310 midterm
commonwealth v pullis
(1806) Court decision established that unions were criminal conspiracies; striking workers were illegal conspirators. Depriving business owner of running business the way they see fit. Gov agreed that unions are criminal conspiracies
woodrow wilson
(Democrat)-28th President of the United States•(1913 to 1921). FTC/Federal Reserve. Clayton Anti-Trust. Keating-Owens Act (child labor)
coercive acts MARCH 28, 1774
- Boston port act, Administrative of Justice Act, Massachusetts Govt Act, A Quartering Act. - Upset by the Boston Tea Party and other blatant acts of destruction of British property by American colonists, the British Parliament enacts the Coercive Acts, to the outrage of American Patriots, on this day in 1774. The Coercive Acts were a series of four acts established by the British government. The aim of the legislation was to restore order in Massachusetts and punish Bostonians for their Tea Party, in which members of the revolutionary-minded Sons of Liberty boarded three British tea ships in Boston Harbor and dumped 342 crates of tea—nearly $1 million worth in today's money—into the water to protest the Tea Act. Passed in response to the Americans' disobedience, the Coercive Acts included: The Boston Port Act, which closed the port of Boston until damages from the Boston Tea Party were paid. The Massachusetts Government Act, which restricted Massachusetts; democratic town meetings and turned the governor's council into an appointed body. The Administration of Justice Act, which made British officials immune to criminal prosecution in Massachusetts. The Quartering Act, which required colonists to house and quarter British troops on demand, including in their private homes as a last resort. More important than the acts themselves was the colonists' response to the legislation. Parliament hoped that the acts would cut Boston and New England off from the rest of the colonies and prevent unified resistance to British rule. They expected the rest of the colonies to abandon Bostonians to British martial law. Instead, other colonies rushed to the city's defense, sending supplies and forming their own Provincial Congresses to discuss British misrule and mobilize resistance to the crown. In September 1774, the First Continental Congress met in Philadelphia and began orchestrating a united resistance to British rule in America.
Years of the Revolutionary War
- a war for economic reasons. George III needed to levy taxes on colonists to pay off the debt from the French and Indian War. - more in slides...
Discuss the history of the national bank as discussed thus far throughout this semester, to include, but not limited to, the specific dates of each bank (3) and who was for/against it and why.
- first bank of the US: 1791-1811. The First Bank of the United States was needed because the government had a debt from the Revolutionary War, and each state had a different form of currency. It was built while Philadelphia was still the nation's capital. Alexander Hamilton conceived of the bank to handle the colossal war debt — and to create a standard form of currency. Up to the time of the bank's charter, coins and bills issued by state banks served as the currency of the young country. The First Bank's charter was drafted in 1791 by the Congress and signed by George Washington. In 1811, Congress voted to abandon the bank and its charter. The bank was originally housed in Carpenters' Hall from 1791 to 1795. However, from the beginning, there were those who argued that the Bank was unconstitutional. Why? The Constitution granted power to tax and print money to Congress, not a private corporation, critics argued. Also, once the war debt was largely taken care of, many no longer saw the need for a national bank. So in 1811, when faced with the decision to renew the Bank's charter, Congress refused, by one vote, to renew it, and the bank ceased operations. SECOND BANK: 1816-1836 With the War of 1812, federal debt began to mount again. Debt + Inflation + Patriotism, Second Bank passes Many still hate it, incl Pres Jackson Not renewed Not until the Fed 1913 will we have a central banking system or effective regulation of private banks he Second Bank of the United States was chartered for many of the same reasons as its predecessor, the First Bank of the United States. The War of 1812 had left a formidable debt. Inflation surged ever upward due to the ever-increasing amount of notes issued by private banks. Specie was jealously hoarded. For these reasons President Madison signed a bill authorizing the 2nd Bank in 1816 with a charter lasting 20 years. jackson did not renew the charter 3rd bank:
Discuss the long term impact of the Revolutionary War on the business/economic/ political development of the US
- marked the beginning of british taxation of the colonies, causing great uproars - during the era on July 4, 1776 the dec of independence is written and signed - political development: The 1783 Treaty of Paris ended the Revolutionary War, and the world would never be the same. The contagion of liberty spread, inspiring people to revolt against their leadership in France, Haiti, Ireland, Poland, the Netherlands, and throughout the Spanish empire. New colonies and nations emerged, and many of them formed democratic governments. But the greatest effects were felt within the 13 former colonies of the new United States of America. Politically, the Marquis de Layafette summed it up this way: 'Humanity has won its battle. Liberty now has a country.' For two decades, Americans had been focused on their rights, Enlightenment ideals and the proper role of government. Now that the war was over, they had to create this perfect government in which talent and hard work were supposed to be more important than hereditary privilege. They succeeded. One of the most dramatic effects of the Revolution was to include more men in the formal political process. Yeoman farmers and urban artisans made up a majority of elected officials in northern states and significant minorities elsewhere. In many ways, those two groups of people have come to represent the ideal citizen even today: honest, hard-working, independent, talented laborers. Perhaps the most important immediate consequence of declaring independence was the creation of state constitutions in 1776 and 1777. The Revolution also unleashed powerful political, social, and economic forces that would transform the post-Revolution politics and society, including increased participation in politics and governance, the legal institutionalization of religious toleration, and the growth and diffusion of the population. In the long-term, the Revolution would also have significant effects on the lives of slaves and free blacks as well as the institution of slavery itself. It also affected Native Americans by opening up western settlement and creating governments hostile to their territorial claims. Even more broadly, the Revolution ended the mercantilist economy, opening new opportunities in trade and manufacturing The Revolution's most important long-term economic consequence was the end of mercantilism. The British Empire had imposed various restrictions on the colonial economies including limiting trade, settlement, and manufacturing. The Revolution opened new markets and new trade relationships. The Americans' victory also opened the western territories for invasion and settlement, which created new domestic markets. Americans began to create their own manufacturers, no longer content to reply on those in Britain.
constitutional convention
- meets May 25, 1787. With George Washington presiding. The convention faced a daunting task: the peaceful overthrow of the new American government as it had been defined by the Article of Confederation. the great compromise combined the plans of new jersey and virginia. there would be a two house legislature (bicameral), equal representation in the upper house of congress (senate), representation in the lower house of congress (house of representatives)- to be proportional to population.
Discuss the cost of WW1, and how the gov funded the war effort, and the long term implications of this wartime spending.
-costed 20 billion dollars. many times over the costliest war we have ever seen. -paid for by raising taxes, borrowing from the public, and printing money. how did people feel at the time about simply printing money? Not in favor- realized it devalues the currency and leads to inflation. - In 1917, any financial policy that would cause inflation and drive the United States off the gold standard was not to be taken seriously. So the real choice of how to finance WWI appeared to be between raising taxes and borrowing from the public. - Why were so many economists of the day in favor of raising taxes? They believed it made the public understand the severity of the situation. Everyone should have to do their part, and it should have to come out of their paychecks. -Ultimately, funding will break down more into 22 percent in taxes (more on that in a moment) 58 percent through borrowings from the public (@$20 billion raised by bonds), and 20 percent in money creation. war revenue act: Preparation for and entry into World War I greatly increased the government's need for revenue Congress responded to this need by passing an initial Revenue Act in 1916, raising the lowest tax rate from 1 percent to 2 percent; those with incomes above $1.5 million were taxed at 15 percent. The act also imposed new taxes on estates and excess business profits. in October 1917 Congress passed the War Revenue Act, lowering the number of exemptions and greatly increasing tax rates. Under the 1917 act: a taxpayer with an income of only $40,000 was subject to a 16 percent tax rate, while one who earned $1.5 million faced a rate of 67 percent. While only five percent of the U.S. population was required to pay taxes, U.S. tax revenue increased from $809 million in 1917 to a whopping $3.6 billion the following year. long lasting effects on the economy: Tax rates, while scaled back, remained higher post war (national debt and veterans benefits) United States emerged from the war as a net creditor throughout much of 20th century (previously debtor nation) Before the war the center of the world capital market was London, and the Bank of England was the world's most important financial institution; after the war leadership began shifting to New York, and the role of the Federal Reserve was enhanced. http://www.wsj.com/video/wwi-legacies-wall-street/CC944F43-637C-45B3-A03D-3C0C44D3448F.html Ideas about the appropriate role of the federal government in the economy changed forever due to American involvement in World War I.
interstate commerce commission
-created by the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 to regulate railroads and to ensure fair rates, to eliminate rate discrimination, and so on.
Theodore Roosevelt
26th presidents- republican. -Roosevelt is revolutionary for the movement. Sickly as a child. Goes overboard to become masculine to overcome his runt persona. Gets involved in politics and war. Vice president of the US- not happy about it- believes it is the end of his political career. Pres. Mckinley assassinated- roosevelt becomes president- he revolutionizes the office of presidency- making it an active office- no more forgettable country. •TR's domestic program, square deal-formed upon three basic ideas: -conservation of natural resources, -control of corporations, and -consumer protection - •Aimed at: - helping middle class citizens -involved attacking plutocracy and bad trusts, while at the same time -protecting business from the most extreme demands of organized labor *liberal Republican who believed in government action to mitigate social evils
captains of industry/ robber barons
Andrew Carnegie- Carnegie Steel JP Morgan- US Steel; General Electric John D. Rockefeller- Standard Oil Some feel that the powerful industrialists of the gilded age should be referred to as "robber barons." This view accentuates the negative. It portrays men like Vanderbilt and Rockefeller and Ford and cruel and ruthless businessmen who would stop at nothing to achieve great wealth. These "robber barons" were accused of exploiting workers and forcing horrible working conditions and unfair labor practices upon the laborer. Another view of the industrialist is that of "captain of industry." The term captain views these men as viewed ingenious and industrious leaders who transformed the American economy with their business skills. They were praised for their skills as well as for their philanthropy (charity).
Years of the Civil War
April 1861- American Civil War began when Confederate forces opened fire on Union-held Fort Sumter in South Carolina - the war rages until 1865. Some 620,000 men die: Bull Run, Antietam, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, and Vicksburg
discuss government responses necessitated by the rise of big business during the aforementioned time period
Business ruled during the years after the Civil War. Just before the Civil War, Congress passed legislation allowing businesses to form corporations without a charter from the U.S. government. After the Civil War, these corporations came to dominate much of American business, and, in the process, to define American life. The era of Big Business began when entrepreneurs in search of profits consolidated their businesses into massive corporations, which were so large that they could force out competition and gain control of a market. Control of a market allowed a corporation to set prices for a product at whatever level it wanted. These corporations, and the businessmen who ran them, became exceedingly wealthy and powerful, often at the expense of many poor workers. Some of the most powerful corporations were John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company, Andrew Carnegie's Carnegie Steel, Cornelius Vanderbilt's New York Central Railroad System, and J.P. Morgan's banking house. These corporations dominated almost all aspects of their respective industries: by 1879, for example, Rockefeller controlled 90 percent of the country's oil refining capacity. Much of the public saw the leaders of big business as "robber barons" who exploited workers in order to amass vast fortunes. In the early years of the Industrial Revolution, the government maintained a hands-off attitude toward business. The government, and much of the nation, believed in the principles of laissez-faire economics, which dictated that the economic market should run freely without government interference. According to the theory, free, unregulated markets led to competition, which in turn led to fair prices of goods for consumers. The government did not want to interfere in the free market. By the 1880s, however, it was beginning to become clear that markets were not free. Corporations had grown so big and powerful that they controlled markets entirely. Consumers grew enraged over the high prices that monopolies had set, while small businesses demanded protection from being squeezed out of the market. Railroad monopolies were overcharging small-time customers, especially farmers, while giving rebates to powerful politicians and favored clients. State legislatures tried to limit the abuses of the railroads by issuing maximum rate laws, which set a ceiling on the prices a railroad could charge. Congress struck these laws down, claiming they were unconstitutional. But as public anger continued to grow over the practices of corporations, the federal government began to change its tune. Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act in 1887 to try to stop railroads from price discrimination. Later, in 1888, legislative committees in Congress began investigations into the business practices of the "robber barons." Two years later, Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act, which outlawed trusts and any other contracts that restrained free trade. Though this act eventually became extremely important in regulating business, in its early years it was rarely enforced. although labor unions began forming in the early 1800s, they did not gain any significant membership base or bargaining power until the 1860s and 1870s.
Eugene Debs
Debs was born in Terre Haute, Indiana in 1855, the son of poor immigrants.•Though his parents encouraged an intellectual spirit, Debs left high school after one year to become a locomotive paint-scraperà finds his calling as a advocate for the common working man. Sees life is not so great for working class•Remember: The years leading up to the turn of the twentieth century brought America unprecedented prosperity -- but relatively few people, men like Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller Sr., controlled the new wealth.•For the nation's working class, and labor leaders like Eugene Debs, it was a time to be angry.•From steel fabrication to mining American industries saw major protests as workers tried to secure things like:-8-hour workdays,-living wages, and-other fundamental improvements.•Led strikes, ran for president 5x. Per Debs, control of the economy by a democratic government held out the hope of uniting "political equality and economic freedom
articles of confederation
Drafted and adopted by the Congress in 1777-ratified 1781 (war basically over). No 3 branches of giv; effectively established the U.S. as a collection of 13 sovereign states, each of which had an equal voice in Congress (which became officially known as the Congress of the Confederation). The Articles of Confederation was the first written constitution of the United States. Stemming from wartime urgency, its progress was slowed by fears of central authority and extensive land claims by states before was it was ratified on March 1, 1781. Under these articles, the states remained sovereign and independent, with Congress serving as the last resort on appeal of disputes. Congress was also given the authority to make treaties and alliances, maintain armed forces and coin money. However, the central government lacked the ability to levy taxes and regulate commerce, issues that led to the Constitutional Convention in 1787 for the creation of new federal laws.
Treaty of Amity and Commerce/ Treaty of Alliance
During the American War for Independence, representatives from the United States and France sign the Treaty of Amity and Commerce and the Treaty of Alliance in Paris.The Treaty of Amity and Commerce recognized the United States as an independent nation and encouraged trade between France and the America, while the Treaty of Alliance provided for a military alliance against Great Britain, stipulating that the absolute independence of the United States be recognized as a condition for peace and that France would be permitted to conquer the British West Indies.The eagerness of the French to help the United States was motivated both by an appreciation of the American revolutionaries' democratic ideals and by bitterness at having lost most of their American empire to the British at the conclusion of the French and Indian Wars in 1763.On February 6, 1778, the treaties of Amity and Commerce and Alliance were signed, and in May 1778 the Continental Congress ratified them.
economic causes of the revolutionary war
Embroiled in wars with other European countries, Britain was too busy to pay much attention to the American colonies for the first part of the eighteenth century. By necessity, Britain followed a general policy of salutary neglect, in which the British mercantilist laws were poorly enforced, and the colonists were able to run their political and economic systems with a large degree of autonomy. When Britain emerged victorious from the Seven Years' War with heavy war debts, Parliament turned its attention to the colonies. In 1763, Parliament brought an end to the era of salutary neglect by adopting a new, more controlling attitude toward the colonies. Britain's new policies attempted to exert more control over the colonies, forcing the Americans to respect British mercantilist laws, as well as taxing the colonists so that they would help pay for the imperial defense by which they were protected. Old laws designed to benefit British mercantilists were enforced with more severity than ever before, and a series of new laws, designed to shape American economic activities to benefit Britain, were passed. Among the existing laws that were newly enforced were the Navigation Acts and the Writs of Assistance. The Navigation Acts, a collection of laws restricting trade, required the colonists to ship goods only in British and colonial ships, to export certain goods only to Britain, and to pay duties on anything imported from anywhere but Britain and her colonies. These laws were intended to benefit British merchants, manufacturers, and shipbuilders, as well as colonial shipbuilders. The Writs of Assistance, which were sparsely before 1763, were court orders which gave British officials the right to search colonial homes, buildings, and ships for smuggled goods. Officials could search anywhere and seize any smuggled goods, as opposed to the later American search warrant, which only allowed officials to look on a specified place for a particular item. In 1763, Prime Minister George Grenville sent a larger number of royal customs collectors, inspectors, and naval patrols to better enforce the Navigation Acts, and British officials began using the Writs of Assistance more extensively than before 1763. The new laws were mostly tax acts, including the Sugar Act of 1764 and the Stamp Act of 1765. The Sugar Act reduced the duties on colonial imports of sugar from non-British sources, but called for their strict enforcement. The Stamp Act was more powerful in arousing widespread anger among the colonists than any of the previous laws. This was because it was the first tax to directly affect a large portion of colonists, as opposed to the relatively small merchant population which had previously borne British taxes and duties. The law levied the first internal tax on the colonies, requiring a stamp to be placed on all printed materials, including legal documents, almanacs, pamphlets, and newspapers. Most affected among the colonists were lawyers, clergymen, and printers. Outraged colonists protested the tax. Patrick Henry made a moving speech to the Virginia House of Burgesses. The Sons of Liberty were organized in Boston. Twenty-eight delegates from nine colonies convened in New York City in the fall of 1765 for the Stamp Act Congress. Colonial merchants signed nonimportation agreements, binding them to maintain a boycott of British goods until the Stamp Act was repealed. As a result of this hue and cry, Parliament did repeal the law, but issued the Declaratory Act in 1766, which articulated the supremacy of the crown and Parliament over the colonies. Then, in 1767, perhaps to punctuate this declaration of authority "in all cases whatsoever," Parliament passed the Townshend Acts in 1767, which placed taxes on colonial imports of tea, paper, glass, and paint. Two other new laws caused dissent among the American colonists: the Proclamation of 1763 and the Quartering Act of 1765. The Proclamation forbade colonists to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains. The Proclamation was intended to leave the western region to Native Americans, thus protecting the fur trade and preventing Native American uprisings. It also served to keep British colonists within the geographic sphere of British authorities. The Quartering Act required colonists to provide food and shelter for British soldiers. Viewing it as a tax, the colonists were angry that they had to support the redcoats. The soldiers were supposed to protect the colonists from Native Americans in exchange for room and board. In reality, however, most of the soldiers were stationed in populous cities such as New York and Boston, and not on the frontier, where clashes with Native Americans were credible concerns.
FTC act of 1914
Established the Federal Trade Commission to monitor business practice, false advertising, and dishonest labeling.
Excise Tax/ Tariff
Excise taxes are special taxes on specific goods or activities—such as gasoline, tobacco or gambling—rather than general tax bases such as income or consumption. Excise taxes are often included in the final price of products and services, and are often hidden to consumers.
Jamestown- 1607
Financed by the VA company. First permanent English settlement in the Americas. Colonists sailed up James River in 1607. Came to make money. Every previous attempt to make a british colony has resulted in death and disaster. Native tribes launch a flurry of attacks on them. By august people dying by disease and malnutrition. John Smith assumes control and establishes peace with the indians. Many people hate Smith.. Colony started year with 500 people, by the end of March 1610, they ended with 60 people. Colonists sail away. Less than a day later, a ship of settlers led by a captain command that jamestown should not be abandoned. The colony survives.
Keating owens act 1916
Fought child labor by making it illegal for companies to ship goods produced by children across state lines. A lot of families wanted their kids to go to work because they needed the money. Progressive desire was to make it so that parents do not have to send their children to go out to work and contribute to family income
16th amendment 1913
Gave Congress the power to collect taxes on people's income.Necessary because inspectors and social workers need to be payed. As gov is taking on a bigger role in society, its beuracracy is increasing and they need to pay people
Gilded Age
Gilded Age" soon came to define the tumultuous years between the Civil War and the turn of the twentieth century. During this era, America became more prosperous and saw unprecedented growth in industry and technology. But the Gilded Age had a more sinister side: It was a period where greedy, corrupt industrialists, bankers and politicians enjoyed extraordinary wealth and opulence at the expense of the working class. In fact, it was wealthy tycoons, not politicians, who inconspicuously held the most political power during the Gilded Age. ****Referred to as gilded age due to the illusion that from the outside it looked like the united states was undergoing successful progress and wealth, but the wealth is concentrated in the hands of very few americans. Many problems underneath the surface- conditions of individuals who are increasingly working in the jobs- paid poorly, living in dirty tenements, no rules guarding their living conditions.
Triangle Shirtwaist Company
Massive fire at factory leads to death of workers- mostly young women. There are not appropriate fire suppression methods, building is dirty, crowded, unsafe. Someone dropped a match or cigarette and within minutes the building became an inferno. One of the doors was locked so women could not escape. Women lept to their deaths from upper story windows. Onlookers saw. All of NY was united in grief on that day. Led to many safety and fire regulations, child labor laws,. The day the new deal began. 146 people died. Triangle factory men were not found guilty. Galvanizes support for things the labor movement did not address
Discuss the cost of the american civil war for both the north and south, and how the north and south financed their respective war efforts. Include mention of any long term legacies of civil war financing.
North (union)- 3,183 million dollars in costs. how they paid: taxes: 21 percent borrowing: 65 percent printing: 14 percent inflation reaches: 80 percent Union financing: Morill Tariff Act (1861): starts raising the tariff rate w the exodus of southern legislators who disliked the tariff Revenue Act of 1861: imposes the first federal income tax 3 percent flat tax on annual incomes over $800. According to the U.S. Treasury Department, the comparable minimum taxable income in 2003, after adjustments for inflation, would have been approximately $16,000. Replaced with a progressive income tax the next year. Fast forward: Congress repealed Lincoln's tax law in 1871, but in 1909 passed the 16th Amendment, which set in place the federal income-tax system used today. Congress ratified the 16th Amendment in 1913. Legal Tender Act (1862) allowed the Government to: sell $500 million in bonds to raise money (borrowing) print paper money known as greenbacks (not backed by gold) Internal Revenue Act (1862) Tax on just about everything Created Bureau of Internal Revenue, "largest govt Dept. ever organized" at the time The National Bank Act (1863) allowed for the creation of: a nationwide banking system that loaned money to the Government to pay for the war (but not a national bank per say) a national system of paper money and coins (no national bank at this time) South (confederates) war costs: 1 million dollars. how they paid: 2165: 5 percent borrowing: 35 percent printing: 60 percent inflation reaches: 9 thousand percent how they financed: The hastily assembled Confederate government lacked the bureaucratic infrastructure to levy or collect internal taxes. (Shades of the Congress of the Confed.) Its citizens possessed neither a tradition of compliance nor a means to remit payment. Money is tied up in Land and slaves! Early on in the war, the Confederacy relied mostly on small tariffs on imports and taxes on exports. (Isn't it ironic? Dontcha think?) However, with the imposition of a voluntary self-embargo in 1861 (intended to "starve" Europe of cotton and force diplomatic recognition of the Confederacy), as well as the blockade of Southern ports enforced by the Union Navy, the revenue from taxes on international trade became smaller and smaller. Likewise, the financing obtained through early voluntary donations of coins and bullion from private individuals in support of the Confederate cause, which early on were quite substantial, dried up by the end of 1861. No money left to give! As a result, the Confederate government was forced to resort to other means of financing its military operations. A direct "war-tax" was enacted but proved difficult to collect. Printing massive inflation
currency act
On September 1, 1764, Parliament passed the Currency Act, effectively assuming control of the colonial currency system. The act prohibited the issue of any new bills and the reissue of existing currency. Parliament favored a "hard currency" system based on the pound sterling, but was not inclined to regulate the colonial bills. Rather, they simply abolished them. The colonies protested vehemently against this.
DISCUSS THE COST OF THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR, AND HOW THE COLONISTS FINANCED THEIR WAR EFFORT.
The American Revolution costed 101 million or 2.4 billion dollars. The major options to fund the war were taxes, bonds, borrowing, print money (leads to inflation). They borrowed from the French, Dutch, and citizens. the Bank of the United States was then conceived in 1790 to deal with the war debt and to put the government on sound financial footing- and to strengthen the Union. Hamilton thought having the federal government take over the states' war debts via the Bank would be a good way to fix these problems while establishing federal power preeminent over that of the states, another of his goals.
stamp act
The Stamp Act of 1765 was the first internal tax levied directly on American colonists by the British government. The act, which imposed a tax on all paper documents in the colonies, came at a time when the British Empire was deep in debt from the Seven Years' War (1756-63) and looking to its North American colonies as a revenue source. Arguing that only their own representative assemblies could tax them, the colonists insisted that the act was unconstitutional, and they resorted to mob violence to intimidate stamp collectors into resigning. Parliament repealed the Stamp Act in 1766, but issued a Declaratory Act at the same time to reaffirm its authority to pass any colonial legislation it saw fit. The issues of taxation and representation raised by the Stamp Act strained relations with the colonies to the point that, 10 years later, the colonists rose in armed rebellion against the British.
Discuss the changes that occurred in the organization of labor in the US in the decades following the civil war.
The industrial revolution caused immense changes in the labor of the US following the civil war.
liberty of contract
a free person may enter into agreements with another free person as they both see fit.
Shay's Rebellion
a series of protests in 1786 and 1787 by American farmers (mostly unpaid veterans) against state and local enforcement of tax collections and judgments for debt. •Revolutionary War veteran Daniel Shays led @4k rebels in rising up against perceived economic injustices ...prompted numerous national leaders to call for a stronger national government to suppress future rebellions and "get our house in order."
whiskey rebellion
a tax protest in the United States beginning in 1791, during the presidency of George Washington. The so-called "whiskey tax" was the first tax imposed on a domestic product by the newly formed federal government. It became law in 1791, and was intended to generate revenue to help reduce the national debt.
American Federation of Labor
born 1886 of KoL, Samuel Gompers most famous leader, arguably most powerful union of early 20th century
nullification crisis
confrontation between the state of South Carolina and the federal government in 1832-33 over NC's attempt to declare null and void within the state the federal Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. The resolution of the nullification crisis in favor of the federal government helped to undermine the nullification doctrine, the constitutional theory that upheld the right of states to nullify federal acts within their boundaries.
mercantilism
dominated European thought between the 16th and 18th centuries. holds that maximizing exports and importing very little is the best route to national prosperity. the only true measure of a country's wealth and success was the amount of gold that it had. If one country had more gold than another, it was necessarily better off. DEBT would be considered horrible!
KOL, Knights of Labor
founded 1869, Terence Powderly- most famous leader, arguably most important movement of mid/late 19th century.
Lochner Era 1905
held that "liberty of contract" was implicit in the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. •The case involved a New York law that limited the number of hours that a baker could work each day to ten, and limited the number of hours that a baker could work each week to 60. •By a 5-4 vote, the Supreme Court rejected the argument that the law was necessary to protect the health of bakers, deciding it was a labor law attempting to regulate the terms of employment, and calling it an "unreasonable, unnecessary and arbitrary interference with the right and liberty of the individual to contract." In the "Lochner Era," the Supreme Court issued several controversial decisions invalidating federal and state statutes that sought to regulate working conditions during the Progressive Era and the Great Depression. •Foreshadowing: The "Lochner Era" ended with West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish (1937), in which the Supreme Court took an expansive view of the government's power to regulate economic activities. Other FDR legislation would a win for unions; this isn't until 1930s (NIRA, NLRA)
missourri compromise
in the years leading up to the Missouri Compromise of 1820, tensions began to rise between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions within the U.S. Congress and across the country. They reached a boiling point after Missouri's 1819 request for admission to the Union as a slave state, which threatened to upset the delicate balance between slave states and free states. To keep the peace, Congress orchestrated a two-part compromise, granting Missouri's request but also admitting Maine as a free state. It also passed an amendment that drew an imaginary line across the former Louisiana Territory, establishing a boundary between free and slave regions that remained the law of the land until it was negated by the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. ****Missouri Compromise 1820 (post-cotton gin) Missouri enters as a slave state; Maine as free But there will be no more slavery north of Missouri's southern boundary
Discuss the economic causes of the American Civil War
north vs south economic issues
commonwealth v hunt 1842
overturned Pullis and said that unions were not necessarily criminal- but still, not really that they had any particular rights or protections under the law. Does not force employers to allow their employees to unionize. No bargaining rights under the law
Kansas Nebraska Act
sponsored by Democratic Sen. Stephen A. Douglas, ***provided for the territorial organization of Kansas and Nebraska under the principle of popular sovereignty.The bill overturned the Missouri Compromise.
pure food and drug act
the first Pure Food and Drug Act was passed in 1906. The purpose was to protect the public against adulteration of food and from products identified as healthful without scientific support
sherman antitrust act
this was the first measure passed by the U.S. Congress to prohibit trusts. Several states had passed similar laws, but they were limited to intrastate businesses. The Act was designed to restore competition but was loosely worded and failed to define such critical terms as "trust," "combination," "conspiracy," and "monopoly." Lacked teeth.
industrial revolution
which took place from the 18th to 19th centuries, was a period during which predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban. Industrialization marked a shift to powered, special-purpose machinery, factories and mass production. While industrialization brought about an increased volume and variety of manufactured goods and an improved standard of living for some, it also resulted in often grim employment and living conditions for the poor and working classes. ***About a flurry of new inventions that revolutionize the way people live and work, and the way raw materials are converted into finished products
