4.5 exam

which one of the following interstitial fluids occupies the joint capsule space?

synovial fluid

how much volume is urinated per day by a healthy adult

1-2L

which one of the following best approximates the osmolarity of the tubular filtrate by the time is arrives at the distal convoluted tubule?

100 mOsm/l

what volume is filtered daily by the glomerulus in a healthy adult

100-200L

which one of the following best approximates the proportion of juxtamedullary nephrons found in the kidney?

15%

how many glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate molecules are formed from each molecule of glucose during glycolysis

2

how many molecules of acetyl coenzyme A are produced from one molecule of glucose

2

which one of the following best describes the net gain of ATP after one molecule of glucose has undergone glycolysis

2

what percent of cardiac output filters through the kidney every minute

25%

which one of the following is the recommended daily intake of calories for a female of normal height and build

2500

Which one of the following best approximates the typical blood osmolarity in a normally hydrated, healthy human?

300 mOsm/l

which one of the following best describes the interstitial fluid concentration, first at the border between the renal cortex and medulla, and second at the renal papilla

300 mOsm/l; 1,200 mOsm/l

how many ATP molecules are theoretically produced by the electron transport chain from the oxidation of one molecule of glucose

32-34

which one of the following best describes the maximum theoretical number of atp molecules produced by the oxidation of a molecule of glucose

36-38

the body remains in the absorptive state for approximately how many hours after the consumption of a meal

4

what proportion of energy released from catabolic reactions is stored as ATP

40%

Nanomaterials that scientists study for biomedical applications are cleared by the liver, spleen, and the kidneys. What is the maximum size of nanomaterials that are cleared by the kidney?

5 nanometers

which of the following pH values fall within the normal range for urine?

5, 6

in the absorptive state, approximately what percentage of glucose absorbed from the digestive tract is metabolized to produce ATP

50%

what percentage of total energy expenditure is required to maintain the basal metabolic rate

55-60

which one of the following best describes the proportion of the body that is composed of fluid

60%

which one of the following best approximates the proportion of total body fluids that are located in the intracellular compartment

66%

which one of the following best approximates the pH value above which the body is considered to be in a state of alkalosis

7.45

Which one of the following best describes the proportion of water that is typically reabsorbed front he renal tubular filtrate?

99%

what amount of urine is water in a normal healthy adult

> 95%

which of the following are fat soluble vitamins

Vitamin D vitamin a vitamin e

Which one of the following ions is a primary determinant of blood pH and is excreted in variable amounts by the kidneys?

H+

With considering the role of the medullary interstitial, what is the difference between countercurrent exchange and countercurrent multiplication?

In countercurrent exchange, urea and sodium and chloride ions diffuse from the medullary interstitial fluid into the blood, which then allows water to diffuse from the blood into the interstitial fluid. The countercurrent multiplication mechanism, located in the loop of Henle, is responsible for the establishment of an osmotic gradient within the medullary interstitium.

what is the purpose of the antidiuretic hormone

In the case of a person who does not drink enough water, sweats a lot, or has diarrhea, the body needs to conserve water. If water conservation is required, the Antidiuretic hormone allows the kidneys to produce a small amount of concentrated urine to both preserve water and still eliminate wastes and surplus ions.

which one of the following is also known as 'bad cholesterol' because of an association with cardiovascular disease

LDLs

net filtration pressure is determined by which one of the following formulae

NFP= GBHP- CHP-BCOP

which one of the following ions is the most commonly utilized cation in symporter and anti porter mechanisms of reabsorption

Na+

which one of the following substances is used to determine renal plasma flow

PAH

Which one of the following vertebral levels best describes the position of the left kidney in the body?

T12-L3

What is the difference between execration and elimination

The Urinary system utilizes the process of excretion to rid the body of the nitrogenous waste products of metabolism. It will also rid the body of some unmetabolized drugs through the process of elimination. The digestive system utilizes elimination to rid the body of undigestable materials.

Why are most of the substances filtered through the kidneys reabsorbed? Why is urea the one substance that is not reabsorbed to the extent that the others are?

To maintain normal plasma levels, almost every organic nutrient is reabsorbed while urea is the waste product of the urinary system

which one of the following statements about he pH scale is correct

a solution at pH 1 has 100 time the concentration of H+ as a solution at pH3

what is the name of the two-carbon molecule that is converted into citrate in the first step of the krebs cycle

acetyl coenzyme A

which one of the of the following hormones is the primary determinant of the final volume of urine

adh

increased plasma potassium concentration

aldosterone

what hormone increases the excretion of potassium by increasing secretion of potassium into the renal tubule?

aldosterone

which of the following hormones are involved int he renal control of blood pressure?

aldosterone, angiotensin, renin

countercurrent flow is

all of the above

which of the following factors affect metabolic rate and therefore heat production

all of them

which of the following seemingly unrelated medical conditions is impacted by reduced kidney function

altered drug clearance

which are not blood vessel structures associated with nephron

alveolar capillaries

the synthesis of complex molecules such as proteins from simpler units such as amino acids via metabolic pathways is called

anabolism

which one of these hormones directly stimulates the release of aldosterone?

angiotensin II

which one of the following interstitial fluids is found within the anterior chamber of the eyeball?

aqueous humor

by the time fluid reaches the end of the distal tubule, ______ the solutes and water have been reabsorbed

at least 90%

which of the following molecules are produced by reactions in the krebs cycle

atp nadh h+ fadh2 co2

which one of the following structures is the last component of the electron transport chain

atp synthase

reduced blood pressure

atrial natriertic peptide

which one of the following ions is reabsorbed from renal tubular fluid back into the blood to help maintain homeostasis if the plasma becomes too acidic?

bicarbonate

which of the following factors are regulated by the body to maintain glomerular filtration rate

blood blow into the glomeruli, blood flow out of the glomeruli, surface area of the glomerular capillaries

The last of the two opposing is forces is caused by proteins present in blood plasma such as albumen and fibrinogen is called

blood colloid osmotic pressure

Arrange the following parts of the nephron in the correct order, from proximal to distal to the glomerulus

bowmans capsule, promximal convoluted tubule, descending limb of the loop of hence, ascending limb of the lobo of hence, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct

what is the term used for a chemical system that resists changes in pH

buffer system

which one of the following is most important in regulating body pH

buffer systems

Kidneys help synthesize calcitriol, an enzyme which is found in the digestive, endocrine, and integumentary systems. Explain how calcitriol benefits the entire body.

calcitriol is necessary for the absorption of dietary calcium in the digestive and integumentary systems which promotes bone reabsorption in the endocrine system

parathyroid hormone is a major regulator of the blood levels of which two of the following ions

calcium phosphate

The first of the two forces is exerted by fluid already in the glomerular capsule and is called the

capsular hydrostatic pressure

to which one of the following categories does cellulose belong

carbohydrates

Which one of the following acids is produced by the reaction of carbon dioxide and water

carbonic acid

what is the main role of the proximal convoluted tubule

cells in the proximal convoluted tubule perform most reabsorption

which of the following processes require energy input via atp

cellular respiration dna replication protein synthesis muscle contrction propagation of actin potentials

which of the following are released in response to the intake of food and act on the hypothalamus to increase the perception of satiety

cholecytokinin insulin leptin

which of blood properties is not impacted by the urinary system

cholesterol and triglycerides

________ occurs through the smooth muscles and is the process of how stored urine moves from the kidneys. through the uterus, and into the bladder. The process through the smooth muscle is otherwise known as peristalsis

circular contraction

which one of the following is an alternative term for the krebs cycle

citric acid cycle

which of the following statements about enzymes are correct

cofactors enhance the catalytic activity of an enzyme an enzyme acts upon specific substrate and coenzymes are often derived from vitamins

the primary function of the collecting ducts located in the kidneys is to

collect any substance not reabsorbed along the nephrons

arrange the following structures of the urinary system in the correct order, from proximal to distal to the glomerulus

collecting ducts, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, urethra

activation of the pontine micturtion center leads to exception of parasympathetic fibers, causing which of the following

contraction of the detrisor muscle, relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter

sodium ions are transported from the tubular fluid into the cells lining the nephron by which of the following mechanisms

cotransport with glucose, in exchange for hydrogen ions, cotransport with potassium and chloride ions

The presence of ADH amplifies urea recycling, which, in turn, amplifies the osmotic gradient and enables the formation of more concentrated urine. This is otherwise known as

countercurrent multiplication

plasma concentration of which one of the following substances is commonly used as an indicator of renal function

creatinine

which one of the following terms best describes the reaction in the krebs cycle in which a molecule of carbon dioxide is removed from isocitrate

decarboxylation

which one of the following best describes how the body obtains essential amino acids

dietary sources

which is not a function of the urinary system

digestion of liquids

which one of the following is the primary energy store for the body

fat

does tubular secretion

eliminate excess potassium ions

which renal functions are the ureters involved with?

elimination

anabolic reactions generally use more energy than they release, and therefore can be described as

endergonic

which one of the following interstitial fluids fills the semicircular canals and cochlear duct

endolymph

which one of the following is not created from the products of lipid metabolism

enzymes

which of the following hormones are secreted during the post absorptive state stimulation lipolysis

epinephrine norepinephrine

what is the name of the hormone produced by the kidneys that affects red blood cell production?

erythropoietin

Oxidation reactions usually release more energy than they use, and can therefore be descried as

exergonic

which of the following structures comprise the juxtagolmerular apparatus

extraglomerular mesangial cells, juxtaglomerular cells, macula densa

amino acids are transported into cells by which of the following processes

facilitated diffusion and endocytosis

what hold the bladder in place

folds in the peritoneum

in which direction does the NADH dehydrogenase complex pump protons during the first stage of the electron transport chain

from matrix to inter membrane space

which one of the following processes constitute the reduction of a molecule

gain of electrons gain of hydrogen ions loss of oxygen

This is the primary force responsible for pushing water and solutes from blood across the filtration This is the primary force responsible for pushing water and solutes from blood across the filtration

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

which one of the following is the part of the nephron responsible for filtration of the blood

glomerulus

which one of the following is not normally detected in appreciable quantities in the urine

glucose

which one of the following molecules serves as the principal carbohydrate substrate in various metabolic reactions throughout the body

glucose

which of the following molecules are produced by hydrolysis of disaccharides during digestion

glucose, fructose and galactose

place the following reactions in the correct sequence for the catabolism of glucose to produce energy

glycolysis acetyl coenzyme A formation Krebs cycle and electron transport chain

which of the following reactions are catabolic

glycolysis krebs digestion

chloride

helps keep an adequate balance of body fluids and aids in maintaining an acid based balance in the body

which one of the following products of protein anabolism

hemoglobin in red blood cells, actin nd myosin in muscle cells, antibodies in blood plasma enzymes in catabolic and anabolic reactions

glycogenesis primarily occurs in which of the following cell types

hepatocytes skeletal muscle cells

urethra

here is where the entire process ends when urine exits out of the body through this

urinary bladder

here is where urine is temporilarly contained by internal and external sphincter mucles

in the first step of glycolysis which one of the following enzymes converts glucose to glucose 6-phosphate

hexokinase

which of the following best describes the thin descending limb of the loop of hence?

highly permeable to water, impermeable to sodium ions

which of the following terms describe non-polar lipids

hydropphobic lipophilic

What is the term used to describe a high level of sodium ions in the blood plasma

hypernatermia

the thermoregulatory center that controls body temperature is located in which of the following structures

hypothalamus

doctor will look for the drum proteins in the urine as a test for kidney damage why?

if serum proteins are filtered through the gomerulus that means that the filtration membrane may be damaged. Normally proteins are blocked by size

which one of the following best describes the effect of antidiuretic hormone?

increases the reabsorption of water at the collecting ducts

which of the following best describe the actions of atrial natriuretic peptide

inhibits reabsorption of sodium, inhibits reabsorption of water

antidiuretic hormone reduces water loss by stimulation which one of the following processes

insertion of aquaporin-2 channels into the late distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts

which one of the following hormones stimulates lipogenesis

insulin

The arcuate arteries branch to form which one of the following?

interlobular arteries

Arrange these renal vessels in the correct order, from proximal to distal to the renal artery

interlobular arteries, afferent arterioles, glomerular capillaries, efferent arterioles, interlobular veins

which one of the following organs is the primary organ responsible for controlling fluid, electrolyte, and pH balance?

kidneys

which of the following molecules are commonly metabolized to form glucose during the process of gluconeogenesis

lactic acid amino acids glycerol

which one of the following terms is used to describe the catabolism of lipids

lipolysis

transamination a process during protein catabolism primarily occurs in which one of the following organs

liver

most angiotensin II is produced in the capillaries of which one of the following structures

lungs

which one of the following has specialized osmoreceptors that are involved in the tubuloglomerular auto regulation of GFR

macula densa cells

which one of the following is the term for the part of the male urethra that runs between the prostate ad the bulb of the penis

membranous

what is the term used for the water that is produced within cells, such as in the final stages of the electron transport chain?

metabolic water

____ is the collective term used to describe all the chemical reactions occurring within a living cell or organism

metabolism

what is the medical term for urination

micturation

what is the medical term for urination, or voiding of the bladder

micturition

the process of urination is reffered to as ______ and urine is ultimately released through the ______. This body part connects the bladder to the outside of the body

micturition urethra

Which one of the following is the cup-like structure that surrounds and drains a renal papilla

minor calyx

which one of the following is the cellular location where oxidative phosphorylation occurs

mitochondria

in urine more dense or less dense than water

more dense

which of the following molecules produced during glycolysis and the krebs cycle donate electrons to the electron transport chain

nadh fadh2

in addition to ATP which of the following molecules are produced during glycolysis

nadh + H+ water

Which of the following molecules could be used to reduce pyruvate to lactic acid

nadh and h+ FADH2

what iare the consequences of a GFR that is too high

needed substances will rush through the renal tubules and lost in urine

the part of the kidneys that make them functional organs are called

nephrons

When enough urine has been produced in the _____ it leaves through the ureters and urine is then transported to the _____

nephrons bladder

the full name of the coenzyme NAD+ is

nicotinaminde adenine dinucleotid

which direction does the defending limb of the nephron loop travel

none of these

which of the following options best describe substrate level phosphorylation

occurs during glycolysis, takes place in the cytosol and mitochondrial matrix occurs during the krebs cycle

the electron transport chain produces ATP through the process of _______ phosphorylation

oxidative

which one of the following processes is not stimulated by insulin in the absorptive state

oxidative deaminatin of amino acids

Which of the following terms describes routes by which substances are reabsorbed along the nephron

paracellular, transcellular

decreased calcium ion

parahyroid hormone

in the circular smooth muscle of the ureter walls urine flow is controlled by

peristaltic contractions

which of the following ions are usually found at substantially higher levels in intracellular fluid compared to extracellular fluid

phosphate potassium

which two of the following membranes form the divisions between the major fluid compartments of the body

plasma membrane of cells blood vessel walls

what type of cells form the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule

podocytes

The kidneys help regular the concentration of which of the following ions in the blood?

potassium, phosphate, calcium, sodium, chloride all of them

which one of the following ions is usually found at substantially higher levels in blood plasma compared to interstitial fluid

protein anions

In which one of the following regions of the nephron does the bulk of solute and water reabsorption occur

proximal convoluted tubule

which of the following is the correct order of tubules after the glomerular capsule

proximal convoluted tubule nephron loop distal convoluted tubule collecting duct

which one of the following molecules is directly converted into lactic acid during anaerobic cellular respiration

pyruvate

which one of the following molecules is produced in the final step of glycolysis

pyruvate

while fluid reclamation occurs through tubule _____ and sends fluid back into the bloodstream to maintain water balance and ion concentrations, _____ removes unneeded solutes from plasma and transports them to the tubules

reabsorption; secretion

osmosis

refers to the flow of a solvent across a semipermable membrane to equalize the solute concentration on both sides of the membrane

Does tubular secretion

remove substances that are otherwise difficult to filter out

which one of the following are the major types of compensation used to regulate acid-base homeostasis

renal compensatin, repirtatory compensation

What is the name of the layer of dense irregular connective tissue that anchors the kidneys to the posterior body wall?

renal fascia

what is one difference between renin and erythropoietin

renin activated to increase blood pressure erythropoietin increases the prodcting of red blood cells

which one of the following best describes the type of epithelium that forms the walls of the thin part of the scenting limb of the loop of henle

simple squamous

which one of the following is directly involved in myogenic auto regulation of GFR?

smooth muscle in the afferent arteriole

the amount of this in urine id indicative of your level of hydration. A urine test will determine the kidneys ability to keep or discard excess of this from the urine

sodium

which of the following ions are usually found at substantially higher levels in blood plasma compared to intracellular fluid

sodium, chloride

osmotic activity

the ability of the solution to cause the flow of a liquid across a semipermeable membrane depends on the amount of solute particles that cannot pass through the semipermeable membrane

creatinine

the amount of this in the urine helps to evaluate overall kidney functioning. it also gives an indication of other chemicals in the body such as the amount of protein

to produce urine, nephrons and collecting ducts cary out three basic function

the first step in urine production where water and most of the solutes in blood plasma pass through into the renal tubule

the renal corpuscle is the first sit of exchange between the cardiovascular system and the urinary system which of the following correctly pairs the structures with the contents of the structure

the glomerulus contains cardiovascular capillaries and the glomerular bowman's capsule contains the urinary filtrate

what are the main differences between the male and female urethras

the male urethra is longer and is part of the reproductive system

osmolarity

the potential movement of a solvent is based on the concentration of that solution which is the number of solute particles dissolved in one kilogram of water

in the histology of the renal tubule and collecting duct areas what is unique about the proximal convoluted tubule

the proximal convoluted tubule is the only area that contains a conspicuous brush border of microvilli

osmolarity refers to

the ratio of water and solutes in a solution

renal artery

the urinary process begins with blood carrying various wastes entering one of the two kidneys through this

When looking at the histology of the renal tubule and collecting ducts, what is a common component between the proximal convoluted tubule, thick ascending limb, most of the distal convoluted tubule collecting duct, and last part of distal convoluted tubule

they all contain simple cuboidal epithelial cells

The ascending and descending limbs in the nephron loop are important because

they can manipulate the osmolarity of the filtrate

potassium

this is instrumental in proper functions of nerves and muscles this choice and sodium have an inverse relationship when sodium levels go up levels of the other go down and vice versa

kidney

this is where the nephrons produce urine

which of the following are components of an ATP molecule

three phosphate groups, ribose adenin

iodine obtained through the diet is required for the synthesis of which one of the following hormones

thyroxine

the internal surface of the bladder is lined with which one of the following types of epithelium

transitional

what is a second function of tubular secretion

tubular secretion disposes of substances or end products that have mistakenly reabsorbed

the level of this in urine test reveals a person protein balance. in addition excretion of this in the urine is indicative of overall kidney functioning.

urea

which one of the following is a nitrogenous waste product of protein catabolism which transported to the kidney for excretion

urea

which one of the following processes is usually responsible for the greatest loss of water from the body

urine production

Urterus

urine travels from the kidneys by circular contraction and transported to the bladder through these

what is the name of the straight blood vessels that lie parallel to the loop of henle

vasa recta

a deficiency in the dietary intake of which of the following vitamins can lead to rickets in children

vitamin d

which one of the following vitamins plays an important role in the synthesis of some blood clotting factors

vitamin k

which one of the following molecules is not typically broken down during metabolism to produce energy

vitamins

What are the consequences of a GFR that is too low

waste products will accumulate in the plasma ultimately leading to illness and death if untreated

In the ascending limb of the loop of henle, which one of the following cannot follow the solutes being pumped out of the tubule into the interstitial fluid

water

which one of the following best describes a compound that partially dissociates in aqueous solution to produce a low concentration of anions and protons

weak acid

to produce urine, nephrons and collecting ducts carry out three basic functions

when cells in the fenal tubule and collecting duct remove additional substance from the blood as it flows through the peertibuluar capillaries or the vasa recta

to produce urine, nephrons and collecting ducts carry out three basic function

when cells of the tubule reabsorb almost all water and solutes from the filtrate as it flows through the renal tubule and collecting duct and return the fluid and solutes to the blood

the filtration membrane covering the glomerular capillaries prevents which of the following being filtered from the flood

white blood cells, platelets, proteins

why are women for likely to have a urinary tract infection when compared to men.

womens urethras are shorter than those of men; the urethas external opening in women is closer to the anus than it is in men