Abnormal Psych Exams 7&8

IQ score below _____ would indicate profound intellectual disability.

20

Elimination disorders are diagnosed when which criteria have been met?

A child has reached an age at which he or she is expected to control bodily functions.

_____ is characterized by difficulty establishing social ties, discomfort in social situations, and fear of being embarrassed or appearing foolish.

Avoidant personality disorder

Which of the following was NOT a factor that contributed to the expanded use of lobotomies during the 1940s and 1950s?

Early antipsychotic drugs were ineffective in treating psychotic symptoms and produced dangerous side effects.

hallucinations

Hallucinations have historically been a sign of a psychological disorder.

Which statement BEST reflects the findings of twin studies evaluating genetic factors associated with schizophrenia?

If one twin has schizophrenia, there is an increased risk of schizophrenia developing in the other twin, with a substantially higher risk for identical twins.

Currently, what is known about the relationship between hallucinations and delusions?

It is likely that hallucinations and delusions occur together and feed one another.

How is milieu therapy related to social breakdown syndrome?

Milieu therapy incorporates institutional practices that are likely to prevent social breakdown syndrome.

For the past 9 months, Joan has been taking a conventional antipsychotic drug to treat symptoms associated with her diagnosis of schizophrenia. Although she has fewer auditory hallucinations, Joan now experiences muscle tremors and rigidity to the point where she can no longer dress herself. It is likely that she is experiencing:

Parkinsonian symptoms.

Which statement provides the WEAKEST evidence linking schizophrenia to early viral exposure?

People who were born in the late winter months have higher rates of schizophrenia than people born during other times of the year.

Before the 1950s, why did some therapists believe that psychotherapy is unsuccessful in treating schizophrenia?

People with schizophrenia are too far removed from reality to form a trusting relationship with the therapist.

Which statement BEST describes the relationship between brain circuits and schizophrenia?

Schizophrenia has been linked to overactivity of some brain structures and underactivity of other brain structures.

Based on current research, which statement about the relationship between antipsychotic medications and side effects is NOT true?

The benefits of taking antipsychotic medications outweigh the costs of the side effects they produce.

What is the concern regarding the changes produced by token economies?

The person may have learned new behaviors without changing distorted thinking.

Which is a true statement regarding the childhood disorders covered in this chapter?

They are more prevalent in boys than in girls.

What is a common reason for the hospitalization of people with borderline personality disorder?

They may attempt suicide or otherwise hurt themselves.

Which statement BEST describes children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder?

They show disturbed and contradictory patterns of reactions to stimuli.

A patient with schizophrenia who is mute, statue-like, and fails to participate in the hospital routine is MOST likely experiencing:

Type II schizophrenia.

New-wave cognitive-behavioral therapies are similar to which of the following?

acceptance and commitment therapy

Personality disorders typically become recognizable in:

adolescence or early adulthood.

What does theory of mind refer to?

an awareness that other people base their behaviors on their own beliefs, intentions, and other mental states

Freudian theorists suggest that people with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder are:

anal retentive.

Antipsychotic drugs were discovered accidentally when researchers were trying to develop:

antihistamines.

During the mid-1900s, why were the most "difficult" patients transferred to the back wards of state hospitals, where they were often isolated, restrained, and punished?

because the priority of state hospitals shifted from treating people humanely to maintaining order

According to early psychodynamic approaches, schizophrenia stems from:

being raised by a mother who was cold, domineering, and uninterested in the needs of her child.

People with _____ personality disorder are emotionally unstable, impulsive, and reckless.

borderline

A new disorder in the DSM-5 that is used to describe children with patterns of severe rage is called:

disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.

The _____ theory suggests that schizophrenia causes victims to fall from a higher to a lower socioeconomic level or to remain poor because they are unable to function effectively.

downward drift

A child does well in some school subjects. However, the only way that he can read is slowly, one word at a time. He must direct his gaze with his index finger. Even with great effort, he makes many errors and has poor comprehension. This is a description of:

dyslexia.

Terry has autism spectrum disorder. When his teacher asks, "Do you want candy?" Terry responds, "Do you want candy?" This particular communication problem is referred to as:

echolalia.

Which childhood disorder usually disappears by adulthood?

elimination disorders

Sociocultural perspectives differ from other perspectives of schizophrenia because they focus exclusively on factors that are:

external to the individual.

The category of odd personality disorders includes the traits of:

extreme suspiciousness, social withdrawal, and cognitive and perceptual peculiarities.

A large survey of parents and their children shows that parents:

generally underestimate how worried their children are.

Relational aggression is a term used to describe a pattern of aggression MOST common among:

girls diagnosed with conduct disorder.

Which positive symptom of schizophrenia is most quickly reduced by taking antipsychotic medications?

hallucinations

A belief that unrelated events pertain to oneself in some important way is known as:

ideas of reference.

Which is NOT mentioned as being a useful form of psychotherapy for people suffering from schizophrenia?

insight therapy

Which treatment approach is more likely to strengthen juvenile delinquent behavior than to help reduce it?

institutionalization

People receive a diagnosis of _____ when they display general intellectual functioning that is well below average, in combination with poor adaptive behavior.

intellectual disability

One similarity of those experiencing paranoid personality disorder and those experiencing schizoid personality disorder is that they both tend to:

lack close ties to others.

Anoxia, one possible source of intellectual disability, involves brain damage resulting from:

lack of oxygen during or after delivery.

The most consistent feature of intellectual disability is that the person with the disability:

learns very slowly.

Compared with African Americans, non-Hispanic white Americans are:

less likely to receive a diagnosis of schizophrenia and less likely to be institutionalized.

If the onset of tardive dyskinesia is detected early:

most people recover from it when antipsychotic medication is discontinued.

A growing number of community therapists have become _____ for people with schizophrenia and other severe mental disorders.

case managers

Frederick has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. He remains standing for hours and resists efforts to be moved. Frederick is likely experiencing:

catatonic posturing.

Those with schizophrenia who stop responding to their environment and remain motionless and silent for long periods of time are experiencing:

catatonic stupor.

DSM-5, like its predecessor, DSM-IV-TR, identifies 10 personality disorders utilizing a:

categorical approach.

Studies show that children with autism spectrum disorder are more likely than other children to have abnormalities in which section of the brain?

cerebellum

Therapists who advise clients to resist following orders from their hallucinatory voices are using a technique from the cognitive-behavioral approach that involves:

challenging ideas about the power of hallucinations.

Exercises that boost attention, memory, planning, and problem-solving are classified as _____, whereas exercises that train people how to understand and neutralize the voices in their head are classified as _____.

cognitive restructuring approaches; hallucination reinterpretation and acceptance approaches

An individual diagnosed with schizoid personality disorder reports having a great deal of difficulty figuring out how others feel and as a child had difficulty developing adequate language skills. These findings would make the MOST sense to a theorist with which background?

cognitive-behavioral

Recent work has revealed that the MOST effective treatment for autism spectrum disorder has been the use of:

cognitive-behavioral therapy.

If psychological and sociocultural explanations are to make the same kind of progress in understanding schizophrenia that biological explanations have, then they must:

come up with more precise theories that explain how psychological and sociocultural factors contribute to schizophrenia.

Children with _____ and an accompanying _____ disorder apparently have a heightened risk of developing antisocial personality disorder.

conduct disorder; attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Secretive destructive behaviors such as violating other people's property, breaking and entering, and setting fires are consistent with what pattern of conduct disorder?

covert-destructive

At a parent-teacher conference, a child's parents are astounded to learn that their son has been showing up late for school, despite leaving home with more than enough time to get to school. This behavior MOST closely fits which pattern of conduct disorder?

covert-nondestructive

Damage to the prefrontal cortex would likely cause which symptom to be observed?

deficits in planning, self-control, and decision making

During the 1960s and 1970s, the criteria for remaining in state schools changed, and many individuals with intellectual disability were released into the community. This is an example of:

deinstitutionalization

Which is NOT one of the broad categories of symptoms of autism spectrum disorder?

delinquent-type behaviors

Although token economies can change delusional behavior, _____ may not change.

delusional thinking

The symptom of schizophrenia most likely to be relieved by antipsychotic drugs is:

delusions

People with _____ believe their feelings, thoughts, and actions are being controlled by other people.

delusions of control

A woman proclaims, "I am the Virgin Mary, and I've come to give birth to a new savior." This person is MOST likely experiencing:

delusions of grandeur.

Patients are more likely to recover from schizophrenia if they:

demonstrated good premorbid functioning.

People with _____ personality disorder persistently avoid and are removed from social relationships and demonstrate little in the way of emotion.

schizoid

The disorder that appears to be MOST closely related to the schizotypal personality disorder is:

schizophrenia

Researchers found that phenothiazines reduced psychotic symptoms but also caused Parkinsonian symptoms, like tremors. This discovery suggests that:

schizophrenia is tied to excessive dopamine.

An individual with a diagnosis of an odd personality disorder is MOST likely to have a parent or sibling who has:

schizophrenia.

People with _____ personality disorder display a range of interpersonal problems marked by extreme discomfort in close relationships, odd patterns of thinking and perceiving, and behavioral eccentricities.

schizotypal

People with _____ personality disorder display a range of interpersonal problems marked by extreme discomfort in close relationships, very odd patterns of thinking and perceiving, and behavioral eccentricities

schizotypal

What is considered the first line of treatment for schizophrenia?

second-generation antipsychotic medications

A child does almost everything with her mother and seems extremely anxious at school, getting frequent stomachaches and wanting to go home. If the child has an anxiety disorder, it is MOST likely:

separation anxiety disorder.

Several people with schizophrenia work at a recycling center, where on-time behavior is expected, and payment is made solely for work completed. The people do not compete with each other. MOST likely, this work takes place at a:

sheltered workshop.

An individual who displays serious psychotic symptoms, but would not benefit from being sent to a large state psychiatric hospital for a long period of time, would BEST be served by:

short-term hospitalization in a local psychiatric unit.

To be diagnosed with schizophrenia, symptoms must be present for _____, during which a person must have been _____ for at least one month.

six months; in the active phase

Mild intellectual disability is linked mainly to:

sociocultural and psychological causes.

If people with schizophrenia make at least modest gains when they receive behavioral therapy, this would indicate that:

some symptoms of schizophrenia may be learned.

The drug methylphenidate is classified as a(n):

stimulant.

Therapists who advise clients to apply special breathing and relaxation techniques in response to their hallucinatory voices are using a technique from the cognitive-behavioral approach that involves:

teaching clients ways of coping with hallucinations.

According to the cognitive-behavioral view of schizophrenia, an early step in the "rational path to madness" is:

telling others about the unusual sensations and being told that the experiences aren't real.

If you went to a meeting of a group lobbying for better care for the mentally ill and made up primarily of family members of people with severe mental disorders, you would probably be attending:

the National Alliance on Mental Illness.

What is mentalization?

the capacity to understand one's own mental states and those of other people

The main difference between schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder is:

the duration of symptoms.

During a _____ a needle is inserted into the brain through the eye socket and is then rotated to destroy brain tissue.

transorbital lobotomy

Conduct disorder has MOST often been associated with:

troubled parent-child relationships.

Psychodynamic theorists believe that people who develop antisocial personality disorder have failed to develop a sense of:

trust

The parents of those with schizoid personality disorder are MOST likely to have been:

unaccepting.

The usual way of dealing with troublesome or violent people with schizophrenia in institutions in the first half of the twentieth century was to:

use physical restraint.

The lack of consensus about the correct diagnosis of personality disorders questions the _____ of the DSM categories.

validity and reliability

Sociocultural explanations of schizophrenia have the most difficulty in explaining:

what causes schizophrenia.

Of the few psychotherapists who treated patients with schizophrenia before the discovery of antipsychotic drugs, most believed that the first task of therapy was to:

win the trust of patients and build a close relationship with them.

Individuals with schizophrenia sometimes make up words that have meaning only for themselves. These words are called:

neologisms

The cluster of anxious personality disorders includes avoidant, dependent, and _____ personality disorders.

obsessive-compulsive

People with _____ are so preoccupied with order, perfection, and control that they lose all flexibility, openness, and efficiency.

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

People with schizophrenia who feel positive about their relatives:

often do better in treatment.

Token economy programs relied on the systematic application of _____ techniques.

operant conditioning

Boys and girls have about the same percentage chance of being diagnosed with:

oppositional defiant disorder if they are postpubertal.

If a child with conduct disorder displays openly aggressive and confrontational behaviors, which pattern of the disorder would that child be displaying?

overt-destructive

Openly offensive and confrontational behaviors are consistent with what pattern of conduct disorder?

overt-destructive

The "odd" cluster of personality disorders consists of which personality disorders?

paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal.

You suspect that a child you are treating has ADHD. Which of the following should be completed to confirm the diagnosis of ADHD?

parent and teacher reports, clinical observations, interviews, psychological tests, and rating scales

An intervention in which parents and their children who have been diagnosed with conduct disorder do behavior therapy targeting and rewarding desired behavior is called:

parent management training.

Children who suffer some form of abuse are most likely to be abused by a:

parent.

Research shows that people recovering from severe symptoms of schizophrenia who receive _____ often function better and relapse less often than those who receive _____.

partial hospitalization; extended hospitalization

According to the diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia:

people with a biological predisposition for schizophrenia will develop it if certain psychosocial stressors are also present.

Delusions of _____ are the most common type of delusions in schizophrenia.

persecution

Getting extremely upset if an object is moved to a different part of the room represents:

perseveration of sameness.

An enduring, rigid pattern of inner experience and outward behavior that impairs the sense of self, emotional experiences, goals, capacity for empathy, and/or capacity for intimacy is known as a:

personality disorder.

The consistencies of one's characteristics are called:

personality traits.

The set of uniquely expressed characteristics that influence behaviors, emotions, thoughts, and interactions that is unique to each individual is termed:

personality.

The most common metabolic disorder to cause intellectual disability is:

phenylketonuria (PKU).

Missing an opportunity to place a recently discharged client in a halfway house is to _____, whereas not finding a room for a client because all halfway houses are all fully occupied is to _____.

poor coordination of services; shortage of services

Inappropriate affect, the experiencing of emotions that are unsuited to a situation, is classified as a(n) _____ symptom of schizophrenia.

positive

A person with schizophrenia who is experiencing alogia is displaying:

poverty of speech.

The categorical approach to personality disorders assumes that:

problematic personality traits are either present or absent.

The stage of the development of schizophrenia marked by deterioration of functioning and the display of some mild symptoms is called the:

prodromal phase.

"It is clear that very demanding parents caused this person to develop paranoid personality disorder." This statement MOST likely would be made by someone from which theoretical perspective?

psychodynamic

_____ hallucinations are by far the most common type in schizophrenia.

Auditory

How is social withdrawal related to avolition?

Both are negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

What is an accurate statement about child sexual abuse?

Child sexual abuse appears to be equally common across all socioeconomic classes, races, and ethnic groups.

Which statement about genetic factors in schizophrenia is accurate?

Close relatives of those with schizophrenia are more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia than distant relatives of those with schizophrenia.

The _____ requires that people with mental disorders receive treatment in their communities rather than being transported to institutions far from home.

Community Mental Health Act

What is the most effective ADHD treatment program?

Drugs, combined with cognitive-behavioral therapy, work best.

The cluster of "dramatic" personality disorders includes:

antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic.

One reason that the personality disorders are difficult to treat is that the afflicted individuals:

are frequently unaware that they have a problem.

Research suggests that the psychological needs of children who have been abused should be addressed:

as early as possible.

MOST children in the United States with intellectual disability live:

at home.

The inability to accurately interpret one's internal biological emotional or physiological states is characteristic of both:

borderline personality disorder and eating disorders.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is MORE common in _____ than in _____.

boys; girls

According to the family stress model, parents of those diagnosed with schizophrenia display all the following EXCEPT:

more empathy.

Which disorder is characterized by an excessive need to be taken care of and a fear of separation?

dependent personality disorder

The _____ approach to personality disorders assumes that personality disorders should be classified by the severity of personality traits rather than by the presence or absence of specific traits.

dimensional

Therapists who teach clients to make statements such as, "It's not a real voice; it's my illness," are using a technique from the cognitive-behavioral approach that involves:

helping clients interpret their hallucinations.

Which is NOT a description of the three clusters of DSM-5 personality disorders?

high degree of learned helplessness

The complete remission rate for those diagnosed with schizophrenia is:

higher in developing countries than in developed countries, possibly because of better family and social support.

Luke constantly strives to be the center of attention, yet the ideas he so eloquently expresses are usually shallow and changeable. If he were diagnosed with a personality disorder, it MOST likely would be:

histrionic

Winnie, who has an intellectual disability, goes to school with other children her age. Most of the children in her class do not have a disability. This is referred to as:

mainstreaming.

One should be cautious when examining instances of schizophrenia using hospital records from much of the twentieth century because:

many people with psychotic symptoms were misdiagnosed as having schizophrenia.

Isabelle was born into a very poor family. Both parents have below-average IQs and are barely able to support and provide for themselves. Isabelle's nutrition and health care have never been very good. She is at risk for:

mild intellectual disability.

This inability to take the perspective of another is referred to as:

mind-blindness.

DSM-5 stipulates that a person must be at least 18 years of age to receive the diagnosis of _____ personality disorder.

narcissistic

"I am the greatest!" a famous boxer declared loudly and often. Had he in fact acted throughout his adult life as though he were the greatest, the MOST appropriate diagnosis would be:

narcissistic personality disorder.

The five traits to be included in future revisions of the DSM-5 that utilize a dimensional approach in diagnosing personality disorders are:

negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, psychoticism.

David Rosenhan (1973) sent eight people to various psychiatric hospitals. All eight falsely reported hearing voices that said "empty," "hollow," and "thud." After being admitted to one of the hospitals, each person acted normally, yet all were diagnosed as having schizophrenia. One of the conclusions from this study is that:

the expectations produced by labeling can alter perception.

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are to _____, as negative symptoms are to _____.

the presence of inappropriate behaviors; the absence of appropriate behaviors

Research on the relationship between schizophrenia and family interactions has shown that:

the rate of relapse is lower in families with lower levels of expressed emotion and higher levels of support.

Delia does not display all the full-blown schizophrenia symptoms anymore. Occasionally, a shadow of a symptom appears. She is a bit withdrawn and not entirely clear all the time, but she can marginally function in the world. This is an example of:

the residual phase of schizophrenia.

Antipsychotic drugs have all the following in common EXCEPT:

they increase the risk of future substance abuse and chemical dependency.