A&P Chapter 11: The Blood
before the red bone marrow takes over completely, two other fetal organs contribute to RBC production. These are the ___________ and the ___________
liver and spleen
hypoxemia
low blood oxygen level
hypoxia
low oxygen in tissues
thrombocytopenia
low platelet count
agranular leukocytes
lymphocytes and monocytes
when these immature RBC's are present in large numbers in circulating blood, it means that there are not enough __________ to transport sufficient ____________ throughout the body.
mature RBC's, oxygen
ABO and Rh
most important RBC types
bacteria in a person's colon
most of a person's vitamin K supply is produced by what
granular leukocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
In RBC formation, the last stage with a nucleus is called a _________
normoblast
two types of substances that are transported in dissolved form in the plasma
nutrients and waste products
protein and iron
nutrients needed for RBC formation which will become part of the hemoglobin molecule
transportation
nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones
Red bone marrow
primary hemopoietic tissue after birth, found in flat and irregular bones
chemical clotting
process to stop bleeding; involves chemical s
Function of white blood cells
protect body from infection; provides immunity to certain infectious diseases
stage 2 blood clotting
prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin
rbc's pick up oxygen when they circulate through the __________capillaries (in the___________), and this hemoglobin is now called _________________.
pulmonary, lungs, oxyhemoglobin
4.5 million to 6.0 million
range of normal RBC count
38 to 48 %
range of normal hematocrit
12-18 g/100mL
range of normal hemoglobin level
serotonin
released by platelets or to the damage caused when a vessel ruptures and causes smooth muscle tissue to contract and stop bleeding
antithrombin
released by the liver so the body does not form blood clots inside the blood vessel
lymphatic tissue is found in lymphatic organs such as the ________,________, and _______
spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus
platelets, damaged tissues
stage 1 of clotting involves chemical factors released by ____________ and other chemicals from_______________.
chemical blood clotting
stimulus is a rough surface within a vessel or a break in a vessel that also creates a rough surface
Globulins (antibodies)
synthesized by lymphocytes or by the liver, includes antibodies, includes carrier molecules for fats in the blood
clotting factors
synthesized only by the liver, helps prevent blood loss when blood vessels rupture, include fibrinogen and prothrombin
RBC's release oxygen in ______________ capillaries, and their hemoglobin is then called ____________________
systemic, reduced hemoglobin
jaundice
the blood level of bilirubin rises, perhaps because of liver disease. the whites of the eyes may appear yellow.
liver and blood plasma
the clotting factors such as prothrombin and fibrinogen are synthesized by the ______________ and circulate in the until activated in the _____________ clotting mechanism
vitamin B12
the function of intrinsic factor is to prevent the digestion of _____________ and promote it's absorption in the small intestine.
amino acids, protein synthesis
the globin portion of the hemoglobin is digested to ____________ which may be used in the process of _______________.
bilirubin
the heme portion of the hemoglobin of old RBC's that is converted by RE cells
lining of the stomach
the intrinsic factor is produced by
liver, hemoglobin
the iron from old RBC's may be stored in the ___________ or transported to the red bone marrow for the synthesis of new _____________.
vascular spasms
the mechanism of hemostasis necessary in large vessels that are ruptured or cut.
calcium
the mineral necessary for chemical clotting. stored in Bones
Neutrophils
the most abundant phagocytes
albumin
the most abundant plasma protein, pulls tissue fluid into capillaries to maintain blood volume, synthesized only by the liver
Macrophages
the most efficient phagocytic cell
kidneys, free hemoglobin
the most serious effects of such a transfusion reaction occur in the ______________(organ) when the capillaries they're become clogged by____________ from the ruptured rbc's
platelet plugs
the only effective mechanism of hemostasis for rupture of capillaries
iron
the oxygen-carrying mineral in hemoglobin
hemoglobin
the oxygen-carrying protein in rbc's
stem cell
the precursor cell for blood cells in the red bone marrow. constantly undergo the process of mitosis to produce new cells
prothrombin activator
the result of stage 1 blood clotting
Reticulocyte
the stage in which fragments of the ER are present
embolism
the term for a clot that dislodges and travels to another vessel.
vascular spasm, platelet plugs, and chemical clotting
the three mechanisms of hemostasis
Vitamin K
the vitamin necessary for prothrombin synthesis or blood clotting
stage 3 blood clotting
thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin
smooth muscle
tissue in arteries and veins that permit them to constrict
hemopoietic tissue
tissues that produce blood
the normal purpose of HLA
to provide a comparison for the immune system to be able to recognize foreign antigens
granular and agranular
two groups of white blood cells
nuclei
what do wbc's have that rbc's do not have when the cells are mature?
if an Rh negative person receives or is exposed to Rh positive blood.
when would The antibodies be formed?
liver, spleen, and red bone marrow
where Macrophages (RE cells) that phagocytose old RBC's are found
red bone marrow
where are thrombocytes formed
feces
where bilirubin is eliminated
lymphocytes
white blood cells produced in lymphatic tissues buy stem cells
in the embryo, rbc's are first produced by an external membrane called the __________
yolk sac
bicarbonate ions in chemical form
HCO3-
clot retraction
Kohl's the edges of the break in the vessel together which makes repair of the area
Megakaryocytes
Large cells that develop into platelets
Thrombocytes
Platelets
name the types of cells formed in red bone marrow
RBC's, WBC's, platelets
Hemostasis
The stoppage of bleeding
General functions of the blood
Transportation, regulation, protection
red blood cells
also called erythrocytes and are formed in red bone marrow
thrombus
an abnormal clot in an intact vessel
heparin
an anticoagulant produced by basophils
Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)
antigens found on wbc's that represent the antigens found on all the cells of an individual
when hypoxia occurs, the kidneys produce a hormone called ______________, which stimulates the red bone marrow to increase the rate of ________________.
erythropoietin, RBC production
vitamin B12
extrinsic factor needed for the synthesis of DNA by the stem cells in the red bone marrow
regulation
fluid and electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, body temperature
T lymphocytes
help recognize foreign antigens
Thrombopoietin
hormone from liver stimulates platelet formation
Viscosity of blood
how thick blood is which is dependent on size, weight and gender
Rh positive
if someone has the Rh factor antigen on RBC's, they are
band cells
immature neutrophils
120 days
life span of RBC's
simple squamous epithelium
lines blood vessels. is very smooth, and repels platelets
normal range of neutrophils
55-70%
the normal PH range of blood is _____ and is slightly ______________
7.35 to 7.45, alkaline
the percentage of water in blood plasma
91%
Leukocytosis
Abnormally high WBC count, often indicates infection
Leukopenia
Abnormally low white blood cell count. caused by radiation exposure, or exposure to certain chemicals or antibiotics.
No
Are anti-Rh antibodies naturally present in the plasma of a person who is This negative?
fibrin
blood clot itself is made of this protein which forms a mesh over the break in the vessel
protection
blood clotting, destroys pathogens
basophils
0.5-1% of all WBCs
eosinophils
1-3%
normal platelet count
150,000-300,000
normal range of lymphocytes
20-35%
monocytes
3-8%
the blood cells make up ______% to ______ % of the total blood
38 to 48
A, B, AB, and O
4 blood types in ABO group
the amount of blood within the body berries with the size of the person. This amount is in the range of ____________ liters.
4-6
the range of a normal WBC count
5,000-10,000
the blood plasma makes up this percentage of the total blood
52 - 62
Leukocytes
White blood cells
what major cellular structure do mature rbc's lack?
a nucleus
Rh negative
a person who does not have Rh factor antigen on the RBC's
monocytes
become macrophages to phagocytize pathogens or damaged tissue
B lymphocytes
become plasma cells that produce antibodies
carbon dioxide is carried in the plasma in the form of
bicarbonate ions
RBC appearance
biconcave disks or thinner in the middle than at the edge
liver, bile
bilirubin is removed from circulation by the ____________ and excreted into _______.
the presence of ________ and _______ make blood more viscous than water
blood cells , plasma proteins
basophils
contain Heparin to prevent abnormal blood clotting. Contain histamine which contributes to inflammation
hemolysis
destruction of red blood cells
Eosinophils
detoxify foreign proteins. Important in allergic reactions and parasitic infections
fibrinolysis
dissolution of a clot
the water of plasma is a solvent, which means that substances May ___________ in this water and be transported.
dissolve