27 Weeks Test
patriots (whigs)
people rebelling against Britain during the war
slaves
people regarded as the property of their masters; Africans to New World w/the 1st colonists
Albany Plan of Union
plan proposed by Ben Franklin in 1754 aimed to unite the 13 colonies for gov't, trade, military; plan was turned down by the colonies
nationalists
political group advocating for nat'l independence, a strong national gov't
Headright grants
parcels of land (50 acres) given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. Used by VA Co. to attract more colonists.
indentured servants
poor person obligated to a fixed term of unpaid labor in exchange for benefit such as transportation, protection, or training.
Pilgrims
Separatists who believed that the Church of England could not be reformed. Separatists were illegal in England, so they fled to America and settled in Plymouth.
Roanoke
1st English settlmnt in New World on the island of Roanoke, off the coast of NC, est 1587. Settlement failed, no one knows what became of the ppl who 1st set there.
House of Burgesses
1st elected legislative assembly in the New World est. in the VA Colony in 1619
Mayflower Compact
1st example of self-gov't in Americas. Pilgrims signed it to est. a "civil body politic" under the sovereignty of James I.
Sugar Act, 1764
1st parliamentary act to turn a revenue in colonies. It cut the tariff on Molasses in half, & levied new taxes on imports of foreign textiles, wine, coffee, indigo, & sugar.
John Adams
2nd Pred 1797-1801; Federalist; proponent of indep; defended Brit soldiers in Boston Massacre. Colossus of the Revolution. Helped write Decl of Indep
Boston Tea Party
(1773) in protest of the Tea Act, band of colonists, led by Sam Adams, disguised as Indians, rowed out to the boat & dumped tea chests into the harbor. Generally approved by colonists.
Navigation Acts
(Mercantilism 1651-1673) regulated trade to benefit the British economy. The acts restricted trade b/w England and its colonies to English or colonial ships, required certain colonial goods to pass through England before export, provided subsidies for the production of certain raw goods in colonies, & banned colonial competition in large-scale manufacturing.
James Madison
4th Pres (1809-1817). Member of Continental Congress (1780-1783) & Constitutional Convention (1787). Federalist, strong support ratification of Constitution. Pres during War of 1812.
Bacon's Rebellion
1676; VA frontiersmen seeking land clashed w/Nat Americans; Frontiersmen demanded help from gov't, but Jamestown refused, fearing Nat American War; Rebellion collapsed; (Clash b/w E/W, rich/poor, Tidewater/frontiersmen; Revision of indentured servant system, greater reliance on slave labor)
Seven Year's War
1756 fought between France & England, in North America, Europe, West Indies, Philippines, Africa, and on the Ocean.
writs of assistance
1767: Enacted by British; general search warrant gave Brit officials a carte blanche to search civilian property. Meant to enforce Nav acts
Boston Massacre
1770 group of dockworkers began pelting rocks at the Capt of the Brit regiment's (Thomas Preston) house. Shots fired. Paul Revere portrayed the event as a calculated assault on a peaceful crowd. The soldiers were tried before a jury of Bostonians & found guilty on manslaughter and given token punishment.
Continental Congress
1774, delegates from 12 colonies sent reps to Philadelphia to discuss a response to the Intolerable Acts. Formed Militias; Said they would meet again if nothing happened.
1st Continental Congress
1774, met in Philadelphia to redress colonial grievances over the Intolerable Acts. The 13 colonies, excluding GA, sent 55 men to the convention.
Articles of Confederation
1777 during the Rev War, est. the USA; grant limited powers to the central gov't, reserving most powers for the states.
Pickney's Treaty
1795 treaty b/w US & Spain; gave the US the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river & to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans.
MesoAmerica
A region and culture area in the Americas, extending from central Mexico to Honduras/Nicaragua. Pre-Columbian societies flourished here before Spanish colonization of Americas in 15th-16th c.
Revivalism
A specific period of increased spiritual interest or renewal in the life of a church congregation or many churches, either regionally or globally.
Constitutional Monarchy
After Glorious Rev GB return in 1660 under Charles II; system in which powers of a monarch are defined and limited by law
the Enlightenment
Age of Reason; an intellectual movement through Europe & America in the 18th c. Principles of rationalism and logic in all areas of thought - religious, political, social, and economic. Their skepticism toward beliefs that could not be proved by science or clear logic led to Deism.
Benjamin Franklin
American public official, writer, scientist, and printer. Poor Richard's Almanac (1732-1757); Major part in the American Rev., negotiated French support for the colonists. Signed Treaty of Paris (1783), draft Constitution (1787-1789)
the Great Awakening
By 1730s, Puritanism had declined and ppl were upset. The GAwake was a sudden outbreak of religious fervor that swept through the colonies
Pontiac's War 1763
Chief Pontiac (Ottawa) led tribes from The Great Lakes area in a war vs the British, with whom they were dissatisfied for post French/Indian War Policies.
The Federalist Papers
Collection of essays by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison explaining how the new govt/constitution would work. Purpose to convince NY to ratify the constitution
Gaspee Incident
Colonists thought there was a conspiracy against them. So a group disguised as Native Americans ordered the British crew ashore and then set fire to the ship.
Anti-Federalists
Commoners afraid of strong central govt/being taken advantage. Patrick Henry, Samu Adams
Annapolis Convention 1786
Convention to discuss interstate commerce. VA called for convention at Annapolis, MD. 9 states appointed delegates, 5 were actually rep. Alex Hamilton saved convention from total fail by drafting calling Congress to summon convention to meet in Philly the following year.
Judiciary Act of 1789
Created the federal-court system. It managed to quiet popular apprehensions by est. a fed district court in each state that operated according to local procedures
non-importation (1765)
Customs offices in the colonies couldn't collect taxes on goods that were either not allowed ashore at all, or were never sold.
predestination
Doctrine of John Calvin with idea that each person's fate is predetermined by god
Frame of Government
Document provided to PA colony by William Penn which guaranteed a representative assembly elected by landowners in 1682-3
John Dickinson
Drafted a declaration of colonial rights/grievances, & "Letters from a Farmer in PA" in 1767 to protest Townshend Acts. He opposed the Revltn, refused to sign Decl of Indep.
Mercantilism
Economic practice in which England est. colonies to provide raw materials to the Mother Country; the colonies received manufactured goods in return.
Separatists
English Protestants who wouldn't accept allegiance to the Church of England.
Continental Army
Est. by a resolution of the Continental Congress on June 15, 1775; to coordinate the military efforts of the 13 Colonies in their struggle against the rule of Great Britain. General George Washington
Shay's Rebellion
Former vets of Rev war didn't receive enough compensation to sustain a life after the war; small armies raised to fight. Squashed by Jefferson who feared it would get out of hand
Jamestown
Founded on May 14, 1607 in the Virginia Colony. Commonly regarded as the 1st permanent English settlement in US; founded by Captain John Smith.
Citizen Genet Affair
French rep attemptd to contradict the Neutrality Procl by organizing armies to attack Brit & Span territories. Washington ejected him from US when he became too bold in recruiting
electoral college
Indirectly elects president. Vital compromise of the Constitution which balanced electoral power between larger and smaller states.
Jay's Treaty
John Jay in 1794 est. US sovereignty over entire NW; now good commercial relations w/Brit
The Virginia Company
Joint stock company founded by a group of merchants, knights and gentlemen so that they could obtain land in America. Granted Royal Charter in 1606 by King James I.
Declaration of Independence
July 4, 1776. drafted by Thomas Jefferson, formalized the colonies' separation from Britain & laid out Enlightenment values (John Locke) natural rights to "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness"
Salutary Neglect
Late 17th-18th c., English gov't didn't enforce the trade laws that most harmed the colonial economy. Purpose: to ensure loyalty of colonists in face of the French territorial/commercial threat in N America. (stopped after Brit victory in French-Indian War)
Alexander Hamilton
Major fig over Constitution debate, outspoken leader of Federalists; Sec of treas under Washington, created Bank of the US
demobilization
Postwar dismissing troops from military service & dismantling the war machine
2nd Continental Congress
Met in Philly 3 weeks after Lexington & Concord. Delegates from all colonies, except GA, agreed to support the war, but not purpose of it. 2 sides: John & Samuel Adams, Richard Henry Lee, ppl want to gain independ from war vs moderates like John Dickinson who hoped for quick reconciliation w/GB
the Great Migration
Migration of English ppl from England to the New World 1630-1640 because King James opposed the growing Puritan population of England.
"proprietary colonies"
Owned by an individual w/ direct responsibility to the king; proprietor selected a governor, who served as the authority figure for the property
declaratory Act 1766
Parliament repealed Stamp Act and passed this act to reaffirm Parliament's right to "bind" the colonies.
French and Indian War (1756-1763)
Part of 7 Yrs' War in Europe. Britain & France fought for control of Ohio Valley & Canada. Algonquins & Mohawks allied w/French. Rest of Iroquois Nation allied w/Brit and the colonies. Britain eventually won, gaining control of all of remaining French possessions in CAN & India. Spain, which had allied w/France, ceded FL to Britain, but received LA in return.
Land Ordinance of 1785
Part of the Articles of Confederation that divided much of the US into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers and raise money.
the Middle Passage
Part of the Triangle Trade-Africans were transported to the Americas, where they were traded for sugar and tobacco. Colonist times
loyalists (Tories)
Ppl loyal to Britain
Puritans
Protestant group aim to purify Anglican Church. Early 1600s, suffered religious persecution in England & emigrated to Americas. 1st group of Puritans est the MA Bay Colony in Boston. Influence spread through New England -focus on family life & pious restraint of passion.
Quakers
Religious group persecuted in Massachusetts and NY but not in PA; Members of the Religious Society of Friends
King Philip's War, 1675
Series of battles in NH b/w colonists & Wompanoags, led by Metacom (King Philip). War started when MA govt tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won w/Mohawks; opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.
Congregationalists
Set up by the Puritans of MA Bay Colony; a church system in which each local church served as the center of its own community
Constitutional Convention 1787
State House in Philadelphia; 4 months, 55 delegates from states met to frame a Constitution for a federal republic that would last into "remote futurity."
Federalists
Support strong central gov't, advocate ratification of new constitution; Alexander Hamilton
internal tax
Taxes on activities within the colonies. (Stamp Act) colonists felt Parliament didn't have authority to levy internal taxes on the colonies.
Bank of the United States
founded by Alex Hamilton; system based on the British Bank & became significant for its "national debt" which acted as an early "national adhesive"
Common Sense
Thomas Paine 1776, argued that colonists should free themselves from Brit rule & est. an indep gov't based on Enlightenment ideals
John Jay
US diplomat and jurist who negotiated peace treaties w/Britain and served as the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1745-1829)
George Washington
VA planter, US commander-in-chief; 1st president 1789-97, put down Whiskey Rebel (enforced Whiskey Tax), managed 1st presidential cabinet
Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom
Virginia Bill, written by Thomas Jefferson, that gave recognition and legal equality to all Christian Protestant denominations in VA
Neutrality Act of 1793
Washington proclaimed US neutrality b/w Britain and France.
Thomas Jefferson
Washington's 1st sec of state. Strict constructionists & Republican, advocating limited fed govt. 3rd Pres 1801-09, 2x size of the nation, + struggled to maintain American neutrality
Massachusetts Circular Letter
Written by Sam Adams & James Otis; It restated the illegality of the British tax w/o representation in the colonies.
the Glorious Revolution
a bloodless coup in 1688 England that overthrew James II and enthroned Mary II and William the III; weakened the monarchical power
Townshend Acts 1767
an import duty on glass, lead, paper, paint and tea. This was an indirect customs duty payable at American ports.
Half-Way Covenant
applied to members of the Puritan colonies who were the children of church members, but who hadn't achieved grace themselves. It let them participate in some church affairs.
strict constructionist
belief that all powers not specifically granted to the central gov't were reserved to the states under the Constitution; proposed by Jefferson
loose constructionist
belief that what the Constitution did not forbid it permitted; proposed by Hamilton
Quartering Act 1765
colonists must provide food/housing for British soldier in the colonies.
3/5ths rule
compromise b/w S&N during Philadelphia convention of 1787; 3/5 of the popultn of slaves counted for rep purposes w/distrib of taxes & apportionment of HOR members
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
creation of the NW Territory as the 1st organized territory of US out of the region south of the Great Lakes, NW of the Ohio River, and E of the Mississippi River.
Bill of Rights
drafted by a group led by James Madison; the first 10 amendments to the Constitution, guaranteed the civil rights of American citizens.
slave codes
early 18th c. laws limit rights of Blacks; almost absolute authority to white masters, color was the only factor in determining if someone subject to codes
Treaty of Paris, 1763
ended the 7 Yr War in Europe/French-Indian War in N America. Under the treaty, Britain won all of Canada and almost all of the modern US east of the Mississippi.
Quebec Act, 1764
gave Catholic French Canadians religious freedom & restored French form of civil law; it nullified many Western claims of coast colonies by extending the boundaries of Quebec to the Ohio River on the S and to the Mississippi River on W
Toleration Act, 1689
granted Puritans, but not Catholics, the right of free public worship
Stamp Act, 1765
imposed a tax on every printed document in the colonies
Great Compromise
large states said rep by population in House of Reps & small states said equal rep in Senate
Indian Intercourse Act 1790
law stating that US would regulate trade/ interaction w/ Indian tribes, created public treaties negotiating land
Stamp Act Congress
meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act in 1765. It adopted a decl of rights & sent letters of complaints to the king & parliament; 1st sign of colonial unity and organized resistance.
Paxton Boys
mob of PA Scots-Irish Immigrants who led a revolt to protest colonial policies towards Native Americans
Matriarchy
mother based familial system practiced by Native Americans.
Committee's of Correspondence
organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams; system of communication b/w patriot leaders in New England & colonies. They provided the organztn to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament. They sent delegates to the First Continental Congress.
patriarchy
social organization in which father rules the family
external tax
tax based on mercantile system (ex. trade regulation); Sugar Act
excise tax
tax on domestic items (whiskey) the new levy of 7cents/gallon led to Whiskey Rebel
Proclamation of 1763
to alleviate relations with natives after French + Indian War and stated that Americans were not permitted to pass the Appalachian Mountains.
James Otis
young lawyer in Boston, argued that colonists should not be taxed by Parliament bc they couldn't vote for members of Parliament. "no taxation w/o representation"