8th Earth Science Ch 10 Sect. 1, 2, & 3 and Ch 8 Sect 1

landmass continents

Continental drift the hypothesis that a single large _______________ broke up into smaller landmasses to form ________________, which then drifted to their present location

colliding

Convergent boundary- the boundary between tectonic plates that are __________________

evidence opposed

Despite the __________________ that supported his hypothesis, Wegener's ideas were strongly ______________________.

Away

Divergent boundary - the boundary between tectonic plates that are moving _________ from each other

rejected moved

Other scientists of the time _____________ the mechanism proposed by Wegener to explain how continents _______________.

core

The central part of the earth below the mantle

divergent convergent transform

The three types of plate boundaries are ______________ boundaries, ___________________ boundaries, and _____________________ boundaries.

young 4 billion 200

The ocean floor is very ________________. While rocks on land are as much as _______________ years old, none of the oceanic rocks are more than ________ million years old.

water

The tectonic plates ride on the asthenosphere in much the same way that blocks of wood float on ______________

crust

The thin and solid outermost layer of the Earth above the mantle

structural zones

The three compositional zones of Earth's interior are divided into five ________________________-

crumple thicken mountain

When two plates that are made of continental lithosphere collide, the colliding edges ____________ and _______________, which cause uplift that forms large ________________ ranges.

age types

__________ and ________ of rocks in the coastal regions of widely separated areas match closely

short fracture zone

___________ segments of a mid-ocean ridge are connected by transform boundaries called _______________________

measphere

_____________ literally the "middle sphere" the strong, lower part of the mantle between the asthenosphere and the outer core

mantle

_________________, in Earth Science, the layer of rock between the Earth's crust and core

Asthenosphere plastic layer slowly tectonic plates

__________________ the solid, ____________ layer of the mantle beneath the lithosphere; made of mantle rock that flows very _____________, which allows ___________ __________ to move on top of it

pangaea 300 200

___________________ - the supercontinent that formed ____________ million years ago and that began to break up _______________ million years ago.

Tethys Sea

A body of water called the ______________ _____________ cut into the eastern edge of Pangaea.

heated density

*Convection* is the movement of ______________ material due to differences in ______________ that are caused by differences in temperatures.

single ocean pangaea

*Panthalassa* - the _____________, large __________ that covered Earth's surface during the time the supercontinent ______________ existed.

plastic slowly move

*asthenosphere* - the solid, _________________ layer of the mantle beneath the lithosphere; made of mantle rock that flows very _______________, which allows tectonic plates to _______________ on top of it.

solid crust

*lithosphere* - the _____________, outer layer of Earth that consists of the ______________ and the rigid upper part of the mantle.

mountain valley apart

*mid-ocean ridge* - a long, undersea ________________ chain that has a steep, narrow _____________ at its center, that forms as magma rises from the asthenosphere, and that creates new oceanic lithosphere (sea floor) as tectonic plates move ______________

lithosphere plates

*plate tectonics* - the theory that explains how large pieces of the ____________________, called ____________________, move and change shape.

sea floor solidifies

*sea-floor spreading* - the process by which new oceanic lithosphere (________ ___________) forms as magma rises to Earth's surface and __________________ at a mid-ocean ridge.

form break

*supercontinent cycle* - the process by which supercontinents ______________ and _____________ apart over millions of years.

sliding horizontally

*transform boundary* - the boundary between tectonic plates that are __________ past each other ___________________.

Mesozoic, Laurasia, Gondwanaland

About 200 million years ago (during the ______________ Era), the Pangaea began to break into two continents - ___________________ and __________________.

coastlines fit jigsaw

As people studied continental _________________ on maps, they noticed that the continents looked as though they would ___________ together like parts of a giant ________________ puzzle.

geography dramatically

As tectonic plates continue to move, Earth's _______________ will change __________________.

mantle overlying

As the __________________ material moves, the ________________ tectonic plates move along with it.

terranes, rocky, Andes, alps

As the continents drifted, they collided with _______________ and other continents. Mountain ranges, such as the _____________ Mountains, the _____________, and the ___________, formed.

rises away sinks

As the hot material _______________, the cooler, denser material flows ______________ from the hot material and ___________________ into the mantle to replace the rising material.

molten magma

As the ocean floor moves away from the ridge, _____________ rock, or ___________, rises to fill the crack.

liquid outer

Below the mesosphere is the ______________ ______________ core.

climate not

Changes in __________ patterns suggested the continents had ___________ always been located where they are now

plants animals connected

Fossils of the same ______________ and _________________ could be found in areas of continents that had once been __________________.

Africa Australia Antartica

Gondwanaland also broke into two continents. One broke apart to become _______ and South America. The other separated tp form India, _____________ and ___________

mid-atlantic

In 1947, a group of scientists set out to map the ____________________ Ridge. While studying the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, scientists noticed two surprising trends.

crack rift

In the late 1950s, geologist Harry Hess proposed that the valley at the center of a mid-ocean ridge was a ________________, or ______________, in Earth's crust.

North America Eurasia

Laurasia drifted northward, rotated, and broke up to form ____________________ and ___________________.

surface less

Magma rises to the ______________ and cools to form the warm, light rock that sits higher than the surrounding sea floor because it is ___________ dense.

nickel iron

The center of Earth is a sphere composed mainly of ________________ and _____________________.

scrape earthquakes

Plate edges at a transform boundary ________________ against each other in a series of sudden spurts of motions that are felt as ____________________________.

mountain trenches

Plates are often bordered by major surface features, such as ______________ ranges or deep ________________ in the oceans.

identify earthquakes

Scientists _____________ plate boundaries primarily by studying data from ___________________.

250 new supercontinent

Scientists predict that in ______________ million years, the continents will come together again to form a __________________________

supercontinents

Scientists think that, at several times in the past, the continents were arranged into large landmasses called ______________________.

size shape millions

Slow movements of tectonic plates change the ______________ and __________ of the continents over _______________ of years.

present

Slowly, the continents moved into their ___________ positions

middle edges within

Tectonic plate boundaries may be in the _______________ of the ocean floor, around the ______________ of continents, or even ________________ continents.

oceans

Tectonic plate motion also caused new ___________ to open up and caused others to close

death

The evidence that Wegener needed to support his hypothesis was discovered nearly two decades after his ________________

continental 1912

The hypothesis of ____________________ drift was first proposed by German scientist *Alfred Wegener* in ______________.

blocks

The lithosphere forms the thin outer shell of Earth and is broken into several ________________, or tectonic plates.

volcanoes

The locations of _______________ can also help identify the locations of plate boundaries

convection

The movement of tectonic plates is part of the mantle ________________ system

solid inner

The outer core surrounds the _____________ ______________ core.

subduction zone

The region along this plate boundary is called a ______________________

thinner farther

The sediment that covers the sea floor is ___________ closer to a ridge than it is _________________ from the ridge

rift valley

a narrow valley that forms where the plates separate is a _______________________

subducts scraped accretion

When a tectonic plate carrying a terrane __________ under a place made of continental crust, the terrane is ___________________ off of the subducting plate and becomes part of the continent. The process in which a terrane becomes part of a continent is called _________________.

collides subducts less

When oceanic lithosphere ________________ with continental lithosphere, the denser oceanic lithosphere _________________, or sinks under the ________________ dense continental lithosphere.

rifting continental oceanic

____________________ - the process by which Earth's crust breaks apart; can occur within _________________ crust or ______________ crust.

lithosphere

_____________________- the solid, outer layer of the earth that consists of the crust and the rigid upper part of the mantle

divergent boundary

_______________________ - The boundary between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other

terrane geologic continent

_______________________ - a piece of lithosphere that has a unique _________________ history and that may be part of a larger piece of lithosphere, such as a ____________________.

terrane

_______________________ - a piece of lithosphere that has a unique geologic history and that may be part of a larger piece of lithosphere, such as a continent

asthenosphere

_______________________ -The solid, plastic layer of the mantle beneath the lithosphere; made of mantle rock that flows very slowly, which allows tectonic plates to move on top of it

plate tectonics

________________________ - The theory that explains how large pieces of the lithosphere, called plates, move and change shape.

continental drift

_________________________ - the hypothesis that a single large landmass broke up into smaller landmasses to form the continents, which then drifted to their present locations; the movement of continents

rifting

_________________________- The process by which earths crust breaks apart

convergent boundary

__________________________ - the boundary between tectonic plates that are colliding

pangaea

__________________________ - the supercontinent that formed 300 million years ago and that began to break up 200 million years ago

supercontinent cycle

___________________________ - the process by which supercontinents form and break apart over millions of years

panthalassa

____________________________- the single, large ocean that covered Earth's surface during the time the supercontinent Pangaea existed

mid ocean ridge

_____________________________ - a long, undersea mountain chain that has a steep, narrow valley at its center, that forms as magma rises from the asthenosphere, and that creates new oceanic lithosphere (sea floor) as tectonic plates move apart

transform boundary

______________________________ - The boundary between tectonic plates that are sliding past each other horizontally

lithosphere crust mantle

__________________________________ - the solid, outer layer of Earth that consists of the _______________ and the rigid upper part of the _____________________

sea floor spreading

the process by which new oceanic lithosphere forms as magma rises to Earth's surface at mid ocean ridges and solidifies, as older, existing sea floor moves away from the ridge