in particle size of the food that they have. After that, the food would then go to the small intestine then into the large intestine until it go to the cloaca
how does chicken digest food?
via diffusion
how does class cestoda acquire their food?
in fishes, water will enter the mouth and will leave via the gills. Water containing oxygen will move in one direction while blood will move of the opposite direction
how does countercurrent flow happens
Assuming that the RBC is coming from
how does gas exchange happen from RBC?
hyaline cartilage is responsible for the longitudinal growth of bone in the neck regions of the long bones
how does hyaline cartilage correlates to someone's growth
through the canaliculi
how does osteocytes communicate with each other
PYRUVATE + CoASH + NAD ---> NADH + ACETLY COA + CO2 producing 2 NADH or 4 ATPs plus 2 co2 and 2 NADH
how does pyruvate form to become an Acetyl CoA.? how many ATPs are formed? how many NADH are formed? hpw many CO2 are formed and how many NADH are formed
mouth, esophagus , then the four stomach/ four chamber stomach : rumen (largest part) it contains bacteria and protozoa responsible for grass digestion, reticulum, omasum and abomasum then will be heading to the small intestine then large instestine...
how does ruminants digest its foods?
when a muscle contract , the z line moves closer together, the I BAND became shorter and the A band remains the same
how does the "sliding filament works "
bone plays a part in homeostasis because it helps to maintain a constant level of calcium in the blood. 0.1 % . Calcium is necessary for muscle contraction, blood formation
how does the bone participates in the homeostasis ? how many percent of calcium is present in the blood? calcium is necessary for what?
bones protects soft and delicate organs of the body such as the brain
how does the bone protects the body
the bone tissue forms a system of lever to which the voluntary muscle move
how does the bone tissue participates in the locomotion of the body
the bone cells form a supportive framework , giving shape and rigidity to the body
how does the bone tissue supports the body
If the testis' temperature is the same as that of the body temperature, there would be a failure in spermatogenesis. So therefore, the scrotum, during summer will be loose to GIVE LOWER TEMPERATURE TO THE TESTICLES during cold nights, the scrotum WILL BE CLOSE TO THE BODY AS POSSIBLE
how does the the scrotum regulates the temperature of the testis? why is it necessary to have that kind of interaction on the testicles?
since prokaryotes doesn't have any nucleus the DNA is being transcribe within the cytoplasm such that translation occurs in the cytoplasm as well. A as the DNA is being transcribed a certain portion of RNA is already being translated. AS DNA IS BEING TRANSCRIBED, RNA IS BEING TRANSLATED AS WELL
how does translation occur in prokaryotes
because of the fluidity of the cytoplasm
how is cell division made possible?
in the cocurrent flow, the flow of blood containing oxygen is to the right, the water containing oxygen moves on the same direction as the blood. Let's say that the blood after going to the tissues may contain less amount of oxygen, the degree of saturation of oxygen is very low. Then the water containing high amount of oxygen is going the same direction but because it has a higher amount of oxygen saturation in the virtue of diffusion oxygen will move from an area of higher concentration to an area having a low oxygen content. So oxygen will diffuse from the water and the blood will be dense. BUT WILL THAT ATTAIN A SATURATION IN THE BLOOD? Yes, but with 50% saturation of the exchange gradient (ie oxygen) there will be an equilibrium at 50% saturation therefore seizes the gas exchange only containing 50% oxygen saturation Meanwhile the countercurrent flow the water and the blood moves at the opposite direction. So in this case, at an opposite direction, blood would contain a less amount of oxygen but the water, at the direction opposite to the blood would contain a high amount of oxygen. So therefore if the blood containing oxygen is around 40% and the water containing oxygen is at 50% the gas exchange would be possible as the level of saturation of oxygen on the blood goes up. At around 90% oxygen saturation in the blood, water is having a 100% oxygen saturation therefore oxygen exchange would be possible. This would result to a 100% saturation of oxygen in the blood and would be delivered to the body. COUNTERCURRENT IS MORE FAVORABLE :D IF DI MO MAGETS, LOOK FOR A PIC THEN READ IT AGAIN
how is countercurrent flow of air more efficient compared to that of the cocurrent flow of oxygen ?
ex: reason kung bakit mas mabilis ang kabayo sa kambing in medicine, the use of prosthetic legs in physics we study electricity, how the electro-chemical signals : on how information go from spinal cord to one organ
how is physics applies to biology
1 day or 24 hours and 30 min
how long does a chicken develop an egg?
some of them may reach as fast as 8 minutes to as long as a year
how long does cell cycle occur?
10 days to 2 weeks
how long does the sperm cell stay in the sperm host gland of a bird
dogs : 2 months, Pigs:114 days or 3 months 3 weeks and 3 days Cow: 9 months or 282 sheep and goat? 5 months elephant : 2 years or 640 days giraffe: 420 days
how long is the gestation period for dogs ? pigs? cow ? sheep and goat? elephants ? giraffe ?
is a muscle that has three heads or origin. TRISEPHALIC. 1 insertion
how man heads is present in triceps extensor femoris? how many insertion is present?
36/38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule depending on the cell
how many ATPs will be produced form a molecule of glucose?
one egg cell and three polar bodies
how many cells are produced in a female during meiosis
seven cervical vertebra
how many cervical vertebra does an organism contain?
three chambered heart. Two atria and one ventricle
how many chambers dies amphibian has? what are those?
four
how many chambers is present in the heart of a mammals and birds
23 pairs
how many chromosomes does a human have
a squid has a pair of tentacles
how many pairs of tentacles does a squid have
0.9 percent
how many percent of NaCl is present in the RBC ?
one RBC at a time because the lumen of the capillary is very smol
how many red blood cell can one capillary take?
female: larger, pointed end male: penis is longitudinal, coiled end and smaller
how to determine the sex of a phylum aschelminthes
closing of the sodium channel and opening the potassium channel
how to repolarize a cell ?
by using potassium chloride, potassium sends signals to every muscle in the body to contract. When the potassium reaches the inmate's heart, it disrupts the delicate balance of sodium and potassium ions that keep the heart beating.
how to stop all of the muscle contraction
by reciprocating the number of RBC lifespan of an organism Dogs = 0.8 or 1 % Cats = 1.4% Cows = 0.625 or 1 % horse = 0.689 or 1%
how will you determine the amount of RBC that is replaced on a daily basis ? compute the number of RBC lifespan of dogs , cats , cows and horse
no contraction; contraction
if the body has a (+) charge there will be _________ contraction, meanwhile if the body is (-) charge there will be __________
osteopetrosis
if the osteoblastic activity is favored this usally results to
Osteoporosis
if the osteoclasitc activity is favored this usually results to
thymine -15% cytosine- 35% guanine-35% because purines and pyrimidines have equal number of proportions
if there are 15% of adenine in a sequence about how many percent are thymine , cytosine and guanine? how did you derive on your answer?
ectopic pregnancy
implantation of the fertilized egg in any site (usually Fallopian tube) other than the normal uterine location
10 base pairs 34 angstrom, 3.4 nm, 3400 pm , 17500 angstrom
in a 360 turn of DNA : how many base pair are present ? how long is this 360 degree turn ? from here compute the length of the DNA having 500 base pairs
from electronegative to electropositive
in a nutshell, how would you describe the action-potential
in anerobic respiration, only 2 ATPs would be produced while in aerobic 36-38 ATP
in anearobic condition how many atps are produced? in aerobic?
from the ovary
in birds, where does the yolk originating
plasma, 55% and 45 % are the packed cell volume
in centrifugation, what is the less weighted material, and what is its percentage?
teeth , that is responsible for the mechanical breakdown of large material into smaller particle. Enzymes for the chemical breakdown of the smaller particles of food to convert it to nutrients
in digestion , the mechanical process is due to the presence of? menawhile the chemical breakdown is due to the presence of ?
osteoprogenitor cells then there are cytokines that would develop these oteoprogenitor cells to become osteoblast which eventually would transform into osteocyte
in forming the bone we will be needing
Interphase I
in meiosis, it is the phase where chromosomes replicate; chromosomes loosely packed and not visible with a microscope. Two pairs of centriole lie just outside the nucleus , next to each other
Cytoplasm
in prokaryotic bacteria it is a gel-like substance composed of water that also contains enzyme , salts , cell components and various organic substance .Devoid of organelle, only ribosomes present
osteoprogenitor cells then there are cytokines that would develop these oteoprogenitor cells to become fibroblast which eventually would transform into fibrous connective tissue
in the formation of a fibrous connective tissue we will be needing
albumin
in the reproductive part of birds, what does the magnum secretes
heart
in the word "os cordis" what do we mean by cordis
different; same
in the word heterodont what do we mean by hetero? how about iso
open circulatory system; insects
in this type of circulatory system, the blood flows slowly as there is no blood pressure after the body leaves the blood vessel; an organism with this type of circulatory system are?
organic substances
includes proteins, carbohydrates , lipids , nucleic acids and enzymes
human respiratory system
includes the lungs , trachea and the structures in the chest that involved with moving air in and out of the lungs
endochondral bone formation
increase in length is due to continued ___________ at the end of long bones
formation of new bone on the outer surface of the cortical bone (hard bone) or an increase osteoblastic activity
increase in the circumference of a bone is made possible by
thyroid hormones
increases the over all metabolic rate, regulates growth and development as well the onset of sexual maturity
rhinitis
inflammation of the nasal mucosa
endometrium
inner lining of the uterus
systemic respiration / gas exchange
involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the respiratory tract
glucose
is a common energy source of a cell
blood vessels
is a component of the circulatory system that consists of arteries , capiliaries and veins that deliver blood to all tissues
dermis
is a connective tissue layer UNDER THE EPIDERMIS and contains nerve endings, sensory receptors , capillaries and elastic fibers
flagellates
is a group of protista that is unicellular , eukaryotic yhat possess flagella as an adult
rough endoplasmic reticulum
is a highly developed for protein exporting cells.
Progesterone
is a hormone secreted by the ovaries coming from the corpus luteum, this promotes further preparation of the uterine lining for pregnancy and prevents uterine contraction until the baby is born
beaks
is a keratin structure that is covering the jaw of a bird and is of epidermal origin
claws and talons
is a keratin structure that is curved , laterally compressed keratinized projections from the tip of the digits and is found among birds
Hooves
is a keratin structure that is enlarged keratin plates found on the ends of the ungulate digits and is the external covering of the last digit on the animal's body
Nails
is a keratin structure that is keratinized epithelial cells. It protects from mechanical injury and stabilize skin for better grasping and is only found in primates
TESTIS
is a male gonad suspended outside the body within the scrotum
smooth muscle
is a muscle that is located in the walls of hollow internal structures such as blood vessel, stomach intestines and urinary bladder
vagina
is a muscular structure that functions to receive the penis and also as a birth canal
Esophagus
is a muscular tube whose muscular contractions propel food to the stomach
Nervous system
is a network of specialized cells that conduct impulses from or to areas of the body to the brain and spinal cord and within the brain
H zone
is a portion of the A band where the thick and thin filaments does not overlap
cholesterol
is a rigid plate like steroid ring that makes up 20 percent of the membrane lipid system. And is only present in animal cell only.
skeletal system
is a strong framework that supports the body
systematics
is a study of the evolutionary history and classification of organism in order to establish relationship in monophyletic groups
Surfactant
is a substance that decrease the surface tension within the alveoli to prevent alveolar collapse
endocrine system
is a system that elicits a slower response, therefore the effects are longer duration
lymphocytes
is a type of WBC that is essential to fight viral infection and is responsible for the formation of the antibodies. It has a large nucleus almost occupying the entire cytoplasm
exoskeleton
is a type of an external anatomical feature that supports and protects the softer animal's body and provides surface for attachments of muscle
Erythrocytes
is a type of blood that is carriers of hemoglobin and therefore function in oxygen and carbon dioxide transport
Flat bones
is a type of bone that has a broad surface for protection of organs and attachment of the muscle. Example of this is the bones of the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle . cranial bones and the ribs. They are usually the source of bone marrow
pneumatic bones
is a type of bone that is generally being penetrated by air sacs
Meiosis
is a type of cell division involving reproductive cells with half the number of chromosomes as that of the parent
Type I pneumocyte cells
is a type of cell that made up the majority of the wall of alveoli and is squamous in shape
skeletal muscle
is a type of muscle that comprises a series of striped or striated thread like myofibrils
smooth muscle
is a type of muscle that contains a contractile filament but are not arranged in striated patterns that cross striations are not visible. They also contains small fibers , fusiform in shape and contains a single nucleus
smooth muscle
is a type of muscle that works involuntary and are non striated
skeletal muscle
is a type of muscle which contains 1% of the glycogen fiber
Hydrostatic skeleton
is a type of skeleton that can be seen in earth worms
goblet cells
is a unicellular gland that is scattered throughout the simple columnar epithelium and secretes mucus
yes; no
is accessory organs present in humans? in birds ?
Mucous
is also produced by salivary glands, this moisten food and lubricates esophagus
cell adhesion protein
is an attachment sites to other cells or extracellular matrix or intracellular molecules ; helps maintain shape, binds cell together and aid cell movement
salivary amylase
is an enzyme that begins to breakdown starch into glucose
Pepsin
is an enzyme that starts protein digestion
symporter
is an integral membrane protein that is involved in the transport of many differing types of molecules /compounding molecule across the cell membrane.
uniporter
is an integral membrane protein that transports a specific /single type of substrate species (charged or uncharged) across a cell membrane
nephrostome
is an opening in the metanephridia and is the terminal region of the earthworm
Circulatory system; cadiovascular system
is an organ system that is seen strictly as a blood distribution network; it is also known as
Liver
is an organ that sends bile to the small intestine
Cancer
is an uncontrolled cell division, and is caused by a malfunction in the P53 gene
Hydrocephalus
is caused by the ependymal cell, this is the result of too much accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the head
amoeba
is characterized by the possession of pseudopodia and has an asymmetrical or a spherical symmetry
advantageous, because this allows the animal to use different ecological settings that means a higher chance of survival
is complete metamorphosis advantageous or disadvantageous ? why?
Appendicular skeleton
is composed of bones that anchor the appendages to the axial skeleton. This composed of the bones in the forelimbs , hindlimbs, pectoral and pelvic girdle
simple epithelium
is composed of one cell layer
non parasitic ; flagellates
is euglena parastic or non parastiic? what type of protista is euglena?
Bicarbonate ion
is found in the saliva and neutralizes acids in food
yes
is heterozygous a hibird
nope,
is hypodermis part of the skin
keratohyaline granules
is involved in the keratin formation and associated intimately with tonofilaments. This is the reason for the granular appearance of the stratum granulosum
no
is it possible for a penis to reach the uterus
ESOPHAGUS
is lined with a multi layer of cells that are impermeable to absorption
Femoral gland
is located on the undersurfae of thigh in male lizards, this opens through the short duct passing through a spike like projection
Yes, because of the muscle spasm in the vagina
is locking mechanism possible in humans ?
Large intestine
is mostly indigestible fluid and is made up of colon, cecum and rectum
no, it has long segmented arms for movement similar to a starfish
is ophiothrix a starfish ?
Axon
is part of the neuron that is long , single , unbranched process that projects from the cell body; carries impulses away from the cell body
vascular, because it is filled up with tissue when filled with blood under parasympathetic stimulation the veins would be inhibited with blood flow therefore having an erection.
is penis mascular or vascular?
yeeees
is peristalsis involuntary
Lipid bilayer
is permeable to small non polar molecules and is impermeable to ions (anion and cations) and polar molecules
yessss
is phylum platyhelminthes acoelomate?
dermal bone
is present among placoderms , it is a bony structure that develops on the skin and does not form cartilage first and then calcify
Diaphysis
is primarily composed of compact bone and therefore provides considerable strength
Glucagon
is produced by the alpha cell of the pancreatic islet that causes the breakdown of glycogen into glucose
Insulin
is produced by the beta cells of the pancreas in which the main function is tp cause cell to take up glucose.
cerumen (ear wax)
is produced by the ceruminous gland to stop dust from enetring the ear wax
microtubules
is responsible for cell division; it is the spindle fiber that can be seen on the microscope
cytoskeleton
is responsible for cell motility and is responsible for the internal movement of the cells as well as the locomotion and muscle fiber contraction
myelin sheet
is responsible for insulating the nerves and speeds up the transmission of impulses
Microglia cells
is responsible for phagocytosis, cleaning debris and bacterial cells
Cholesterol
is responsible for the formation of hormones ( testosterone, progesterone)
Growth Phase 1
is responsible for the preparation of the nucleotide bases
dentin
is similar to bone structure but is harde. It is located beneath the enamel and forms the walls of the third component of teeth , pulp cavity. and is of DERMAL ORIGIN
feather shaft
is the continued growth of the feather resulting to the outward projection of the skin
stratum lucidum
is the extra layer on palms and soles and is pale-straining translucent layer.
Nephron
is the functional unit of the kidney
sarcomere
is the functional unit within the cell that extends from one z line to the next attached z line. It serves as the contractile unit of the myofibril
No, they are actually derivatives of the epidermis although they are found in the dermis
is the hair roots, sweat glands part of the dermis ?
Medullary cavity
is the hollow center of the diaphysis and is consist of red marrow which in time would be replaced by yellow marrow
ATP
is the immediate source of energy for muscle contraction
Mouth (oral cavity)
is the initial portion of of the digestive system where food is ingested , masticated and lubricated
Phylum arthropoda
is the largest among the animal kingdom, they comprise more than 75% of the animal species
digestion
is the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into particles and molecules small enough to pass into the blood stream
Ventilation
is the mechanics of breathing in and out
Chyme
is the mixture of acid and food in thee stomach with a sludge-like consistency that is suitable for further digestion in the small intestine
saliva
is the mixture of water, mucus , enzymes , immunoglobulins and ions
Ecdysis
is the molting of the cuticula in the anthropods and related groups and is necessary for the continuous growth of anthropods
cardia
is the most anterior portion and surrounds entrance of esophagus
apoptosis
is the natural cell death
nephridiopore
is the opening outside of the body of an earthworm
Assimilation
is the passage of food molecules into the body cells through glycolytic pathways
proventriculus
is the portion in which chemical digestion will happen is considered as the true stomach of a chicken
DNA replication
is the process of copying a double stranded DNA molecule to form two double-stranded molecules
bone remodeling
is the replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue which mainly occurs in the adult skeleton to maintain bone mass. THIS HAPPENS ON THE SAME SIDE/SURFACE O F THE BONE
anatomy
is the science of the structure and organization of living things.
Morphology
is the similarities and differences in the anatomy of an organism
kinetochore
is the structure in the centromere where spindle fibers will attach.
ethology
is the study about the behavior of an animal
diffusion
is the tendency of the molecules to move from along the concentration gradient
yes, in hypotonic solution it will not burst because of the cell wall present in the plant cells (Turgid). In hyeprtonic solution , only the internal component will shrink but the cell wall remains the same (Plasmolysis). And
is the tonicity the same in Plant cells and animal cells?
Langerhans cells
is the type of epidermis that is a macrophanges that fight off infections
Fertilization
is the union of egg and sperm cell to form a zygote
breathing
is usually an unconcious activity but can also be controlled consciously
Aortic valve
it a valve separating the left ventricle and the aorta
crypts
it functions for the replacement of villi through mitotic process
Peroxisome
it has an oxidative enzyme that breakdown the hydrogen peroxide into water and hydrogen
recessive
it has qualities that recede and not observed ; abbreviated with lowercase version of the same letter as dominant
phylum chordata; notochord
it has solid supporting structure on the dorsal side of the body known as ____________
Gills
it is a convoluted outgrowth containing blood vessels covered by thin epithelial layer
mineral salts or hydroxyapatite crystals
it is a crystaline complex of calcium and phosphate
Compact bone; dense bone
it is a dense , hard and forms as the PROTECTIVE EXTERIOR portion of all bones
phylum annelida
it is a free-living terrestrial or aquatic form, with long , cylindrical and is metamerically segmented.
kingdom protoctista
it is a group of eukaryotic organism whose nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear envelope and contains platids and mitochondria
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
it is a large molecule packaged in chromosomes in the nucleus of cells, this also contains genes that direct the production of proteins
Lungs
it is a large, lobed , paired ingrowths of the body wall and connects the outside by a series of tubes and small openings and is located in the chest/ thoracic cavity
law of dominance
it is a law of genetics in which in many traits one allele is dominant over the other allele. The "weaker (recessive" allele is only expressed when it is paired with another recessive allele
chromosome
it is a long strand of DNA that is packed together with proteins and other kinds of molecules
exhalation
it is a passive process where the lungs have a natural elasticity as they recoil from the stretch of the inhalation
nematocyst
it is a stinging cell that is contained within the cnidocytes that can be seen in phylum coelenterata
peritonial cavity
it is a term used for animals without diaphragm
microvilli
it is a tiny-hairlike projections that are free surface of the columnar cell. They increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients in the small intestine
messenger RNA
it is a type of RNA that is being transcribed from DNA and travels to ribosome to direct polypeptide
closed circulatory system; humans
it is a type of circulatory system where blood is not free on the cavity ; it is contained within the blood vessel. They also contains cells and liquid plasma; examples of organism that has this kind of circulatory system are
Epithelium tissues
it is also the type of tissues where many glands (mammary gland, mucous gland) are formed and lines both the outside of the skin and inside of the cavities and lumen of the body
phospholipids
it is amphipathic and serves as a relatively impermeable barrier to passage of molecules
Spinal Cord
it is an extension of the brain consists of motor and sensory nreves in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions of the spine
Anemia
it is another ill-effect of too much osteoblastic activity; there's a reduction/ obliteration on the amount of the bone marrow which supplies the RBC ;
pituitary gland
it is called the "master endocrine gland"
Lower portion of the ascending branch of the loop of henle
it is part of the loop of henle where Na and Cl is highly permeable, Urea is MODERATELY permeable, and is IMPERMEABLE to water
descending limb of the loop of henle
it is part of the loop of henle where water is highly permeable but almost completely impermeable to solutes
neurotransmitters; gap
it is produced at the synapse through electrical signals; these are secreted a the
nephrons
it is responsible for the production for the urine
testicles / testis
it is responsible for the production of sperm cells
arrector pili muscle
it is responsible for the raising of hairs in the skin
Distal convoluted tubule
it is responsible for the secretion of H ions, potassium and certain drugs (waste products)
Gonads
it is the actual organs that produces games
apodemes
it is the attachment point of the muscle in exoskeletons
genes
it is the basic unit of inheritance that makes up the chromosome and may exist in one form
hemoglobin
it is the blood under the skin that gives it pinkish-hue , especially in light-colored people
Os Cordis
it is the bone that is commonly found in the heart of a ruminant
cellular respiration
it is the breakdown of organic molecules such as glucose to produce ATP
thalamus and hypothalamus
it is the center for processing information, and is located immediately below corpus callosum
Endocrine system
it is the collection of glands that secrete chemical messenger called hormones
feather follicle
it is the columns of epidermal cells in birds that projects into the skin, initally forming an invagination
synapse
it is the connection between adjacent neurons,
cecum
it is the counter part of appendix (in humans), it is the extended portion of the large intestine that contains bacteria and protozoa that is responsible for the digestion of grass
stratum basale (basal layer)
it is the deepest layer of the skin and is most active mitotically;
dichotomous branching system
it is the double branching of two primary bronchiole from trachea
vulva
it is the external genitalia of a female
vein
it is the fusion of the venules and it carries blood from capilliaries to the heat
alveoli
it is the grape like sac clusters on the bronchioles
enamel
it is the hardest substance in the body that covers the tooth surface and is of epidermal origin
pepsinogen
it is the inactive version of pepsin, and is produced by chief or zymogenic cells
Rugae
it is the internal surface of a stomach, it is a series of ridges produced by folding of the wall of an organ a
apodemes
it is the internal surface of the exoskeleton that is often elaborated into a set of specialized structures
thalamus ; olfactory lobe
it is the last center where all sensory signals are processed before they are passed on to cerebrum (with exception to the sense of smell, because the are of the brain that associates with smell is __________)
Aorta
it is the main arterial trunk in the body that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body.
Aorta
it is the main artery leaving the heart towards the body system
Ventricle
it is the main pumping chamber of the heart
alkaline mucus
it is the material that is being secreted on the large intestine that protects epithelial tissue and neutralizes acids produced by bacterial metabolism
endocrine system
it is the means of communication among the different cells and organs of the body
Erythrocytes
it is the most cellular component found in the blood and is primarily composed of water, hemoglobin and organic and inorganic materials
hyaline cartilage
it is the most important cartilage for it serves as the original skeleton in the embryo from which bones develop
Pylorus
it is the most posterior part of the stomach and ends at the border of small intestine
Paracellular route of absorption
it is the movement between the gut lumen and the blood by passing BETWEEN epithelial cells
transcellular route of absorption
it is the movement between the gut lumen and the blood by passing THROUGH epithelial cells
countercurrent flow
it is the movement of air among fishes in which water flows over the gills in one direction while blood flows in the opposite direction through the gill capillaries, which actually maximize the actual exchange of oxygen from the surrounding medium (water) and that of the blood.
pulmonary artery
it is the only artery that carries oxygen poor blood to the lungs for oxygenation
Epidermis: Keratinocytes
it is the outermost layer of the skin; in which the basic cell type is _____________
Thick portion of the loop of henle
it is the part of the loop of henle where Na and Cl are actively pumped out of filtrate into the surrounding medium
pharynx
it is the passage way for air and food.
heredity
it is the passing of characteristic from one generation to the next
Reflex arc
it is the path taken by the nerve impulse during a rapid response to a stimulus
glycogenolysis
it is the process in which muscle fibers can degrade a glycogen producing glucose 1 phosphate
osteogenesis; ossification
it is the process of bone formation and is the process also known as
ileum
it is the region of small intestine that further absorbs water , electrolytes , remaining nutrients and also bile salts
Jejunum
it is the region of the small intestine where nutrient digestion and absorption are largely completed
Mitotic phase
it is the remaining 10% of the cell cycle
genotype
it is the set of allele for a given organism
bronchioles
it is the smaller branch of a bronchi
conducting zone
it is the subdivision of a respiratory system that is everywhere from nostrils to alveoli and is reponsible for gas exchange . THIS IS WHERE THE AIR ACTAULLY PASSES THROUGH
Respiratory zone
it is the subdivision of the respiratory system where it starts from the alveoli to the capillaries where actual gas exchange will happen
hindbrain
it is the terminal part of the brain before it leaves / exits the foramen magnum of the skull
Joint
it is the union of two or more bones
larynx
it is the upper part of the trachea
carotene
it is the yellow/ orange pigment that is found in carrots and other plants, this pigment is evident in the areas of strati, corneum (palms and soles)
soma/ cell body
it is usually located in the brain/ spinal cord while an axon extends to the organ that it supplies
Hypothalamus
it is ventral to the cerebral hemisphere
Pituitary gland
it is ventral to the hypothalamus
Glycolipid
it serves as an electrical insulator for nerves; receptor for nerves ,bacteria etc
calcitonin
it stimulates the osteoblast that causes bone resorption.
Phylum Annelida
its body wall is consist with a cuticle , epidermis and musculature with a body cavity that is a true coelom lined with epithelium
atrium
its function is to receive blood that is returning to the heart
dominant
its qualities dominate the phenotype of an organism and is abbreviated with capital letter
synovial
joints found on the limbbs , elbow , knee and phalanges
Hair
just like in feathers, it is the initial growth of epidermal cells to form the follicle , followed by an outward growth of keratinized cells to form the shaft
protozoa, algae, molds, slime
kingdom protoctista includes organisms like
citric acid cycle/ tri-carboxylic acid cycle
kreb cycle is also known as
Cytoplasm
large fluid-filled space inside the cell and is sometimes called cytosol
Monocytes
largest WBC , and is characterized by a kidney or thin-shaped nucleus. It fights infection that cannot be handled by other white blood cells particularly fungal infection. It has a large cytoplasm
oviparus organism
lays eggs that continue to develop after being laid and hatch later
Mitral valve / bicuspid valve. Because it contains two irregular shaped cusps or flaps that opens and closes
left atrioventricular valve is also known as the? why is it called that name ?
synaptic bulb
located at the end of the axon terminal, this releases neurotransmitters.
Flagella
long, whip-like protrusion that aids in cellular locomotion. Some have numerous of this organelle
Oxidation
loss of electrons
chromosme 3
lung cancer is related to what chromosome number?
tapeworms
made up of numerous segments and these segments its eggs is discharged through feces
stratified epithelium
made up of two or more cell-thick layer.
neurons
main cell of the nervous system
G2 phase
mainly involving the production of micro-tubules which are required during the process of mitosis
plasma membrane
maintains esseential differences between cytosol and extracellular enviroment
calcium carbonate
major composition of the exoskeleton of many crustaceans; impregnated into the cuticle and make up 40 % of the cuticle that can lead to great mechanical strength
Phospholipids
major lipid in the membrane
Abomasum
makes up 7% of the stomach, it secretes digestive juices where true digestion happen
Omasum
makes up about 8 % of the stomach of a ruminant; it grinds certain amount of feed and facilitates to the absorption of water
keratinocytes
makes up the outer protective layer of the skin cells and is the basic skin set and the predominant cells in the epidermis
Prophase
marked by a very thick and dense chromosomes still enclosed by the nuclear envelope (bale ito ung part where chromosomes appear as tiny dots)
osteocytes
mature bone cells are called
ecdysis
may also enable damage tissue and missing limbs to be regenerated or substantially reformed
plasma membrane
may also pertain to the mitochndrial membrane and other "membrane bounded orgnaelle". It serves to protect the cell to its surrounding environment
Wala, they will use their dental pad to help the position of food.
may upper incisors ba ang ruminants?
phagocytosis
means cellular eating (solid particle),
pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium (PSCCE)
means false, this type of tissue lines the bronchi , trachea , uterine tubules and some of uterus that propels mucus or reproductive cell bh CILIARY ACTION (BASICALLY SA LAHAT NG PARTS SA LOOB NG BODY)
symphysis
means the fusion of the bones
Electron Transport Chain
mechanism in which ATP are produced from the mitochondria
Spermatogenesis and oogenesis
meiotic division in male is known as ? in female it is known as?
sleeping pills
melatonin can be seen in what drug
secretory Vesicle
membrane bound organelle that contains secretions on the body such as hormones, and neurotransmitters.
Vacuole
membrane bound sac that plays roles in intracellular digestion and the release of cellular waste product
Lazzaro Spallanzani
modified needham's experiment : he placed the chicken broth in a flasks ,and sealed it in a vacuum. No microorganisms grew
more protection and darker skin; less protection and lighter skin
moremelanin:__________ and _____________ less melanin _________ and ____________
Adrenal Cortex
most active organ in the production of steroids plays a part in the general adaptation syndrome that occurs in situations of prolonged stress
deglutition (swallowing)
movement food from mouth through the pharynx into the esophagus and then stomach
Absorption
movement of nutrients from the digestive system to the circulatory and lymphatic capillaries
diffusion
movement of the solute from high to low concentration until equilibrium
osmosis
movement of water, from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration until equilibrium
Exocytosis
movment of macromolecule from inside going outside
endocytosis
movment of macromolecule from the outside to the inside
myometrium
muscle layer of the uterus
Voluntary and involuntary muscles
muscle tissue are categorized as either
structure/function, and according to Innervation
muscles are categorized into
renal corpuscles and renal tubules
nephron is made up of
neuromuscular junction
neuron to muscle communication
Interphase II
no more duplication of chromosomes, it is the starting point of miotic division II
centrosome
not a cell organelle but an area on the cell where microtubules are produced
Prometaphase
not an actual mitotic phase, and is just prior to metaphase.
Mitosis
occur as early as embryonic development where the zygote undergone to this division forming a solid mass consisting of cells.
blood vessel to be delivered to different type of body
once nutrients would be absorbed either to the transcellular and paracellular they will go into
allele
one of a number of different forms of a gene
Bone tissue
one of the hardest tissue of the vertebrae family
Type II pneumocytes
only a few of this type of cell is scattered on the alveoli, and is cuboidal in shape.
potassium uniporter
only potassium can pass on this type of membrane
Nucleus
organelle surrounded by a nuclearmembrane and has holes that helps communicate to the cytoplasm
Pili
organelle that can also be used for conjugation/mating, it is used by the bacteria to exchange fragments of plasmid DNA
Kingdoms
organism are classified into broad categories called?
multicellular
organism that is consists of many cells
Fragmentation
organisms breaks into two or more parts each acapable of growing to become a complete individual
Resorption
osteoclast digest mineral matrix (old bone / any damaged bone tissue)
chondroblast --> chondrocytes, osteoblast --> osteocytes ,
osteoprogenitor cells, depending on the condition may develop into ________ which in time would develop into
perimysium
outer covering of muscle fascicle
cell wall
outer covering of the cell that protects the bacterial cell and gives it shape
Endomysium
outer covering of the muscle fiber
PINACOCYTE
outer flattened cells composing dermal epithelium in sponges
Epidermis
outer layer of the skin
stratum corneum (horny cells)
outer layer of the skin is completely keratinized dead cells giving the skin its waterproof quality and is continually sloughed off
Aerobic Respiration
oxygen serves as final electron acceptor, accepting electrons that ultimately come from energy rich organic compounds (NADH and FADH2)
yung flagella niya ay nasa one side lang ng kanyang body. Opposite sa direction na pupuntahan niya ex: pupunta siya sa left ung flagella niya nasa right
pano gumagalaw yung organisms na may maraming flagella?
in ciliated columnar epithelium, we also have goblet cells. These goblet cells are secreting mucus that traps foreign particles that trap foreign particles and these foreign particles on the mucus has to be removed from the body through THE RHYTHMIC PATTERN OF THE CILIA, IT WOULD MOVE THE FOREIGN MATERIAL AT THE RATE OF 1.57 cm / minute
para san ung mga cilia sa ciliated columnar epithelium?
chromosome 4
parkinson's disease is related to what chromosome number?
Dendrites
part of a neuron that is a hair-like , branched projections on the cell body; used to conduct impulses towards the cell body
haversian canal
part of the bone tissue that houses the nerves and the blood vessel
penis
part of the male reproductive organ that is responsible for copulation
prostate gland
part of the male reproductive organ that is responsible for secreting alkaline solution to neutralize urine and female system because the lumen of the female reproductive part is acidic
seminal vesicle
part of the male reproductive organ that is responsible for secretion of thick liquid to transport sperm
testis with seminiferous tubules
part of the male reproductive organ that is responsible for sperm production
urethra
part of the male reproductive organ that is responsible for the passage of sperm and urine
Cowper's gland
part of the male reproductive organ that is responsible for the secretion a thin mucus substance that lubricates penis during copulation, it also creates gelatenous plug to prevent the release of semen.
epididymis
part of the male reproductive organ that is responsible for transport MATURATION and ejaculation
vas deferens
part of the male reproductive organ that is responsible for transport and ejaculation
collecting duct
part of the male reproductive organ that is responsible for transport and storage
origin
part of the muscle that does not move during contraction. It is usally at the end of muscle towards the trunk of the body
insertion
part of the muscle that move during muscle contraction. It is found farther away from the trunk of the body
myosin head
part of the myosin filament that attaches to the actin filaments during the contraction process
cell body/ soma
part of the nervous tissue that contains nucleus and other organelle
Cell body
part of the neuron that contains nucleus and the cytoplasm
midpiece
part of the sperm that contains mitochondria to provide energy
tail
part of the sperm that provides propulsion for the motility of the spermatozoa
dorsal root
part of the spinal cord that TRANSMITS SENSORY information, this have neurons that are attached to sensory organs
Anterior horns
part of the spinal cord that transmits the MOTOR NEURON
pulp cavity
part of the teeth that contains blood vessels and nerves
ureter
part of the urinary system that is responsible for the release of urine from the kidney
asymmetrical ; spherical symmetry
pathogenic amoebas have what type of symmetry? amoebas in the bodies of water have what type of symmetry?
parasympathetic
penile erection is under what type of autonomic nervous system
Interphase
period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing
Jurassic period
period when first dinosaur dominate , first mammals , first birds , gymnosperm forest appear
Creataceous period
period when modern birds, modern fishes, angiosperm , climax of dinosaur domination , period ends with the extinction of dinosaurs
Hadeon Eon
period where earth's geological history began
Hadean Eon
period where the earth is formed and a molten earth started to cool and take shape
PHASE II
phase in the urine formation where in the proximal tubule is bordered up with millions of microvilli to reabsorb ions , nutrients and water
PHASE I
phase in the urine formation where larger proteins and cells remain the capilliaries
PHASE I
phase in the urine formation where plasma membrane is filtered from the blood by the glumerulus and discharged at the bowman's capsule
PHASE II
phase in the urine formation where selective reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tube (mainly absorbs vitamins or important ions and most amino acids EXCEPT UREA)
PHASE I
phase in the urine formation where small solutes are also formed out of the blood stream with the plasma
PHASE III
phase in the urine formation where the descending limb of the loop permits water to pass through and is impermeable to solute
PHASE IV
phase in the urine formation where wastes are actively secreted into the fluid in the distal convoluted tubule and absorbs water / electrolytes regulated by ADH
a biodiversity hub
philippines is considered as?
skin
phylum annelida respirate through their
sexual reproduction
phylum arthropoda undergone on what type of reproduction
chitin
phylum arthropoda's exoskeleton is made up of this hard impermeable substance
sexual reproduction; dioecious
phylum aschelminthes reproduced via; are they dioecious or monoecious?
simple diffusion
phylum aschelminthes respirate through
sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction
phylum coelenterata reproduced via ?
pedicellaria
phylum echinodermata has body represented by a central disc covered by ossicles with spines that is called....
sexual reproduction but some are hermaphrodite
phylum mollusca undergone what type of reproduction
sexual or asexual
phylum porifera's mode of reproduction is
ribosomes
place where protein molecules are synthesize from amino acid. It polymerize all the amino acids being delivered from your tRNA and are free in the cytoplasm
uterus
place where the fetus develops
proteins
plays a critical role in the structure, function m and regulation of the body's cells , tissues and organs
Centromere
point at which the two chromatids are joined together. (Point of fusion)
Telophase
point where nuclear membrane starts to reform.
Cytokinesis
point where the Cell cytoplasm separates and the cell pinches in the middle ultimately leading to cleavage
tight junction
prevents the movement of molecules from one cell to the other
small intestine
primary site for digestion and absorption
ecdysis
process of changing/ shedding of exoskeleton that is necessary for growth and forms a new larger covering
hypothalamus
produces a rage of hormone and regulates the secretion of the pituitary gland
ovaries
produces the female gametes
Eubacteria and Archeabacteria
prokaryotes is composed of kingdom...
John Tuberville Needham
proponent of spontaneous generation that tests whetheror not microorganisms appeared spontaneously after boiling
1935, Hugh Davson and James Danielli
proposed a structure of a membrane that was basically a protein sandwich with a phospholipid
1972, J. Singer and G. Nicolson
proposed that the membrane is a mosaic of proteins dispersed with the lipid bilayer with the hydrophilic regions exposed to water; Fluid Mosaic Model
active transport
protein mediated transport of molecules across the membrane against a concentration gradient (FROM LOW CONCENTRATION TO HIGH CONCENTRATION) such that this type of mechanism always requires ATP
histone
protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin
the cell consumption; are being exported out of the cell
protein synthesized on free ribosomes on the cytoplasm is for ? protein synthesized on RER is for?
peripheral protein
protein that is attached on integral protein or lipid
Integral Protein
proteins that can form channels through membrane
enzymatic protein
proteins that catalyzes the reaction at inner / outer surface of plasma membrane
gel
protoplasm that is more gelatinous
hypothalamus
provides a link between the nervous system and endocrine systems
connective tissue
provides a mechanical function which plays an important role in locomotion;
muscle tissue
provides motion maintainance of posture and heat production
proximal convoluted tubule
reabsorbs 75% of water , salts , glucose and amino acid (basically materials from the filtrate)
because of a defective cell adhesion protein that might migrate to different organ and from there maseseed siya sa lungs etc producing cancer dun sa lungs.
reason why cancer cells move from one organ to another
conservation
refers to the efforts to conserve population number of endemic animal species
plasma membrane
regulates the traffic of molecules and substances into and out of the cell and is selectively permeable
detecting and repairing genetic damage, and prevents uncontrollable cell division
regulation of the cell cycle is essential to the body because
pathology
relationship of pathogens and their hosts
glomerulus and bowman's capsule
renal corpuscles is made up of
Loop of hemle , proximal convoluted tubule and distal convoluted tubule
renal tubules is made up of
respiratory centers
responds to the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood
microfilament
responsible for cell division during mitotic processes as well as for the cell to move
digestive system
responsible for the breakdown of food into its component parts and for the absorption and assimilation of nutrients required for energy , growth, maintainance and reproduction
Sertoli cells
responsible for the nourishment of the development spermatozoa
Schwann cells
responsible for the production of myelin sheet OUTSIDE the Central nervous system
Glands
retain a connection to stratum corneum whereby their secretions can be released at the skin surface
tricuspid valve. Because it contains three irregular shaped cusps or flaps that opens and close
right atrioventricular valve is also known as the? why is it called that name?
Break-down ng bond ng ATP na magiging ADP
saan ba galing ung aaenergy sa ATP?
sa dense bone kaya nagiging marupok (thin) ung bone
saan kumukuha ang osteocytes ng calcium sa bone kapag merong calcium deficiency ang isang tao ?
24
salamander has how many number of chromosome ?
Prometaphase I
same as the mitotic process but the spindle fibers from each centriole attach to one chromosome of a MATCHING pair
sa may thoracic index
san magsisimula ung upper respiratory tract?
nucleus; ribosome
san nagyayari yung transcription? san nangyayari yung translation?
biophysics
science that applies the theories and methods of physics to questions of zoology
Rudolf Virchow (1858)
scientist who combined the idea of Schwann and Schleiden "all cells come from pre existing cells" formulating the cell theory. what year?
Louise Pasteur
scientist who used anearobic resperation to produce ethanol alcohol
Francesco Redi
scientists who doesn't beleived in spontaneous generation. He beleived that maggots doesn't generate from meat
parietal cells
secrete HCl
Growth Hormone
secreted at the anterior pituitary gland, this stimulates body growth by increasing the size and number of cells and sperm production of testis
Gastrin
secreted in the stomach ; this stimulates gastric glands to secrete pepsinogen and HCl. IS STIMULATED FOR FOOD ARRIVING IN THE STOMACH
corpus luteum
secretes progesterone
duodenum
secretions from liver and pancreas used for digestion are emptied on this site of the small intestine
Adrenal Medulla
secrets adrenaline and is responsible for the "flight-fight-fright" response that prepares animal for emergencies
amoeba; Protoctista; entoplasm ; endoplasm, because of the presence of the organelles
see IMAGE1 in zool/newfolder what organism can you see'? this organism is from which kingdom? what do you call the clear part in the pic? what do you call the granular part ? why is it granular?
1. relay neuron; 2. sensory neuron; 3. motor neuron; 4. brain/ 5. spinal cord
sensory neuron is connected into a _______1_______. The ______1____ connects to _____2_____and _______3_______ and is found usually inside the ____4_____/ ____5___________
intercalated discs
serves as a boundary of each individual cardiac cells, and functionally binds all cardiac muscle such that they will contract synchronously and rhythmically
esophagus
serves as passage way of food from mouth to the stomach,
gizzard
serves as the muscular stomach that reduces the particle size of the feeds by grinding action of the muscle
oviducts
serves as the passageway from ovaries to uterus and is the site of fertilization
gastric pits
shallow depressions that open onto the gastric surface
RNA primer
short segment of RNA used to initiate synthesis of a new strand of DNA during replication. THIS CONTAINS A URACIL
crenation
shrinking of Red blood cells
Prometaphase
sister chromatid are captured by microtubules stemming from centrosome on opposite ends of the cell.(Nuclear membrane has already disintegrated such that spindle fibers are already attached to the sister chromatid) BALE ITO YUNG END NG PROPHASE; PARANG KUKUNIN NUNG MICROTUBULES YUNG CHROMOSOMES KAYA MAG-AALIGN SA CENTER)
Nucleolus
site of RIBOSOME SYNTHESIS
urinary bladder
site where the urine is temporary stored
striations which also known as A-band or I-band (light band)
skeletal muscles are equiped with two types of striations:
birds
skeleton of this species is especially adapted for flight; the bones are modified into light., hollow tubes penetrated by air sacs.
afferent artiole
small branch of the renal artery that CARRIES BLOOD TO the glomerus
Pili
small hairlike projections emerging from the outside cell surface assisting the bacteria in attaching to other cells and surface.
ubiquinone
soluble electron transporter in the electron transport chain that connects the first or second complex to the third
Capsule
some--not all bacteria have this organelle. It is the third protective covering of the bacteria and is made up of polysaccharides , it keeps bacteria from drying and prevents them from phagocytosis
subarachnoid space
space between the arachnoid and the pia mater
locus
specific location of a gene on a chromosome
Metaphase I
spindle fibers will have ONE of the pairing CHROMOSME will line up on the either side of the metaphase plate
phylum mollusca; internally (inside its body)
squid belongs to what phylum ? where can you find the shell of a squid?
Synthesis phase
starts when DNA synthesis commences and ends when all of the chromosomes have been replicated (ITO NA MISMO YUNG DNA SYNTHESIS).
Adrenocrticotropic hormone
stimulates the coristcoteroid and androgen synthesis and release
oxytocin
stimulates the stomach muscle of the the uterus contraction during birth and let down of the milk
cells
structural and functional unit of all living organism
uriniferous tubule
structural unit of the kidney
ORGANELLE
structures that are adapted and/or specialized for carrying one or more vital function and is always surrounded by a PROTECTIVE MEMBRANE (plasma membrane_)
Adnexa; THE HAIR, SCALES, MAMMARY GLANDS
structures that is associated with the skin or the intergument. Give examples
physiology
studies everything that is normal; studies the mechanical , physical and biochemical process of living organism
pathology
studies the effects of the pathogens to the hosts
systematics
studies the relationship between living things throughout the course of evolutionary history
pathology
study of abnormal processes
zoogeography
study of geographic distribution of animal species and the attributes of these geographical regions
Paleontology
study of the history and development of all life on earth based on the fossil record
parasitology
study of the relationship of parasites and their hosts
Histology
study of tissues
Evolution
study on the change of heritable traits of a population over successive generations as determined in the allele frequencies of genes
Ecology
study the distribution and abundance of living organism and how distribution is affected by interactions between organism and their environment
protoplasm
substance within the cell membrane and is the "living substance" of the cell
gawin mo lamg hehehe
summarize meiosis and moitosis processes
the ovum, which is in the ovary will be delivered to the fallopian tube to meet the sperm cells. After that fertilization, this ovum (now known as a zygote) will undergone mitosis until we have a ball of cells called morula. This morulla would develop as a hollow ball of cell called the blastocyst, in time this blastocyst will be implanted onto the wall of the uterus.
summarize the development and implantation of the embryo
nasa page 3
summarize the experiment of Francesco redi
nasa page 4. His experiment remained sterile because microorganisms cannot enter the flask due to gravity
summarze the experiment of Louise pasteur. How does Louise Pasteur's experiment remained sterile?
cartilage; chondrocytes
supporting connective tissue that consist of an extensive matrix and a cell called _______________
brush border
surface of a villi that is adjacent to the lumen of the small intestine opening covered in microvilli that form top of an epithelial cell and has a network of blood vessels as well. INTESTINE IS PROVIDED BY VILLI AND EACH VILLI CELLS IS PROVIDED WITH MICROVILLI
Cell membrane
surrounds cells cytoplasm and regulates the flow of substances in and out of the cell
Anaphase
susequent separation of sister chromatids to opposite mitotic spindle poles
sudoriferous gland
sweat gland is also called as the
99% sweat salts antibodies metabolic wastes lactic acid and vitamin C
sweat is composed of
hemolysis (hemo- blood; lysis- breakdown)
swelling/bursting of the red blood cell
parasitology
symbiotic relationship between two individuals in which one individual is benefited and the other being harmed
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
synthesized and transport lipids and steroid. It also modify and transport protein from Rough ER
circulatory system
system that contains cells that fights infection and helps stabilize the pH and ionic concentration of the body fluids
teneral
term used for an anthropod after molting. This also means fresh, pale and soft-bodied
chromosme 1
the Alzheimer's disease is related to what chromosome number?
to kill microorganism, lowers the pH of the stomach (1.5-2.5), and activates pepsinogen
the HCl fucntion is
1.sensory neuron; 2. spinal cord 3. relay neuron 4. Motor neuron 5. effector organ
the ______1_______ will be connected to a sensory organ. All of the senses of the organ will travel via sensory neuron into the _______2______, and in the ______2_______ you'll see a ____3_________. After processing the information, that information will be sent to the _______4______ which is to be attached to an ______5_____.
parthenogenesis
the ability of ab unfertilized egg to develop and hatch
muscle layer, parenchyma , epidermis and gut
the acoelomate contains
Will Hennig
the alternative cladistic taxonomy was created by
adrenohypophysis
the anterior pituitary gland is also known as the
osteoid; hydroxyapatite crystals; calcium and phosphorus
the bone matrix also called as ________ is in the form of ___________ that is composed of ____________ and _________________
Anaphase I
the chromosome pairs separated ; half of the chromosome move toward one end of the cell and the other half to the other end
Metaphase II
the chromosomes align along the metaphase plate, as in metaphase I fibers from the centriole begin to pull each one of the chromosomes from both directions
Prophase I
the chromosomes pair with each other and at the same time attach to the nuclear membrane. Then a small portion of the chromosome will be cut and there will be an exchange chromosomal material between the two chromosome
heart and blood vessel
the circulatory system is also known as cardiovascular system because it is composed of
eleidin droplets
the clear appearance of the stratum lucidum is caused by
Nature of the body cavity, cellularity , symmetry and germ layer
the complexity of an animal organization is seen with reference to features like
viviparus; live bearing
the developing young spend more time within the female's reproductive tract and young are later released to survive on their own
outer cortical / compact zone
the external of a bone is made up of
archean eon
the first organic life forms developed out of the mixture of inorganic materials
to be limited due to the flow rate of blood to the body. They are not as "active" as other animals they will tire easily as well because of the lack of pressure within the body
the fish's low blood pressure makes the its activity...
synovial fluid
the fluid between the phalange that provides lubrication . LUBRICATES THE JOINT TO PREVENT FRICTION
Intracellular digestion
the food is taken into cells by phagocytosis with digestive enzyme being secreted into the phagocytic vesicle
cerebral hemispheres, Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland
the forebrain includes
sulci
the gyri is separated by
the head of a lipid is made up of choline, phosphate and glycerol
the head of a lipid is made up of
medulla oblongata and pons
the hindbrain includes
endosteum
the inside of a medullary cavity is lined with
inner trabecular bone/ spongy bone
the internal of a bone is made up of
heterotrophic forms and autotrophic forms
the kingdom proctista can be seen in two different forms namely :
algal protist and animal-like protist
the kingdom proctista is subdivided into
pseudopodia , cillia and flagella
the kingdom proctista's locomotion is through
asexual and sexual
the kingdom proctista's reproduced in forms of
Law of independent assortment
the law that states that genes separate independently of one another in meiosis, this is true for two or more traits
chromosome 1; chromosome 2...
the longest chromosome is referred to as _________ and the second largest is ______________
jejunum
the longest part of the small intestine (on higher mammalian classification )
Fundus
the major portion of a stomach and has a mucosa that contains deep gastric glands that produce most of the gastric secretions
XY; XX
the male species have what type of chromosome? hoe about the female ?
-Cecum -Rumen
the microorganisms that is responsible for the conversion of indigestible components of food into forms suitable for absorption can be found : In equines and elephants? in ruminants?
sexual reproduction and bisexual reproduction
the mode of reproduction of phylum platyhelminthes is through
head
the muscle origin is also known as the
sphicter. Pylorus sphicter ; cardiac sphicter
the muscle that prevents the reflux of food from stomach to esophagus or to prevent direct passage from stomach to the intestine without digesting. THIS MUSCLE CONSTRICT. sphicter on the cardia is called? on the pylorus ??
pseudo stratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells that traps microorganisms...
the nasal mucosa is made up of
it moves air from the nose into the lungs
the negative pressure on the thoracic cavity is necessary because?
leading strand
the new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template strand TOWARDS the replication fork in the mandatory 5' to 3' direction
simple cuboidal epithelium
the nuclei of these cells are usually located in the center and it forms the smallest duct glands of many kidney tubes
terminator region
the nucleotide sequence at the end of a gene that signals the end of transcription
Protandrous
the organism is male first and changes female
Tunica Serosa
the outermost covering of the GIT and is made up of thin sheet of connective tissue responsible for the mucous appearance of the GIT
erectile tissue and distained blood vessel
the penis, contains 3 masses of ____________ with _____________ that produces erection when blood flow in the veins is inhibited
bisexual/ unisexual
the phylum annelidareproduce via
pseudocoelomate
the phylum aschelminthes is at what type of animal organization?
simple diffusion
the phylum coelentera undergone repiration and secretion via
cnidocytes; nematocyst
the phylum coelenterata contains a special kind of cell called ? and this cell contains ?
intracellular and extracellular
the phylum coelenterata undergone what type of digestion
simple diffusion
the phylum porifera undergone excretion and respiration via
Protoctista
the phylum protozoa is now placed in kingdom
Placenta
the placenta , umbillical cord and the fetal membrane is collectively known as
neurohypophysis
the posterior pituitary gland is known as
the storage of hormones vasopressin and oxytocin
the posterior portion of the pituitary gland functions only as
ovulation
the process of actual release of ovum from the ovary
parenchyma, epidermis, pseudocoel and gut
the pseudocoelomate contains
internal reproductive organ and external genitalia
the reproductive system is divided into ...
regurgitation
the return of swallowed food into the mouth and is an inactive process
simple columnar epithelium
the rugae is covered with
miotic division II / metaphase II
the shedding of the ovum is what stage of cell replication
Carl Woese
the six kingdom system was invented by
tracheoles
the spiracles lead to the tracheae that branch into smaller tubes known as the..
pylorus, fundus and cardia
the stomach is anatomically divided into
reproductive biology
the study if the function of sex organ and gametes
Genetics
the study of genes and their relation to heredity and the variation of offspring
Aganatha and Gnathostomata
the subphylum vertebra is divided into
oxytocin; milk let down
the sucking of breast during breast feeding triggers? what does it do?
Bone tissue
the supporting connective tissue that is composed of calcified material-- the bone matrix
thoracolumbar , because the majority of the thoracic cavity and only a few originate from the lumbar region
the sympathetic nervous system is considered to be the ___________
hydrocarbons
the tail of a lipid is made up of
Karl Vonn Linne; Carolus Linnaeus
the traditional taxonomy was created by ?
Promoting Region
the transcription will start at the
simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells, lamina propria , muscularis mucosae
the tunica mucosa is composed of ? (in order)
somite
the vertebral column developed from segments of tissue called ?
intergumentum; covering
the word intergumentary came from the word __________ which means ____________
birds
their respiratory organs are relatively solid structure that does not change shape and size in the same way mammalian lungs do. BASICALLY THEIR LUNGS ARE IN-EXPANDABLE
nephron
there are numerous _______ attach in the collecting duct
phylum platyhelminthes
these are bilaterally symmetrical , triploblastic (3 layers) and a true cellular animals with organ of organization. This phylum doesnt have an anus as well
osteoblast
these are called the bone-forming cell; they are immature cells of bone which are responsible for the production of osteon and mineralization of bone matrix or OSTEOID in the form of hydroxyapatite crystals
pseudopodia
these are flowing extensions of a cell which are used for feeding in all members of the group and for locomotion
Phylum Mollusca
these are free- living aquatic forms (fresh water or marine) some are amphibious, and in a glandular mantle covered by a shell
phylum aschelminthes; round worms
these are mostly parasitic, their body is long, CYLINDRICAL and fusiform. They are collectively known as
platelets ; megakaryocytes
these are not a true cells but are the cytoplasmic fragments of a bigger cell called __________
eukaryotic organism
these are organisms that exhibit heterotrophic nutrition
Phylum Arthropoda
these are organisms that respirate through gills pr trachea but has many jointed appendages
phylum arthropoda
these are organisms whose nervous system serves as a nerve ring and a double ventral nerve cord.
Phylum Coelenterata
these are radially symmetrical , diploblastic multi cellular animals with tissue grade of organization and can also be aquatic , freshwater or marine solitary or colonial forms which may be free swimming and sedentary
isodont/ homodont
these are teeth that are similar with each other and is present among venomous species
hormones of the pituitary gland
these are the hormones produced by the hypothalamus
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin
these are the hormones released at the posterior pituitary gland
Spiracles
these are the openings at the body surface that lead to the tracheae
mitochondrial DNA
these are the small amount of DNA that can be found in the mitochondria
freckles and moles
these are the small areas of concentrated melanin
Capilliaries
these are the smallest of the blood vessel and branches from the artirioles. THIS IS THE SITE WHERE BLOOD EXCHANGE WOULD HAPPEN (either for nutrients or for gasses)
cerebral hemisphere
these are the two large lobes of the brain
atria and ventricles
these can be seen in a heart of a vertebrae (mammalian) that contains a muscular chambers
tube feet
these can be seen in phylum echinoderms and are extended and retracted by hydraulic pressure of the fluid in them and contraction of the muscle
simple squamous epithelium
these cells are relatively inactive metabolically and are associated with the DIFFUSION OF WATER electrolytes and other substances
simple cuboidal epithelium
these cells have the shape similar to a cube , meaning its width is the same size as its height
phylum aschelminthes
these have complete digestive system, consists of nerve rings and many longitudinal nerve cords and are separated with sexual dimorphism
phylum echinodermata
these organisms development is indirect (undergone metamorphosis) and shows a very high power pf regeneration (meaning once cut it has an ability to regrow)
bull, ram (sheep) and boar (baboy)
these organisms has a penis with a s shaped bend that allows it to fold when not in use
phylum chordata
these organisms has a presence of pharyngeal gill that slits at least in the embryonic stages
dogs, bears, seals, bats and rodents ; os penis
these organisms has a special bone in the penis that help maintains the erection; what's the bone called?
phylum echinodermata ; arms
these organisms have a disc that may bear extensions called _____.
phylum echinodermata
these organisms have a unique ambulacral or water vascular system with tube feet that presents the locomotion, respiration and feeding
Phylum Arthropoda
these organisms may develop to be direct or indirect; meaning they undergone metamorphosis
radiolarians
these type of protista are either planktonic marine or freshwater amoeba
semilunar valves; Right semilunar valve/ pulmonary valve' let semilunar valve / aortic valve
these valves separates the ventricles from its connecting artery? what do you call this kind of valve from the right? what about on the left
phylum arthropoda
they are elongated and segmented and is usually distinguished into regions like head, thorax and abdomen
genes
they are like blueprints and carry the plans for building the cells tissues organs and bodies
protease
they are the major pancreatic enzymes which converts protein to peptides
1925- Gorter and Grendel
they discovered that phospholipids could form bilayers in an aqueous solution. What year.
horn grooves
they indicate the age of an animal, the more of this material, the older the animal
proteins
they made up 1-10 percent of the lipid
Membrane Lipids
they make up 90-99 percent of lipids
Golgi Apparatus
they modify, and package proteins into small spherical organelle called vesicle
Axons
they originate from spinal cord/ brain and will terminate in the organ
Spinal cord
this RELAYS sensory and motor signals to the brain and is the center for many reflex actions
cerebellum
this also maintains normal muscle, tone, posture and balance
schistosoma Japonica ((blood fluke)
this animal is the only diomoecious animal among phylum platyhelminthes
dorsoventrally compressed
this animals involves dorsal axis and ventral axis joining together
octameric histone proteins; pair of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4
this are proteins that is made up of 4 pairs of proteins these are
Pseudocoelomate; round worms
this are the type of animals with false body cavity ex:
Epiphysis
this bone consists of a thin layer of compact bone overlying the spongy bone and are covered with HYALINE cartilage
muscular suckers
this can be seen in scolex, which attach to the intestine so that they cannot be flushed out by the peristaltic activity but is not used for sucking nutrients
Gray matter
this can be seen in the spinal cord and is a butterfly-shaped structure composed mainly of unmyelinated nerve f ibers ,neuroglial cells and neurons
White matter
this can be seen in the spinal cord and is composed of myelinated nerve fibers and neuroglial cells (devoid of neurons)
valves
this can be seen on a vein to prevent the backflow of the blood therefore allowing blood to move in one direction
desmosomes
this causes that spiny appearance of the stratum spinosum because of its intercellular bridges
aldosterone
this causes the reabsorption of SODIUM IONS AND WATER for individuals with low sodium level in the blood.
porocyte
this cell is responsible for the transfer of nutrients to the different parts of the animals
Osteoclast
this cell resorb or break down the bone
gyri
this characteristic of the CNS could also correspond to the intelligence of a person
surfactant
this compound prevents the strong attraction forces between the water molecules by repulsing the attraction forces between molecules
osteopetrosis
this condition always results to an increase in the bone matrix but not necessarily that the strength would increase, most of the time the bone would increase in diameter and become brittle
Gigantism,
this condition is an effect of too much growth hormones secreted in the body?
Acromegaly
this condition is the abnormal enlargement of the extremities caused by the pituitary gland
dwarfism
this condition is the deficiency in growth hormone ?
Relay neuron
this connects sensory and motor neuron and is found in the brain or spinal cord
Bile
this contains bile salts which emulsify fats, making them susceptible to enzymatic breakdown and is stored in the gall bladder
medulla oblongata
this contains centers which regulates breathing, heartbeat, and vasoconstriction (blood vessel constriction); this also includes vomiting, coughing, sneezing and hiccups
Rumen
this contains microorganism especially bacteria and protozoa that synthesize B complex vitamins and low quality protein into essential amino acid
autonomic nervous system
this controls the internal body function that do not require conscious thought or awareness
cerebellum
this coordinates motor functions located at the back of the brain below the cerebrum and appears partially separated from the cerebrum by the FOURTH VENTRICLE
DNA ligase
this creates a phosphodiester bonds between adjacent okazaki fragments
RNA primase
this creates a short RNA primer complementary to a DNA template
sliding filament model of muscle contraction
this demonstrates that during a muscle contraction the actin filament slides to the myosin
exonuclease
this enzyme destroys RNA primer
DNA gyrase
this enzyme relaxes the tension from unwinding
paleozoic era
this era begins with aquatic life and ends with a diverse collection of organism including insects , amphibians , plants , fishes and reptiles
mucous
this forms a protective barrier between the cells and stomach acid to prevent digestion of the pepsin in the stomach
myosin
this forms the center of the the M line in a skeletal muscle
Thyroid Gland
this gland is composed of follicles
OIL gland (sebaceous)
this gland occurs everywhere (except palms and soles) and produces sebum to soften and lubricate the hair and skin which also helps to waterproof the skin and opens the hair follicle
Alkalotic
this happens when the blood becomes too basic therefore increasing the H+ ions
Dub
this heart sound is associated with the closure of the Semi Lunar valve
Lub
this heart sound is associated with the closure of the artioventricular valve.
parathormone
this hormone enhance the reabsorption of calcium from GIT and a decrease reabsorption of calcium via urinary track
Vasopressin
this hormone increases the water permeability in the distal portion of the convoluted tubule and collecting duct of the nephrons thus promoting water re-absorption and increasing blood volume
melatonin
this hormone influences the development of sexual maturity, circadian movement and the seasonality of hibernation/ estivation of an animal
prolactin
this hormone initiates milk production
progesterone
this hormone is called as the pregnancy hormone because this prevents the contraction of the uterus
Adrenal Cortex Thoric Hormone "ACTH"
this hormone regulates the production of hormones in the Adrenal Cortex and is originated in the pituitary gland
Antidiuretic Hormone
this hormone stimulate the kidney tubules to absorb water
Luteinizing hormone
this hormone stimulates ovulation and the development of corpus luteum
follicle stimulating hormone
this hormone stimulates the development of the follicles of the ovaries and sperm produces by the testis
Luteinizing hormone
this hormone stimulates the secretion of testosterone by the penis
Oxytocin
this hormone stimulates urinary contraction and milk let down
scrotum
this houses the testis and as well as regulate its temperature
Inorganic Substances
this includes water and gasses like CO2 and O2
sympathetic nervous system
this increases the amount of heart and respiratory rates, the amount of blood flowing to the skeletal muscle while the amount of blood flow in the skin and gut is reduced and causes for eyes to dilute
implantation
this involves the blastocyst attaching to and in some species , completely sinking into the wall of the uterus
intramembranous ossification
this involves the replacement of connective tissue membrane sheets with bone tissue and results in the formation of flat bones (skull, clavicle and mandible)
nucleus
this is a ball-shaped structure that is at the center of all cells
mesoderm
this is a group of tissue inbetween surface endoderm and endoderm
blastocyst
this is a hollow ball of cells produced by the continuous cell division and a site where all the cell concentrate
mesoglia
this is a jelly-like substance that can be seen in between epidermis and gastrodermis
cranial nerves
this is a nerve that is connected to the brain
spinal nerve
this is a nerve that is connected to the spinal cord
Hemoglobin
this is a oxygen carrier that can be seen in Red Blood Cells
bilirubin
this is a pigment that is generally found in the blood after RBC breakdown
copulation
this is a process where the male gamete is deposited in the female reproductive tract and moves towards the ovum
copulation
this is a reproductive process of mating of male and female.
tergites
this is a series of articulating sclerities
zona pellucida
this is a several layer of follicle cells and a tough membrane and can be seen in the ovum
t-RNA
this is a small RNA molecule that carry a specific amino acid at one end and an anticodon region that recognizes and binds mRNA at the other end
gastrovascular cavity or coelenteron
this is a spacious cavity of cnidarian's mouth
termination
this is a step in translations where the ribosomes hits the stop codon hence ribosomes fall apart
thyroglobulin
this is a storage form of thyroid hormone
mantle
this is a thin fleshy fold that covers the visceral hump of a phylum mollusca
setae and parapodia
this is a tiny brittle like structure that can be seen in phylum annelida that aids on its locomotion
double helix
this is a two long spiral strand in which nucleotide are arranged
symmetry of the body parts
this is a type of animal organization that pertains to the arrangement of the body based on the division of the certain planes of the body
pelecypods
this is a type of foot seen in pelecypoda, this is characterized by having a wedge-shaped foot
armed tapeworm; taenia solium
this is a type of tapeworm with hooks ; this is also called as ?
origin
this is a unique site where replication begins
headgut; mouth parts and the pharynx
this is a variation of the digestive enzyme, which serve for the procurement and the initial preparation and swallowing of food. This is composed of
circadian movement
this is also called as the body clock?
parasympathetic nervous system
this is an autonomic nervous system that is responsible for "rest/digest" reaction
sympathetic nervous system
this is an autonomic nervous system that is responsible for the "fight/flight" reaction
CDK (cyclin dependent Kinase)
this is an enzyme that is a major switches for the cell cycle causing the cell to move from G1 to S or G2 to M
dioecious
this is an organism with one sex
circulatory system
this is considered to be the center system of all systems in the body
spleen
this is considered to be the graveyard of RBC
chonatocyte (collar cell)
this is flagellated part of the sponge that filters food molecules found in the water for digestion
Leydig cells (interstitial cells)
this is located between the tubules , and functions to secrete testosterone
Sertoli cells
this is located within the tubules; support, nourish and regulate cells that form sperm
Parasympathetic nervous system
this is made up by cranial nerves and a few spinal nerves from the sacral region and functions as a "peace maker"
solenoid
this is made up of numerous nucelosome folded together
cerebrospinal fluid
this is produced by the ependymal cells
Melanocyte stimulating hormone
this is responsible for cutaneous pigmentation
corpus luteum
this is responsible for the production of a hormone called progesterone
autonomic nervous system
this is the CENTER for maintaining the homeostasis of heartbeat, blood pressure, breathing, digestion and chemical regulation
nucleus pulposis
this is the adult stage of a notochord
taxonomy
this is the area of the biological sciences that is devoted to identification , naming and classification of living things according to apparent COMMON CHARACTERISTICS
notochord
this is the area of vertebral column during the embryonic development
genes
this is the basic unit of inheritance
vassa recta
this is the blood vessel that can be seen in the nephrons
brain stem
this is the center for breathing , digestive function, heartbeat and blood pressure
Cerebrum
this is the center for control, thought and association and is the command center of all the information from peripheral nervous system
nucleotide
this is the combination of sugar, a base pair and a phosphate
Isthmus; 75 min or 1 hour and 15 mins
this is the constricted part of the bird oviduct and is responsible for the formation of the shell membrane ? how long does the egg stay in the isthmus ?
Reversal
this is the end of resorption
Epiphysis
this is the enlarged end of long bones. This usually meets with a second bone at a joint
aminoacyl site
this is the first binding site of the t-RNA in ribosomes
gluconeogenesis
this is the formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate substances (ex. fat)
osteon
this is the functional unit of the bone
gastrodermis; endoderm
this is the inner portion of the coelenterata and is derrived from _________
planula
this is the larvae form of phylum cnidaria
Diaphysis
this is the long shaft of a bone
magnum; 3 hours
this is the longest paart of the oviduct of chickens? how long does the yolk/ovum stay at the magnum?
nervous system
this is the major communication system
chitin
this is the major constituent of many anthropoids such as insects spiders and some crustaceans
meninges
this is the membrane that covers the cranium
Corticosteroids
this is the most important adrenal steroids
Peristaltic motion
this is the movement where the Circular muscles contract behind bolus While circular muscles ahead of bolus relax Longitudinal muscles ahead of bolus contract Shortening adjacent segments Wave of contraction in circular muscles Forces bolus forward. THIS MOVEMENT ACT SIMULTANEOUSLY TO PUSH FOOD FROM ORAL TO AB ORAL SIDE
exuvia; ecdysone
this is the old empty exoskeleton of an anthropods or relating species and is under the control of a hormone called __________
oculomotor nerve
this is the part of the cranial nerve that is responsible for the motion of the eye
olifactory nerve
this is the part of the cranial nerve that is responsible for the sense of smell
optic nerve
this is the part of the cranial nerve that is responsible for the sight
epiphyseal plate
this is the part of the long bone that is responsible for the increase in length of our bones.
hypodermis
this is the place where the fat is stored that results for beer belly in man and buttocks in women
Translation
this is the process of decoding RNA into protein
parturition
this is the process of seuxual reproduction by which the animal gave birth, thereby ending the sexual reproduction
ovulation; luteinizing hormone
this is the release of mature egg cell of ova coming from the ovary; this is possible because of the
genetic code
this is the set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material is being translated into proteins by living cells
Gestation
this is the sexual reproduction process by which the animal is pregnant and the fetus develops in the uterus
Fertilization
this is the sexual reproduction process by which the male and female gamete unites
dermis
this is the site of hair roots and the growth of hair takes place
glumerulus; small molecules like water, NaCl, glucose, hindi kasama ung malalaking particles like proteins etc
this is the site where filtration of water and solutes from the blood happen. What is the content of the filtrate?
lub dub sound
this is the sound of the heart contracting and valves opening and closing
hypothalamus and is stored at the posterior pituitary gland
this is the source of antidiuretic hormone
epidural space
this is the space between the cranium and the pia mater
subdural space
this is the space in between dura mater and arachnoid
Quiescence
this is the step in bone remodeling where osteoblasts become resting bone lining cell on the newly formed surface
sarcoplasmic reticulum
this is the storage of calcium ion in the muscle
genetics
this is the study of heredity
gyri
this is the surface of the brain that contains ridges
fissure
this is the term used forthe deeper valley or grooves found in the brain (deeper than gyri). EXAMPLE OF THIS IS TWO CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE
phenotype
this is the visible trait the organism has
uterus/ shell grant ; 20 or more hours ; yessss
this is the where the shell is being formed inside the uterus of the bird. how long does the egg stay there? does egg pigmentation happen here ?
stratum basale
this layer of the skin is usually a single layer of keratinocytes-- epidermal cells that transform as they move up in the epidermis eventually forming keratin (scales)
Loop of Henle
this maintains the concentration gradient (electrolytes, sodium and chloride ions)
Rumen; because numerous organism including protozoa are present
this makes up 85% of the stomach of a ruminant ; its function is to break smaller food into smaller particles for fermentation . Why fermentation
Corpus callosum
this nerve connects two cerebral hemispheres that are a mirror images and are connected in the middle
Golgi Apparatus
this organelle modify and enclose the proteins from RER and SER to be transported out of the cell through EXOCYTOSIS
Onychopora
this organism should not be included in phylum anthropoda but scientists cannot make a separate phylum for them so they're just being place in phylum anthropoda
Cnidarians
this organism under asexual reproduction undergo budding where a new individual grow from and then breaks off pf the parent individual
insects
this organism under asexual reproduction undergone parthogenesis
Echinoderm
this organism under asexual reproduction, can be cut to form new individual
flatworms
this organism under asexual reproduction, can divide into 2 halves; each half grow into a separate organism
schistosoma (blood fluke)
this parasite resides in blood vessel particularly in the mesentery vessel and always mating
cerebellum
this part of the brain functions mainly in the muscle coordination and integrating all motor activities.
quiescence phase
this phase includes cells that do not divide unless necessary
M phase (Mitotic phase)
this phase is relatively brief and consists of karyokinesis and cytokinesis
poison gland
this produces a noxious substances involved as a defense mechanism against predators
Parathyroid gland
this produces hormones parathormone in which the primary effect is to increase the calcium level of the blood
Glucocorticoids
this reduce synthesis and increase the breakdown of protein including lipolysis and gluconeogenesis
Systole
this refers to the contraction of the ventricles. AKA ventricular emptying , where the blood is emptied during contraction
diastole
this refers to the relaxation of the ventricle. AKA ventricular filling
ovarian cycle
this refers to the series of changes in the ovary during which the follicle matures , the ovum is shed and the corpus luteum is developed
monophyletic groups
this refers to the single ancestral species
cerebrum
this region of the brain includes the function for vision, speech , memory , thought and association
pulmonary valve / semilunar valve
this semilunar valve connects the ventricle to the pulmonary artery
Mucous gland
this serves as an aid in keeping the skin moist and is important in respiration in most reptiles
pool of creatine phosphate
this serves as the modest reservoir of ATP
chicken crop / buchi
this serves as the temporary storage pouch of food in chickens
myelin sheet
this speeds up the transmission of information on the neuron
Growth hormones
this stimulates the growth in the epiphyseal plate at the end of long bones
Thyroid stimulating hormone
this stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine which causes conversion of thyroglobulin into thyroid hormones T4 and T3
corpus sponginosum
this surrounds urethra, and during erection, this compresses the urethra
Type II pneumocytes
this type of cell functions for the production of a substance known as surfactant
RBC
this type of cell is devoid of nuclei (in mammalians)
Intracellular digestion
this type of digestion is happening on unicellular organisms like protozoa , amoeba, sponges etc.
calcium carbonate
this type of exoskeleton provides a formidable protection but is bulky and severely restrictive of movement
positive feedback
this type of feedback controls the release of the desired hormone
negative feedback
this type of feedback will stop the secretion of a particular hormone
Ingestive feeders
this type of feeder is used by a majority of animals in which they use their mouth to ingest their food.
pineal gland
this type of gland is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light
Femoral gland
this type of gland presumed to function for sexual attraction in reptiles
histone protein 1
this type of histone protein stabilized the DNA
Type II fibers (fast twitch)
this type of muscle fatigues easily and has low myoglobin (makes it white-ish color) and is the dominant in muscles used for rapid movement; it is also known as __________
Type II fibers
this type of muscle fiber has few mitochondria and is rich in glycogen.
unipolar
this type of neuron has 1 body and 1 axon; developing neurons and sensory organs
glycoprotein
this type of protein is an identity marker protein and has an attached carbohydrates in it.
Sexual reproduction
this type of reproduction results in the formation of zygote which contains a full number of choromosomes
epithelial tissue
this type of tissue holds the stratum basale of the skin layer
atrioventricular valve; right atrioventricular valve and left atrioventricular valve
this valve separates atria from ventricles; what do you call the valve separating the right atrium and ventricle? how about the left?
infundibulum; 3-4 inches in length; 15 -17 min
this will catch the ovum/yolk coming from the ovary of the chicken; what is the length of this organ?how long does the yolk/ovum stay in the infudibulum
hypotonic solution, hypertonic solution, isotonic solution
three kinds of Tonicity
G1, S , and G2
three phases that comprises the interphase
microtubules (largest) , actin filaments (smallest), intermediate filaments
three primary protein filament of cytoskeleton that helps maintain the cell shape. Which ones the largest? which ones the smallest
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
three regions in the small intestine
phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis
three types of endocytosis
hypothalamus
thus maintains homeostasis and contains center for regulating hunger , sleep, thirst temperature , water, balance, blood pressure and behavior (EMOTION LIKE LOVE). This also regulates the pituitary gland
Epithelium tissues
tissues composed of layers of the cells that line the cavities of surface of structures throughout the body
start at the renal bay, from the kidney blood will flow to the renal bay and from the renal bay it would be attached to the vena cava. The blood from vena cava would be pushed to Right Atrium passing through the tricuspid valve into to the right ventricle and blood would be pumped from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery by the pulmonary valve. Then blood would be oxygenated to the lungs, then the oxygenated blood would move to the pulmonary vein into the left atrium The blood will pass to the bicuspid valve to the left ventricle. From left ventricle the blood will pass into the aortic valve into the aorta and eventually to the renal artery.
trace the blood flow from the left kidney to the right kidney
1. kidneys: outer cortex and inner medulla 2.Renal pelvis 3. ureter 4. urinary bladder 5. urtehtra
trace the path of the mammalian urine from kidney to the urethra
renal artery ----> afferent arteriole ----> glumerulus ----> bowman's capsule (collects the filtrate) ----> proximal convoluted tubule ---> loop of henle ---> Distal convoluted tubule ---> collecting duct
trace the pathway of the urine
Phosphorylation
transfer of phosphate group to glucose. It is made possible by the enzyme Hexosekinase
exocytosis
transport vesicle migrates to the membrane, fuses with it and release their content
urethra
tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
heterozygous dominant
two different genes; Aa
Tertiary (grazing mammals) Quaternary (modern humans)
two periods under cenozoic era
Intracellular digestion and extracellular digestion
two types of digestion
integral protein ; peripheral protens
two types of protein
asymmetrical animal
type of body symmetry where there is no symmetry
Irregular bones
type of bone that does not fall into the previous categories. Cannot be classified as long nor short etc .They have varied shape. size and surfaces features
Heterotrophic bone
type of bone that is classified as not part of the axial nor the appendicular skeleton.
Mitosis
type of cell division in which the cell divides into two complete new cells that are identical to the original one.
hyaline cartilage
type of collagen fiber that has few collagen fibers and chondrocytes appears singly-- sometimes dalawa
Facilitated diffusion
type of diffusion in which there are carrier proteins that binds the molecules and change the shape that shuttle them across membrane. Movement of solutes to an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration but with a transport protein
skeletal muscle
type of muscle that are cylindrical in shape with numerous nuclei located near the periphery. They exhibit longitudinal oarallel arrangements that are held together by connective tissue
skeletal muscle
type of muscle that is named for its location, it is striated; contains light and dark bands that are perpendicular to the long axes which allows better movement
Sexual reproduction
type of reproduction that involves the fusion of two gametes
adipose (fat tissue); lipids
type of tissie that functions as a storage for fat cells (Adipose) and contains a large vacuole which in the live cell contains _______________
hypotonic solution
type of tonicity that will cause a swell to swell
simple epithelium and the stratified epithelium
types of epithelial tissues
Placoid, Ganoid, Cycloid, Ctenoid
types of scales
cephalopoda
under what class of phylum mollusca is a squid
DNA helicase
unwinds the helix in fornt of the DNA polymerase
ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
urinary system is made up of
collecting duct and nephrons
uriniferous tubule is made up of
cell-to-cell recognition
use to identify which cell is belonging to a particular organism. It acts as the Identity markers/ tags which enables the body to tell which cell belongs to it and which are foreign
peripheral nervous system
uses special senses to connect the body to the outside environment this is consist of nerves that are connected to the brain and the nerve that are connected to the spinal cord
antidiuretic hormone
vassopressin is also known as
reverse peristalsis
vomiting is also called as the
Sexual and asexual reproduction
whaat are the types of reproduction among animals
Reduce friction of joints, Movement, Support, Growth
what are functions of fibrocartilage
basically animals with rumen "first stomach". Like carabao , goats etc.
what are ruminants
physalia, hydra, jellyfish and obelia
what are some organism that is under pylum cnidaria/coelenterata
Protista: Algae, amoeba, paramecium, euglena Fungi
what are some unicellular kingdom under Eukaryotes
Type I muscle. and Type II muscle
what are the 2 different types of muscle fibers ?
Connective tissue, Muscular tissue, Epithelial tissues, Nervous
what are the 4 basic types of tissue
regurgitation, remastication, Reinsalviation, Reswallowing
what are the 4 process of rumination ?
Fungi, animalia, plantae, protista , and monera
what are the FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
ungi , animalia, plantae, protista, archeabacteria, eubacteria
what are the SIX KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
Flagellated bacterium
what are the animal-like structures antoine Van Leeuwenhoek saw on his slide?
Periosteum , Endosteum, Compact zone , spongy bone
what are the basic structure of a bone
P site and A site
what are the binding sites for tRNA in ribosomes?
anatomy, morphology, biochemistry, biodiversity ,conservation , developmental biology (embryology), ecology, ethology,evolution, genetics , paleontology, parasitology and pathology, taxonomy, sistematics, Molecular biology , cell biology, physiology , reproductive biology
what are the branches of zoology
Neuron and Neuroglia/ Glial cells
what are the cells of the nervous system
-double stranded - has chains of nucleotide -has 5'-3' anti-parallel pairing - complimentary pairing
what are the characteristics of a DNA structure
guanine and adenine
what are the chemical bases under Purines
cytosine, thymine, uracil
what are the chemical bases under the pyrimidines
nucleic acid, proteins and lipids
what are the chemical components of a chromosome
-presence of hair and fur -mammary gland
what are the chief characteristics of a mammal
monotremes, marsupials, placental mammals
what are the classifications of mammals according to their means of reproduction
Matigophora, sacordina, ciliophora, sporozoa
what are the classifications of protozoa
forebrain, hindbrain, cerebellum
what are the components of a brain
blood, blood vessels, heart
what are the components of the circulatory system ?
90% H20 10% electrolytes, proteins, hormones, oxygen and glucose
what are the contents of a blood?
- Axons can be myelinated (has a myelin sheet) ; dendrites cannot be myelinated (no myelin sheet) Axons does not contain nissl granules ; dendrites has many nissl granules There is one axon per cell; there is many dendrites from branch of a cell Axons carry information OUT of the cell; dendrites carry information INTO the cell
what are the differences of axons and dendrites
osteocytes , osteoblast and osteoclast
what are the different cells that can be found in the bone
pineal gland, pituitary gland, parathyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal gland, testes, thyroid gland, ovaries
what are the different endocrine glands in the body'?
outer cortex, inner medulla and renal pelvis
what are the divisions of kidney
axial, Appendicular , Heterotropic
what are the divisions of skeleton
RNA Primase, Exonuclease, DNA helicase,DNA gryase , DNA polymerase, DNA ligase
what are the enzymes required for DNA Replication ?
keratin structures and glands
what are the epidermal derivatives of the intergument
vitamin A, D, E, K
what are the fat soluble vitamins that the skin stores?
ductless in nature, very vascular, presence of intracellular vacuole
what are the features of the endocrine system
ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix and vagina
what are the female reproductive system
Basophil, Eosinophil , Neutrophil, Macrophages (monocytes) and lymphocytes
what are the five types ofWBC
Erythrocytes (RBC), Leukocytes (WBC), and the platelets
what are the formed elements in the blood?
adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine
what are the four chemical bases
sphingomyelins, phosphatidylcholine are on the extracellular layer phoshphatidylserine, phosphatidyl ethanolamine are on the cytoplasmic membrane. the etnanolamine and phosphatidylserine are concentrated on the cytoplasmic side because they are negatively charged and enzymes require negative charge for a cellular activity. Phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin has larger heads because it help form the normal curvature of the cell (a polygon)
what are the four major phospholipids? which one is on the extracellular and which ones on the cytopasmic membrane? why most of the sphingomyelin and phosphatidylcholine are concentrated on the extracelluklar side?while phosphatidyl serine and ethnolamine are concentrated on the cytoplasmic side?
PHASE I : filtration of the bowman's capsule PHASE II : Reabsorption in the proximal tubule PHASE III: Creation of an Osmotic gradient in the loop of henle PHASE IV : Regulating water and electrolyte balance in the distal tubule and the collecting duct
what are the four phases in the urine formation
phyla. hemichordata, phyla. urochordata, phyla. cephalochordata, and vertebra
what are the four subphylum of phylum chordata
keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel cells, langerhans
what are the four types of epidermis
manufacturing, support, protection, homeostasis , locomotion
what are the function of the bone tissue
Manufacturing RBC, Support, Protection, Homeostasis , Locomotion
what are the functions of a bone
Os penis (dogs), Os Rostri (pigs), Os Cordis (ruminants)
what are the heterotrophic bones? On what species of animals have these type of heterotrophic bone?
dopamine and enkephalin
what are the hormones being secreted at the adrenal medulla
Thyrotropin/ thyroid stimulating hormone , Adrenocorticotropin, Luteinizing hormone, Follicle stimulating hormone , prolactin and melanocyte stimulating hormone
what are the hormones produces by the anterior pituitary gland
Gastrin, Ghrelin, Neuropeptide Y, somastostain , Histamine, Endothelin
what are the hormones that are secreted in the stomach
oxytocin and vasopressin
what are the hormones that are stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland ?
helps lipid REASSEMBLE themselves (amoeba, when cut in half, the other half would have its lipid reunite sealing the cut portion forming a new amoeba), also essential in FERTILIZATION (in order for fertilization to take place this sperm cell must penetrate the egg cell to fuse on the nucleus of egg cell, if membrane of egg cell is not fluid the membrane of the egg cell will remain open and the contents of the egg cell would break out). CELLS ARE ABLE TO FUSE FORMING A GIANT CELL (MITOSIS ; to replenish dead cells and tissue formation. PHAGOCYTOSIS, forms pseudo pods or extension of the cell membrane to reach the food that is possible because of cell fluidity. MYOBLAST FORMATION, kaya lumalaki ung muscles kasi muscles tend to break and they will reform again through)
what are the importance of having the fluidity of membrane
yes, trypsin - trysinogen , chymotrypsin- chymotripsinogen and carboxypeptidase- procarboxypeptidase
what are the inactive form of digestive enzymes
Feathers, Beaks, Claws and talons, Hooves Hair, Horns, Nails
what are the keratin structures
1. Law of dominance 2. Law of segregation 3. Law of independent assortment
what are the law of genetics
stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale
what are the layer of the epidermis in humans
tunica mucosa, tunica submucosa, tunica muscularis, tunica serosa
what are the layers of the intestine
st. corneum, st. lucidum, st. granulosum, st. spinosum, st. basale
what are the layers of the skin (in humans)
Digest ingested materials, Receive, Mix , Store
what are the main functions of the stomach
Binary Fission, Buddin, Fragmentation, Sporilation
what are the modes of reproduction of prokaryotes
Cdk cells (cyclin dependent kinase),Protein 53 (P 53), MPF (Maturation Processing Factor), P27 (protein 27)
what are the molecules that interplay in the regulation of the cell cycle?
intercostal muscles (inner intercostal muscle and outer intercostal muscle)
what are the muscles that participates in breathing
Femoral gland, uropygial gland, mucous and poison glad
what are the non mammalian vertebrate skin glands
NADH dehydrogenase, Cytochrome BC1, cytochrome oxidase with the addition of the ATP synthase. For mobile proteins we have ubiquinone and cytochrome C. In etc we will be needing NADH and its electrons (which is the electron carriers), hydrogen ions, molecular oxygen, H2O and ADP + Pi
what are the non mobile protein molecules that participates in the Electron Transport Chain? how about the mobile? WHAT ARE THE ELECTRON CARRIERS THAT IS NEEDED IN ETC?
midgut, bladder , lungs , liver, pancreas, thyroid, parathyroid
what are the organ/s that can be formed from endoderm
muscle, connective tissues, epidermis , circulatory system , kidney , ureters, gonads , dura mater and microglia
what are the organ/s that can be formed from mesoderm
central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
what are the parts of the nervous system
Cell body/ soma, dendrites and axon
what are the parts of the neuron
-families should use suffix -idae - species is capitalized and subspecies is lowercase -genus species and subspecies should be italicized or underlined - if the same name appears the second time, genus should be abbreviated
what are the rules in naming groups
Bacillus (rod shaped) - E. coli, anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) coccus (round shape) - Staphylococcus (bunch ; bilog-bilog) leptospires -spiral shaped Vibrio (spiral shaped)
what are the shapes of bacteria?
-they are the extension from the soma -they carry electrochemical information (neurotransmitters)
what are the similarities of axon and a dendrite?
Glycogen, Creatine phosphate, cellular respiration
what are the sources of high energy phosphate to keep ATP pool filled?
movement, secretion , digestion , absorption and elimination
what are the stages of the digestive process
1.initiation of replication 2. Elongation of the complementary strand 3 . termination of replication
what are the steps in DNA replication ?
1.initiation 2. elongation 3. termination
what are the steps in translation
Glucocorticoids, Minerlocorticoids and Sex steroids
what are the steroids released at the adrenal cortex
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
what are the steroids released at the adrenal medulla
upper and lower respiratory tract ; conducting zone and respiratory zone
what are the subdivisions of a respiratory system?
plasma membrane- sacrolema, cytoplasm- sarcoplasm, ER- sarcoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrion-sarcosome
what are the terminologies used to describe myofibrils
Deoxyribose, and Nucleic acids: pyrimidines (Uracil, Thymine, and Cytosine) and purines (adenine, guanine)
what are the things required for the DNA synthesis that are being prepared on the growth phase 1
fibrous, cartilagenous ,and synovial
what are the three classification of joints
ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm
what are the three distinct germ layers
Paleozoic Era, Mesozoic Era, Cenozoic Era
what are the three eras in the phanerozoic eon
Sensory function Integrative function Motor function
what are the three functions of the nervous system
Oviparus, Viviparus, Ovoviviparus
what are the three general way of releasing a young
dura mater ,arachnoid and pia mater
what are the three main meninges of the cranium
Glycolysis , Krebs , ETC
what are the three metabolic processes under Aerobic Respiration
special generation (by god and acceptable by faith), extraterrestrial origin (from different planet), spontaneous origin (from non-living things, it can produce life ; abiogenesis)
what are the three origin of life? differentiate each
Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous
what are the three period under mesozoic era
melanin, carotene and hemoglobin
what are the three pigment that made up the skin color
head, visceral hump, and a foot
what are the three regions in the body of phylum mollusca
period of ovum, period of embryo, period of fetus
what are the three stages of pregnancy
osteoblast, osteoclast and osteocytes
what are the three types of bone cells that contribute to homeostasis
fibrocartilage (intervertebral disc) , elastic cartilage (ear and epiglotis) and hyaline cartilage
what are the three types of cartilage and where can we find them
Simple Squamous Epithelium, Simple cuboidal, Simple Columnae Epithelium
what are the three types of simple epithelium
olifactory nerve, optic nerve, oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, trigeminal nerve, abducens nerve , facial nerve, vestibulocochlear nerve , glossopharyngeal nerve, vasgus nerve, accessory nerve, hypoglossal nerve
what are the twelve cranial nerves
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
what are the two categories of cell
compact bone (dense bone); spongy bone ; cancellous bone )
what are the two composition of a bone? what is the other term for these bones?
origin and insertion
what are the two definite ends of a skeletal muscle
Fish scales and dermal bone
what are the two dermal scale derivatives
polypoid form and medusoid form
what are the two different forms of a phylum coelenterata
altermatove cladistic taxonomy and Linnaean taxonomy
what are the two distinct taxonomic system
anterior pituitary gland and posterior pituitary gland
what are the two divisions of the pituitary gland
pointed end and blunt end
what are the two ends of an egg
positive and negative feedback
what are the two feedback mechanism in the control of hormone release
exoskeleton and endoskeleton
what are the two forms of skeleton
RNA and DNA
what are the two genetic material ?
gill heart and systemic heart
what are the two hearts of a squid
myometrium and endometrium
what are the two layer of uterus ?
longitudinal muscles and circular muscles. They are required for the certain movement of food within the GIT
what are the two layers of smooth muscles in the small intestine (t. MUSCULARIS)? what are their purpose?
epidermis and dermis
what are the two layers of the skin
lateral drift and flip-flop
what are the two movements in lipids
Adrenal cortex and the Adrenal medulla
what are the two parts of the adrenal gland
intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification
what are the two processes of ossification
medulla oblongata and pons ; respiratory centers
what are the two regions in the hind brain that controls respiration; they are also called as the
DNA polymerase 3 and DNA polymerase 1
what are the two types of DNA polymerase?
right atrium and Left atrium
what are the two types of atrium
sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system
what are the two types of autonomic nervous system
Hyaline cartilage and the Fibrocartilage
what are the two types of cartilage
type I pneumocyte at type II pneumocyte
what are the two types of cell that contains in the alvveoli
autosome and sex chromosome
what are the two types of chromosome
External and internal fertilization
what are the two types of fertilization
overy- females sperm-male
what are the two types of gametes? which is produced by which?
sinoatrial node and Atriventricular node
what are the two types of nodal region that initiates heart beat
DNA and RNA
what are the two types of nucleic acids
macro nucleus and micro nucleus
what are the two types of nucleus that can be found in balantidium coli
free living and parasitic
what are the two types of phylum platyhelminthes
Histones and Non-histone chromosomal proteins
what are the two types of proteins
conservative, semiconservative
what are the two types of replication
protogynous and protandrous
what are the two types of sequential hermaphroditism
Malate Aspartate Shuttle (Heart, Liver , Kidney), Glycerol Phosphate Shuttle (Brain , Skeleton)
what are the two types of shuttle in the Cellular respiration? how many ATPs are produced in ech shuttle? which organs require these shuttle?
right ventricle and the left ventricle
what are the two types of ventricle
bone and cartilage, chitin, calcium compounds and silicate
what are the types of Exoskeleton ?
Ribosomal RNA Transfer RNA Messenger RNA
what are the types of RNA
lymphocytes monocytes, Neutrophil, Basophil and Eosinophil (BENML)
what are the types of WBC/leukocytes?
coelomate, acoelomate and pseudocoelomate
what are the types of body cavity
flat bones, long bones , sesamoid bone, irregular bone, short bones
what are the types of bones
Open circulatory system, closed circulatory system and No circulatory system
what are the types of circulatory system
Absorptive feeder, Filter feeder, Fluid feeder, Ingestive Feeder, Substrate feeder
what are the types of feeders?
Sensory neurons, Motor neurons, Relay neurons
what are the types of neurons
lateral, 4th ventricle
what are the ventricles that can be seen in the brain
Bacteria, Archea and Eukarya
what are three distinct domains ?
head, midpiece and the tail
what are three parts of a sperm
kingdom Archeabacteria and Eubacteria
what are two distinct kingdoms of Monera
endocrine function (Secretion of insulin and glucagon) and exocrine function (capable of secreting enzyme: pancreatic mutases)
what are two functions of the pancreas
subcalss, infraclass, cohort and superorder
what are/is the subpart of class?
subfamily and tribe
what are/is the subpart of family
subgenus
what are/is the subpart of genus
subkingdom
what are/is the subpart of kingdom
suborder and superfamily
what are/is the subpart of order
subphylum and superclass
what are/is the subpart of phylum ?
subspecies
what are/is the subpart of species
it is because of the breakdwon of heme to bilirubin that is further reduced to urobilirubin and eventually the stercabulin that is responsible for the yellowish color of the feces
what causes the yellow-ish color of the feces?
he saw a numerous chambers that resembles a monk cell, therefore calling it cellula and in time called cells
what did Robert Hooke saw on his observation of a wine cork
animalcules/ animacules
what did antoine van leeuwenhoek called this animal-like sturctures?
all organisms are made up of cells
what did theodore Schwann and Matthias Scleiden concluded?
nephridium
what do flat worm use to eliminate the waste in their body ?
keratinized cells
what do we call a dead cell; the ones without the nucleus
plasmolysis
what do we call the point in plant cells where the internal membrane shrink due to Hypertonicity but the cell wall remains the same?
gumagalaw yung mga proteins, they have the capability from one area to another. Then this proteins are mobile.
what do we mean by " a bilayer of lipids with mobile globular protein"
bone
what do we mean by "os" in the classification of heterotrophic bones.
empty space / anything that does not have an organ unit
what do we mean by cavity?
means that a species can be seen on a specific/ particular place only. Ex: alamid is endemic in the Philippines
what do we mean by endemic?
layers
what do we mean by tunica?
graafian follicle
what do you call a mature follicle and is ready to reelease the ovum
invertebrates; vertebrates
what do you call organisms without backbone? with backbone?
sigmoid flexure
what do you call the "s-shaoed" bend on a penis?
Osteoblasts
what do you call the bone-forming cells / gap filler
Venules
what do you call the fusion of capillaries?
endoderm
what do you call the inner layer of the blastophore?
pen
what do you call the internal structure inside a squid
Fetus
what do you call the later stage of the development of the embryo?
macrophages
what do you call the monocytes that are in the tissue
obligatory taxonomy
what do you call the order of class, order, family, genus and species ?
ectoderm
what do you call the outermost layer of the blastophore?
caracalving; because carabaws produces caracaft
what do you call the paturation in `carabaw ? why is it called that ?
queening
what do you call the paturation in cats ?
calfing; because cow produces calf
what do you call the paturation in cow ? why is it called that ?
whelping
what do you call the paturation in dogs ?
kidding;
what do you call the paturation in goat ?
foaling
what do you call the paturation in horses ?
farrowing
what do you call the paturation in pig ?
lambing; because it produces lamb
what do you call the paturation in sheep? why is it called that ?
oviduct
what do you call the reproductive part of birds
diploblastic animals; ectoderm and endoderm
what do you call the type of animals having two germ layers; these are?
it is the time where the females will accept the males - estrous
what do you mean by "heat" in terms pf reproductive system? what is the other term for "heat"
they are stimulating / tropic hormones
what do you notice about the hormones of the anterior pituitary gland
most of them are "releasing" hormones
what do you notice about the hormones released by hypothalamus
above; because the adrenal gland in humans is situated above the kidney
what does " ad" in adrenal means? why?
jointed
what does "arthro" means in the word arthropods?
at the periphery ; ; Cartilage
what does "peri" in perichondrium means? What does the "chondo" in chondrocytes means?
it means worm
what does morph in morphology mean?
example, papasok si sir sa room na may dalang quiz booklet, alam na, na may quiz in animals. before you feed your animal kukunin mo yung food bowl nila which is an indication for the pet na kakain na sila
what does the center for association mean in the functions of a cerebrum
cephalo- head pods- feet
what does the cephalo and pods in cephalopods mean?
coel means cavity
what does the coel in hemocoel mean
it serves as a temporary scaffolding for the organelles. Within the cell these scaffolding holds the organelle in shape. Without the cytoskeleton, sa isang side lang ng cell ung mga organelles .
what does the cytoskeleton does?
shell membrane
what does the isthmus produces ?
magkakaroon ng blood clot doon sa nabaling site na buto. Within that blood clot we have this osteoprogenitor cells that will transform into osteoblast. So the osteoblast willsynthesize bone materials to fill the gap of the bone. In such production, there is a very large area of bone that is being formed to completely surround the broken part. There fore there would be an excess amount of bone that will be formed by the osteoblast and in the healing process, this osteolast would then be replaced by the osteoclasts, so the osteoclasts would tend to digest this extra bone such that this bone will be as much as possible return to its normal shape.
what happens during a fracture
the blood will be pumped out of the ventricle to the associated blood vessel
what happens during the contraction of the ventricle
condensation of chromosomes and sprouting of micro tubules
what happens on the M phase?
it will be recycled again forming a new ATP
what happens to the atp after being utilized to ADP + Pi ?
ligament
what holds the patella and the tibia
it is not possible, with this arrangement it wont form a normal curvature of a cell.
what if smaller heads are on the extracellular side and the bigger heads are on the cytoplasmic side
120, 70, 160, and 145 days
what if the lifespan of RBC in dogs , cats , cows and horse
this is caused by jaundice caused by bilirubin
what if your eyes are yellowing, the teeth is yellowing etc
one phospholipids on the outer layer will move on the inner layer and one phospholipid lipid on the inner layer will move on the outer layer; requires a lot of energy, not energy favorable; doesnt occur spintaneously only occur once a month.
what is a flip flop movement
magpapalit ung magkatabing lipids (may interchange in size); it happens 10^ 7 times/ second' most common movements in phospholipids
what is a lateral drift movement in lipids
group of rats
what is a rodent
a structure resembling an animal
what is an animalcules?
animal nutriology talks about the animal diet. It also talks about nutrient composition and the particle size of the feeds. The younger the animal the less crude protein etc
what is animal nutriology?
Hadean eon, Hadeon eon, Archean eon , Proterozoic eon, Phanerozoic eon,
what is order in the hisotry of life
outside the abdominal cavity; inside the abdominal cavity
what is orientation of testis in humans? in birds?
you could produce offspring at a very short time .
what is the advantage of having asexual reproduction?
all organisms are composed of one or more cells and those cells have arisen from pre-existing cells
what is the cell theory
-70mv - (-80mv)
what is the charge required energy for the sodium to enter into the cell?
blue; hemocyanin
what is the color of phylum mollusca blood? what causes its color?
receptor organ , sensory neuron, relay neuron, motor neuron, and effector organ
what is the complete reflex arch
90% lipids 10% proteins (usually at the head)
what is the composition of a surfactant
penis ; phallic organ
what is the copulary organ in humans? in birds ?
bronchus has cartilage and bronchioles do not. Usually the epithelium of bronchiole is not provided with goblet cells unlike the bronchus
what is the difference between a bronchus and a bronchiole
prokaryotes are primitive they dont have a nucleus and in eukaryotes they have nucleus bounded in a nuclear membrane and is membrane bounded organelle
what is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
vomiting requires the force of the muscle to force the food out , regurgitation is a passive process, bigla nalang nalabas without force
what is the difference between vomiting and regurgitation
cis -hydrogens are on the same bond of the double bond
what is the difference of cis and trans double bond ?
its bidirectional, replication will go on both sides
what is the direction of replication in circular bacterias?
there is a mixing of the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. The blood that is being pumped in the rest of the body would not be saturated with oxygen because there is a mixing at the level of the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Yes because it is still on a considerable amount of pressure
what is the disadvantage of having a three chambered heart? Is it better than the fish's circulatory system
dogs: 6 months pigs : 21 days camel: 21 days poultry: wala
what is the estrous cycle of dogs? pigs? camel? poultry?
Copulation, fertilization, gestation, parturition
what is the four sexual reproductive processes of the sexual reproduction
it connects muscle to the bone. MUSCLE TO BONE ATTACHMENT
what is the function of a tendon
WALA , 'CAUSE THE LUMEN COULD ONLY FIT A NEEDLE KAYA BACTERIA LANG NAKAKAPASOK.
what is the function of the appendix in humans
reduce the blood glucose level. People with diabetes melitus tends to have a lot of glucose inside their body but their RBCs are still starving for glucose, because they cannot enter the cells. So its a must to require insulin
what is the function of the insulin? give an example
It connects Bone to Bone. BONE TO BONE ATTACHMENT. EX. head of the femur attaches to the acetabelum
what is the function of the ligament?
the left; right reproductive part doesn't work
what is the functional reproductive part in birds ?
nasa page 1 ng intergumentary
what is the functions of the intergumentary system
1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1
what is the genotipic ratio of in dihibrid crosses
melatonin
what is the hormone produced by the pineal gland
low temperature; high temperature
what is the ideal temperature for the sperm of humans? in birds?
gap junction
what is the junction that interconnects a smooth muscle
patella
what is the largest sesamoid bone and is embedded in the tendon of the triceps femoris
patella
what is the largest sesamoid bone in the human body and is embedded in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris at the knee
acetylcholine
what is the main neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system
dead microorganisms that is recycled to be the main source of proteins
what is the main source of protein of cattle is ?
vitamin D came from food as well... the sunlight activates the vitamin D.
what is the main source of vitamin D
dipalmitoyl lecithin
what is the main surfactant present among mammalian cells?
urinary bladder and mammary gland
what is the main target organ of oxytocin
pituitary gland
what is the main target organ of the hypothalamus
30 %
what is the maximum contraction length of a sarcomere?
sexual
what is the mode of reproduction of phylum echinodermata?
aldosterone ; this reabsorbs sodium, chlorine and water
what is the most important mineralocorticoid? what is its function ?
Aponeourosis
what is the muscle to muscle attachment
120/80 mmHg; Systolic pressure / diastolic pressure
what is the normal blood pressure for a male human? the higher value refers to the? the lower value?
CELLS- TISSUES-ORGANS- SYSTEM- INDIVIDUAL-POPULATION
what is the organization of LIVING THINGS
epidermis; ectoderm
what is the outer portion of a coelenterata? where is it derived?
Sinoatrial node --> Atrioventricular node ---> to His fibers and Purikinjie fiber
what is the pathway of the excitation of heart from the nodal region
substrate level phophorylation
what is the process of creating ATP from Creatine phosphate
PAGE 4 IN MSUCLES
what is the role of ATP in muscle contraction
right reproductive part of birds ; because it is undeveloped
what is the rudimentary reproductive part among birds
cylindrical in shape
what is the shape of the skeletal muscle
protective covering, where blood vessel and nerves are located kapag waalng periosteum healing of a fracture would not be possible kasi walang blood supply
what is the significance of having a periosteum
phalanges
what is the smallest sesamoid bones?
AUG; UAG, UGA, UAA
what is the start codon ? What is the stop codon?
the adrenal cortex
what is the target organ of the Adrenocrticotropic hormone
KIDNEY
what is the target organ of the antidiuretic hormone
all body cells
what is the target organ of thyroid hormones?
that one could generate rats with wheat, dirty socks (soaked in water), and sweat within 17 days
what is the theory of Van Helmant with rats?
there would be a suppression/ reduction on the immune response or the accumulation of antibodies or immunoglobulins
what is the undesired effect of taking a glucocorticoids?
it is used to attach on the surface of the organ ex: epithelial tissue of the gastro intestinal track, which would later cause disease. If not for the Pili these bacterias would easily flush out
what is the use of pili in bacterias?
cellula, that means empty room
what is the word origin of cell?
in zoology we will be studying the different organ systems, from the simpliest system to the more complex
what is zoology
thymine and uracil ; two bonds
what is/ are the compliment pair of ADENINE ? how many bonds will be formed?
guanine ; 3 bonds
what is/ are the compliment pair of CYTOSINE ? how many bonds will be formed?
smooth muscle tissue
what kind of muscle tissue that is found in hollow/visceral organs such as intestine cells
phospholipid -75 % cholesterol - 20 % glycolipid - 5 %
what made up a membrane lipid?
the skin, organs of the central nervous system, muscles, GIT, pia mater, arachnoid and liver
what organ/organs are derived from the ectoderm
interstitial cells
what particular cell secretes testosterone
Triassic Period
what period does first dinosaurs appear?
mammalian RBC, reptalian and avian
what species are devoid of nucleus? what species have a nucleus
Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian
what the six period under pelaozoic era
hyaline cartilage
what type of cartilage can be seen on the trachea
chondrocytes
what type of cell can be found in the cartilage.
simple squamous epithelium; to permit the exchange of gasseses and nutrients
what type of cell makes up the capillaries; why is it made up of that kind of cell?
meiosis
what type of cell reproduction does sex cells go?
closed circulatory system
what type of circulatory system is present in phylum annelida?
open circulatory system
what type of circulatory system is present in the phylum arthropoda
asexually
what type of reproduction does amoebas undergone?
aquatic/ return to water species
what type of species undergone external fertilization
whip worm/ trichuris
what type of tape worms can be seen in dogs
epithelial tissue;
what type of tissue makes up the epidermis
simple squamous epithelium, it favors diffusion on of the gasses
what type of tlssue can be seen in the lining of the alveoli?
spherical symmetry or asymmetrical
what type/s of symmetry can be seen in amoebas?
cardiac arrest
what will happen if one part of the cardiac muscle is not beating synchronously?
your body will get calcium in the bones through osteoclast. The osteoclasts wil digest calcium in the bone that will make it soften causing osteoporosis
what will happen if you have a low calcium level in the body?
the image on the left side will retain on the left side and the image on the right side will retain on the right side
what will happen if you severe the corpus callosum
it would be oxygenated from the artery until the gas exchange would occur in the capillary then it would become deoxygenated once it passes onto the vein
what would be the flow of oxygen from artery to a vein
the "expired" RBC will be sent to the liver for destruction and eventually recycling
what would happen to the aged RBC?
Fat rich meal (faster) and carbohydrates rich meal (faster); Ingestible solids ( slowly but fast ex. gulay kangkong etc), semi solid meals ( fastest)
what would make the movement of the chyme slower? what makes the movement of the chyme
is the plasma membrane of the skeletal muscle
whatis a sarcolema
RIGOR MORTIS
when atp runs down after deat, muscle goes into a state of _____________
Ventricle; away from the heart towards the lungs (RV) and towards the body system (LV) from the left side
when atrium contracts blood is pumped through the __________ when the ventricle contracts blood is pumped ___________
1838
when did Matthias Schleiden concluded that all plant tissues are made up of cells?
1660s
when did antoine van leeuwenhoek discovered this "animal cules"
3.5 billion years ago, 0.5 billion years ago
when did prokaryotes arose? when did eukaryotes?
1839
when did theodore schwann concluded that all ANIMALS are made up of cells?
when there is an accumulation of lactic acid. Lactic acid is an irritant to the muscle which makes it very painful. kapag nagexercise ka ng walang streching, kasi pag wlang streching less ang blood supply sa muscle. Kapag less blood supply less oxygen would be transferd to the muscle so thereforre glucose would metabolize in anerobic leading to the production of lactic acid.
when does muscle cramps happen? when does muscle cramps happen?
CDK (Cyclin dependent Kinase)
whenever there is damage on DNA or on growth phase 1 or from G2 to Mitotic phase this enzyme detects damage onto the chromosome that will stop cell division
at the bone marrow; it becomes yellow-ish in color because it is replaced by the adipose tissue
where are RBCs produced? what happens to the red marrow when we get older?
islet of langerhans; pancreatic acini
where are the pancreatic hormones being secreted ? where are the pancreatic enzymes being secreted?
at the mammary gland , hypodermis
where can we find adipose tissues
it is cranial to the sigmoid flexture
where can we find the testicle of a bull?
cranial to the sigmoid flexture but has an extension called urethral process
where can we find the testicle of a sheep?
at the larynx, trachea and end of long bones (TEL). Hyaline means clear
where can we found the hyaline cartilage? what do we mean by hyaline
at the edge of the cell membrane
where can we found the nucleus and cytoplasm of an adipose tissue
on the pig's snout. Because of the os rosti the pigs were able to do its "pagbubungkal" activity
where can we found the pig's os rosti? para san yung os rosti?
at the periphery just beneath the sarcolema
where can we locate the nucleus in the skeletal muscle fibers
came from greek words "pro"- before "karyon"- nut or nucleus Eu- means true "karyon"-nut or nucleus
where did the word prokaryote came from? how about the eukaryote?
mitochondrial membrane
where does electron transport chain occur
neurons of the Hypothalamus
where does the hormone coming from the posterior pituitary gland come from?
Islet of Langerhans (pancreas)
where does the insulin and glucagon come from ?
H-zone
where does the myosin filament contained
outer cortex and inner medulla
where does the urine formed? (which segment of the kidney?)
tenos means bone
where does the word ctenoid came from
they interdigitates with phospholipid (sinisingit). Cholesterol prevents too much tight-packing of phospholipids while during high temperature, it prevents too much fluidity of cell membrane
where is cholesterol located?what is the significance of it?
at the ventral surface of the hypothalamus
where is the pituitary gland located ?
epididymis
where the seminiferous tubules is attached and is the site of sperm maturation
vassa recta
where will the absorb nutrients from proximal convoluted tubule go?
sympathetic nervous system
which autonomic nervous system is responsible for the release of the norepinephrine (NE) (for americans) / adrenaline (for british)
Humerus
which bone is used by the birds to fly
pointed end first
which end of the egg is passing the oviduct ?
nanometer
which one's bigger, angstrom, nanometer or picometer
steps 1-6, in glycolysis
which part of gylcolysis is energy producing phase
Epidermis
which part of the skin is considered the epithelium
Steps 1-5 of glycolysis
which step in glycolysis is energy investing?
Whittaker
who is the proponent of the five kingdom classification system
Carl Woese
who is the proponent of the six kingdom classification
becausethey undergone the process called rumination or simply chewing the cud
why are ruminants called ruminants
cells of heart, liver and kidneys produces 38 ATPs / molecule of glucose because we have different mechanisms by which these cells are using the NADH to be utilized in th eelectron transport chain. Usually, the NADH are being generated in the cytosol so this cytosolic NADH cannot directly diffuse into the mitochondrial membrane to participate in ETC, they have to utilize one shuttle mechanism. Heart cells , liver cells etc utilize less efficient glycerol phosphate shuttle. NADH is eventually being converted to NADHO such that the cytosolic NAD will be converted to NADH2 such that it will produce 2 ATPs kaya 36 laaang. SO IN SUMMARY, IT DEPENDS ON THE SHUTTLE MECHANISM THAT THEY WILL BE UTILIZING
why are some cells of the body will produce 36 and some produce 38
because of the presence of blood supply
why are there complex structures in the dermis
to prevent self digestion / auto digestion of the pancreas
why do the digestive enzymes have to be secreted by the pancreas on its inactive form
ATP in the body is used for a muscle to contract, but when the ATP is all used up and there is no ATP left, therefore there will be no energy to relax the muscle such that the body may experience stiffening of the body or rigor mortis, because of the loss of ATP
why does a dead body become stiff
Their anterior part is usually overlapped by the posterior portion of the scales in front that gives them greater flexibility because it does not cause pulling of the other scales (tilapia, st. peters fish and milkfish)
why does fishes with Ctenoid and Cycloid scales have greater flexibility? example of this type of fishes
to be able to replenish reproductive cells
why does spermatogonia undergo mitosis?
because a particular dissolved material must circulate within the cell. Also, if the cytoplasm is not fluid the cell division would not be possible
why does the cytoplasm needs to be more fluid than the cell membrane?
because animals has the same anatomical features (tail, eyes, feet (appendages) etc. some having two fore limbs, two hi-limbs) but they differ in morphology, example the rabbit's ears are erect and the some of the dog's ears are droopy. The dogs doesnt have a huge incisors unlike the rabbit, dogs have a canine teeth. The horse and cattle, horses have 1 digits and cattles have 4 digits . Pangatlong daliri lang ung functinal sa horses.
why is anatomy is used interchangeably with morphology? give examples. Pang ilang daliri ang functional sa horses?
because in the blood there are more matrix than cells
why is blood considered as a tissue?
because it provides energy for cells that does not have a mitochondrion ex: RBC, they undergone glycolysis for the stability of the cell membrane
why is glycolysis important?
to increase the vision
why is it necessary for the pupils to dilate?
because the female and the male under fertilization will form 46 chromosomes
why is it necessary that that the product of meiosis has half the number of the product of mitosis ?
during a transplant, such that this new organ will not be attacked by your own cells through reduction of immune response
why is it that glucocorticoids is essential for organ transplant ?
because there is a blood that is leaking out of the glumerulus. Proteins leaking out from the urine
why is it that one of the symptoms of having a kidney disease is blood in the urine? another manifestation is?
The blood that is delivered to the rest of the body would only have a low blood pressure because it willl first be delivered to the lungs before being deliverd to the rest of the body, Unlike humans in which from the lungs it will return to the heart to be pump to the rest of the body under considerable pressure.
why is it that the fish's blood have a low blood pressure
because of the determination of 16SrRNA molecule (16 svedberg r RNA molecule) based on the genetic material of archeabacteria is closely related to eukaryotes.
why is it that the kingdom monera is divided into different kingdoms
because usually, this pituitary gland will secrete hormones which would target the different endocrine gland as well
why is pituitary gland considered as the master endocrine gland ?
because mucus serves as a protective blanket on the small intestine, it protects the small intestine from the acidity of the contents from the stomach
why is secretion of mucus important?
because the urethra which is the passage way for the urine and the sperm is located on the hallow surface. *sa hallow surface na rin na yon nalolocate yung urinary stones. Kaya yung urinary stones na yon blocks the expansion of the urethra and blocks the passage way of the urine kaya kapag umiihi yung mga dogs na may gal-stones it tends to be dribbling. For some instances when the blockage is complete this will lead to a condition named ANURIA, where there will be no urine that will be released on the urethra
why is the "os penis" hallow?
the phospholipid molecules are made up of phosphate heads and hydrocarbon tail. In which hydrocarbon tails are hydrophobic and the heads are hydrophilic
why is the bi-lipid layer possible
to prevent infection
why is the cervix close and only opens during birth?
because there is a degeneracy in codon, meaning there is no 1:1 correspondent
why is the codon table degenerate?
because of the high amount of blood present in the blood vessel
why is the gills red in color?
because if it will not be distirbuted the pancreas would digest itself
why is the product produced by the pancreas distributed on other parts of the body?
because all of the cells above st. basale are product of the st. basale through its mitotic ability.
why is the stratum basale most active mitotically?
because of the keratin cells present
why is the stratum corneum called (horny layer)
because they are not arranged in a striated pattern
why is the striations in the smooth muscle not visible?
because there is a cis double bond. Kinking prevents tight packing of molecules at low temperature making it fluid.
why is there a kink on the fattly acid? what is the significance of the kinking ?
people are more concerned with plants because of the spices
why was plant studied first before animals ?
Peroxisome
within a whiteblood cell that produces hydrogen peroxide to kill bacteria
pancreas
wjere does digestive enzymes come from
gawin mo lang...
write the whole glycolysis process with their enzymes :)
1915
year where the basic component of lipids were discovered (only the structure)
because of the accumulation of Carbon dioxide which has to be eliminated in order to prevent too much acidity in the blood.
you tend to inhale faster?
yes, as we grow older all of the epiphyseal disk would transform into bone
"nauubos ba ang epiphyseal disk ?
spinal cord
********************this functions as a center providing communication between brain and the spinal nerve that leave the spinal cord
100 pm 0.1 nm
1 angstrom is equivalent to : in picometer in nanometer
Exocytosis and Endocytosis
2 types of bulk transport mechanism
Kidney, Liver, Lungs and skin
4 organs w/specific functions in excretory system:
pseudopods
A "false foot" or temporary bulge of cell membrane/ lateral extension of cell membrane used for feeding and movement in some protozoans. The cell membrane EVAGENATES and will be enclosed by the vesicle containing cell membrane and witth the aid of digestive enzymes the particular molecule will be digested and eventually will be discharged via exocytosis
pancreas and the biliary system
A TYPE OF DIGESTIVE VARIATION THAT secretes substances necessary for the digestion of nutrients
Codominance
A condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully expressed
lagging strand
A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5' to 3' direction AWAY from the replication fork.
Hypothyroidism
A disorder caused by a thyroid gland that is slower and less productive than normal thereby, making the person fat and is dubbed as "heat seeker"
pellicle
A firm, flexible coating outside the plasma membrane Cell wall + cilia
somite
A segment is also known as a...
codon
A specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid
period of embryo
A stage in pregnancy where the organs are formed in the body and is characterized by a rapid growth. This also , is the critical stage of pregnancy
period of embryo
A stage of pregnancy where it extends fro, the time of attachment to the uterine until the formation of the individual is complete,
transfer RNA
A type of RNA that transports amino acids to the ribosome for the use in building polypeptide
hemolymphs
A type of blood that can be seenin an open circulatory system
Anaerobic Respiration
A type of cellular respiration that does not require oxygen
headgut, Foregut, Midgut, Pancreas, Biliary system and hindgut
ANATOMY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Digestive system is best described in terms of the:
pwedeng symmetrical (most of the time), pwedeng assymetrical
ANO UNG SHAPE NG TELOPHASE DIVISION
Van Helmant
According to him you could generate (17 days) rats with dirty socks (soaked in water) , wheat and sweat.
Pigs (swine)
Among the set of animals the most complete set of teeth is
Midgut (small intestine)
An anatomy of the digestive system variation in which this is the principal site for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients
RNA primase
An enzyme that creates an RNA primer for initiation of DNA replication.
Dipeptidase
An enzyme that splits dipeptides into amino acids
Insects
An organism that does not have any lungs and gills but has a tracheal system
Heterozygous
An organism that has two different alleles for a trait
Homozygous
An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait
heterotrophs
An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products.
Fermentation
Anaerobic Respiration is also known as
Granulocytes
Are white blood cell type containing granules
Prometaphase
BREAKDOWN OF THE NUCLEAR ENVELOPE allowing mitotic spindle to gain access to the mature kinetochores
Nucleosome
Bead-like structure in eukaryotic chromatin, composed of a short length of DNA wrapped around a core of histone proteins
spinal nerves
CONNECTS THE SPINAL CORD to the sense organs , muscles and glands in the body
Lysozyme
Controls bacterial growth in the oral cavity. ANTI MICROBIAL AGENT. Reason kaya inallow nila dati na i lick ng dogs ang sugat
amylase , protease , lipase
DETERMINE THE ENZYME ; ____ breaks down starch into maltose ___ breaks down proteins into small peptide fragments ___they digest lipids into alcohols , monoglycerides and fatty acid
YES
DOES ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS OCCUR IN THE CYTOSOL
trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, amylases, lipases, disaccharides and dipeptidase (ARALIN MO PA SA PAGE 6)
Different enzyme that may act in the digestive processes
NO
Do we need oxygen for glycolitic pathway?
monotremes
Egg laying mammals is called
Fungi, Animalia, Plantae, Protista
Eukaryotes is composed of KINGDOM..
Simple Squamous epithelium
FLAT CELLS with IRREGULAR FLATTENED cell. it has ELLIPTICAL nuclei.
prokaryotes
First existed in the Archean eon; this is considered as the oldest life form and is in in the form of _____________
Irritability
Function of protoplasm that responds to stimuli ex: retinal cells in the eye responding to light
PAGE SIX SA DIGESTIVE SYSTEM...
Functions of Liver and Gall bladder
Chemical
Functions that are carried inside the cell; respiration on mitochondria
Schistosomiasis
Helminth infection acquired from contact with water containing infected snails.
Atrial Natriuretic Hormone
Hormone that inhibits (stop) the release of aldosterone and Antidiuretic Hormone and PRODUCES DILUTED URINE
through muscle contraction , the internal pressure generated by the muscle contractions cause movement as well as maintain the shape of the animal. The wave contraction and relaxation of alternate muscle (longitudinal and circular) groups are causing the worm to move forward. When the circular muscle is relaxing it will shorten the segment however when the longitudinal muscle relaxes and the circular muscle contracts, the worm will lengthen.
How does an animal without bone moves?
via diffusion, example if a skeletal muscle cell needs an extraction of waste products (CO2), but the skeletal muscle cell needs an oxygen. The red blood cell-- coming from the lung for example, after an oxigenation-- would have a high amount of oxygen compared to that of the skeletal muscle cell such that the oxygen would be diffusing from the RBC's plasma membrane to the skeletal muscle cell. On the otherhand, the skeletal muscle cell, having high concentration of CO2 compared to the RBC-- the CO2 would diffuse to the RBC and the RBC would then go to the lungs and the CO2 from RBC would be excreted out.
How does blood deliver oxygen to the tissues? how does the blood deliver CO2 ?
24 hours; 60-90 minutes
How long does Interphase happen ? how long does t he Mitotic phase happen?
92 chromosomes from 46
How many chromosomal number are being made in the S PHASE
Inhalation
IT is the process in which the diaphragm moves down enlarging the chest cavity (thoracic cavity) leaving a negative pressure within the thoracic cavity
because birds are provided with air sacs, on the pertonial cavity of a bird you will find numerous air sacs which are plastic-like structures that may be transparent. They are connected to the lungs, they push air into the lungs for gas exchange
If a bird's lungs is inexpandable how can gas exchange be possible ?
iron surfactant
In a mammalian lungs, what type of surfactant is present
Telophase II
In males-- there will be four daughter cells and each has one set of chromosomes , or one half of the number of the initial cell
axon- carries impulses away from the cell body dendrites- carries process towards the cell body
In terms of function what is the difference of an axon and a dendrite ?
2 lactate + 2 ATP IN MUSCLES ORR Acetaldehyde and evntually, Ethanol +2 ATP FOR YEAST CELLS
In the absence of oxygen what is the product of Glycolysis?
because REPRODUCTIVE CELLS undergone mitosis as well, the spermatogonium is dividing through mitosis.
In the definition of mitosis "a mitosis, generally is a division involving somatic cells" why GENERALLY?
MPF (maturation-promoting factor)
Includes CDK and other cyclins that triggers progression through the cell cycle
Hemoglobin; anemia
Increases the oxygen carrying capacity of blood to 65-70%; lack of the hemoglobin will lead to
complete metamorphosis
Insect development consisting of four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult
endoskeleton
Internal rigid framework, such as those found in most vertebrates. It is found inside the body comprising the whole body system
endochondral ossification
Involves the replacement of hyaline cartilage model with bone tissue and is necessary to increase the length of the long bones
Signal transduction
Is initiated by receptor proteins; signals received by cells must be transmitted effectively into the cell to ensure an appropriate response. (TSISMIS THAT HAS BEEN SENT TO A KAPIT BAHAY)
No, but it is a part of the cell cycle
Is interphase part of the Mitotic process?
Aldosterone
Is secreted from adrenal cortex, this favors reabsorption of SODIUM AND WATER at the distal convoluted tubule. THIS RESULTS TO THE PRODUCTION CONCENTRATED URINE
ZOOLOGY
Is the study of animals
Interphase
It is also called the "resting phase" with regards to cell division.
Oligodendrocytes
It is responsible for the formation/ synthesis of the myelin sheet INSIDE the central nervous system
seminiferous tubules
It is the functional unit of the testis, and this is the part of the testis where sperm is produced
DNA
It is the hereditary material in almost all of the organism
neuro-muscular junction
It is the site of the signal exchange between the neurvous system and the muscle. This is where the synaptic bulb of the axon terminal and muscle fiber connects
1. sarcoplasmic reticulum 2. thin actin filament 3. z disc 4. sarcomere 5. H-zone 6. I-band 7. A-band 8. I band 9. M line Yung walang number. z disc /line
LABEL THE PARTS OF THE MUSCLE (QUIZLET PICS.PNG ON PECTORS FOLDER)
wrap and cushions organs ; under the skin
Loose connective tissue's function is to _____, aside from that it can also be found ___________
Intercellular joining, Cell-to-cell recognition, Transport, Enzymatic Activity, Attachment to Cytoskeleton, Signal Transduction
MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF A MEMBRANE PROTEN
marsupials
Mammals whose immature offspring complete their development in an external pouch.
law of segregation
Mendelian law stating that two alleles for each trait separate during meiosis
Prophase
Microtubules of cytoskeleton break down and form a mitotic spindle which will be responsible for aligning duplicated chromosomes in succeeding phases
Louise Pasteur
Modified the experiment of Spallanzani and Needham by using a gooseflask. he proved that microorganisms are present on the air that is responsible for the growth in the broth
Formation
Osteoblasts synthesize new bone matrix (GAP FILLING PHASE)
1.ostia 2. SPONGCOEL 3. osculum
PHYLUM PORIFERA FEEDING SYSYTEM Water will enter these holes through ____1_____, then water will enter its body cavity called _______2_____. Once the food from the water are taken in by the organism, water will moveout through the________3______.
zymogenic cells
Pepsinogen is produced by what type of cells
Interphase
Phase where production of enzymes and enzyme requirement for the production of DNA is made
Activation
Point in the bone remodeling where Preosteoclast are stimulated and differentiate under the influence of cytokines and growth factors into mature active osteoclasts
Prophase
Point of mitosis in which the centrosomes begin to separate towards the opposite poles of the cell
Aerobic Respiration
Process by which ATP is produced by cells by complete oxidation of organic compounds using oxygen
starting through the G phase, hanggang maging ready na sa cytokinesis. However proteins are formed during cell maturation (ribosomes)
SAANG PHASE NAGAGAWA YUNG MGA ORGANELLES SA CELL DIVISION?
1. neurotransmitters 2. gap/ synaptic gap 3. impulse 4. destroyed
SYNAPSE : Electrical impulse stimulates the production of chemical known as _____1_______, which are secreted in the ______2_______. __________1_______ diffuse accross the _______2_______ into the membrane of the next nerve cell. After the ______3__________ have been passed the chemical is ________4_________ and the synapse is ready to receive the next nerve impulse
urethral process
Seen in the ram and buck goat. A small portion of the urethra that extends past the end of the glans penis. Very narrow and can be a site for uroliths to get stuck- can be snipped off
incomplete dominance
Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele ex: roses na red and white then ung offspring nila is pink
Okazaki fragments
Small fragments of DNA produced on the LAGGING STRAND during DNA replication, joined later by DNA ligase to form a complete strand.
Prometaphase II
Spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes, similar to mitosis, fibers on the both ends attach to EACH ONE of the four chromosomes (CHROMATIDS NA DI NA CHROMOSOMES)
nasa page 3
Summarize the experiment of John Tuberville Needham
Non proliferative cells
TYPE OF CELL that remains for a long period of time before they will replicate.
Prophase II
The duplicated chromosomes and spindle fibers reappear in each new cell., this part dDOES NOT ATTACH TO THE THE NUCLEAR MEMBRANE in order to exchange information. closely resembles the mitosis process
substrate-level phosphorylation
The enzyme-catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism.
robert Whittaker
The five kingdom system was invented by
receptor-mediated endocytosis
The movement of specific molecules into a cell by the inward budding (invagination) of membranous vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules (ligand) being taken in; this induce the infolding of the membrane. Therefore there will be no infolding of membrane kung wlang receptor-ligand interaction
saltatory transmission
The movement of transmission impulse in the neuron is _________
depolarization
The process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive.
peptidyl site
The ribosomal site that contains the growing protein attached to a tRNA.
efferent arteriole
The small artery that carries blood AWAY from the capillaries of the glomerulus. This carries the LARGE particles (like protein) na hindi kasama sa nafiltrate ng glumerulus.
offspring
These are the descendants of the parent generation and inherit one of the two alleles from each parent
osteoprogenitor cells
These type of bone cells may act as stem cells
Ganoid scale
They are modified cosmoid scales which scales which consists of a bony basal layer , a layer of dentine and an outer layer of ganoine (an inorganic salt)
parasympathetic nervous system
This autonomic nervous system turns off excitatory functions , relaxes the body and promotes an effective digestion , stimulates defecation and urination
Glucocorticoids
This elevates the blood glucose level
Glucocorticoids
This hormone inhibits vitamin D activity and suppresses inflammatory or immune responses
Vertebrae circulatory system
This includes heart , which is a muscular pump that contracts and propels blood out of the body through arteries and a series of blood vessel
Hormones
This is a chemical messenger secreted by the endocrine system
Astrocytes
This is stellar (star-like in shape), and is located near the blood vessels and the nervous tissue, this supplies the nutrients required by the neuron
enamel , dentin and pulp cavity
Three main parts of teeth
collapse of the alveoli
Too much surface tension in the alveoli would cause
connective tissues including blood vessel, nerves and lymphatic vessel
Tunica Submucosa is made up of
Substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation
Two types of cellular respiration
