A&P 2 Chapter 13 Learnsmart

What are ways that hormone levels are controlled?

- A gland secretes hormones when it detects that hormone levels are low - The hypothalamus stimulates glands to secrete a hormone

Match the hormones of the adrenal cortex with the factors regulating their secretion

- Aldosterone: Electrolyte concentrations in body fluids - Cortisol: Corticotropin-releasing hormone from hypothalamus and adrenocorticotropic hormone from anterior pituitary

Which hormones are synthesized from amino acids?

- Amine hormones - Protein hormones - Peptide hormones

What hormones are produced by the thyroid gland?

- Calcitonin - Triiodothyronine (T3) - Thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine (T4)

Match the hormone with its effect

- Calcitonin: lowers blood calcium levels - Parathyroid hormone: raises blood calcium levels

There are more than one type of second messenger. What are examples of compounds that serve as second messengers?

- DAG - cAMP - IP3

What are some examples of glycoprotein hormones?

- Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - Luteinizing Hormone (LH) - Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Match the description with the two major cell types in the thyroid gland

- Follicular cells: Synthesize two hormones and their hormone(s) affect metabolic rates in other cells - Extrafollicular cells: Synthesize one hormone and their hormone(s) affect calcium blood concentration

What are the different features of signal transduction?

- It involves second messengers (biochemicals in the cell that induce changes in response to the hormone's binding) - It involves a first messenger (i.e. a hormone that triggers a cascade of biochemical activity) - It involves binding of a hormone to its receptors on a target cell

What hormones utilize cAMP to produce cellular responses?

- Norepinephrine - Antidiuretic hormone - Calcitonin

The target cells of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone are in what organ(s)?

- Ovaries - Testes

What are examples of peptide hormones?

- Oxytocin (OT) - Somatostatin (SS)

What are some examples of peptide hormones?

- Oxytocin (OT) - Somatostatin (SS)

Match each receptor with the situation in which it would have a role

- Receptor in nucleus: Formation of secondary sex characteristics - Membrane-bound receptor: Running a sprint

What are examples of steroid hormones?

- Sex hormones - Cortisol - Aldosterone - Testosterone - Estrogen

Match the following types of hormones with their composition and examples

- Steroid hormones: formed from cholesterol. They include: estrogen, testosterone, aldosterone, cortisol. - Amine hormones: Formed from amino acids. They include: norepinephrine, epinephrine. - Peptide hormones: Formed from amino acids. They include: antidiuretic hormone, oxytocin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone. - Protein hormones: Formed from amino acids. They include: parathyroid hormone, growth hormone, prolactin. - Glycoprotein hormones: Formed from protein and carbohydrate. They include follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone.

What are some characteristics of lipid-soluble hormones?

- They include steroid hormones - They can diffuse into cells easily

What compounds are classified as nonsteroid hormones?

- glycoproteins - amines

What are some examples of protein hormones?

- growth hormone (GH) - parathyroid hormone

What would cause an increased release of ADH from the pituitary gland?

- increase osmotic pressure in the blood - decrease water intake - decrease blood volume

What are cellular responses to second messenger activation?

- increased membrane permeability - inhibition of metabolic pathways

What are effects of growth hormone?

- increases protein synthesis - stimulates cells to enlarge - stimulates cell division

What are characteristics of the pituitary gland?

- it is located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone - it is connected to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum

What are the effects of insulin?

- it promotes movement of glucose into certain cells - it stimulates formation of glycogen from glucose

What mechanisms are triggered when blood glucose is low (for example between meals)?

- pancreatic alpha cells secrete glucagon - increased conversion of glycogen to glucose

What are some effects of glucagon?

- raises blood glucose levels - stimulates the conversion of noncarbohydrates (e.g. amino acids) into glucose - stimulates the liver to break down glycogen

Which are functions of oxytocin?

- stimulates mammary glands to release milk - stimulates uterine muscles to contract

What are characteristics of epinephrine and norepinephrine?

- they are amines - they are derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine

What are the two effects of antidiuretic hormone, or ADH?

- water retention - vasoconstriction

The hypothalamus secretes stimulating or inhibiting hormones that control the release of hormones from the ______ lobe of the _____ gland.

1. Anterior 2. Pituitary

ACTH, FSH, GH, LH, PRL, TSH are produced by the _______ lobe of the pituitary gland, while ADH and oxytocin (OT) are released from the ________ lobe of the pituitary gland.

1. Anterior 2. Posterior

ADH is a(n) ______ that targets the ______, conserving water

1. Antidiuretic 2. Kidneys

The two hormones that are made by the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary are ______ hormone and _____

1. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 2. Oxytocin (OT)

The conversion of cholesterol to the active form of vitamin D requires several steps. Place the sequence of events in the metabolism of vitamin D in the proper order

1. Cholesterol is converted into provitamin D in the intestine 2. Provitamin D is converted into cholecalciferol in the skin 3. Cholecalciferol becomes hydrocholecalciferol in the liver 4. Hydrocholecalciferol becomes active form of vitamin D in the kidney 5. Active form of vitamin D promotes intestinal calcium absorption

The pancreas works as an ______ gland that secretes digestive juices into the pancreatic duct and as an ______ gland that releases hormones into blood

1. Exocrine 2. Endocrine

Place in the order of sequences of events that occur as a steroid hormones interact with target cells

1. Hormones cross the cell membrane 2. Hormones combine with receptor s 3. Hormone-receptor complexes activate transcription of mRNA 4. In the cytoplasm, mRNA molecules guide synthesis of proteins.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OT) are synthesized in the ______. Nerve impulses cause their release from the ______ (where they are stored) into the bloodstream

1. Hypothalamus 2. Posterior pituitary

Secretion of growth hormone is ______ by somatostatin (GHIH) and _________ GHRH from the hypothalamus

1. Inhibiting 2. Stimulated Note: recall the 'I' in GHIH mean inhibiting and the 'R' in GHRH means releasing

The result of a hormone binding to a ______ receptor results in an immediate response, while the binding of a hormone to a ______ receptor results in responses that are more long-term

1. Membrane-bound 2. Nuclear

Place in order the sequence of events initiated by some nonsteroid hormones

1. The hormone binds to a receptor 2. G protein is activated and activates adenylate cyclase 3. Adenylate cyclase converts ATP into cyclic AMP 4. cAMP activates proteins kinases 5. Protein kinases phosphorylate substrates 6. Substrates change cellular processes

Hormones are classified into two categories based on their chemical composition, _______ hormones and ______ hormones

1. steroid 2. nonsteroid

Insulin, a nonsteroid hormone, binds with a cell membrane receptor causing activation of proteins inside the cell. What would you consider insulin to be in this example?

A first messenger

How is adrenocorticotropic hormone abbreviated?

ACTH

After a nonsteroid hormone binds to a receptor in the plasma membrane, it activates a G protein, which activates an enzyme that converts ATP into cyclic AMP. What is the name of this enzyme?

Adenylate cyclase

Kari has been experiencing tremendous stress at work lately. It is likely that she will have elevated levels of hormones from her ______ glands in her bloodstream.

Adrenal

Steroids such as aldosterone, cortisol and certain sex hormones are produced by what gland?

Adrenal cortex

What gland produces cortisol and aldosterone?

Adrenal cortex

The adrenal cortex is the target organ of _____

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

What hormone causes the kidneys to conserve sodium ions and water, and to excrete potassium ions.

Aldosterone

Which adrenal cortical hormone(s) have various developmental and reproductive functions?

Androgens

Growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and others are secreted by what gland?

Anterior pituitary

Where is prolactin produced?

Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

How are steroid hormones transported to their target cells?

Bound to plasma proteins

What are steroid hormones derived from?

Cholesterol

What hormone helps control glucose levels by stimulating the use of noncarbohydrate sources to synthesize glucose and increasing the utilization of fatty acids as an energy source?

Cortisol

What is an example of a second messenger?

Diacylglycerol (DAG)

The general term for any substance that increases urine production is _______

Diuretic

What is the term for a decrease in the number of receptors on a target cell, potentially due to a prolonged increase in the level of a hormone?

Downregulation

What hormones are secreted by chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla?

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

A G protein acts as a link between what two chemicals?

First and second messenger

Often, nonsteroid hormones activate a second messenger systems in target cells. In these cases, what is the nonsteroid hormone considered?

First messenger

What hormone functions to stimulate estrogen secretion in the ovary and sperm production in the testes?

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

What is the correct order of activation in a second messenger system using cAMP?

G protein; adenylate cyclase; cAMP; protein kinase

A cellular response to a nonsteroid hormone operating through a second messenger is _______ amplified

Greatly

Chemicals called _______ exert their effects by altering metabolic processes. They may change the activity of an enzyme or alter the rate at which chemicals are transported through cell membranes.

Hormones

Two hormones from the ________ control the secretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland

Hypothalamus

Where are the receptors for steroid and thyroid hormones usually found?

In the nucleus

As blood calcium concentration drops, PTH levels ______

Increase

What hormone promotes the movement of glucose into cells and stimulates the formation of glycogen from glucose?

Insulin

What is a function of luteinizing hormone?

It stimulates the secretion of sex hormones in both sexes

The adrenal glands are located atop each ______

Kidney

The ______ gland is the target organ of prolactin (PRL)

Mammary

Most hormones are regulated by ______ feedback mechanisms.

Negative

When receptors sense an increase in the concentration of a hormone, signals are sent to decrease the production of that hormone. This is called a _______ feedback mechanism.

Negative

Parathyroid hormone is secreted by the _____ gland

Parathyroid

The gland(s) located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland is the ______ gland

Parathyroid

What do kinases attach to enzymes?

Phosphates

What inactivates cAMP, thus stopping the cellular response to the second messenger?

Phosphodiesterase

The gland that is made up of an anterior and posterior lobe is the ______ gland

Pituitary

An arrangement of two capillary beds in a series allow for blood to travel from one organ to another without going through the heart first. What is this called?

Portal system

What structure secretes hormone but is actually composed largely of nervous tissue?

Posterior lobe of the pituitary

Which of the following is actually nervous tissue, containing axons?

Posterior pituitary

Mammary glands produce milk in response to stimulation by the hormone

Prolactin

What locally-acting chemicals are derived from arachidonic acid?

Prostaglandins

In order for a hormone to act on a target cell, it must bind to a specific

Receptor

Cyclic AMP (cAMP) molecules are _____ messengers that may be activated by nonsteroid hormones

Second

When activated by a hormone, some target cells produce _______ which then induce the effects of the hormone stimulation within the cell

Second messengers

What is the relationship between steroid hormones and cell membrane?

Steroid hormones can diffuse easily through the cell membrane

The hormone sensitivity of a target cell is determined by what factor?

The presence and number of appropriate receptors

What large-lobed endocrine gland is associated with the larynx in the neck?

Thyroid gland

The thyroid gland is the target organ of which hormone?

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

True or false: Hormones are released into the extracellular space surrounding endocrine cells and then diffuse into the bloodstream

True

After a long period of lower than normal hormone concentrations, the target cells might respond by ______ of the receptors

Upregulating

An increase in the number of receptors on a target cell, often in response to a prolonged decrease in the level of a hormone, is called ______

Upregulation

Lipids consisting of complex rings of carbon and hydrogen atoms are ______ hormones

steroid