A&P Homework final

Your patient doesn't understand why it takes so long for his anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear to heal. What would be your best explanation to him?

"Ligaments like the ACL don't have a good blood supply and therefore take much longer to heal than tissues or glands with more blood vessels."

How many vertebrae comprise the thoracic region of the spine?

12

How many lumbar vertebrae are there in a typical adult skeleton?

5

How is hyaline cartilage different from elastic cartilage or fibrocartilage?

Fibers are not normally visible.

Individual vertebrae articulate with each other forming the vertebral column. Identify the part of a vertebra that articulates immediately with the vertebra below it.

Inferior articular processes

Why does your skin remain red after a bad sunburn?

Inflammation causes increased blood flow.

Several diseases are characterized by fibrosis, which occurs when fibroblasts produce an abnormal amount of connective tissue. Where would fibrosis most critically affect the function of epithelial tissue supported by lamina propria?

Lung

Using your hospital's information portal, your patient reviews the report from her recent biopsy, which includes a reference to "smooth muscle." She asks you if this means her muscles are abnormal. What is the best explanation is?

Smooth muscle tissue controls many involuntary functions. Unlike the muscles that control voluntary movement and the heart, it has no "stripes" or striations and so is "smooth."

Name the vertebral projection found in a median plane.

Spinous process

Which type of skin cancer appears as a scaly reddened papule and tends to grow rapidly and metastasize?

Squamous cell carcinoma

Which region of the vertebral column is located superior to the thoracic region and which region is inferior to the thoracic region, respectively?

Superiorly: cervical and inferiorly: lumbar

Which of the following thoracic vertebrae is the largest? -T5 -T7 -T12 -T1

T12

A 26-year-old model is concerned about a new scar on her abdomen. She tells her surgeon that there is practically no scar from the appendix operation done when she was 16, but this new scar from the gallbladder operation is "gross." Her appendectomy scar is small, obliquely located on the inferior abdominal surface, and very indistinct. By contrast, the vertical gallbladder scar is large and lumpy. Which of the following best explains why the scars are so different?

The appendectomy incision ran parallel to the "lines of cleavage," which are oriented at an oblique angle in the lower right quadrant. An incision made parallel to the lines of cleavage will gape less and heal more readily. The gallbladder incision cut across these lines, which run in the horizontal plane in the upper right quadrant.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of stratified squamous epithelia (SSE)?

The epidermis is a dry epithelium consisting of non-keratinized SSE.

what is the role of the hair follicle

The hair follicle serves as an anchor for the hair shaft.

A common belief is that having your hair cut makes it becomes thicker. Is this true? Which of the following best explains why this belief is, or is not, true.

This is not true. The exposed hair shaft is composed of dead keratinocytes. Damaging these dead cells will not affect growth at the matrix of the follicle.

Identify the articulation site for a tubercle of a rib.

Transverse costal facet

Which of the following is NOT a role of connective tissue?

absorption

Which of the following connective tissues is richly vascularized and consists of more cells than extracellular matrix?

adipose

The process of bones increasing in thickness is known as _

appositional growth

regenerates extremely well

areolar connective tissue

What is the name of the first cervical vertebra?

atlas

Identify the articulation site that allows us to rotate our head, e.g. shaking the head "no".

atlas-axis

What is the name of the second cervical vertebra?

axis

The central (Haversian) canal that runs through the core of each osteon is the site of _

blood vessels and nerve fibers

Identify the major weight bearing part of a vertebra.

body

What tissue has lacunae, calcium salts, and blood vessels?

bone (osseous tissue)

Which of the following hormones is currently thought to decrease plasma calcium levels in pregnant women and children?

calcitonin

PTH promotes the formation of which hormone?

calcitriol

Which hormone works directly in the intestine to increase plasma calcium levels?

calcitriol

small channels that radiate through the matrix of bone

canaliculi

Moves blood through the body

cardiac muscle

No functional regenerative capacity

cardiac muscle

What tissue forms the model for endochondrial ossification?

cartilage

prefix means cartilage

chondro

The mature cells that live in cartilage and maintain the matrix around them are

chondrocytes

The reason that intervertebral discs exhibit a large amount of tensile strength, which allows them to absorb shock, is because they possess

collagen fibers

not a function of the skeletal system and bone tissue?

communication

Which of the following are correctly matched? -linear fracture; the break is perpendicular to the bone's long axis -nondisplaced fracture; the fractured bone ends are misaligned -incomplete fracture; the bone is broken through -compound fracture; the fractured bone ends penetrate the skin

compound fracture; the fractured bone ends penetrate the skin

You observe a uniform tissue under a microscope. There is no lumen. The material looks densely packed, but you do not observe many nuclei. It appears that there are strands of fibers running in parallel directions. What type of tissue are you looking at?

connective tissue

Consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

cutaneous

Identify the articulation site for the head of a rib.

demi- facet

Why would a third-degree burn be less painful than a first- or second-degree burn involving the same body area?

destruction of underlying pain receptors

the lining of the marrow cavity

endosteum

Lines blood vessels and the heart.

endothelium

Which structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood?

epiphyseal plate

Which tissue type consists of a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity?

epithelial tissue

What tissue type has polarity and is avascular?

epithelium

Your friend broke a rib while playing in a pickup basketball game. Which of the following descriptions helps you understand precisely where he is experiencing pain?

extreme discomfort just lateral to the sternum on the left side

The lumbar vertebrae are roughly the same size as vertebrae from the rest of the vertebral column. true or false

false

prefix means fiber or fiibrous

fibro

The pubic symphysis connects the two hip bones anteriorly and provides a little movement during childbirth. Choose the most appropriate tissue for this structure that is subjected to both pressure and stretch.

fibrocartilage

is a type of cartilage with a net of collagen fibers to help resist compression and tension.

fibrocartilage

osteoblasts...

form new bones

Bones do NOT have a role in

glycogen production

All of the following will help the skin to fight infection but one. Which of the following will have little effect on the skin's ability to fight infection?

greater production of melanin

The correct order (from start to finish) of fracture repair is __

hematoma formation, soft callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling

prefix means under, beneath, less than normal

hypo

Which vertebrae would you expect to have the largest body, relative to the other regions?

lumbar

prefix means middle

medi

prefix means middle or intermediate

mes

The middle portion of unspecialized mesoderm from which cartilage, bone, and blood develop is called

mesenchyme

prefix means abnormally small

micro

Which of the following would be a characteristic that would increase absorption in a mucosal membrane?

microvilli

Found lining the digestive and respiratory tracts.

mucous membrane

The epithelial membrane that lines body cavities open to the exterior membrane

mucous membrane

Identify the articulation site that allows us to nod our head "yes".

occipital bone- atlas

Identify the region of the skull that articulates with the atlas.

occipital condyles

Parents bring a toddler to the emergency department after she tripped and fell on the sidewalk. You note a submental laceration. As you evaluate this girl, you are most concerned about trauma to which other anatomic region?

oral

The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the

osteoblast

Cells that can build bony matrix

osteoblasts

Bones are constantly undergoing resorption (breaking bone down) for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process?

osteoclast

Cells that can dissolve the bony matrix

osteoclasts

Bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner (osteogenic) layer consists primarily of ________.

osteogenic cells

Which of the following refers to a bone disorder found most often in the aged and resulting in the bones becoming porous and light?

osteoporosis

The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by __

perforating (sharpeys) fibers

prefix means nature or physical

phys

Which of the following is a bone marking name that indicates an armlike bar of bone?

ramus

prefix means made like a net or web

ret

is the type of connective tissue that forms a structural net to support other cells.

reticular connective tissue

Which region of the vertebral column is immediately inferior to the lumbar region?

sacral

The resilience of bone is thought to come from which of the following?

sacrificial bonds in or between collagen molecules

You have been asked to teach the principles of CPR to a group of teens training to be lifeguards. You use a diagram of the thoracic cavity to help you explain how chest compressions can maintain circulation. Which view of the chest would best illustrate this point?

sagittal

Makes up the pleura and pericardium.

serous membrane

The epithelial membrane that lines the closed ventral cavities of the body.

serous membrane

You go home for the holidays after your first semester of nursing school, and your grandma tells you that the doctor removed a nevus from her left scapular region. What procedure did she have done?

she had a mole removed from her left shoulder blade

The proximal tubule of the nephron (kidney tubule) in the kidney is composed of which type of epithelium?

simple cuboidal epithelium

Which of the following epithelia forms the walls of the air sacs across which gas exchange occurs in the lungs?

simple squamous

The wall of the alveolus (air sac) in the lung is composed of which type of epithelium?

simple squamous epithelium

During cold weather, blood vessels located in the dermis undergo vasoconstriction restricting blood flow into the skin. This produces additional body heat by routing blood to what effector organ?

skeletal muscle

Has a surface to which nothing is attached

skin (epidermis)

Moves food through the GI tract

smooth muscle

moderate regenerative ability

smooth muscle, tendons, ligaments

prefix means layers

strat

Any tissues that exist in layers and form linings or coverings fall into the category of

stratified epithelia

Which of the following epithelial tissue types is NOT correctly matched to its function?

stratified squamous epithelium; absorption

derved from mesenchyme

tendon

The nails can provide signs of health and disease. Which of the following could be a sign of an underlying medical problem?

the nails appear yellow

What is the structural unit of compact bone?

the osteon

Changes in the color of skin are often an indication of a homeostatic imbalance. Which of the following changes would suggest that a patient is suffering from Addison's disease?

the skin takes on a bronze or metallic appearance

Which region of the vertebral column is immediately superior to the lumbar region?

thoracic

Groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function form a(n)

tissue

what is not a function of adipose

to supply cells to replace those lost from the epidermis

prefix means across, beyond, or through

trans

Identify a lateral projection of a vertebra.

transverse process

which vertebra process projects laterally from each vertebral arch?

transverse process

Which of the following is a site for a muscle or ligament attachment?

trochanter

An osteon contains osteocytes, lamellae, and a central canal, and is found in compact bone only.

true

Flat bones consist of spongy bone sandwiched between compact bone. Is this statement true or false?

true

Hematopoiesis refers to the formation of blood cells within the red marrow cavities of certain bones.

true

The main role of the axial skeleton is to protect and support vital organs. Is this statement true or false?

true

The shape of the spinous process can be used to help determine if a vertebra is from the lumbar region. true or false

true

The structural unit of compact bone (osteon) resembles the growth rings of a tree trunk. true or false

true

which bone feature allows passage of the spinal cord?

vertebral foramen

Your patient is upset to learn that the biopsy of a lesion on her skin is consistent with basal cell carcinoma. She has heard that skin cancer can be deadly. Which response to her distress is most appropriate?

Basal cell carcinoma rarely spreads to other tissues. Removal of the lesion is curative in 99% of cases.

Which of the following characteristics do not belong to the lumbar region? -Large size overall -Elongated spinous process -Blunt spinous process -Bulky centrum

Elongated spinous process

Which of the following accurately describe the basement membrane which underlies epithelial tissues?

Epithelial cancers may have the ability to penetrate through the basement membrane and spread to underlying tissues.

Your friend is trying to convince you that if the ligaments binding the bones together at your freely movable joints (such as your knee, shoulder, and hip joints) contained a higher percentage of elastic fibers, you would be much more flexible. Is this true? If so, would this present any serious problems?

Yes, ligaments that are more elastic (or stretchy) will provide greater flexibility, but at the expense of joint stability. The joints would be prone to misalignment and dislocation.

layers of bone matrix

lamellae

Which of the following would NOT be a way that parathyroid hormone (PTH) could alter plasma calcium levels? -increase reabsorption of calcium in the kidney -increase osteoblasts on bone -increase osteoclasts

increase osteoblasts on bone

When chondrocytes in lacunae divide and form new matrix, it leads to an expansion of the cartilage tissue from within. This process is called

interstitial growth

Which of the following structures would not be found within a vertebral foramen? Intervertebral discs Spinal nerve roots Dura mater Spinal cord

intervertebral discs