A&P 139 Final Study Guide
An autocrine secretion affects cells far away. True False
False
Epinephrine causes the liver to uptake glucose from the bloodstream during the fight-or-flight response. True False
False
The common definition of menopause is when a woman has stopped having monthly menstrual cycles for 2 years and is not pregnant. True False
False
The muscularis of the GI tract contains two layers of smooth muscles: the outer circular layer and the inner longitudinal layer. True False
False
The thalamus controls secretion of pituitary hormones. True False
False
Sperm require seminal fluid in order to survive in the acidic environment of the vagina. True False
True
GI tract layers
1. Mucosa-epithelium lining, lamina propria connective tissue, muscularis mucosa smooth muscle 2. Submucosa-irregular connective tissue, glands, rich supply of blood, lymph, and nerves 3. Muscularis- smooth muscle inner layer circular outer longitudinal 4. Serosa- visceral peritoneum
How many deciduous teeth are there?
20
GI tract
30 feet long, mouth-pharynx-esophagus-stomach-small intestines-large intestines-anus accessory organs- tongue, teeth, gall bladder, liver, and pancreas
How many permanent teeth are there?
32
Hypersecretion of growth hormone can lead to a condition called _________, while hyposecretion can lead to a disorder called ___________. A)gigantism; pituitary dwarfism B)pituitary dwarfism; acromegaly C)chronic hyperglycemia; gigantism D)acromegaly; gigantism
A
Secretion of insulin causes A) a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose. B) a decrease in the permeability of cell membranes to glucose. C) an increase in the breakdown of glycogen to release glucose. D) an increase in the concentration of blood glucose.
A
The enzyme phosphorylase catalyzes the conversion of A) glycogen into glucose-6-phosphate. B) glycogen into glucose. C) glucose into glycogen. D) glucose into glucose-6-phosphate. E) glucose-6-phosphate into glycogen.
A
The second messenger cAMP is synthesized by the enzyme A) adenylyl cyclase. B) cAMP phosphodiesterase. C) ATPase. D) ligase. E) phosphorylase.
A
The secretory units that produce milk in the lactating female are termed A) alveoli. B) lobules. C) lactiferous ducts. D) lactiferous sinuses.
A
Up-regulation of a target cell can occur in response to A) prolonged decrease in the level of a hormone. B) prolonged increase in the level of a hormone. C) signals from antagonistic hormone products. D) signals from the posterior pituitary. None of these choices is correct.
A
What is the name of the endocrine mode of reflex stimulation that releases hormone(s) due to direct stimulation from changing levels of nutrients or ions in the blood? A) Hormonal stimulation B) Paracrine stimulation C) Humoral stimulation D)Nervous stimulation
C
Which of the following is found in the cortex of the ovary? A) The endometrium B) The ovulated oocytes C) The ovarian follicles D) The tunica albuginea
C
Match the duct of the male reproductive system with its function.
Combines fluids from seminal vesicles and prostate Ejaculatory duct Passage from epididymis to inside body Ductus deferens Stores sperm Epididymis Transports semen to outside body Urethra
A crossover in meiosis is an exchange of genetic material between A) sister chromatids of the same chromosome. B) sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes. C) sister chromatids of non-homologous chromosomes. D) non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes. E) non-sister chromatids of non-homologous chromosomes.
D
The amount of time necessary to reduce the hormone concentration within the blood to one-half of what had been secreted originally is called A) semi-life. B) lifetime. C) terminal-life. D) half-life.
D
The binding of epinephrine to its receptor activates ________, which in turn activates ________. A) protein kinase A; G protein B) protein kinase A; adenylyl cyclase C) adenylyl cyclase; G-protein D) G-protein; adenylyl cyclase E) G-protein; protein kinase A
D
The internal organs of the female reproductive system include the A) ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and ureters. B) ovaries, urethra, uterine tubes, and vagina. C) ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and labia. D) ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina.
D
Epinephrine has to cross the cell membrane to bind to its receptor in the cytoplasm. True False
False
Hormonal stimulation causes the release of hormones by direct stimulation from the nervous system. True False
False
Lipid-soluble hormones are those such as insulin, glucagon, ADH, and oxytocin. True False
False
Lipid-soluble hormones, which bind to nuclear receptors, produce a faster response than water-soluble hormones that stimulate secondary messengers. True False
False
Male penile erection involves a sympathetic response, release of nitric oxide (NO) from penile vessels, with an orgasm and ejaculation involving a parasympathetic response. True False
False
Water-soluble hormones do not readily dissolve within the aqueous environment of the blood and require carrier proteins to be transported in the blood. True False
False
Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding the regulation of thyroid hormone secretion from the thyroid.
1. TRH and TSH function together to decrease the production of T3 and T4. false 2. TRH stimulates the secretion of TSH from the anterior pituitary. true 3. TSH stimulates the secretion of T3 and T4 from the thyroid gland. true 4. Increased blood levels of T3 and T4 inhibit TRH and TSH secretion. true
What is saliva?
A mixture of water, mucus, and salivary amylase
An inadequate secretion of thyroid hormones results in ___________, which is characterized by weight gain and lethargy, while an excess of thyroid hormone secretion results in ____________, which is characterized by weight loss and rapid pulse. A)hyperthyroidism; hypothyroidism B)hypothyroidism; hyperthyroidism
B
Antidiuretic hormone (known as ADH or vasopressin) A) acts on the hypothalamus to decrease appetite. B) increases water retention from renal tubules. C) causes vasodilation. D) causes smooth muscle contraction in the female reproductive tract. *ADH acts on the kidneys to increase water retention from renal tubules; it also acts to constrict blood vessels.
B
Down-regulation of a target cell can occur in response to A) prolonged decrease in the level of a hormone. B) prolonged increase in the level of a hormone. C) signals from antagonistic hormone products. D) signals from the posterior pituitary.
B
How many sperm are produced in the testes each day? A) 60,000 B) 60 million C) 600,000 D) 6,000
B
Each ovary is attached to the uterus by the __________ ligament and is held in place by the ______________ ligament. A) ovarian; falciform B) suspensory; ovarian C) ovarian; suspensory D) suspensory; uterine
C
Epinephrine binds to A) alpha-adrenergic receptors on the cell membrane of liver cells. B) alpha-adrenergic receptors in the cytoplasm of liver cells. C) beta-adrenergic receptors on the cell membrane of liver cells. D) beta-adrenergic receptors in the cytoplasm of liver cells. E) beta-adrenergic receptors in the nucleus of liver cells.
C
The binding of epinephrine to its receptor activates a(n) A) A protein. B) D protein. C) G protein. D) K protein. E)M protein.
C
The hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system connects the hypothalamus to the A) cerebral cortex. B) neurohypophysis. C) adenohypophysis. D) thalamus.
C
The segment of the uterine tube in which fertilization typically takes places is the A) uterine part. B) isthmus. C) ampulla. D) infundibulum.
C
Tropic hormones A)only function in the tropics. B)function in only one sex. C)stimulate certain endocrine glands to secrete hormones. D)block the actions of hormones that endocrine glands secrete. E)function only under certain environmental conditions.
C
Match the male accessory gland with its secretions.
Citric acid, seminal plasmin, PSA Prostate glands Mucin for lubrication Bulbourethral glands Fructose, prostaglandins, bicarbonate Seminal vesicles
Match the male and female organs with their common function.
Covering and protection Labia majora and scrotum Secrete lubricant Vestibular and bulbourethral glands Stimulate sexual arousal Clitoris and glans of penis
Homeostatic mechanisms controlling growth hormone involve negative feedback by GH and what other hormone? A)GnRH B)CRH C)ACTH D)GHIH
D
A tetrad is made up of A) four non-homologous chromosomes. B) four non-homologous chromatids. C) four homologous pairs of chromosomes. D) two homologous pairs of chromosomes. E) two homologous chromosomes, each consisting of two chromatids.
E
Which of the following statements about crossing over is true? A) It occurs only in males. B) It occurs only in some chromosomes. C) It occurs only between genes that are heterozygous. D) It results in reduced genetic variation among gametes. E) None of the choices are correct.
E
What is the material that covers teeth, hardest material in the body?
Enamel
Check all of the hormones that are secreted by the gonads. () Oxytocin () Follicle-stimulating hormone () Estrogen () Progesterone () Testosterone
Estrogen Progesterone Testosterone
Put the events of thyroid hormone synthesis into the correct order.
Follicular cells secrete thyroglobulin (TGB) into the colloid. Iodine combines with TGB to produce thyroid hormone precursors. Thyroid hormone precursors are internalized into follicular cells. Thyroid hormone precursors travel to a lysosome.
Indicate all of the characteristics that pertain to the hormone melatonin. () Increased production during the day () Helps to regulate circadian rhythm () Low levels are linked with mood disorders () Excess secretion assists with puberty
Helps regulate circadian rhythm Low levels are linked with mood disorders
What is the thin vertical fold of the mucous membrane that attaches the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity?
Lingual frenulum
Select the correct word from the list to complete the sentences. Not all terms will be used.
Lipid-soluble hormones bind to nuclear receptors. Water-soluble hormones bind to membrane-bound receptors. Transcription of mRNA is the result of the binding of lipid- soluble hormones. Water-soluble hormones cannot pass through the cell membrane. An example of a hormone that binds to a nuclear receptor is thyroid hormone. One example of a hormone that binds to membrane-bound receptors is epinephrine.
Match the region of the uterus with its description.
Majority of uterus Body Narrow inferior portion Cervix Curved superior region Fundus
Put the following events in order regarding hypothalamic control of the hormone secretion from the posterior pituitary gland.
Nervous system stimuli cause the hypothalamic neurons to increase action potential frequency. Action potentials travel through axons from hypothalamic neurons through the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract. In the posterior pituitary, action potentials cause the release of neurohormones from axon terminals Neurohormones pass through the circulatory system and affect target tissues.
Spleen
Organ near the stomach that produces, stores, and eliminates blood cells membrane- visceral peritoneum
Match the microscopic structure of the ovary with its description.
Outer portion of ovary; contains follicles Cortex Inner portion of ovary; contains blood vessels Medulla Connective tissue capsule Tunica albuginea Cuboidal cells surrounding ovary Germinal epithelium
If you get the mumps what glands is infected?
Parotid salivary glands
Put the stages of follicle development into the correct order, beginning with the earliest structure that develops.
Primordial follicle Primary follicle Secondary follicle Mature follicle Corpus luteum Corpus albicans
Complete each sentence by dragging the proper word or phrase into the corresponding blank. Then place the completed sentences in the correct order of events. Not all terms will be used.
Referred to as the neurohypophysis, the posterior pituitary releases antidiuretic hormone into the bloodstream. Circulating through the body, antidiuretic hormone arrives at the target cells of the kidney. Causing an increased reabsorption of water from the kidney nephron, blood volume is maintained.
What type of muscle composes the tongue?
Skeletal muscle
Esophagus
Stratified squamous epithelium, muscularis layer- skeletal and also smooth muscle
Where the esophagus passes through the diaphragm
esophageal hiatus
Complete the sentences below to describe the human life cycle. Not all terms will be used.
There are two types of cell division in the human life cycle. Meiosis produces gametes with reduced chromosome number of 23. Mitosis produces body cells with a normal chromosome number of 46. A fertilized egg produces a(n) zygote, the combination of sperm and egg cells producing a normal chromosome number. Because of the result of each type of division, mitosis is known as a duplication division, while meiosis is known as a reduction division.
Check all that are normal functions of the uterine tubes. () Site for implantation of the pre-embryo () Transport the oocyte to the uterus () Site for fertilization () Provide nourishment to the developing embryo
Transport the oocyte to the uterus Site for fertilization
Crossing over allows the re-assortment of linked genes. True False
True
Crossing over occurs during prophase I of meiosis. True False
True
Complete each of the following statements by dragging the word or phrase into the proper position. Not all terms will be used.
Unlike male secretions that must transport and deliver sperm, secretions of the female reproductive system mostly serve to lubricate the reproductive organs involved with intercourse. The mucosae located on the wall of the vagina produce the majority of female reproductive fluids. The greater vestibular glands are similar to the bulbourethral glands of the male and deposit fluids onto the vestibule and the labia minora. Additional lesser vestibular glands are located more anteriorly and secrete fluids onto the vestibule near the clitoris.
What structure at the posterior surface of the soft palate moves upward to close off the nasopharynx from the oropharynx, preventing ingested substances from entering the nasal cavities?
Uvula
large intestine function
absorbs water, electrolytes Na and Cl, and vitamins
Water-soluble hormones bind to plasma membrane receptors, which initiate a signal transduction pathway with which of the following processes? Check all that apply. () First messenger hormone docking with plasma receptor () Activated protein kinase enzymes () Second messenger pathways including G proteins and phospholipase C () Second messenger pathways including G proteins and adenylate cyclase
all of them
What are the phases of the male sexual response? Check all that apply. () Refractory period () Excitement phase () Resolution phase () Orgasm
all of them
The bulk of the tooth is made of hard, bone like material called?
dentin
Route bile through the ductwork?
liver-common hepatic duct-cystic duct-gall bladder-cystic duct-common bile duct-hepatopancreatic duct-hepatopancreatic ampulla with hepatopancreatic sphincter-duodenum
Liver
produces bile
What are the four shapes of the teeth and the number of each per quadrant?
1. incisors;2 2. canines;1 3. premolars;2 4. molars;3
stomach
A muscular and elastic sac that serves mainly to store food, break it up mechanically, and begin chemical digestion of proteins and fat. Also makes intrinsic factor epithelium- simple columnar
Select the correct word from the list to complete each sentence. Not all terms will be used.
A receptor site on a cell exhibits specificity, meaning it allows only certain hormones to bind. Decreasing the number of receptor sites on a target cell results in desensitization. A hormone can only stimulate a cell that has receptors for that hormone. Due to a target cell's affinity for a specific hormone, a small concentration of hormones is needed to achieve the desired result. Target cells can increase their sensitivity to a hormone through up-regulation.
Select all that are erectile bodies of the penis. A) Corpora cavernosa B) Corpus spongiosum C) Crura of the penis D) Root of the penis
A,B
Pancreas
An organs in the abdominal cavity with two roles. The first is an exocrine role: to produce digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, which are delivered to the small intestine via the pancreatic duct. The second is an endocrine role: to secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to help regulate blood glucose levels.
Hormones from the hypothalamus control hormone secretion from what part of the pituitary and by what hormones from the hypothalamus? Check all that apply. ()Anterior pituitary ()Posterior pituitary ()Releasing hormones (RHs) ()Inhibiting hormones (IHs)
Anterior pituitary RHs IHs
Ovulation involves the release of the _____________ from a vesicular follicle. A) primary oocyte B) secondary oocyte C) primary follicle D) secondary follicle
B
The hypothalamus is sometimes referred to as the "master control center" of the endocrine system because it A) is the seat of conscious control of the endocrine system. B) regulates most endocrine functions of the body. C) physically links all endocrine organs of the body. D) integrates the function of all systems of the body.
B
The pituitary gland is located in the A) cavernous sinus. B) hypophyseal fossa. C) nasal cavity. D) tentorial incisure.
B
Which cells produce testosterone? A) Spermatogonia B) Interstitial cells C) Sustentacular cells D) Spermatids
B
Which duct(s) of the male reproductive system pass(es) through the prostate gland? A) Duct of seminal vesicle B) Ejaculatory ducts C) Vas deferens D) Efferent ductules
B
Which of the following is an accessory reproductive gland in the male? A) Testis B) Prostate C) Penis D) Epididymis
B
__________ hormones are not attached to a carrier protein and are able to exit the blood and bind to cellular receptors. A) Bound B) Unbound (free) C) Eicosanoid D) Autocrine
B
_____________ hormones bind to nuclear receptors, usually found in the nucleus; _____________ hormones bind to membrane-bound receptors. A) Water-soluble; lipid-soluble B) Lipid-soluble; water-soluble C) Water-soluble; water-soluble D) Lipid-soluble; lipid-soluble
B
The conversion of ATP into cAMP is catalyzed by the enzyme adenylyl cyclase. True False
True
The process that influences hormone concentration by the rate of synthesis and release is called hormone synthesis. True False
True
The uterus serves as the site of implantation for the embryo, supports the developing embryo, and contracts during birth to expel the fetus. True False
True
large intestine epithelial lining
simple columnar epithelium switches to stratified squamous
Gall bladder
stores bile
Mouth
stratified squamous epithelium