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Which of the following is NOT a way your body generates or conserves heat?

Decreased metabolic rate

Why is hypervitaminosis involving water-soluble vitamins relatively uncommon?

Excessive amounts of these vitamins are readily excreted in the urine.

What happens to a glucose molecule as a result of the reactions of glycolysis?

Formation of two molecules of pyruvic acid

Where in the cell does the citric acid cycle occur?

Mitochondrial matrix

NAD, a key coenzyme used in the process of producing ATP, is produced from which water-soluble vitamin?

NAD, a key coenzyme used in the process of producing ATP, is produced from which water-soluble vitamin?

What is the primary role of the citric acid cycle in the production of ATP?

Removal of electrons from substrates

Which vitamin is required for the synthesis of visual pigments?

Vitamin A

Which process in the aerobic metabolism of glucose takes place in the cytosol?

cGlycolysis

The first step in the sequence of enzymatic reactions in the tricarboxylic acid cycle is the formation of __________.

citric acid

What is meant by the term balanced diet?

A balanced diet supplies all ingredients to maintain homeostasis.

Cells in our body are constantly building new molecules to replace worn-out structures. This process is what part of cellular metabolism?

Anabolism

What is the term for the direct transfer of heat energy through physical contact?

Conduction

Which process in the metabolism of glucose does not require oxygen?

Glycolysis

What happens to oxygen when it functions as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport system?

It becomes part of a water molecule.

What is a complete protein?

It contains all the essential amino acids.

What chemical in the catabolism of glucose enters the mitochondria?

Pyruvate

Why are minerals, vitamins, and water classified as essential nutrients?

The body cannot synthesize these nutrients in sufficient quantities.

The production of ATP provides energy to support anabolism as well as other cell functions. Which of the following is NOT supported by energy from ATP?

The diffusion of molecules across the plasma membrane.

Metabolism refers to __________.

all the anabolic and catabolic reactions in the body

Milk and eggs are complete proteins because they contain __________.

all the essential amino acids in sufficient quantities

The mechanism of heat loss that involves the skin and alveoli of the lung is _______.

evaporation

It becomes part of a water molecule.

metabolism

A cell with excess carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids will break down carbohydrates in order to __________.

obtain energy

In terms of the movement of electrons, the gain of electrons is called reduction, whereas the loss of electrons is called __________.

oxidation

An individual's basal metabolic rate ideally represents __________.

the minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person

Where in the cell does the electron transport chain occur?

Inner mitochondrial membrane

The flow and transformation of energy is called __________.

energetics

The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is __________.

70 cal/hr or 1680 cal/day in the average individual

During open-heart surgery, which of the following thermoregulatory changes is induced in the patient's body?

Hypothermia

All nutrients can be used by the mitochondria to provide energy. In what form are these nutrients "fed" into the mitochondria?

Two-carbon fragments

Before the large vitamin B12 molecule can be absorbed, it must be bound to __________.

intrinsic factor

During the catabolism of glucose, some energy is captured by __________ molecules, while the rest of the energy is lost mainly as ________.

reduced; heat

For each glucose molecule converted to two pyruvates, the anaerobic reaction sequence in glycolysis provides a net gain of __________.

two ATP for the cell