313 Exam 2
ada population
20 percent of the US population over the age of 15 has a disability
Hocking
According to ___ by interacting with objects we can develop capacities and skills, meet biological needs, fulfill roles, and develop, express, and transform identity
Low physical effort
Allow user to maintain a neutral body position Use reasonable operating forces Minimize repetitive actions Minimize sustained physical effort *The design can be used efficiently and comfortably and with a minimum of fatigue *a lever or loop handle on doors and faucets, touch lamps operated without a switch, higher electrical outlet; allowing tape recording of class notes rather than handwriting
Universal design
An approach that incorporates products as well as building features and elements which, to the greatest extent possible, can be used by everyone. - Ron Mace Integrates not segregates *For example, the person in a wheelchair and the parent with a stroller both will benefit from a curb cut. The person carrying a heavy package and the person with limited endurance both benefit from benches along a walkway. A person carrying grocery bags benefits from a handle that can be opened just by pushing downward rather than having to grasp and turn the knob. The features are used in the same way by persons with and without disability so the person with a disability is not singled out as different.
Tolerance for error
Arrange elements to minimize hazards and errors: most used elements; most accessible; hazardous elements eliminated; isolated, or shielded Provide warnings of hazards and errors Provide fail safe features Discourage unconscious action in tasks that require vigilance *The design minimizes hazards and the adverse consequences of accidental or unintended actions *an undo feature for computer software that allows us to correct mistakes, no-slip tile in a shower; computer programs such as Togglekeys- alerts when caps lock, scroll lock, and number lock have been left on, Bouncekeys ignores repeated key strokes
Profane
Type of space where many occupations are appropriate, no special meaning. Ex. Ravine
Public
Type of space where many persons in the environment, including strangers
Sacred
Type of space where only certain occupations are acceptable there - has special meaning ex. Baseball game
Private
Type of space where there are personal areas, few persons are welcome here
Perceptible information
Use different modes (pictorial, verbal, tactile) for redundant presentation of essential information Provide adequate contrast between essential information and its surroundings Maximize legibility of essential information Make it easy to give instructions or directions Provide compatibility with a variety of techniques or devices used by people with sensory limitations *The design communicates necessary information effectively to the user, regardless of ambient conditions or the user's sensory abilities *tactile, visual, and auditory cues on a thermostat, giving redundant cues such as auditory cues and signage at an airport or bus station, a doorbell that also has a light that flashes to alert someone who is hard of hearing that they have a visitor; a video that includes captions; providing multiple ways to receive information
occupational domain
Using an object: what it is used for, by whom, and in what role interaction involves: consideration of uses of object
Graphic design
Design creating advertisements, publications, or product logos that are more easily readable,
Landscape architecture design
Design outside spaces to be more easily used (avoid using materials that would make wheelchairs/walkers/canes difficult to use),
Exhibit design
Design where museum can provide visual, verbal, and tactile features for displays,
Simple and intuitive use
Eliminate unnecessary complexity Be consistent with user expectations and intuition Accommodate a wide range of literacy and language skills Arrange information consistent with its importance Provide effective prompting and feedback during and after task completion *Use of the design is easy to understand regardless of the user's experience, knowledge, language skills, or current concentration level *a moving sidewalk; an instruction manual that has drawings and not text; clear signage
Principles of UD
Equitable Use Flexibility in Use Simple and Intuitive Use Perceptible Information Tolerance for Error Low Physical Effort Size and Space for Approach and Use
natural environment
Geographic terrain Plants Animals
Body
House of the occupational self - vision is our primary sense of spatial perception - the hand is our primary means for interacting with spaces and objects - occupation is impacted by smell, taste, sound, touch, sight - sensory effects of environmental qualities can alter an occupational experience
Occupation
Impacted by smell, taste, sound, touch, sight
Hand
Primary means for interacting with spaces and objects
Size and space for approach and use
Provide a clear line of sight to important elements for any seated or standing user Make reach to all components comfortable for any seated or standing user Accommodate variations in hand and grip size Provide adequate space for the use of assistive devices or personal assistance *wide gates at subway stations that accommodate all users; controls located on the front and having clear floor spaces around appliances; having clear spaces around mailboxes, dumpsters, vending machines; allow students to sit in a circle to improve visibility for those hard of hearing to be able to read lips and body language as well as those with attention difficulties may be better able to stay on task
Flexibility in use
Provide choice in methods of use Accommodate right or left-handed access and use Facilitate the user's accuracy and precision Provide adaptability to the user's pace *The design accommodates a wide range of individual preferences and abilities *scissors designed for use with either hand, having a bank card opening with tapered design (larger space to position card initially that tapers to smaller opening), an ATM that allows flexibility through receiving instructions through voice commands and text (multiple ways to operate); providing lecture notes online- can be printed in variety of formats and font sizes, computer software programs that can read the text outloud
Equitable use
Provide the same means of use for all users: identical whenever possible; equivalent when not Avoid segregating or stigmatizing any users Provisions for privacy, security, and safety should be equally available for all users Make the design appealing to all users *Persons of varying height have different needs, yet appliances, counters, chairs, and switches are usually a standard height and within a standard location in a home. Finding products with adjustable features can help to reduce this problem. *power doors with sensors at entrances that are convenient for all users, having adaptable seating available at sporting events and movie theaters that are dispersed throughout in an integrated manner; curb cuts (for wheelchairs, walkers, rolling luggage, etc.)
Types of spaces
Public, private, sacred, profane
Meaning of space
Social density and proxemics - space as a social status
Affordance
Specific opportunities that a surface provides to an animal or a human - a large level piece could be used for human support, could be stood on, walked or ran on, and danced on
Universal Design
"An approach to design that honors human diversity. It addresses the right for everyone - from childhood into their oldest years - to use all spaces, products, and information in an independent, inclusive, and equal way. It is a process that invites designers to go beyond access codes - to create excellent, people centered design." - Elaine Ostroff *______ benefits everyone: persons with and without disabilities who have varying skill levels and abilities.
title 4 telecommunications
all telephone companies must establish relay systems for use by hearing-impaired and speech-impaired persons 24hrs a day public service announcements on TV produced or funded by the federal government must include closed captioning
identity as a tool user
allows us to do things we would not otherwise be capable of
evolutionary adaptation
an example of this is the crow in the city
human evolutionary adaptation
an example of this: Hand use Supination, opposition Eye-hand coordination Praxis
human evolutionary adaptation
an example of this: Objects Tool use Technology: Prosthetic Hand Video Allows humans to overcome evolution through invention
human evolutionary adaptation
an example of this: Occupation Evolve from environmental press, individual need, and societal need
reasonable accommodation
any change or adjustment to a job, the work environment, or the way things usually are done that would allow one to apply for a job, perform job function, or enjoy equal access to benefits available to other individuals in the workplace
title 2 and health professionals
assist local government agencies to make programs and services accessible assist all persons with disabilities to access and use programs and services
history
civil rights act of 1964 section 504 of rehab act of 1973 ADA july 26, 1990 ada amendment act of 2008
Instructional design
class materials can be designed for multiple users (PowerPoint: the program allows 1 slide to be printed at a time in large font if needed)
title 5 miscellaneous
concerns applicable rules and regulations of implementation of the ADA
title 3 and health professionals
consulting with architects, engineers, building contractors, and business owners to determine how to create accessible environments within ADA standards suggesting reasonable accommodations and adaptations for ADA compliance if existing buildings are non-compliant
Urban designing
design cities/town layout with persons of varying abilities in mind,
Architecture design
designing buildings to meet the needs of many users, industrial: combine art and science features to make a product useful and more aesthetically pleasing,
Electronic and IT
designing websites so that the pages can be read out loud by text readers,
job site analysis
determining essential functions in job descriptions assisting persons to understand what reasonable accommodations are eliminating discriminatory questions, language, and behaviors
habituation subsystem
development of occupational roles development of habits - role mastery, modeling behavior
volition subsystem
development of personal causation, values, and interests - motivation for interacting with objects, belief about effectiveness
rest rooms
each building should have at minimum one restroom for women and men that is accessible to those using wheelchairs all doors should be wide enough to make any required turns handrails should be appropriately located and capable of supporting a 250 lb load hand driers and soap dispensers should be generally no higher than 48'' mirrors should be full length or tilted downward
title 1
employment
doorways
entrance doors should have at least 32'' of opening should be power-operated or easy to grasp and push/pull
POI model
focus on the throughput and output part of the MOHO cycle, not the feedback
genotype
genetic blueprint
ADA (americans with disabilities act)
guarantees equal opportunities for persons with disabilities in the areas of: employment public services public accommodations telecommunications miscellaneous provisions
hierarchy of objects
hierarchy is interactive: change at any level impacts other levels - change at any level may result in change to objects, culture, society, occupation - introduction of new objects - change in abundance of objects - change in value of objects
POI model
interaction with objects at all domains contributes to human development - objects, occupation, society, and culture interact based on MOHO humanistic open system- interacts with environment, responds to feedback
perceptual motor skills
interpreting sensory information and manipulating self and objects
Universal design
is not a synonym for accessibility standards Instead, accessible features are integrated into the design This results in better design and avoids the stigmatizing quality of accessible features that have been added late in the design process, as a modification *Laws provide a vital foundation for social equality through prosecution of non-compliance *Universal design fosters social equality through changing attitudes and behaviors *Designing for use from persons with multiple abilities in advance instead of having to make changes afterward
process skills
managing events or processes - information processing, problem solving, planning
physical domain
manipulating an object: shape, hardness, color, texture, weight, any other properties interaction involves senses: visual, tactile, auditory, gustatory, olfaction
lack of objects
may lead to occupational dysfunction - dissatisfaction, boredom, frustration, alienation, helplessness, loss of occupations - or improved occupational function- restoration
mental impairment
mental or psychological disorder
title 5
miscellaneous
object identity and self
objects as mirrors of self-remind us of who we are objects as mirrors of identity - use to see how we will look to others
hierarchy
objects on bottom, then occupation objects are used in, then society occupational roles, and then culture, value and meaning on top
output
occupational performance is a product of subsystems (performance, habituation, volition) and objects domains (physical, occupational, ideological)
qualified
one who meets the skill, experience, education, and other job-related requirements of a position held or desired and who, with or without reasonable functions of a job
phenotype
outward, physical manifestation (observable structure- morphology, function or behavior)
object interaction
people interact with objects at three levels- physical domain, occupational domain, and ideological domain
ideological domain
perceiving and ascribing meaning to an object: personal, societal, and cultural interaction involves: consideration of the context
title 2 public services
pertains to all activities of state and local governments and transportation systems cannot deny participation in any service, program, or activity on the basis of disability and cannot have unnecessary eligibility standards new construction and alterations to existing facilities, including buses and trains, must be accessible
physical impairment
physiological disorder or condition impacting one or more body systems
performance subsystem
process skills, communication/interaction skills, perceptual motor skills - play, skill development
title 3
public accommodations
title 2
public services
occupation
relationship of the hierarchy to the POI: ___ = occupational domain
objects
relationship of the hierarchy to the POI: ___ = physical domain
society and culture
relationship of the hierarchy to the POI: _____ = ideological domain
title 3 public accommodations
requires that existing facilities must remove structural barriers where such removal is "readily achievable" private vs public facilities
communication/interaction skills
sharing and receiving information
walkways
should be sloped at no more than a 5 degree rise (20'' of length for every 1'' rise)
ramps
should have 5' level surface on top and bottom must have 1' of ramp for every 1'' of rise
title 4
telecommunications
undue hardship
the employer is not required to provide an accommodation that is unduly costly, extensive, substantial, disruptive, or fundamentally alters the nature of the business
essential functions
the fundamental job duties of the position the person holds or desires, included in a written job description
building time frame
the key date to remember is January 1992 Pre-ADA facilities: may either remove the barrier using ADA standards or make the program or service accessible by providing "program access" any facility built or renovated after this date MUST be readily accessible and usable
substantial limitation
the nature of the severity, length or expected length, and permanence or long-term impact
transcendent identities
transcend the limitations of identity to become their ideal self
objects developing identity
transitional objects, opportunities to test and challenge skills, and to manage emotions
building interior
walkways/paths should be at least 36'' wide floors should have non-slip hard surface or low pile carpet identifying signs should be of sufficient size; braille letters are advisable elevator controls should be at a maximum height of 48'' stairs should have ample lighting
built environment
Buildings Furniture Tools Objects Devices
Sensory qualities of environment
Auditory Tactile Visual Gustatory Olfactory
Embodiedness
Knowledge of how to perceive interact with, and move in the world - occupation is experienced from the viewpoint of our own bodies, including the environment, our sensory experience and the conditions of our bodies at that moment
Social density
Meaning of space ranging from solitude to overcrowding
Proxemics
Meaning of space: study of body language and proximity
Vision
Our primary sense of spatial perception
evolutionary adaptation
Over the course of time, species modify to succeed in their environment
Sensory effects
____ of environmental qualities can alter an occupational experience
architectural barriers
a building just has one entrance that is up a flight of stairs and has no ramp the door to the only public restroom in a building is 28'' wide
disability
a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities
parking
adequate number of designated and reserved handicapped parking spaces located near an entrance should be 8' wide for cars and 11' wide for vans must have 5' access aisle
title 1 employment
against the law to discriminate against qualified job applicants or employees on the basis of disability
objects
all discrete living or inanimate things with a concrete form, excluding people
