4.1-4.5
"54-40 or Fight!"
American interest in expansion in the Oregon Country led to which of the following memorable slogans?
A southern economy reliant on vast cotton production.
(graph depicting growth of cotton production and slave population, 1790-1860) By the mid-1800s, the trend depicted in this image led to
The increased profitability that resulted from the wide scale use of the cotton gin
(graph depicting growth of cotton production and slave population, 1790-1860) The trend in depicted in this image is best explained by
Republican Party
(graph depicting growth of cotton production and slave population, 1790-1860) Which of the following political parties was founded on principles that were in direct opposition to the trend illustrated by this chart?
Imminent U.S. confrontation with Mexico over lands in the Southwest
A resolution to the U.S.-British dispute over the Oregon Country was reached largely because of
The United States increased cotton production due to the invention of the cotton gin and expanding west.
American Cotton Production, Exports and Percentages of Cotton Exported. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 May 2016. What likely caused the value of cotton exports to increase in value and number in the early 1800s?
Federalist judicial appointments created political arguments under the Jefferson administration.
Address by Thomas Jefferson, 1801 During the contest of opinion through which we have passed the animation of discussions and of exertions has sometimes worn an aspect which might impose on strangers unused to think freely and to speak and to write what they think; but this being now decided by the voice of the nation, announced according to the rules of the Constitution, all will, of course, arrange themselves under the will of the law, and unite in common efforts for the common good... But every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle. We have called by different names brethren of the same principle. We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. If there be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union or to change its republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it. Despite Jefferson's call for being "all Republicans and Federalists," what event occurred which suggested a lack of unity?
The creation of laws which restricted freedom of speech.
Address by Thomas Jefferson, 1801 During the contest of opinion through which we have passed the animation of discussions and of exertions has sometimes worn an aspect which might impose on strangers unused to think freely and to speak and to write what they think; but this being now decided by the voice of the nation, announced according to the rules of the Constitution, all will, of course, arrange themselves under the will of the law, and unite in common efforts for the common good... But every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle. We have called by different names brethren of the same principle. We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. If there be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union or to change its republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it. Referred to above as a "contest of opinion", what idea below most directly separated Federalists and Democratic-Republicans at the time of this speech?
The Federal government passed legislation which limited freedom of speech.
Address by Thomas Jefferson, 1801 During the contest of opinion through which we have passed the animation of discussions and of exertions has sometimes worn an aspect which might impose on strangers unused to think freely and to speak and to write what they think; but this being now decided by the voice of the nation, announced according to the rules of the Constitution, all will, of course, arrange themselves under the will of the law, and unite in common efforts for the common good... But every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle. We have called by different names brethren of the same principle. We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. If there be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union or to change its republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it. What issue lied at the heart of the election or, "contest of opinion", that Jefferson was referring to in his address?
The Fifteenth Amendment to the US Constitution.
Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America: Volume II, 1831 On the one side were wealth, strength, and leisure, accompanied by the pursuit of luxury, the refinements of taste, the pleasures of wit, and the cultivation of the arts; on the other were labor, clownishness, and ignorance... But the scene is now changed. Gradually the distinctions of rank are done away with; the barriers that once severed mankind are falling; property is divided, power is shared by many, the light of intelligence spreads, and the capacities of all classes tend towards equality. Society becomes democratic, and the empire of democracy is slowly and peaceably introduced into institutions and customs... I confess that in America I saw more than America; I sought there the image of democracy itself, with its inclinations, its character, its prejudices, and its passions, in order to learn what we have to fear or to hope from its progress... Which of the following best represents continuity in the years after 1830 with the ideas that Tocqueville expressed in the excerpt?
The growth of democracy during the Age of Jackson.
Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America: Volume II, 1831 On the one side were wealth, strength, and leisure, accompanied by the pursuit of luxury, the refinements of taste, the pleasures of wit, and the cultivation of the arts; on the other were labor, clownishness, and ignorance... But the scene is now changed. Gradually the distinctions of rank are done away with; the barriers that once severed mankind are falling; property is divided, power is shared by many, the light of intelligence spreads, and the capacities of all classes tend towards equality. Society becomes democratic, and the empire of democracy is slowly and peaceably introduced into institutions and customs... I confess that in America I saw more than America; I sought there the image of democracy itself, with its inclinations, its character, its prejudices, and its passions, in order to learn what we have to fear or to hope from its progress... Which of the following movements would most directly support De Tocqueville's argument in the excerpt above?
Data showing changes in voter turnout from elections in the early to mid 1800s.
Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America: Volume II, 1831 On the one side were wealth, strength, and leisure, accompanied by the pursuit of luxury, the refinements of taste, the pleasures of wit, and the cultivation of the arts; on the other were labor, clownishness, and ignorance... But the scene is now changed. Gradually the distinctions of rank are done away with; the barriers that once severed mankind are falling; property is divided, power is shared by many, the light of intelligence spreads, and the capacities of all classes tend towards equality. Society becomes democratic, and the empire of democracy is slowly and peaceably introduced into institutions and customs... I confess that in America I saw more than America; I sought there the image of democracy itself, with its inclinations, its character, its prejudices, and its passions, in order to learn what we have to fear or to hope from its progress... Which of the following would best support Tocqueville's observations as expressed in the excerpt?
Northeastern urban areas with farms in the Ohio River Valley.
Grain Boat on the Erie Canal. N.d. America Illustrated. Boston: DeWolfe, Fiske, 1883. 88. Print. Canals, such as the Erie Canal pictured above, typically connected what areas of the country?
the state governments were equal to or supreme to the federal government.
Calhoun, South Carolina Exposition and Protest, 1828 If it be conceded, as it must be by everyone who is the least conversant with our institutions, that the sovereign powers delegated are divided between the General and State Governments, and that the latter hold their portion by the same tenure as the former, it would seem impossible to deny to the States the right of deciding on the infractions of their powers, and the proper remedy to be applied for their correction. The right of judging, in such cases, is an essential attribute of sovereignty, of which the States cannot be divested without losing their sovereignty itself, and being reduced to a subordinate corporate condition... to reserve such exclusive right to the General Government (it matters not by what department) to be exercised, is to convert it, in fact, into a great consolidated government, with unlimited powers, and to divest the States, in reality, of all their rights... In this passage, Calhoun intended to convey that
The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions.
Calhoun, South Carolina Exposition and Protest, 1828 If it be conceded, as it must be by everyone who is the least conversant with our institutions, that the sovereign powers delegated are divided between the General and State Governments, and that the latter hold their portion by the same tenure as the former, it would seem impossible to deny to the States the right of deciding on the infractions of their powers, and the proper remedy to be applied for their correction. The right of judging, in such cases, is an essential attribute of sovereignty, of which the States cannot be divested without losing their sovereignty itself, and being reduced to a subordinate corporate condition... to reserve such exclusive right to the General Government (it matters not by what department) to be exercised, is to convert it, in fact, into a great consolidated government, with unlimited powers, and to divest the States, in reality, of all their rights... The South Carolina Exposition and Protest drew on some of the same ideas as which of the following historical precedents?
the Tariff of 1828.
Calhoun, South Carolina Exposition and Protest, 1828 If it be conceded, as it must be by everyone who is the least conversant with our institutions, that the sovereign powers delegated are divided between the General and State Governments, and that the latter hold their portion by the same tenure as the former, it would seem impossible to deny to the States the right of deciding on the infractions of their powers, and the proper remedy to be applied for their correction. The right of judging, in such cases, is an essential attribute of sovereignty, of which the States cannot be divested without losing their sovereignty itself, and being reduced to a subordinate corporate condition... to reserve such exclusive right to the General Government (it matters not by what department) to be exercised, is to convert it, in fact, into a great consolidated government, with unlimited powers, and to divest the States, in reality, of all their rights... The passage was written in response to
The Eighteenth Amendment
Expansion of universal white manhood suffrage. https://slideplayer.com/slide/13557152/. Accessed 29 September 2019. Which of the following constitutional amendments does not reflect a larger trend in U.S. history of expanding suffrage to more and more groups?
The expansion of campaign tools such as torchlight parades, nominating conventions, and partisan newspapers
Expansion of universal white manhood suffrage. https://slideplayer.com/slide/13557152/. Accessed 29 September 2019. Which of the following occurred alongside the expansion of white male suffrage during this period?
Newly-formed western states often developed the most generous suffrage laws.
Expansion of universal white manhood suffrage. https://slideplayer.com/slide/13557152/. Accessed 29 September 2019. Which of the following statements is true based on the information in the images above?
Violent protests and rioters in urban areas demanding extended voting rights
Expansion of universal white manhood suffrage. https://slideplayer.com/slide/13557152/. Accessed 29 September 2019. Which of the following trends was not important in explaining the expansion of white male suffrage between 1800 and 1830?
Most of the South's large plantations were near the coast or rivers, so Southern states failed to make investments into transportation.
Grain-Boat on the Erie Canal. From: America Illustrated / edited by J. David Williams. (Boston : DeWolfe, Fisk & Co., c1883) -- p. 88. What caused Southern states to fail to invest in transportation improvements, such as the Erie Canal?
The Nullification Crisis of 1832.
Henry Clay's Speech before the Senate on the "American System" (1824) When gentlemen have succeeded in their design of an immediate or gradual destruction of the American System, what is their substitute? Free trade? Free trade! The call for free trade is as unavailing as the cry of a spoiled child, in its nurse's arms, for the moon, or the stars that glitter in the firmament of heaven. It never has existed, it never will exist. Trade implies, at least two parties. To be free, it should be fair, equal and reciprocal. But if we throw our ports wide open to the admission of foreign productions, free of all duty, what ports of any other foreign nation shall we find open to the free admission of our surplus produce? We may break down all barriers to free trade on our part, but the work will not be complete until foreign powers shall have removed theirs. There would be freedom on one side, and restrictions, prohibitions and exclusions on the other. The bolts, and the bars, and the chains of all other nations will remain undisturbed. It is, indeed, possible, that our industry and commerce would accommodate themselves to this unequal and unjust, state of things; for, such is the flexibility of our nature, that it bends itself to all circumstances. The wretched prisoner incarcerated in a jail, after a long time becomes reconciled to his solitude, and regularly notches down the passing days of his confinement. Gentlemen deceive themselves. It is not free trade that they are recommending to our acceptance. It is in effect, the British colonial system that we are invited to adopt; and, if their policy prevail, it will lead substantially to the re-colonization of these States, under the commercial dominion of Great Britain. . . . The debate over the tariff outlined by Clay eventually manifested in which of the following events?
Thomas Jefferson.
Henry Clay's Speech before the Senate on the "American System" (1824) When gentlemen have succeeded in their design of an immediate or gradual destruction of the American System, what is their substitute? Free trade? Free trade! The call for free trade is as unavailing as the cry of a spoiled child, in its nurse's arms, for the moon, or the stars that glitter in the firmament of heaven. It never has existed, it never will exist. Trade implies, at least two parties. To be free, it should be fair, equal and reciprocal. But if we throw our ports wide open to the admission of foreign productions, free of all duty, what ports of any other foreign nation shall we find open to the free admission of our surplus produce? We may break down all barriers to free trade on our part, but the work will not be complete until foreign powers shall have removed theirs. There would be freedom on one side, and restrictions, prohibitions and exclusions on the other. The bolts, and the bars, and the chains of all other nations will remain undisturbed. It is, indeed, possible, that our industry and commerce would accommodate themselves to this unequal and unjust, state of things; for, such is the flexibility of our nature, that it bends itself to all circumstances. The wretched prisoner incarcerated in a jail, after a long time becomes reconciled to his solitude, and regularly notches down the passing days of his confinement. Gentlemen deceive themselves. It is not free trade that they are recommending to our acceptance. It is in effect, the British colonial system that we are invited to adopt; and, if their policy prevail, it will lead substantially to the re-colonization of these States, under the commercial dominion of Great Britain. . . . Which Democratic-Republican figure would have most likely shared the concerns expressed in the excerpt above?
Dwight Eisenhower.
Henry Clay's Speech before the Senate on the "American System" (1824) When gentlemen have succeeded in their design of an immediate or gradual destruction of the American System, what is their substitute? Free trade? Free trade! The call for free trade is as unavailing as the cry of a spoiled child, in its nurse's arms, for the moon, or the stars that glitter in the firmament of heaven. It never has existed, it never will exist. Trade implies, at least two parties. To be free, it should be fair, equal and reciprocal. But if we throw our ports wide open to the admission of foreign productions, free of all duty, what ports of any other foreign nation shall we find open to the free admission of our surplus produce? We may break down all barriers to free trade on our part, but the work will not be complete until foreign powers shall have removed theirs. There would be freedom on one side, and restrictions, prohibitions and exclusions on the other. The bolts, and the bars, and the chains of all other nations will remain undisturbed. It is, indeed, possible, that our industry and commerce would accommodate themselves to this unequal and unjust, state of things; for, such is the flexibility of our nature, that it bends itself to all circumstances. The wretched prisoner incarcerated in a jail, after a long time becomes reconciled to his solitude, and regularly notches down the passing days of his confinement. Gentlemen deceive themselves. It is not free trade that they are recommending to our acceptance. It is in effect, the British colonial system that we are invited to adopt; and, if their policy prevail, it will lead substantially to the re-colonization of these States, under the commercial dominion of Great Britain. . . . Which of the following presidential administrations is also credited with internal improvements similar to those proposed by the American System?
as Secretary of State to support the negotiation Livingston was doing with France
James Madison to Robert Livingston, July 29, 1803 Dear Sir I received your favor of by Mr. Hughes, the bearer of the public despatches from you & Mr. L. The purchase of Louisiana in its full extent, tho'not contemplated is received withwarm, & in a manner universal approbation. The uses to which it may be turned, render it atruly noble acquisition. Under prudent management it may be made to do much good as wellas to prevent much evil. By lessening the military establishment otherwise requisite orcountenanced, it will answer the double purpose of saving expence & favoring liberty. This is apoint of view in which the Treaty will be particularly grateful to a most respectabledescription of our Citizens. It will be of great importance also to take the regulation &settlement of that Territory out of other hands, into those of the U.S. who will be able tomanage both for the general interest & conveniency. By securing also the exclusivejurisdiction of the Mississippi to the mouth, a source of much perplexity & collision iseffectually cut off. Madison wrote this letter to Livingston
While he approved of the purchase, Jefferson believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution.
James Madison to Robert Livingston, July 29, 1803 Dear Sir I received your favor of by Mr. Hughes, the bearer of the public despatches from you & Mr. L. The purchase of Louisiana in its full extent, tho'not contemplated is received withwarm, & in a manner universal approbation. The uses to which it may be turned, render it atruly noble acquisition. Under prudent management it may be made to do much good as wellas to prevent much evil. By lessening the military establishment otherwise requisite orcountenanced, it will answer the double purpose of saving expence & favoring liberty. This is apoint of view in which the Treaty will be particularly grateful to a most respectabledescription of our Citizens. It will be of great importance also to take the regulation &settlement of that Territory out of other hands, into those of the U.S. who will be able tomanage both for the general interest & conveniency. By securing also the exclusivejurisdiction of the Mississippi to the mouth, a source of much perplexity & collision iseffectually cut off. Soon after this document was written, Jefferson found himself in a Constitutional predicament for which of the following reasons?
He longed to preserve his beloved agrarian democracy by ensuring land would be available for years to come.
James Madison to Robert Livingston, July 29, 1803 Dear Sir I received your favor of by Mr. Hughes, the bearer of the public despatches from you & Mr. L. The purchase of Louisiana in its full extent, tho'not contemplated is received withwarm, & in a manner universal approbation. The uses to which it may be turned, render it atruly noble acquisition. Under prudent management it may be made to do much good as wellas to prevent much evil. By lessening the military establishment otherwise requisite orcountenanced, it will answer the double purpose of saving expence & favoring liberty. This is apoint of view in which the Treaty will be particularly grateful to a most respectabledescription of our Citizens. It will be of great importance also to take the regulation &settlement of that Territory out of other hands, into those of the U.S. who will be able tomanage both for the general interest & conveniency. By securing also the exclusivejurisdiction of the Mississippi to the mouth, a source of much perplexity & collision iseffectually cut off. Which of the following BEST captures Thomas Jefferson's motives for acquiring land through the Louisiana Purchase?
The Constitution.
John Marshall, "Fletcher v. Peck." Whatever respect might have been felt for the state sovereignties, it is not to be disguised that the framers of the constitution viewed, with some apprehension, the violent acts which might grow out of the feelings of the moment; and that the people of the United States, in adopting that instrument, have manifested a determination to shield themselves and their property from the effects of those sudden and strong passions to which men are exposed. The restrictions on the legislative power of the states are obviously founded in this sentiment: and the constitution of the United States contains what may be deemed a bill of rights for the people of each state. According to the Supreme Court in the excerpt above, what served as the ultimate source of protection for the people?
The Court demonstrated the power to declare a state law unconstitutional.
John Marshall, "Fletcher v. Peck." Whatever respect might have been felt for the state sovereignties, it is not to be disguised that the framers of the constitution viewed, with some apprehension, the violent acts which might grow out of the feelings of the moment; and that the people of the United States, in adopting that instrument, have manifested a determination to shield themselves and their property from the effects of those sudden and strong passions to which men are exposed. The restrictions on the legislative power of the states are obviously founded in this sentiment: and the constitution of the United States contains what may be deemed a bill of rights for the people of each state. In Fletcher v. Peck, the Supreme Court exercised which of the following powers for the first time?
The decision to use the military to enforce tariff collection in South Carolina.
John Marshall, "Fletcher v. Peck." Whatever respect might have been felt for the state sovereignties, it is not to be disguised that the framers of the constitution viewed, with some apprehension, the violent acts which might grow out of the feelings of the moment; and that the people of the United States, in adopting that instrument, have manifested a determination to shield themselves and their property from the effects of those sudden and strong passions to which men are exposed. The restrictions on the legislative power of the states are obviously founded in this sentiment: and the constitution of the United States contains what may be deemed a bill of rights for the people of each state. Which of the following events BEST demonstrates the federal government exercising the power described in the first paragraph of the passage above?
This decision, along with future John Marshall rulings, increased the power of the federal government.
John Marshall, "Opinion, Marbury v. Madison It is emphatically the province and duty of the Judicial Department to say what the law is. Those who apply the rule to particular cases must, of necessity, expound and interpret that rule. If two laws conflict with each other, the Courts must decide on the operation of each. So, if a law be in opposition to the Constitution, if both the law and the Constitution apply to a particular case, so that the Court must either decide that case conformably to the law, disregarding the Constitution, or conformably to the Constitution, disregarding the law, the Court must determine which of these conflicting rules governs the case. This is of the very essence of judicial duty. If, then, the Courts are to regard the Constitution, and the Constitution is superior to any ordinary act of the Legislature, the Constitution, and not such ordinary act, must govern the case to which they both apply. What occurred as a result of this court decision?
The decision of the Court that the Cherokee could remain on their land.
John Marshall, "Opinion, Marbury v. Madison It is emphatically the province and duty of the Judicial Department to say what the law is. Those who apply the rule to particular cases must, of necessity, expound and interpret that rule. If two laws conflict with each other, the Courts must decide on the operation of each. So, if a law be in opposition to the Constitution, if both the law and the Constitution apply to a particular case, so that the Court must either decide that case conformably to the law, disregarding the Constitution, or conformably to the Constitution, disregarding the law, the Court must determine which of these conflicting rules governs the case. This is of the very essence of judicial duty. If, then, the Courts are to regard the Constitution, and the Constitution is superior to any ordinary act of the Legislature, the Constitution, and not such ordinary act, must govern the case to which they both apply. Which of the following events during the Marshall Court's tenure proved that the Supreme Court had little power to force other parts of government to not enforce laws it declared "unconstitutional"?
The "lame duck" President tried to increase the number of Federalist judges.
John Marshall, "Opinion, Marbury v. Madison It is emphatically the province and duty of the Judicial Department to say what the law is. Those who apply the rule to particular cases must, of necessity, expound and interpret that rule. If two laws conflict with each other, the Courts must decide on the operation of each. So, if a law be in opposition to the Constitution, if both the law and the Constitution apply to a particular case, so that the Court must either decide that case conformably to the law, disregarding the Constitution, or conformably to the Constitution, disregarding the law, the Court must determine which of these conflicting rules governs the case. This is of the very essence of judicial duty. If, then, the Courts are to regard the Constitution, and the Constitution is superior to any ordinary act of the Legislature, the Constitution, and not such ordinary act, must govern the case to which they both apply. Which of the following events sparked the opinion in this case?
Fears of a tyrannical centralized authority similar to a monarchy.
McCulloch v. Maryland by Chief Justice John C. Marshall, 1819 The first question made in the cause is, has Congress power to incorporate a bank? It has been truly said that this can scarcely be considered as an open question, entirely unprejudiced by the former proceedings of the nation respecting it. The principle now contested was introduced at a very early period of our history, has been recognized by many successive legislatures, and has been acted upon by the judicial department, in cases of peculiar delicacy, as a law of undoubted obligation. . . . The power now contested was exercised by the first Congress elected under the present constitution. The bill for incorporating the bank of the United States did not steal upon an unsuspecting legislature, and pass unobserved. Its principle was completely understood, and was opposed with equal zeal and ability. After being resisted, first in the fair and open field of debate, and afterwards in the executive cabinet, with as much persevering talent as any measure has ever experienced, and being supported by arguments which convinced minds as pure and as intelligent as this country can boast, it became a law. Based on your knowledge of U.S. History, which of the following most impacted the debate about federal and state power in the early 1800s?
The Bank was made law by the first Congress of the United States after much debate and argument from those who both supported and opposed it.
McCulloch v. Maryland by Chief Justice John C. Marshall, 1819 The first question made in the cause is, has Congress power to incorporate a bank? It has been truly said that this can scarcely be considered as an open question, entirely unprejudiced by the former proceedings of the nation respecting it. The principle now contested was introduced at a very early period of our history, has been recognized by many successive legislatures, and has been acted upon by the judicial department, in cases of peculiar delicacy, as a law of undoubted obligation. . . . The power now contested was exercised by the first Congress elected under the present constitution. The bill for incorporating the bank of the United States did not steal upon an unsuspecting legislature, and pass unobserved. Its principle was completely understood, and was opposed with equal zeal and ability. After being resisted, first in the fair and open field of debate, and afterwards in the executive cabinet, with as much persevering talent as any measure has ever experienced, and being supported by arguments which convinced minds as pure and as intelligent as this country can boast, it became a law. The main idea of the passage is that
Judicial review.
McCulloch v. Maryland by Chief Justice John C. Marshall, 1819 The first question made in the cause is, has Congress power to incorporate a bank? It has been truly said that this can scarcely be considered as an open question, entirely unprejudiced by the former proceedings of the nation respecting it. The principle now contested was introduced at a very early period of our history, has been recognized by many successive legislatures, and has been acted upon by the judicial department, in cases of peculiar delicacy, as a law of undoubted obligation. . . . The power now contested was exercised by the first Congress elected under the present constitution. The bill for incorporating the bank of the United States did not steal upon an unsuspecting legislature, and pass unobserved. Its principle was completely understood, and was opposed with equal zeal and ability. After being resisted, first in the fair and open field of debate, and afterwards in the executive cabinet, with as much persevering talent as any measure has ever experienced, and being supported by arguments which convinced minds as pure and as intelligent as this country can boast, it became a law. Which of the following gave the Supreme Court the authority to render a decision on federal and state power?
The Supreme Court overturned the compromises, due to conflicts with property rights.
Missouri Compromise 1820 And be it further enacted. That in all that territory ceded by France to the United States, under the name of Louisiana, which lies north of thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes north latitude, not included within the limits of the state, contemplated by this act, slavery and involuntary servitude, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes, whereof the parties shall have been duly convicted, shall be, and is hereby, forever prohibited: Provided always, That any person escaping into the same, from whom labour or service is lawfully claimed, in any state or territory of the United States, such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labour or service as aforesaid. During the time of this source, what eventually happened to all compromises such as the Missouri Compromise, which attempted to regulate the spread of slavery?
The South attempted to keep an equal number of slave and free states for representation in the Senate.
Missouri Compromise 1820 And be it further enacted. That in all that territory ceded by France to the United States, under the name of Louisiana, which lies north of thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes north latitude, not included within the limits of the state, contemplated by this act, slavery and involuntary servitude, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes, whereof the parties shall have been duly convicted, shall be, and is hereby, forever prohibited: Provided always, That any person escaping into the same, from whom labour or service is lawfully claimed, in any state or territory of the United States, such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labour or service as aforesaid. The application of Missouri to enter the Union raised what sectional issue surrounding its admission?
The United States acquired lands not subject to the Missouri Compromise.
Missouri Compromise 1820 And be it further enacted. That in all that territory ceded by France to the United States, under the name of Louisiana, which lies north of thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes north latitude, not included within the limits of the state, contemplated by this act, slavery and involuntary servitude, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes, whereof the parties shall have been duly convicted, shall be, and is hereby, forever prohibited: Provided always, That any person escaping into the same, from whom labour or service is lawfully claimed, in any state or territory of the United States, such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labour or service as aforesaid. What event caused a breakdown in the relative peace between the North and South created by the Missouri Compromise?
Foreign policy
Monroe's Seventh Annual Message to Congress, 1823 At the proposal of the Russian Imperial Government, made through the minister of the Emperor residing here, a full power and instructions have been transmitted to the minister of the United States at St. Petersburg to arrange by amicable negotiation the respective rights and interests of the two nations on the northwest coast of this continent. A similar proposal has been made by His Imperial Majesty to the Government of Great Britain, which has likewise been acceded to. The Government of the United States has been desirous by this friendly proceeding of manifesting the great value which they have invariably attached to the friendship of the Emperor and their solicitude to cultivate the best understanding with his Government. In the discussions to which this interest has given rise and in the arrangements by which they may terminate the occasion has been judged proper for asserting, as a principle in which the rights and interests of the United States are involved, that the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers. Monroe's pronouncement above had the greatest effect on influencing America's
The Monroe Doctrine
Monroe's Seventh Annual Message to Congress, 1823 At the proposal of the Russian Imperial Government, made through the minister of the Emperor residing here, a full power and instructions have been transmitted to the minister of the United States at St. Petersburg to arrange by amicable negotiation the respective rights and interests of the two nations on the northwest coast of this continent. A similar proposal has been made by His Imperial Majesty to the Government of Great Britain, which has likewise been acceded to. The Government of the United States has been desirous by this friendly proceeding of manifesting the great value which they have invariably attached to the friendship of the Emperor and their solicitude to cultivate the best understanding with his Government. In the discussions to which this interest has given rise and in the arrangements by which they may terminate the occasion has been judged proper for asserting, as a principle in which the rights and interests of the United States are involved, that the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers. The passage above is most clearly an expression of
U.S. annexation of the Philippines after the Spanish-American War
Monroe's Seventh Annual Message to Congress, 1823 At the proposal of the Russian Imperial Government, made through the minister of the Emperor residing here, a full power and instructions have been transmitted to the minister of the United States at St. Petersburg to arrange by amicable negotiation the respective rights and interests of the two nations on the northwest coast of this continent. A similar proposal has been made by His Imperial Majesty to the Government of Great Britain, which has likewise been acceded to. The Government of the United States has been desirous by this friendly proceeding of manifesting the great value which they have invariably attached to the friendship of the Emperor and their solicitude to cultivate the best understanding with his Government. In the discussions to which this interest has given rise and in the arrangements by which they may terminate the occasion has been judged proper for asserting, as a principle in which the rights and interests of the United States are involved, that the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers. The policy invoked by President Monroe above was explicitly or implicitly invoked for all of the following incidents in subsequent U.S. history except
the growth of the abolitionist movement.
The Market Revolution "By 1815, however, a market revolution was surmounting the overland transportation barrier. While dissolving deeply rooted patterns of behavior and belief for competitive effort, it mobilized collective resources through government to fuel growth in countless ways, not least by providing the essential legal, financial, and transport infrastructures. Establishing capitalist hegemony over economy, politics, and culture, the market revolution created ourselves and most of the world we know." All of the following Antebellum developments helped to give rise to the market revolution EXCEPT
internal combustion engines.
The Market Revolution "By 1815, however, a market revolution was surmounting the overland transportation barrier. While dissolving deeply rooted patterns of behavior and belief for competitive effort, it mobilized collective resources through government to fuel growth in countless ways, not least by providing the essential legal, financial, and transport infrastructures. Establishing capitalist hegemony over economy, politics, and culture, the market revolution created ourselves and most of the world we know." All of the following antebellum transportation innovations helped to create the market revolution EXCEPT
The evolution of the United States into a national economy linked to regional consumers and producers.
The Market Revolution "By 1815, however, a market revolution was surmounting the overland transportation barrier. While dissolving deeply rooted patterns of behavior and belief for competitive effort, it mobilized collective resources through government to fuel growth in countless ways, not least by providing the essential legal, financial, and transport infrastructures. Establishing capitalist hegemony over economy, politics, and culture, the market revolution created ourselves and most of the world we know." The views expressed in the excerpt are best seen as evidence of which of the following in society?
Progressives.
The Market Revolution "By 1815, however, a market revolution was surmounting the overland transportation barrier. While dissolving deeply rooted patterns of behavior and belief for competitive effort, it mobilized collective resources through government to fuel growth in countless ways, not least by providing the essential legal, financial, and transport infrastructures. Establishing capitalist hegemony over economy, politics, and culture, the market revolution created ourselves and most of the world we know." Which of the following groups would MOST likely support the author's argument that capitalism had taken over the "economy, politics, and culture" of America?
Andrew Jackson.
The Market Revolution "By 1815, however, a market revolution was surmounting the overland transportation barrier. While dissolving deeply rooted patterns of behavior and belief for competitive effort, it mobilized collective resources through government to fuel growth in countless ways, not least by providing the essential legal, financial, and transport infrastructures. Establishing capitalist hegemony over economy, politics, and culture, the market revolution created ourselves and most of the world we know." Which of the following historical figures would NOT support the "capitalist hegemony" referred to in the excerpt?
South
The Market Revolution Whereas canals were mainly built and operated directly by states, government usually supported turnpikes and railroads by subscribing capital to private enterprises. Only as the more costly and economically risky sections of the transportation network were completed - especially those surmounting the Appalachian barrier - and only as private capital markets developed the capacity to underwrite extensive undertakings did private capital gradually supplant government financing. But the very possibility of assembling private capital for large-scale enterprise was created by state policies fostering the corporate form of business organization. In which of the following regions was the arrangement described above least likely to occur?
State government support was crucial to the development of a transportation network
The Market Revolution Whereas canals were mainly built and operated directly by states, government usually supported turnpikes and railroads by subscribing capital to private enterprises. Only as the more costly and economically risky sections of the transportation network were completed - especially those surmounting the Appalachian barrier - and only as private capital markets developed the capacity to underwrite extensive undertakings did private capital gradually supplant government financing. But the very possibility of assembling private capital for large-scale enterprise was created by state policies fostering the corporate form of business organization. The key argument in the passage above is that
The wealth gap between rich and poor became smaller.
The Market Revolution Whereas canals were mainly built and operated directly by states, government usually supported turnpikes and railroads by subscribing capital to private enterprises. Only as the more costly and economically risky sections of the transportation network were completed - especially those surmounting the Appalachian barrier - and only as private capital markets developed the capacity to underwrite extensive undertakings did private capital gradually supplant government financing. But the very possibility of assembling private capital for large-scale enterprise was created by state policies fostering the corporate form of business organization. Which of the following was not likely to occur as a result of the developments described in the passage above?
The South Carolina secession ordinance
The South Carolina Nullification Ordinance, 1832 We...the people of the State of South Carolina in Convention assembled, do declare and ordain...that the several sets and parts of acts of the Congress of the United States, purporting to be laws for the imposing of duties and imposts on the importation of foreign commodities...are unauthorized by the constitution of the United States, and violate the true meaning and intent thereof, and are null, void, and no law, nor binding upon this State, its officers or citizens; and all promises, contracts and obligations made or entered into, or to be made or entered into with purpose to secure the duties imposed by the said acts, and all judicial proceedings which shall be hereafter had in affirmance thereof, are and shall be held utterly null and void. The South Carolina Nullification Ordinance is most clearly a predecessor to
Opposition to tariffs
The South Carolina Nullification Ordinance, 1832 We...the people of the State of South Carolina in Convention assembled, do declare and ordain...that the several sets and parts of acts of the Congress of the United States, purporting to be laws for the imposing of duties and imposts on the importation of foreign commodities...are unauthorized by the constitution of the United States, and violate the true meaning and intent thereof, and are null, void, and no law, nor binding upon this State, its officers or citizens; and all promises, contracts and obligations made or entered into, or to be made or entered into with purpose to secure the duties imposed by the said acts, and all judicial proceedings which shall be hereafter had in affirmance thereof, are and shall be held utterly null and void. Which of the following explains the most immediate reason for South Carolina's issuance of the Nullification Ordinance?
The historic inability of southern slaveholders to occupy the presidency
The South Carolina Nullification Ordinance, 1832 We...the people of the State of South Carolina in Convention assembled, do declare and ordain...that the several sets and parts of acts of the Congress of the United States, purporting to be laws for the imposing of duties and imposts on the importation of foreign commodities...are unauthorized by the constitution of the United States, and violate the true meaning and intent thereof, and are null, void, and no law, nor binding upon this State, its officers or citizens; and all promises, contracts and obligations made or entered into, or to be made or entered into with purpose to secure the duties imposed by the said acts, and all judicial proceedings which shall be hereafter had in affirmance thereof, are and shall be held utterly null and void. Which of the following was not a chief concern among most white South Carolinians ahead of the 1832 Nullification Ordinance?
The reservation system
The movement indicated in the map above is most directly a predecessor to
Slavery's potential to divide the United States.
Thomas Jefferson to John Holmes, 1820 I thank you, dear sir, for the copy you have been so kind as to send me of the letter to your constituents on the Missouri question. It is a perfect justification to them. I had for a long time ceased to read newspapers, or pay any attention to public affairs, confident they were in good hands, and content to be a passenger in our bark to the shore from which I am not distant. But this momentous question, like a firebell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it at once as the knell of the Union. It is hushed, indeed, for the moment. But this is a reprieve only, not a final sentence. A geographical line, coinciding with a marked principle, moral and political, once conceived and held up to the angry passions of men, will never be obliterated; and every new irritation will mark it deeper and deeper. I can say, with conscious truth, that there is not a man on earth who would sacrifice more than I would to relieve us from this heavy reproach, in any practicable way. Based on Jefferson's letter to Holmes, which of the following issues concerned him enough to describe it as a "firebell in the night"?
As long as there was a balance between the number of slave and free states, then conflict was minimal.
Thomas Jefferson to John Holmes, 1820 I thank you, dear sir, for the copy you have been so kind as to send me of the letter to your constituents on the Missouri question. It is a perfect justification to them. I had for a long time ceased to read newspapers, or pay any attention to public affairs, confident they were in good hands, and content to be a passenger in our bark to the shore from which I am not distant. But this momentous question, like a firebell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it at once as the knell of the Union. It is hushed, indeed, for the moment. But this is a reprieve only, not a final sentence. A geographical line, coinciding with a marked principle, moral and political, once conceived and held up to the angry passions of men, will never be obliterated; and every new irritation will mark it deeper and deeper. I can say, with conscious truth, that there is not a man on earth who would sacrifice more than I would to relieve us from this heavy reproach, in any practicable way. The "Missouri question" on which Jefferson is commenting is indicative of a continuation of which of the following?
A line was drawn in the Louisiana Territory above which slavery was not allowed.
Thomas Jefferson to John Holmes, 1820 I thank you, dear sir, for the copy you have been so kind as to send me of the letter to your constituents on the Missouri question. It is a perfect justification to them. I had for a long time ceased to read newspapers, or pay any attention to public affairs, confident they were in good hands, and content to be a passenger in our bark to the shore from which I am not distant. But this momentous question, like a firebell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it at once as the knell of the Union. It is hushed, indeed, for the moment. But this is a reprieve only, not a final sentence. A geographical line, coinciding with a marked principle, moral and political, once conceived and held up to the angry passions of men, will never be obliterated; and every new irritation will mark it deeper and deeper. I can say, with conscious truth, that there is not a man on earth who would sacrifice more than I would to relieve us from this heavy reproach, in any practicable way. The "Missouri question" was a cause of which of the following?
The Southern United States' cotton was cheaper and of lower quality than other suppliers.
Value of Cotton Exports in selected years, Federal Reserves Archives What was one possible reason the Southern United States gained a leading position in cotton exports in the early 1800s?
Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
Which of the following Supreme Court cases nearly prevented the westward movement indicated in the map above?
The U.S. and Britain divided the Oregon Country through a peaceful compromise.
Which of the following accurately describes the outcome of the confrontation over the Oregon Country?
The Trail of Tears
Which of the following incidents in U.S. history does this map encompass?
The American System, based on building internal improvements, along with a strong National Bank and a high protective tariff policy.
Williams, J David. Grain Boat on the Erie Canal. N.d. America Illustrated. Boston: DeWolfe, Fiske, 1883. 88. Print. What economic ideal in the United States encompassed projects such as pictured above?