A&P II Lab 5
What components form a triglyceride?
Glycerol and three fatty acids.
What is the body of the stomach?
a region near the pyloric sphincter
Which are functions of the liver in the metabolism of carbohydrates?
breaks down glycogen to glucose converts noncarbohydrates to glucose polymerizes glucose to glycogen
What are the three phases of gastric secretion?
cephalic phase, gastric phase, intestinal phase
The soupy mixture of semidigested food formed in the stomach is known as
chyme
The oral cavity functions in ______
mastication, speech, and sensory perception
What do goblet cells secrete?
mucus
The three parts of the pharynx are
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
Name the structure indicated by the arrow in the picture.
soft palate
Where is the parotid gland located?
Between the external auditory canal and the inferior edge of the mandible
What stimulates goblet cells and intestinal glands to secrete their products?
Chyme provides both mechanical and chemical stimulation.
Which are functions of saliva?
Dissolves molecules so they can be tasted Cleanses mouth and teeth Aids in swallowing
Match each part of the pharynx with its description
Oropharynx - Posterior to the soft palate, located in the back of the oral cavity. It is a passageway for food moving downward from the mouth and for air moving to and from the nasal cavity Laryngopharynx - The most inferior part of the pharynx, it is a passageway of food to the esophagus Nasopharynx - It communicates with the nasal cavity and provides a passageway for air during breathing. It is connected to the middle ears, through the auditory tubes.
The largest salivary gland, located anterior and inferior to the ear
Parotid glands
Why are teeth not considered to be part of the skeletal system?
Teeth contain proteins not found in bones. Teeth have a different structure than bones.
Which of the following digestive functions involves the passage of nutrients from the alimentary canal into the blood
absorption
What is the main function of the small intestine?
absorption of nutrients
The pancreatic enzyme that digests starch is called pancreatic
amylase
Serous cells in salivary glands secrete a fluid containing an enzyme called salivary ___ which aids in digestion of starch and glycogen. Mucous cells secrete a thick liquid called ___, which lubricates the food during swallowing.
amylase and mucus
The ______ part of the tongue is freely moveable.
anterior
What is the function of saliva
begin carbohydrate digestion
The hormone secretin stimulates the pancreas to secrete a solution high in ______.
bicarbonate ions
Hepatic cells produce a yellowish-green liquid called ______ that assists with lipid digestion.
bile
Which of the following is not secreted by stomach to aid in digestion
bile
Which constituent of bile has a digestive function?
bile salts
The largest segment of the stomach is the
body
Pancreatic amylase breaks ______ down into ______.
carbohydrates; disaccharides
Gastric secretion is controlled by the brain during the ______ phase, by the stomach in the ______ phase, and by the small intestine during the ______ phase.
cephalic, gastric, intestinal
Once food is mixed with gastric juice, it is called
chyme
The muscularis layer of the alimentary canal contain which of the following
circular and longitudinal layers
The right and left hepatic ducts converge to form the hepatic duct.
common
The common hepatic duct and the cystic duct unite to form the
common bile duct
The ______ is formed by the merging of the right and left hepatic ducts.
common hepatic duct
The mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods into forms that the cells can use is called
digestion
The process of breaking down foods, either mechanically or chemically, into forms that cell membranes can absorb is called
digestion
Bile from the liver and digestive juices from the pancreas enter which section of the small intestine?
duodenum
Which of the following provides a source of complete proteins
eggs
Describe the primary function of bile salts. They serve ______.
emulsify fats
The part of the digestive tract indicated by the arrow is the .
esophagus
Which structure has no digestive function, but conveys food to the stomach?
esophagus
The sac on the underside of the liver that serves to store and concentrate bile is called the ______.
gallbladder
In the lining of the stomach are small openings called ______ that lead into tubular structures called ______.
gastric pits and gastric glands
The mucus-secreting cells in the epithelium of the intestine are called ______ cells.
goblet
The roof of the mouth consists of a bony anterior portion called the ______ and a muscular posterior portion called the ______.
hard palate and soft palate
Where is the parotid gland located?
in the cheek, just anterior to the ear
What is the function of bile salts?
increases surface area of fatty substances, allowing better access for lipase enzymes
Which are functions of the oral cavity?
ingestion chemical digestion mastication
Some of the unique aspects of the wall of the large intestine are that it ______ villi, it ______ teniae coli, and it ______ haustra.
lacks; has; has
The ______ are highly mobile structures that surround the mouth opening. They contain skeletal muscles and sensory receptors useful in judging the temperature and texture of foods.
lips
The structures surrounding the mouth opening that contain skeletal muscles and sensory receptors useful in judging the temperature and texture of foods are the
lips
Where is bile produced?
liver
When responding to hormones such as insulin and glucagon, liver cells ______ blood glucose levels by polymerizing glucose to glycogen, and ______ blood glucose levels by breaking down glycogen to glucose or by converting noncarbohydrates into glucose.
lower, raise
Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are classified as
macronutrients
The movements of the small intestine include segmentation which ______ intestinal contents and peristaltic contractions which ______ intestinal contents.
mixes; propel
What are the two basic types of movement in the alimentary canal?
mixing and propelling
Digestion begins in the
mouth
The alimentary canal extends, in its entirety, form
mouth to anus
What are functions of motor movements in the alimentary canal?
move the contents along the tract. mix the contents with fluids
What is the correct order the layers of the wall of the digestive tract starting with the innermost layer?
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
The first stage of swallowing involves the tongue moving the bolus into the ______. This process is a(n) ______ action.
oropharynx; voluntary
The insulin-secreting accessory organ of the digestive system that is both an endocrine and exocrine gland is the
pancreas
Which accessory organ is located posterior to the parietal peritoneum and closely associated with the small intestine?
pancreas
Distension of the intestinal wall stimulates ______ reflexes that trigger the release of small intestine secretions.
parasympathetic
Which nervous systems innervate the alimentary tract of the digestive system?
parasympathetic division of autonomic nervous system sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system
The cavity located posterior to the mouth, extending from the nasal cavity to the esophagus, is the ______.
pharynx
When swallowing, a bolus of food moves from the mouth directly into the before reaching the esophagus.
pharynx
Openings at the ends of tubular gastric glands in the gastric mucosa, as indicated by the arrows are called gastric
pits
Where is the pancreas located?
posterior to the stomach
Which of the following is not a function of the digestive system?
production of ATP
The large intestine begins in the lower ______ side of the abdominal cavity, where the ileum joins the cecum. From there, the large intestine ascends on the ______ side, crosses obliquely to the ______, and descends into the pelvis.
right, right, left
The substance that functions to moisten the mouth, clean the teeth, inhibit bacterial growth, and aid in swallowing by moistening food is called
saliva
The hormone that stimulates the pancreas to secrete an abundant amount of fluid rich in bicarbonate ions when acidic chyme enters the duodenum is
secretin
In the small intestine, normal mixing movements are called ______ and normal propelling movements are ______.
segmentation and peristalsis
A salivary gland has two types of cells: ______ cells that produce a watery fluid containing salivary amylase to digest starch and glycogen, and ______ cells that produce a thicker secretion that binds food particles together and lubricates the bolus for swallowing.
serous and mucous
A tubular organ that connects the stomach to the large intestine is the
small intestine
During digestion, the major site of nutrient absorption is the
small intestine
Which is a tubular organ that extends from the pyloric sphincter to the beginning of the large intestine?
small intestine
Which organ absorbs the greatest amount of nutrients?
small intestine
List the substances absorbed from the stomach
small volumes of water lipid-soluble drugs alcohol
List the substances absorbed from the stomach.
small volumes of water lipid-soluble drugs alcohol
Name the J-shaped, pouch-like organ that hangs inferior to the diaphragm in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity.
stomach
The J-shaped, 25- to 30-centimeter long, pouchlike organ located inferior to the diaphragm in the upper-left portion of the abdominal cavity is the
stomach
Which of the following is not a monosaccharide
sucrose
The alimentary canal is innervated by the
sympathetic
The alimentary canal of the digestive system is controlled by which nervous system?
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
The hardest structures in the mouth that are not part of the skeletal system are called
teeth
What is the body of the stomach?
the largest portion of the stomach
The ______ is a thick, muscular organ that occupies the floor of the mouth and nearly fills the oral cavity when the mouth is closed.
tongue
Most of swallowing is an autonomic reflex. What part of swallowing is voluntary?
tongue pushing food into the oropharynx
The liver is located mainly in the ______ quadrant of the abdominal cavity just ______ to the diaphragm.
upper right; inferior
The liver is located in the right ______ quadrant of the abdominal cavity, just inferior to the ______.
upper; diaphragm
Small projections of the mucosa of the small intestine that increase the surface area of the intestinal lining are the intestinal
villi
The image is of a small structure within the small intestine known as a(n) ______.
villus
The forceful ejection of stomach and intestinal contents from the mouth is called ______.
vomiting
When the stomach lining is irritated significantly, sensory signals are sent to the brainstem, and motor signals return to various structures to cause ______.
vomiting
What does BMI measure?
weight relative to height
