16.1 & 16.2 the Protestant Reformation

Peace of Augsburg

Ended religious wars between Charles V and German princes, showed the church could be beaten, each prince or city could choose: Roman Catholic or Lutheran, Choice was binding on everyone under ruler, Only one faith could exist in a given state, Legalized Lutheranism

How did Desiderius Erasmus and Christian humanism pave the way for the Protestant Reformation in Europe?

Erasmus also wanted reform within the church, and he wanted to educate people in the works of Christianity. He wanted Christian humanism to show and teach people that they could live good lives on a daily basis. All of these ideas were later used by Martin Luther

Council of Trent

a group of different church leaders that reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings, met for 18 years, on the border of Italy

Anabaptists

a group of people that strongly disliked giving power to the state, believed in the complete separation of the church and the state. Believed in adult baptism, refused to hold political positions or bear arms

Johann Tetzel

a monk that sold indulgences to raise money to build a structure in Rome, told people their purchases would free their souls of their loved ones from purgatory

Jesuits

a new religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola, took vows of obedience to the pope, became an important instrument in papal authority, used education to spread their message and create new schools

Martin Luther

began the Protestant reformation, created a new branch of Christianity, ideas impacted many and changed Christianity

What role did Martin Luther and his ideas play in the Reformation?

created a whole separate branch of Christianity. He attacked many different parts of the church, such as the sacraments and indulgences. He often argued and fought with the church, making him admired by many because a lot of other people at the time also wanted a reform of the church.

Diet of Worms

document that declared Martin Luther an outlaw, his works were burned, and he was supposed to be captured and killed by Charles V but was saved by Frederick III

Frederick the wise

gathered more than 5,000 relics for indulgences, Martin Luther's prince, also known as Frederick III

Peasants' War

inspired by changes of reformation, German peasants claim divine law to demand farming rights and freedom from oppression by nobles and landlords. Uprising spread, some peasant groups organized armies. Condemnation by Martin Luther contributed to its defeat (sides with nobles, they protected him from church). 100,000 peasants were killed

John Calvin

reformer and convert to Protestantism, fled France for the safety of Switzerland, wrote "institutes of the Christian religion", one of the new leaders of Protestantism

English reformation

rooted in politics, due to the kings marriage issues/ his own personal wants and needs, England became extremely devoted to Protestantism, when Mary I took over she believed in complete Catholicism and started burning Protestants

Humanism (Renaissance)

the belief in individual expression, belief was built upon during the Renaissance, thought that humans were the center of life

Predestination

the process in which God had already selected some people to be saved and others to be damned, led people to believe they were doing gods work on earth

Charles V

thought he could convince Luther to change his ideas, outlawed Luther from the Holy Roman Empire

Henry VIII

wanted to divorce his current wife to marry another woman and have a male heir, pope did not want to annul their marriage. under his request, parliament finalized England's break with the pope and the Catholic Church

Ulrich Zwingli

A priest in the Swiss city of Zurich, a leader of Protestantism, began introducing religious reforms, came into alliance with Luther, a humanist, rejected anything not found in the New Testament, a patriot who believed in taking up arms, died on the battlefield

Why were Anabaptists considered by both Catholics and Protestants to be dangerous radicals?

Anabaptists were considered by both Catholics and Protestants as dangerous radicals because of the political beliefs and social beliefs that they held, because they were so different from everyone else. Anabaptists believed in the complete separation of the church and the state, having the Catholics automatically dislike them because of this belief. They also thought that the ideal Christian church was a voluntary community of adult believers who had undergone spiritual rebirth and then after, been baptized. Because of this social belief, they become automatically disliked by the Christians, because they were trying to change their religion.

Mary I

Burned a lot of Protestant heretics, King Henry VIII's daughter, a Catholic that wanted to restore England to Roman Catholicism

Desiderius Erasmus

Christian humanist that believed Christianity should show people how to live good lives on a daily basis, thought the Catholic Church needed to return to the simpler days of Christianity

Elizabeth I

Future queen of England, Henry VIII daughter and wife Anne

what were indulgences, what did people do to get them, who might buy or sell them, how were they given, and why were they considered valuable?

Indulgences were documents sold by the Church or other church officials that released the bearer from all or parts of punishment of sin. People would usually make pilgrimages to view relics to gain indulgences. The people buying or selling them were always somehow connected or related to the church. They would try to trick people into buying them, telling them they wouldn't go to hell and be punished if they had one. They were sold and they were documents that people could hold onto. They were considered desirable because they would seemingly free people of their sins and wrongdoings, making them highly valuable and wanted by many.

Christian Humanism

Northern Renaissance humanism, wanted to reform the Catholic Church, believed humans could improve upon themselves

How did divisions in Protestantism take place in Switzerland?

One example was a new group led by Ulrich Zwingli who was a priest in the Swiss city of Zurich. He introduced religious reforms and catholic mass was removed and replaced with prayer, readings, and sermons. He started to create alliances with other groups, such as Martin Luther. These divisions in Protestantism came together though to fight, when war broke out between the Protestants and the Catholics.

What prompted the Catholic Reformation during the sixteenth century?

The first was when the Jesuits were established. The Jesuits are also known as the society of Jesus, and they were very successful missionaries that helped recruit a lot of people to Catholicism. The second was the reform of the papacy. People began realizing that the corruption of the church was the popes faults and that's they needed to reform the papacy. This led to the third factor that helped contribute to the catholic reformation, the council of Trent. The council of Trent was a group of church officials that met on and off for 18 years to try to reform the Catholic Church and their ways and try to make them more popular again

95 theses

Written by Martin Luther, attacked the abuse on the sale of indulgences, posted them on castles, thousands of copies were printed and sold

Ignatius of Loyola

a Spanish nobleman that founded the society of Jesus (Jesuits) that later became a new religious order, jesuits took a vow of obedience to the pope, small group of followers

Indulgence

a document sold by the Church and signed by the pope or another church official that released the bearer from all or parts of the punishment for sin. people started making pilgrimages to view relics to acquire indulgences

Counter reformation

when the Catholic Church found new strength and established a new religious order, Jesuits were formed, papacy was reformed, council of Trent was formed

Reformation

widespread intellectual changes that set the stage for religious change. Martin Luther began the Protestant reformation

What made the English Reformation different from the Reformation in the rest of Europe?

​The English reformation was different from the rest of the reformation because it was based off of politics. In England, King Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife so he could marry another woman and have a male heir, but the pope did not want to annul their marriage. After this, as backup, King Henry VIII turned to England's highest church courts for help. Later on, Parliament, under Henry's approval, broke off from the pope and the Catholic Church. Because of this, the king had control over religious doctrine, clerical appointments, and discipline. One of Henry's daughters, Mary I took over and wanted everyone to convert to Roman Catholicism and ended up burning Protestants for being heretics, which only made the power of Protestantism more powerful.