A&P II Lab 5

What components form a triglyceride?

Glycerol and three fatty acids.

What is the body of the stomach?

a region near the pyloric sphincter

Which are functions of the liver in the metabolism of carbohydrates?

breaks down glycogen to glucose converts noncarbohydrates to glucose polymerizes glucose to glycogen

What are the three phases of gastric secretion?

cephalic phase, gastric phase, intestinal phase

The soupy mixture of semidigested food formed in the stomach is known as

chyme

The oral cavity functions in ______

mastication, speech, and sensory perception

What do goblet cells secrete?

mucus

The three parts of the pharynx are

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Name the structure indicated by the arrow in the picture.

soft palate

Where is the parotid gland located?

Between the external auditory canal and the inferior edge of the mandible

What stimulates goblet cells and intestinal glands to secrete their products?

Chyme provides both mechanical and chemical stimulation.

Which are functions of saliva?

Dissolves molecules so they can be tasted Cleanses mouth and teeth Aids in swallowing

Match each part of the pharynx with its description

Oropharynx - Posterior to the soft palate, located in the back of the oral cavity. It is a passageway for food moving downward from the mouth and for air moving to and from the nasal cavity Laryngopharynx - The most inferior part of the pharynx, it is a passageway of food to the esophagus Nasopharynx - It communicates with the nasal cavity and provides a passageway for air during breathing. It is connected to the middle ears, through the auditory tubes.

The largest salivary gland, located anterior and inferior to the ear

Parotid glands

Why are teeth not considered to be part of the skeletal system?

Teeth contain proteins not found in bones. Teeth have a different structure than bones.

Which of the following digestive functions involves the passage of nutrients from the alimentary canal into the blood

absorption

What is the main function of the small intestine?

absorption of nutrients

The pancreatic enzyme that digests starch is called pancreatic

amylase

Serous cells in salivary glands secrete a fluid containing an enzyme called salivary ___ which aids in digestion of starch and glycogen. Mucous cells secrete a thick liquid called ___, which lubricates the food during swallowing.

amylase and mucus

The ______ part of the tongue is freely moveable.

anterior

What is the function of saliva

begin carbohydrate digestion

The hormone secretin stimulates the pancreas to secrete a solution high in ______.

bicarbonate ions

Hepatic cells produce a yellowish-green liquid called ______ that assists with lipid digestion.

bile

Which of the following is not secreted by stomach to aid in digestion

bile

Which constituent of bile has a digestive function?

bile salts

The largest segment of the stomach is the

body

Pancreatic amylase breaks ______ down into ______.

carbohydrates; disaccharides

Gastric secretion is controlled by the brain during the ______ phase, by the stomach in the ______ phase, and by the small intestine during the ______ phase.

cephalic, gastric, intestinal

Once food is mixed with gastric juice, it is called

chyme

The muscularis layer of the alimentary canal contain which of the following

circular and longitudinal layers

The right and left hepatic ducts converge to form the hepatic duct.

common

The common hepatic duct and the cystic duct unite to form the

common bile duct

The ______ is formed by the merging of the right and left hepatic ducts.

common hepatic duct

The mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods into forms that the cells can use is called

digestion

The process of breaking down foods, either mechanically or chemically, into forms that cell membranes can absorb is called

digestion

Bile from the liver and digestive juices from the pancreas enter which section of the small intestine?

duodenum

Which of the following provides a source of complete proteins

eggs

Describe the primary function of bile salts. They serve ______.

emulsify fats

The part of the digestive tract indicated by the arrow is the .

esophagus

Which structure has no digestive function, but conveys food to the stomach?

esophagus

The sac on the underside of the liver that serves to store and concentrate bile is called the ______.

gallbladder

In the lining of the stomach are small openings called ______ that lead into tubular structures called ______.

gastric pits and gastric glands

The mucus-secreting cells in the epithelium of the intestine are called ______ cells.

goblet

The roof of the mouth consists of a bony anterior portion called the ______ and a muscular posterior portion called the ______.

hard palate and soft palate

Where is the parotid gland located?

in the cheek, just anterior to the ear

What is the function of bile salts?

increases surface area of fatty substances, allowing better access for lipase enzymes

Which are functions of the oral cavity?

ingestion chemical digestion mastication

Some of the unique aspects of the wall of the large intestine are that it ______ villi, it ______ teniae coli, and it ______ haustra.

lacks; has; has

The ______ are highly mobile structures that surround the mouth opening. They contain skeletal muscles and sensory receptors useful in judging the temperature and texture of foods.

lips

The structures surrounding the mouth opening that contain skeletal muscles and sensory receptors useful in judging the temperature and texture of foods are the

lips

Where is bile produced?

liver

When responding to hormones such as insulin and glucagon, liver cells ______ blood glucose levels by polymerizing glucose to glycogen, and ______ blood glucose levels by breaking down glycogen to glucose or by converting noncarbohydrates into glucose.

lower, raise

Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are classified as

macronutrients

The movements of the small intestine include segmentation which ______ intestinal contents and peristaltic contractions which ______ intestinal contents.

mixes; propel

What are the two basic types of movement in the alimentary canal?

mixing and propelling

Digestion begins in the

mouth

The alimentary canal extends, in its entirety, form

mouth to anus

What are functions of motor movements in the alimentary canal?

move the contents along the tract. mix the contents with fluids

What is the correct order the layers of the wall of the digestive tract starting with the innermost layer?

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

The first stage of swallowing involves the tongue moving the bolus into the ______. This process is a(n) ______ action.

oropharynx; voluntary

The insulin-secreting accessory organ of the digestive system that is both an endocrine and exocrine gland is the

pancreas

Which accessory organ is located posterior to the parietal peritoneum and closely associated with the small intestine?

pancreas

Distension of the intestinal wall stimulates ______ reflexes that trigger the release of small intestine secretions.

parasympathetic

Which nervous systems innervate the alimentary tract of the digestive system?

parasympathetic division of autonomic nervous system sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system

The cavity located posterior to the mouth, extending from the nasal cavity to the esophagus, is the ______.

pharynx

When swallowing, a bolus of food moves from the mouth directly into the before reaching the esophagus.

pharynx

Openings at the ends of tubular gastric glands in the gastric mucosa, as indicated by the arrows are called gastric

pits

Where is the pancreas located?

posterior to the stomach

Which of the following is not a function of the digestive system?

production of ATP

The large intestine begins in the lower ______ side of the abdominal cavity, where the ileum joins the cecum. From there, the large intestine ascends on the ______ side, crosses obliquely to the ______, and descends into the pelvis.

right, right, left

The substance that functions to moisten the mouth, clean the teeth, inhibit bacterial growth, and aid in swallowing by moistening food is called

saliva

The hormone that stimulates the pancreas to secrete an abundant amount of fluid rich in bicarbonate ions when acidic chyme enters the duodenum is

secretin

In the small intestine, normal mixing movements are called ______ and normal propelling movements are ______.

segmentation and peristalsis

A salivary gland has two types of cells: ______ cells that produce a watery fluid containing salivary amylase to digest starch and glycogen, and ______ cells that produce a thicker secretion that binds food particles together and lubricates the bolus for swallowing.

serous and mucous

A tubular organ that connects the stomach to the large intestine is the

small intestine

During digestion, the major site of nutrient absorption is the

small intestine

Which is a tubular organ that extends from the pyloric sphincter to the beginning of the large intestine?

small intestine

Which organ absorbs the greatest amount of nutrients?

small intestine

List the substances absorbed from the stomach

small volumes of water lipid-soluble drugs alcohol

List the substances absorbed from the stomach.

small volumes of water lipid-soluble drugs alcohol

Name the J-shaped, pouch-like organ that hangs inferior to the diaphragm in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity.

stomach

The J-shaped, 25- to 30-centimeter long, pouchlike organ located inferior to the diaphragm in the upper-left portion of the abdominal cavity is the

stomach

Which of the following is not a monosaccharide

sucrose

The alimentary canal is innervated by the

sympathetic

The alimentary canal of the digestive system is controlled by which nervous system?

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

The hardest structures in the mouth that are not part of the skeletal system are called

teeth

What is the body of the stomach?

the largest portion of the stomach

The ______ is a thick, muscular organ that occupies the floor of the mouth and nearly fills the oral cavity when the mouth is closed.

tongue

Most of swallowing is an autonomic reflex. What part of swallowing is voluntary?

tongue pushing food into the oropharynx

The liver is located mainly in the ______ quadrant of the abdominal cavity just ______ to the diaphragm.

upper right; inferior

The liver is located in the right ______ quadrant of the abdominal cavity, just inferior to the ______.

upper; diaphragm

Small projections of the mucosa of the small intestine that increase the surface area of the intestinal lining are the intestinal

villi

The image is of a small structure within the small intestine known as a(n) ______.

villus

The forceful ejection of stomach and intestinal contents from the mouth is called ______.

vomiting

When the stomach lining is irritated significantly, sensory signals are sent to the brainstem, and motor signals return to various structures to cause ______.

vomiting

What does BMI measure?

weight relative to height