10-History 3.2 WORKSHEET

C. Main Idea: A medieval revival in trade brought with it a growth in towns and a money economy. 1. Where were Europe's main medieval trading centers?

Answer: __________

Comparing and Contrasting How do you think Eleanor of Aquitaine's life compared to that of other noblewomen of her era?

Answer: __________

D. Main Idea: Medieval towns and cities reshaped feudalism and became important centers for manufacturing. 1. When did townspeople gain new rights, and why?

Answer: __________

3. Interpreting How important do you think chivalry was in the history of Europe?

Answer: __________

B. Main Idea: The manorial system was an agricultural system by which serfs were legally bound to work a lord's land and were granted land of their own. 1. Who owned the land that serfs farmed?

Answer: __________

How might Eleanor of Aquitaine's unique status as having been queen of both France and England have helped her sons when each became king?

Answer: __________

Peasants, Trade, and Cities- Directions: Read each main idea and answer the questions below. Refer to your textbook to write the answers. A. Main Idea: Changes in society, technology, and climate brought agricultural improvements to medieval Europe. 1. How did the use of iron affect medieval farming?

Answer: __________

When her sons attempted a revolt against her husband, King Henry II, Eleanor sided with her sons and, when the rebellion failed, she was imprisoned.

When Richard I took the throne, he freed Eleanor, and she became more politically active than ever before.

Analyzing Images of Chivalry- History is the story not only of people, places, and events but also of ideas.

A helpful way to view a historical period is from a perspective that takes into account the values and ideas that prevailed during the time.

1. Analyzing Visuals Why do you think a personification of Virtue is included in the manuscript painting Arming a Knight in the Presence of Virtue? Why is Virtue armed?

Answer: __________

2. Analyzing Visuals Look at the manuscript painting of a knight kneeling before his lady. What aspects of the code of chivalry does this painting represent?

Answer: __________

2. How did increased trade give rise to commercial capitalism?

Answer: __________

2. What benefits did guilds offer craftspeople?

Answer: __________

Still, the concept helped to tame and refine soldiers' potentially violent instincts and rough behavior. More important, it helped to define

European standards of civilized manners and ethical conduct. In later centuries, the chivalric ideal influenced European concepts of gentlemanly behavior.

She died in France after helping her son King John secure England's holdings there.

More About the Image: This image of Eleanor of Aquitaine was taken from the carving on her tomb at Fontevrault Abbey in Anjou, France.

Background The code of chivalry developed in the eleventh and twelfth centuries as an idealized set of rules and behaviors that knights were called on to follow in order to become perfect heroic soldiers.

These rules were based on values and ideas from religion, feudalism, courtly life, and the military.

As farming technology improved, fewer farmers were needed to produce enough food for the population, thus freeing some workers from their dependence on the land.

These workers could then spend their time on nonagricultural pursuits, creating greater diversity in the economic and cultural sectors of society.

As historians know, some ideas have the potential to influence and even change an era. One such idea was the concept of chivalry in the Middle Ages, which changed and influenced the European concept of civilized behavior.

Directions: The two illuminated manuscript paintings show different aspects of chivalry in the Middle Ages. Look closely at both, analyze them, and answer the questions that follow.

However, Louis VII grew suspicious of Eleanor, and they were divorced in 1152. Two months later, Eleanor wed the future King Henry II of England.

They had eight children—including a son named Richard, who served England as King Richard I from 1189-1199 and became known as "the Lion-Hearted," and another son, John, who ruled as king from 1199-1216.

2. What change in crop rotation increased farm yields?

Answer: __________

2. What were the rights and responsibilities of lords?

Answer: __________

Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122-1204) The daughter of a wealthy landowning duke, Eleanor would become one of the most influential people in twelfth-century Europe.

At the age of 25, she married the future King Louis VII of France and accompanied him during the Second Crusade of 1147-1149.

The rules of chivalry varied in different parts of Europe and evolved over time, but at its core chivalry was defined by such Christian and courtly virtues as courtesy, fairness, piety, and devotion to an honorable ideal.

Chivalry was always more of an ideal to which knights could aspire than a consistent behavioral pattern.

Economics in Medieval Europe. The huge population boom that occurred in the High Middle Ages (1000 to 1300) was partly the result of increased food production, which in itself was the result of improved farming technology and methods.

Manorialism might have continued as a way of life, but the revival of trade and the associated growth of towns and cities necessitated and precipitated the development of a different type of economic system.

This newfound freedom was one of the contributing factors to the rebirth of trade in medieval Europe.

Seeking means of livelihood other than farming, many people settled in the cities, which had originally been established as local market centers but quickly became hubs for various types of artisans and merchants.