227 Midterm Chapter 21 The Immune System: Innate and Adaptive Body Defenses

Main antibody of both primary and secondary immune response. A) IgG B) IgA C) IgM D) IgD E) IgE

A) IgG

First line of defense A) Intact skin and mucous membranes B) Inflammatory response and skin and mucous membranes C) Inflammatory response D) Immune response

A) Intact skin and mucous membranes

Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is a false or incorrect statement? A) NK cells are a type of neutrophil. B) NK cells are present in the blood, spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow. C) NK cells attack cells that display abnormal or lack MHC antigens. D) NK cells attack cancer cells and virus-infected body cells.

A) NK cells are a type of neutrophil.

Activated T cells and macrophages release ________ to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes into the area. A) cytokines B) perforins C) interleukin 1 proteins D) interleukin 2 proteins

A) cytokines

Membrane attack complex (MAC) kills by ________. A) disrupting the selectively permeability of a bacteria's plasma membrane B) providing a passage for antibodies to enter into the bacterial cytosol C) allowing the organelles to spill free from the bacteria D) penetrating the capsule of the bacteria giving antibiotic drugs access to bacterial cells

A) disrupting the selectively permeability of a bacteria's plasma membrane

Monoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis of all of the following except ________. A) elevated blood glucose B) hepatitis C) rabies D) pregnancy

A) elevated blood glucose

28) Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called ________. A) haptens B) antibodies C) ions D) regains

A) haptens

Plasma cells ________. A) have a great deal of rough endoplasmic reticulum reflecting the fact that they secrete a tremendous amount of protein (antibody) B) are large so that they can envelope their prey by phagocytosis C) are small so that they slip between endothelial cells of capillaries to fight infection in the surrounding tissues D) have a great deal of rough endoplasmic reticulum to dispose of ingested pathogens

A) have a great deal of rough endoplasmic reticulum reflecting the fact that they secrete a tremendous amount of protein (antibody)

An advantage of innate immunity is ________. A) its barriers that prevent pathogens from entering into the body B) the specificity of its individual cells which specialize in the removal on one type of antigen C) the numerous steps in the activation of its cells that can prevent autoimmune disease D) the use of antibodies to cause cell lysis and kill invading cells

A) its barriers that prevent pathogens from entering into the body

An advantage to adaptive immunity is ________. A) its memory cells that provide quicker, larger and more efficient immune response upon second exposure to an antigen B) its need for several cells to be activated over several days on first exposure C) the ability of its individual cells to respond to many different pathogens D) the use of antibodies that cause cell lysis and kill invading cells

A) its memory cells that provide quicker, larger and more efficient immune response upon second exposure to an antigen

Which of the following best describes the qualities of most antigens? A) macromolecules that are foreign to the host B) atomic elements that are not normally present in the human body C) macromolecules that are produced by the host organism D) atomic elements that are harmful or toxic

A) macromolecules that are foreign to the host

Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by ________. A) natural killer cells B) T lymphocytes C) B lymphocytes D) pinocytosis

A) natural killer cells

What is the role of interferon in defense against disease? A) protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses B) protects cells that have not yet been infected by bacteria C) activates the complement mechanism D) activates the inflammatory process

A) protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses

The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by ________. A) vasodilation B) vasoconstriction C) phagocyte mobilization D) complement production

A) vasodilation

The most common type of immediate hypersensitivity is ________.

Allergy

Which of the following is not a mechanism for the development of autoimmune disorders? A) exposure of previously "hidden" self-antigens to the adaptive immune system during trauma B) a second exposure to an allergen C) mutation followed by the appearance of membrane proteins not previously present D) cross-reaction of antibodies formed against foreign antigens (haptens) bound with self-antigens

B) a second exposure to an allergen

Which of the following is not a type of T cell? A) cytotoxic B) antigenic C) helper D) regulatory

B) antigenic

Antibody functions include all of the following except ________. A) binding and inactivating chemical toxins released by bacteria or other microorganisms B) cross-linking cell-bound antigens on red blood cells when blood types are properly matched C) linking soluble antigens together so that they fall out of solution D) targeting foreign cells so that complement proteins can cause cellular lysis

B) cross-linking cell-bound antigens on red blood cells when blood types are properly matched

Which of the following cells has the largest role and most widespread effect on immunity? A) B cell B) helper T cell C) cytotoxic T cell D) APC

B) helper T cell

Immunocompetence ________. A) occurs in one specific organ of the adaptive immune system B) is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it C) prevents intercellular communication so that only specific cell types respond to the invader D) requires exposure to an antigen

B) is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it

Which of the following is not a role of activated complement? A) opsonization B) prevention of immediate hypersensitivity reactions C) enhancement of inflammation D) insertion of MAC and cell lysis

B) prevention of immediate hypersensitivity reactions

Vaccines work by ________. A) boosting innate immunity with cytokines B) priming the adaptive immunity with a relatively harmless primary exposure C) providing the necessary antibodies to fight infections D) suppressing inflation to help speed healing

B) priming the adaptive immunity with a relatively harmless primary exposure

Which of the following is characteristic of complete antigens? A) small molecules B) reactivity with an antibody C) contain many repeating chemical units D) inhibit production of antibodies

B) reactivity with an antibody

Select the best description of the negative selection process of lymphocyte maturation. A) teaching a lymphocyte to recognize "self" from foreign antigens B) removal of lymphocytes that react with "self" cells C) removal of lymphocytes that fail to recognize "self" cells D) allowing the survival of lymphocytes that cannot bind to MHC proteins

B) removal of lymphocytes that react with "self" cells

Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response? A) prevents the spread of the injurious agent to nearby tissue B) replaces injured tissues with connective tissue C) disposes of cellular debris and pathogens D) sets the stage for repair processes

B) replaces injured tissues with connective tissue

Clonal selection of B cells ________. A) occurs during fetal development B) results in the formation of plasma cells C) cannot occur in the presence of antigens D) only occurs in the secondary immune response

B) results in the formation of plasma cells

Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement? A) The lymphoid organs where lymphocytes become immunocompetent are called primary lymph organs. All other lymphoid organs are referred to as secondary lymphoid organs. B) It is our genes, not antigens, that determine what specific foreign substances our immune system will be able to recognize and resist. C) After becoming immunocompetent, the naive T cells and B cells are exported to the bone marrow where the encounters with antigens occur. D) T cells and B cells become activated when they bind with recognized antigens.

C) After becoming immunocompetent, the naive T cells and B cells are exported to the bone marrow where the encounters with antigens occur.

Which of the following examples below describes an autoimmune disease? A) Infection and death of T-helper cells by a virus, resulting in a loss of adaptive immunity. B) Release of bacterial endotoxins that block acetylcholine release result in muscle paralysis. C) Antibody binding to acetylcholine receptors of the motor end plate resulting in muscle weakness. D) Uncontrolled cell division resulting in cell surface abnormalities recognized by NK cells.

C) Antibody binding to acetylcholine receptors of the motor end plate resulting in muscle weakness.

Which of the following statements is incorrect or false? A) Haptens lack immunogenicity unless attached to protein carriers. B) Class I MHC molecules are built into the plasma membranes of all body cells. C) Class II MHC molecules appear only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, thymic cells, and T cells that have been activated by exposure to antigens. D) MHC proteins are the cell's identity markers.

C) Class II MHC molecules appear only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, thymic cells, and T cells that have been activated by exposure to antigens.

Absence results in no immune response. A) Regulatory T cell B) Memory cell C) Helper T cell D) B cell E) Cytotoxic T cell

C) Helper T cell

Which immunoglobulin class is attached to the external surface of B cells and acts as an antigen receptor of the B cell? A) IgM B) IgA C) IgD D) IgG E) IgE

C) IgD

First to peak during a primary immune response. A) IgG B) IgA C) IgM D) IgD E) IgE

C) IgM

Overlap in the innate and adaptive immune system is seen in all of the following examples but one. Which of the following examples does not illustrate the overlap of innate and adaptive immune responses? A) Dendritic cells presenting antigens on their MHC II proteins to T-helper cells. B) Macrophages becoming activated macrophages in response to cytokines released by T-helper cells. C) NK cells causing apoptosis of an abnormal host cell, lacking MHC proteins. D) Plasma cells that produce large amounts of IgE that will ultimately allow mast cells to release histamine.

C) NK cells causing apoptosis of an abnormal host cell, lacking MHC proteins.

All but one of the following occur during the inflammatory response. Select the example below that does not describe the process of inflammation. A) Increases capillary permeability. B) Chemotaxis draws leucocytes to the site of injury. C) Vasoconstriction will prevent excessive blood loss due to injury. D) Release of prostaglandins resulting in pain.

C) Vasoconstriction will prevent excessive blood loss due to injury.

B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the ________. A) thymus B) spleen C) bone marrow D) lymph nodes

C) bone marrow

Interferons ________. A) are virus-specific, so that an interferon produced against one virus could not protect cells against another virus B) act by increasing the rate of cell division C) interfere with viral replication within cells D) are routinely used in nasal sprays for the common cold

C) interfere with viral replication within cells

Phagocyte mobilization involves ________. A) diapedesis, during which cells line up against the capillary wall B) margination, which is the process of white cell movement through the walls of capillaries into injured tissues C) mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas D) monocytes as the most active phagocyte

C) mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas

Regulatory T cells ________. A) release cytokines that increase the activity of cytotoxic T cells and activated B cells B) decrease their activity as antigenic stimulus decreases C) may function in preventing autoimmune reactions D) aid B cells in antibody production

C) may function in preventing autoimmune reactions

Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed ________. A) diapedesis B) agglutination C) opsonization D) chemotaxis

C) opsonization

Which of the following is associated with passive immunity? A) exposure to an antigen B) infusion of weakened viruses C) passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus D) booster shot of vaccine

C) passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus

Fever ________. A) is a higher-than-normal body temperature that is always dangerous B) decreases the metabolic rate of the body to conserve energy C) production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting D) causes the liver to release large amounts of iron, which seems to inhibit bacterial replication

C) production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting

A vaccine is effective because ________. A) the vaccine contains the antibodies necessary to fight infection B) the vaccine contains the lymphocytes necessary to fight infection C) the secondary response of the adaptive immunity is faster and more efficient the primary response D) B-lymphocytes are unable to mount an immune response the first time they are exposed to a new pathogen

C) the secondary response of the adaptive immunity is faster and more efficient the primary response

Which of the following does not describe actions of interferon (IFN)? A) Virally infected cells can release interferon which attracts NK cells to attack and kill the IFN secreting cell. B) IFN binds to normal, uninfected cells stimulating the activation of genes that produce anti-viral proteins. C) IFN will attract macrophages to the secreting cell to be removed by phagocytosis. D) IFN can penetrate the viral capsid and destroy the virus.

D) IFN can penetrate the viral capsid and destroy the virus.

Along with IgM, this is a B cell receptor. A) IgG B) IgA C) IgM D) IgD E) IgE

D) IgD

Adaptive defense system A) Intact skin and mucous membranes B) Inflammatory response and skin and mucous membranes C) Inflammatory response D) Immune response

D) Immune response

Third line of defense. A) Intact skin and mucous membranes B) Inflammatory response and skin and mucous membranes C) Inflammatory response D) Immune response

D) Immune response

All of the following are true of the classical pathway of complement activation except one. Select the one answer that does not describe the classical pathway of complement activation. A) It is an example of overlap between innate and adaptive immune function. B) It requires that circulating antibodies are bound to antigens. C) Classical activation will result in enhanced inflammation, opsonization as well as formation of MAC proteins. D) It activates T-helper cells by presenting antigen to them.

D) It activates T-helper cells by presenting antigen to them.

Select the correct statement about antigens. A) "Self-antigens" is another name for incomplete antigens. B) The largest type of antigen is called a hapten. C) Only small antigens exhibit reactivity. D) One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody.

D) One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody.

B-lymphocytes are categorized as part of the adaptive branch of the immune system for all of the following reason but one. Which of the following is not one of the reasons B-lymphocytes are considered part of the adaptive immunity? A) They produce memory cells when activated. B) Their receptors will bind to only one antigen. C) They require costimulation from an activated T-helper cell. D) They are a first line of defense that can begin killing pathogens immediately.

D) They are a first line of defense that can begin killing pathogens immediately.

Inflammation ________. A) is caused by bacterial activity to enhance the spread of disease B) is caused by viral activity to enhance the spread of the disease C) slows the healing process with swelling that can impair bodily function D) brings more leukocytes to the sight of infection

D) brings more leukocytes to the sight of infection

Natural killer (NK) cells ________. A) are also called cytotoxic T cells B) are a type of phagocyte C) are cells of the adaptive immune system D) can kill cancer cells before the immune system is activated

D) can kill cancer cells before the immune system is activated

48) Helper T cells ________. A) bind tightly to target cells and release a lymphotoxin called perforin B) often function to decrease the immune response C) release B7 proteins D) function in the adaptive immune system activation

D) function in the adaptive immune system activation

The primary immune response ________. A) occurs more rapidly and is stronger than the secondary response B) occurs when memory cells are stimulated C) is another name for immunological memory D) has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells

D) has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells

Which of the following is not a complement activation pathway? A) classical pathway B) alternative pathway C) lectin pathway D) lactate pathway

D) lactate pathway

Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms? A) keratin B) cilia C) gastric juice D) phagocytes

D) phagocytes

Innate immune system defenses include ________. A) B cells B) T cells C) plasma cells D) phagocytosis

D) phagocytosis

B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by ________. A) reducing its size B) immediately producing antigen-specific antibodies C) forming of a large number of cells that are unlike the original B cell D) producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells

D) producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells

A flu vaccine is needed seasonally to be effective but a polio vaccine is only needed once. The best explanation of this is ________. A) the flu vaccine is substantially weaker than the polio vaccine B) the polio virus is substantially weaker than the flu virus C) exposure to flu vaccine produces no memory cells from proliferating B-lymphocytes D) the flu has several strains that change seasonally

D) the flu has several strains that change seasonally

Kills cancer cells and virus infected body cells. A) Regulatory T cell B) Memory cell C) Helper T cell D) B cell E) Cytotoxic T cell

E) Cytotoxic T cell

Involved in allergies. A) IgG B) IgA C) IgM D) IgD E) IgE

E) IgE

B cells must accomplish double recognition: They must simultaneously recognize self and nonself to be activated.

False

Monoclonal antibodies are used in clinical laboratory diagnosis because they bind to many antigenic determinates.

False

Viral infection will provoke cell mediated immunity but will not activate a humoral response.

False

Virus infected cells secrete interferons to "warn" other cells of the presence of virus and deny entry to them.

False

Subacute hypersensitivities are categorically less harmful than acute (immediate) hypersensitivities.

False. Acute: occur within seconds (allergies); Subacute: slow onset (1-3 hrs) & long duration (10-15 hrs).

In a case of immediate hypersensitivity the immune system responds with an allergic response on the first exposure to the allergen.

False. Initial contact is asymptomatic but sensitizes the person.

Second line of defense A) Intact skin and mucous membranes B) Inflammatory response and skin and mucous membranes C) Inflammatory response D) Immune response

B) Inflammatory response

Innate defense system A) Intact skin and mucous membranes B) Inflammatory response and skin and mucous membranes C) Inflammatory response D) Immune response

B) Inflammatory response and skin and mucous membranes

Enables quick and efficient response to secondary exposure to antigen. A) Regulatory T cell B) Memory cell C) Helper T cell D) B cell E) Cytotoxic T cell

B) Memory cell

Select the correct statement about immunodeficiency. A) Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) disease is an acquired condition. B) The causative agent in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a virus that recognizes CD4 proteins. C) Hodgkin's disease is a hereditary immunodeficiency found in children. D) The most common form of immunodeficiency is graft-versus-host (GVH) disease.

B) The causative agent in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a virus that recognizes CD4 proteins.

Which statement is true about T cells? A) They usually directly recognize antigens, which then activates a subpopulation of killer cells. B) Their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2. C) Once activated, they cannot secrete cytokines. D) They will develop into cytotoxic T cells if antigen is complexed with class II MHC proteins.

B) Their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2.

Slows or stops the immune response. A) Regulatory T cell B) Memory cell C) Helper T cell D) B cell E) Cytotoxic T cell

A) Regulatory T cell

Without the positive selection process in lymphocyte maturation ________. A) T-cells would not be able to properly bind to APC's and therefore not be activated by them B) monocytes would not be able to migrate into infected tissue and differentiate into macrophages C) NK cells would be non-functional D) autoimmune diseases would be likely to result

A) T-cells would not be able to properly bind to APC's and therefore not be activated by them

Choose the best description of an antigen. A) a particle that triggers the adaptive immunity B) part or a piece of a disease or pathogen C) a particle (typically a foreign protein) that triggers inflammation D) a chemical that enhances or modifies immune response

A) a particle that triggers the adaptive immunity

Allergens differ from antigens because ________. A) allergens produce an abnormally large immune response to what is an otherwise harmless particle B) allergens do not involve the leucocytes, they simply stimulate the inflammatory response C) allergens are only active seasonally and are generally harmless to the body D) allergens are primarily plant derived while antigens are bacterial or viral in nature

A) allergens produce an abnormally large immune response to what is an otherwise harmless particle

In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned? A) antigen B) interferon C) antibody D) complement

A) antigen

T-cell activation requires ________. A) antigen binding and co-stimulation B) antigen binding and antibody production C) antibody production and co-stimulation D) antigen binding, antibody production, and co-stimulation

A) antigen binding and co-stimulation

Cytotoxic T cells ________. A) can directly attack and kill other cells of the body B) require the double recognition signal of class I MHC plus class II MHC on the target cell in order to function C) function mainly to stimulate the proliferation of other T cell populations D) self-destruct once the antigen has been neutralized

A) can directly attack and kill other cells of the body

Which of the statements below does not describe antigens? A) Antigens exhibit immunogenicity and reactivity. B) Antigens only come from microbes. C) The parts of antigen molecules that initiate immune responses are called epitopes or antigenic determinants. D) Antigens can include proteins, nucleic acids, lipoproteins, glycoproteins, and certain large polysaccharides.

B) Antigens only come from microbes.

Protects mucosal barriers. A) IgG B) IgA C) IgM D) IgD E) IgE

B) IgA

A group of at least 20 plasma proteins that normally circulate in an inactive state and are a major mechanism for destroying foreign substances in the body are referred to as ________.

Complement

Suppressor factors are ________ that suppress the immune system.

Cytokines

Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity. A) Immunological memory is established by passive immunization. B) A vaccination is an example of the introduction of passive immunity into the body. C) The antibodies utilized in active immunity are acquired from another organism. D) Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies.

D) Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies.

Forms antibody producing cells. A) Regulatory T cell B) Memory cell C) Helper T cell D) B cell E) Cytotoxic T cell

D) B cell

During inflammation fluids will passively diffuse out of blood vessels into the nearby, infected tissues. This implies all of the following except ________. A) the osmolarity of the fluids surrounding infected tissue is higher than the plasma B) the surrounding tissue will swell with excessive fluids C) nearby capillaries have become more permeable D) B-lymphocytes will differentiate to become plasma cells

D) B-lymphocytes will differentiate to become plasma cells

The antibody that becomes bound to mast cells and basophils and causes the cells to release histamine and other chemicals is ________.

IgE

Pure antibody preparations specific for a single antigenic determinant are called ________ antibodies.

monoclonal

Anaphylactic shock is a rare but severe allergic response that may occur if the allergen enters the blood stream.

True

Antibodies typically act extracellularly in body fluids and are therefore considered part of the humoral branch of adaptive immunity.

True

Cytotoxic T cells and NK cells kill by secretion of proteins. The first called perforin which forms complexes that penetrate the cell membrane and allows the passage of the apoptosis inducing protein granzyme to enter the targeted cell.

True

Dendritic cells and macrophages kill by ingestion and destruction of particulate matter in a process called phagocytosis.

True

Fever is often a beneficial immune response because it can speed the activities of leucocytes

True

Soluble proteins secreted by plasma cells are called antibodies.

True

Some immunocompetent cells will never encounter an antigen to which they can bind and therefore will never be called to service in our lifetime.

True

The directional movement of cells in response to chemicals is called chemotaxis.

True

The nucleotide sequence within the genes that produce B cell receptor and antibodies are reshuffled by a process called somatic recombination. This produces the huge variability in antibody types.

True

The respiratory burst produced by activated macrophages releases free radicals which are effective at killing pathogens.

True

Natural killer cells can lyse and kill cancer cells and virus-infected body cells ________ the immune system is activated.

before

Septic shock is a dangerous condition where the ________ are released unchecked, making the capillaries very leaky and thus depleting blood fluids.

cytokines

Harmful or disease-causing microorganisms are called ________.

pathogens