4.5 exam
which one of the following interstitial fluids occupies the joint capsule space?
synovial fluid
how much volume is urinated per day by a healthy adult
1-2L
which one of the following best approximates the osmolarity of the tubular filtrate by the time is arrives at the distal convoluted tubule?
100 mOsm/l
what volume is filtered daily by the glomerulus in a healthy adult
100-200L
which one of the following best approximates the proportion of juxtamedullary nephrons found in the kidney?
15%
how many glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate molecules are formed from each molecule of glucose during glycolysis
2
how many molecules of acetyl coenzyme A are produced from one molecule of glucose
2
which one of the following best describes the net gain of ATP after one molecule of glucose has undergone glycolysis
2
what percent of cardiac output filters through the kidney every minute
25%
which one of the following is the recommended daily intake of calories for a female of normal height and build
2500
Which one of the following best approximates the typical blood osmolarity in a normally hydrated, healthy human?
300 mOsm/l
which one of the following best describes the interstitial fluid concentration, first at the border between the renal cortex and medulla, and second at the renal papilla
300 mOsm/l; 1,200 mOsm/l
how many ATP molecules are theoretically produced by the electron transport chain from the oxidation of one molecule of glucose
32-34
which one of the following best describes the maximum theoretical number of atp molecules produced by the oxidation of a molecule of glucose
36-38
the body remains in the absorptive state for approximately how many hours after the consumption of a meal
4
what proportion of energy released from catabolic reactions is stored as ATP
40%
Nanomaterials that scientists study for biomedical applications are cleared by the liver, spleen, and the kidneys. What is the maximum size of nanomaterials that are cleared by the kidney?
5 nanometers
which of the following pH values fall within the normal range for urine?
5, 6
in the absorptive state, approximately what percentage of glucose absorbed from the digestive tract is metabolized to produce ATP
50%
what percentage of total energy expenditure is required to maintain the basal metabolic rate
55-60
which one of the following best describes the proportion of the body that is composed of fluid
60%
which one of the following best approximates the proportion of total body fluids that are located in the intracellular compartment
66%
which one of the following best approximates the pH value above which the body is considered to be in a state of alkalosis
7.45
Which one of the following best describes the proportion of water that is typically reabsorbed front he renal tubular filtrate?
99%
what amount of urine is water in a normal healthy adult
> 95%
which of the following are fat soluble vitamins
Vitamin D vitamin a vitamin e
Which one of the following ions is a primary determinant of blood pH and is excreted in variable amounts by the kidneys?
H+
With considering the role of the medullary interstitial, what is the difference between countercurrent exchange and countercurrent multiplication?
In countercurrent exchange, urea and sodium and chloride ions diffuse from the medullary interstitial fluid into the blood, which then allows water to diffuse from the blood into the interstitial fluid. The countercurrent multiplication mechanism, located in the loop of Henle, is responsible for the establishment of an osmotic gradient within the medullary interstitium.
what is the purpose of the antidiuretic hormone
In the case of a person who does not drink enough water, sweats a lot, or has diarrhea, the body needs to conserve water. If water conservation is required, the Antidiuretic hormone allows the kidneys to produce a small amount of concentrated urine to both preserve water and still eliminate wastes and surplus ions.
which one of the following is also known as 'bad cholesterol' because of an association with cardiovascular disease
LDLs
net filtration pressure is determined by which one of the following formulae
NFP= GBHP- CHP-BCOP
which one of the following ions is the most commonly utilized cation in symporter and anti porter mechanisms of reabsorption
Na+
which one of the following substances is used to determine renal plasma flow
PAH
Which one of the following vertebral levels best describes the position of the left kidney in the body?
T12-L3
What is the difference between execration and elimination
The Urinary system utilizes the process of excretion to rid the body of the nitrogenous waste products of metabolism. It will also rid the body of some unmetabolized drugs through the process of elimination. The digestive system utilizes elimination to rid the body of undigestable materials.
Why are most of the substances filtered through the kidneys reabsorbed? Why is urea the one substance that is not reabsorbed to the extent that the others are?
To maintain normal plasma levels, almost every organic nutrient is reabsorbed while urea is the waste product of the urinary system
which one of the following statements about he pH scale is correct
a solution at pH 1 has 100 time the concentration of H+ as a solution at pH3
what is the name of the two-carbon molecule that is converted into citrate in the first step of the krebs cycle
acetyl coenzyme A
which one of the of the following hormones is the primary determinant of the final volume of urine
adh
increased plasma potassium concentration
aldosterone
what hormone increases the excretion of potassium by increasing secretion of potassium into the renal tubule?
aldosterone
which of the following hormones are involved int he renal control of blood pressure?
aldosterone, angiotensin, renin
countercurrent flow is
all of the above
which of the following factors affect metabolic rate and therefore heat production
all of them
which of the following seemingly unrelated medical conditions is impacted by reduced kidney function
altered drug clearance
which are not blood vessel structures associated with nephron
alveolar capillaries
the synthesis of complex molecules such as proteins from simpler units such as amino acids via metabolic pathways is called
anabolism
which one of these hormones directly stimulates the release of aldosterone?
angiotensin II
which one of the following interstitial fluids is found within the anterior chamber of the eyeball?
aqueous humor
by the time fluid reaches the end of the distal tubule, ______ the solutes and water have been reabsorbed
at least 90%
which of the following molecules are produced by reactions in the krebs cycle
atp nadh h+ fadh2 co2
which one of the following structures is the last component of the electron transport chain
atp synthase
reduced blood pressure
atrial natriertic peptide
which one of the following ions is reabsorbed from renal tubular fluid back into the blood to help maintain homeostasis if the plasma becomes too acidic?
bicarbonate
which of the following factors are regulated by the body to maintain glomerular filtration rate
blood blow into the glomeruli, blood flow out of the glomeruli, surface area of the glomerular capillaries
The last of the two opposing is forces is caused by proteins present in blood plasma such as albumen and fibrinogen is called
blood colloid osmotic pressure
Arrange the following parts of the nephron in the correct order, from proximal to distal to the glomerulus
bowmans capsule, promximal convoluted tubule, descending limb of the loop of hence, ascending limb of the lobo of hence, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct
what is the term used for a chemical system that resists changes in pH
buffer system
which one of the following is most important in regulating body pH
buffer systems
Kidneys help synthesize calcitriol, an enzyme which is found in the digestive, endocrine, and integumentary systems. Explain how calcitriol benefits the entire body.
calcitriol is necessary for the absorption of dietary calcium in the digestive and integumentary systems which promotes bone reabsorption in the endocrine system
parathyroid hormone is a major regulator of the blood levels of which two of the following ions
calcium phosphate
The first of the two forces is exerted by fluid already in the glomerular capsule and is called the
capsular hydrostatic pressure
to which one of the following categories does cellulose belong
carbohydrates
Which one of the following acids is produced by the reaction of carbon dioxide and water
carbonic acid
what is the main role of the proximal convoluted tubule
cells in the proximal convoluted tubule perform most reabsorption
which of the following processes require energy input via atp
cellular respiration dna replication protein synthesis muscle contrction propagation of actin potentials
which of the following are released in response to the intake of food and act on the hypothalamus to increase the perception of satiety
cholecytokinin insulin leptin
which of blood properties is not impacted by the urinary system
cholesterol and triglycerides
________ occurs through the smooth muscles and is the process of how stored urine moves from the kidneys. through the uterus, and into the bladder. The process through the smooth muscle is otherwise known as peristalsis
circular contraction
which one of the following is an alternative term for the krebs cycle
citric acid cycle
which of the following statements about enzymes are correct
cofactors enhance the catalytic activity of an enzyme an enzyme acts upon specific substrate and coenzymes are often derived from vitamins
the primary function of the collecting ducts located in the kidneys is to
collect any substance not reabsorbed along the nephrons
arrange the following structures of the urinary system in the correct order, from proximal to distal to the glomerulus
collecting ducts, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, urethra
activation of the pontine micturtion center leads to exception of parasympathetic fibers, causing which of the following
contraction of the detrisor muscle, relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter
sodium ions are transported from the tubular fluid into the cells lining the nephron by which of the following mechanisms
cotransport with glucose, in exchange for hydrogen ions, cotransport with potassium and chloride ions
The presence of ADH amplifies urea recycling, which, in turn, amplifies the osmotic gradient and enables the formation of more concentrated urine. This is otherwise known as
countercurrent multiplication
plasma concentration of which one of the following substances is commonly used as an indicator of renal function
creatinine
which one of the following terms best describes the reaction in the krebs cycle in which a molecule of carbon dioxide is removed from isocitrate
decarboxylation
which one of the following best describes how the body obtains essential amino acids
dietary sources
which is not a function of the urinary system
digestion of liquids
which one of the following is the primary energy store for the body
fat
does tubular secretion
eliminate excess potassium ions
which renal functions are the ureters involved with?
elimination
anabolic reactions generally use more energy than they release, and therefore can be described as
endergonic
which one of the following interstitial fluids fills the semicircular canals and cochlear duct
endolymph
which one of the following is not created from the products of lipid metabolism
enzymes
which of the following hormones are secreted during the post absorptive state stimulation lipolysis
epinephrine norepinephrine
what is the name of the hormone produced by the kidneys that affects red blood cell production?
erythropoietin
Oxidation reactions usually release more energy than they use, and can therefore be descried as
exergonic
which of the following structures comprise the juxtagolmerular apparatus
extraglomerular mesangial cells, juxtaglomerular cells, macula densa
amino acids are transported into cells by which of the following processes
facilitated diffusion and endocytosis
what hold the bladder in place
folds in the peritoneum
in which direction does the NADH dehydrogenase complex pump protons during the first stage of the electron transport chain
from matrix to inter membrane space
which one of the following processes constitute the reduction of a molecule
gain of electrons gain of hydrogen ions loss of oxygen
This is the primary force responsible for pushing water and solutes from blood across the filtration This is the primary force responsible for pushing water and solutes from blood across the filtration
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
which one of the following is the part of the nephron responsible for filtration of the blood
glomerulus
which one of the following is not normally detected in appreciable quantities in the urine
glucose
which one of the following molecules serves as the principal carbohydrate substrate in various metabolic reactions throughout the body
glucose
which of the following molecules are produced by hydrolysis of disaccharides during digestion
glucose, fructose and galactose
place the following reactions in the correct sequence for the catabolism of glucose to produce energy
glycolysis acetyl coenzyme A formation Krebs cycle and electron transport chain
which of the following reactions are catabolic
glycolysis krebs digestion
chloride
helps keep an adequate balance of body fluids and aids in maintaining an acid based balance in the body
which one of the following products of protein anabolism
hemoglobin in red blood cells, actin nd myosin in muscle cells, antibodies in blood plasma enzymes in catabolic and anabolic reactions
glycogenesis primarily occurs in which of the following cell types
hepatocytes skeletal muscle cells
urethra
here is where the entire process ends when urine exits out of the body through this
urinary bladder
here is where urine is temporilarly contained by internal and external sphincter mucles
in the first step of glycolysis which one of the following enzymes converts glucose to glucose 6-phosphate
hexokinase
which of the following best describes the thin descending limb of the loop of hence?
highly permeable to water, impermeable to sodium ions
which of the following terms describe non-polar lipids
hydropphobic lipophilic
What is the term used to describe a high level of sodium ions in the blood plasma
hypernatermia
the thermoregulatory center that controls body temperature is located in which of the following structures
hypothalamus
doctor will look for the drum proteins in the urine as a test for kidney damage why?
if serum proteins are filtered through the gomerulus that means that the filtration membrane may be damaged. Normally proteins are blocked by size
which one of the following best describes the effect of antidiuretic hormone?
increases the reabsorption of water at the collecting ducts
which of the following best describe the actions of atrial natriuretic peptide
inhibits reabsorption of sodium, inhibits reabsorption of water
antidiuretic hormone reduces water loss by stimulation which one of the following processes
insertion of aquaporin-2 channels into the late distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts
which one of the following hormones stimulates lipogenesis
insulin
The arcuate arteries branch to form which one of the following?
interlobular arteries
Arrange these renal vessels in the correct order, from proximal to distal to the renal artery
interlobular arteries, afferent arterioles, glomerular capillaries, efferent arterioles, interlobular veins
which one of the following organs is the primary organ responsible for controlling fluid, electrolyte, and pH balance?
kidneys
which of the following molecules are commonly metabolized to form glucose during the process of gluconeogenesis
lactic acid amino acids glycerol
which one of the following terms is used to describe the catabolism of lipids
lipolysis
transamination a process during protein catabolism primarily occurs in which one of the following organs
liver
most angiotensin II is produced in the capillaries of which one of the following structures
lungs
which one of the following has specialized osmoreceptors that are involved in the tubuloglomerular auto regulation of GFR
macula densa cells
which one of the following is the term for the part of the male urethra that runs between the prostate ad the bulb of the penis
membranous
what is the term used for the water that is produced within cells, such as in the final stages of the electron transport chain?
metabolic water
____ is the collective term used to describe all the chemical reactions occurring within a living cell or organism
metabolism
what is the medical term for urination
micturation
what is the medical term for urination, or voiding of the bladder
micturition
the process of urination is reffered to as ______ and urine is ultimately released through the ______. This body part connects the bladder to the outside of the body
micturition urethra
Which one of the following is the cup-like structure that surrounds and drains a renal papilla
minor calyx
which one of the following is the cellular location where oxidative phosphorylation occurs
mitochondria
in urine more dense or less dense than water
more dense
which of the following molecules produced during glycolysis and the krebs cycle donate electrons to the electron transport chain
nadh fadh2
in addition to ATP which of the following molecules are produced during glycolysis
nadh + H+ water
Which of the following molecules could be used to reduce pyruvate to lactic acid
nadh and h+ FADH2
what iare the consequences of a GFR that is too high
needed substances will rush through the renal tubules and lost in urine
the part of the kidneys that make them functional organs are called
nephrons
When enough urine has been produced in the _____ it leaves through the ureters and urine is then transported to the _____
nephrons bladder
the full name of the coenzyme NAD+ is
nicotinaminde adenine dinucleotid
which direction does the defending limb of the nephron loop travel
none of these
which of the following options best describe substrate level phosphorylation
occurs during glycolysis, takes place in the cytosol and mitochondrial matrix occurs during the krebs cycle
the electron transport chain produces ATP through the process of _______ phosphorylation
oxidative
which one of the following processes is not stimulated by insulin in the absorptive state
oxidative deaminatin of amino acids
Which of the following terms describes routes by which substances are reabsorbed along the nephron
paracellular, transcellular
decreased calcium ion
parahyroid hormone
in the circular smooth muscle of the ureter walls urine flow is controlled by
peristaltic contractions
which of the following ions are usually found at substantially higher levels in intracellular fluid compared to extracellular fluid
phosphate potassium
which two of the following membranes form the divisions between the major fluid compartments of the body
plasma membrane of cells blood vessel walls
what type of cells form the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule
podocytes
The kidneys help regular the concentration of which of the following ions in the blood?
potassium, phosphate, calcium, sodium, chloride all of them
which one of the following ions is usually found at substantially higher levels in blood plasma compared to interstitial fluid
protein anions
In which one of the following regions of the nephron does the bulk of solute and water reabsorption occur
proximal convoluted tubule
which of the following is the correct order of tubules after the glomerular capsule
proximal convoluted tubule nephron loop distal convoluted tubule collecting duct
which one of the following molecules is directly converted into lactic acid during anaerobic cellular respiration
pyruvate
which one of the following molecules is produced in the final step of glycolysis
pyruvate
while fluid reclamation occurs through tubule _____ and sends fluid back into the bloodstream to maintain water balance and ion concentrations, _____ removes unneeded solutes from plasma and transports them to the tubules
reabsorption; secretion
osmosis
refers to the flow of a solvent across a semipermable membrane to equalize the solute concentration on both sides of the membrane
Does tubular secretion
remove substances that are otherwise difficult to filter out
which one of the following are the major types of compensation used to regulate acid-base homeostasis
renal compensatin, repirtatory compensation
What is the name of the layer of dense irregular connective tissue that anchors the kidneys to the posterior body wall?
renal fascia
what is one difference between renin and erythropoietin
renin activated to increase blood pressure erythropoietin increases the prodcting of red blood cells
which one of the following best describes the type of epithelium that forms the walls of the thin part of the scenting limb of the loop of henle
simple squamous
which one of the following is directly involved in myogenic auto regulation of GFR?
smooth muscle in the afferent arteriole
the amount of this in urine id indicative of your level of hydration. A urine test will determine the kidneys ability to keep or discard excess of this from the urine
sodium
which of the following ions are usually found at substantially higher levels in blood plasma compared to intracellular fluid
sodium, chloride
osmotic activity
the ability of the solution to cause the flow of a liquid across a semipermeable membrane depends on the amount of solute particles that cannot pass through the semipermeable membrane
creatinine
the amount of this in the urine helps to evaluate overall kidney functioning. it also gives an indication of other chemicals in the body such as the amount of protein
to produce urine, nephrons and collecting ducts cary out three basic function
the first step in urine production where water and most of the solutes in blood plasma pass through into the renal tubule
the renal corpuscle is the first sit of exchange between the cardiovascular system and the urinary system which of the following correctly pairs the structures with the contents of the structure
the glomerulus contains cardiovascular capillaries and the glomerular bowman's capsule contains the urinary filtrate
what are the main differences between the male and female urethras
the male urethra is longer and is part of the reproductive system
osmolarity
the potential movement of a solvent is based on the concentration of that solution which is the number of solute particles dissolved in one kilogram of water
in the histology of the renal tubule and collecting duct areas what is unique about the proximal convoluted tubule
the proximal convoluted tubule is the only area that contains a conspicuous brush border of microvilli
osmolarity refers to
the ratio of water and solutes in a solution
renal artery
the urinary process begins with blood carrying various wastes entering one of the two kidneys through this
When looking at the histology of the renal tubule and collecting ducts, what is a common component between the proximal convoluted tubule, thick ascending limb, most of the distal convoluted tubule collecting duct, and last part of distal convoluted tubule
they all contain simple cuboidal epithelial cells
The ascending and descending limbs in the nephron loop are important because
they can manipulate the osmolarity of the filtrate
potassium
this is instrumental in proper functions of nerves and muscles this choice and sodium have an inverse relationship when sodium levels go up levels of the other go down and vice versa
kidney
this is where the nephrons produce urine
which of the following are components of an ATP molecule
three phosphate groups, ribose adenin
iodine obtained through the diet is required for the synthesis of which one of the following hormones
thyroxine
the internal surface of the bladder is lined with which one of the following types of epithelium
transitional
what is a second function of tubular secretion
tubular secretion disposes of substances or end products that have mistakenly reabsorbed
the level of this in urine test reveals a person protein balance. in addition excretion of this in the urine is indicative of overall kidney functioning.
urea
which one of the following is a nitrogenous waste product of protein catabolism which transported to the kidney for excretion
urea
which one of the following processes is usually responsible for the greatest loss of water from the body
urine production
Urterus
urine travels from the kidneys by circular contraction and transported to the bladder through these
what is the name of the straight blood vessels that lie parallel to the loop of henle
vasa recta
a deficiency in the dietary intake of which of the following vitamins can lead to rickets in children
vitamin d
which one of the following vitamins plays an important role in the synthesis of some blood clotting factors
vitamin k
which one of the following molecules is not typically broken down during metabolism to produce energy
vitamins
What are the consequences of a GFR that is too low
waste products will accumulate in the plasma ultimately leading to illness and death if untreated
In the ascending limb of the loop of henle, which one of the following cannot follow the solutes being pumped out of the tubule into the interstitial fluid
water
which one of the following best describes a compound that partially dissociates in aqueous solution to produce a low concentration of anions and protons
weak acid
to produce urine, nephrons and collecting ducts carry out three basic functions
when cells in the fenal tubule and collecting duct remove additional substance from the blood as it flows through the peertibuluar capillaries or the vasa recta
to produce urine, nephrons and collecting ducts carry out three basic function
when cells of the tubule reabsorb almost all water and solutes from the filtrate as it flows through the renal tubule and collecting duct and return the fluid and solutes to the blood
the filtration membrane covering the glomerular capillaries prevents which of the following being filtered from the flood
white blood cells, platelets, proteins
why are women for likely to have a urinary tract infection when compared to men.
womens urethras are shorter than those of men; the urethas external opening in women is closer to the anus than it is in men