Abnormal Psychology chapters 7 & 8

Exposure with response prevention

A behavioral technique in which a patient is carefully prevented from engaging in his or her usual maladaptive response after being exposed to a stimulus that usually elicits the response.

Somatic symptom disorders

A category of psychological disorders characterized by symptoms about physical well-being along with cognitive distortions about bodily symptoms and their meaning; the focus on these bodily symptoms causes significant distress or impaired functioning.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A disorder characterized by one or more obsessions or compulsions.

Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

A dissociative disorder characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states, or an experience of possession trance, which gives rise to a discontinuity in the person's sense of self and agency.

Dissociative amnesia

A dissociative disorder in which the sufferer has significantly impaired memory for important experiences or personal information that cannot be explained by ordinary forgetfulness.

Depersonalization-derealization disorder

A dissociative disorder, the primary symptom of which is a persistent feeling of being detached from one's mental processes, body, or surroundings.

Identity problem

A dissociative symptom in which a person is not sure who he or she is or may assume a new identity.

Derealization

A dissociative symptom in which the external world is perceived or experienced as strange or unreal.

Depersonalization

A dissociative symptom in which the perception or experience of self- either one's body or one's mental processes- is altered to the point that the person feels like an observer, as though seeing oneself from the "outside."

Somatic symptom disorder (SSD)

A somatic symptom disorder characterized by at least one somatic symptom that is distressing or disrupts daily life, about which the person has excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.

Illness anxiety disorder

A somatic symptom disorder marked by a preoccupation with a fear or belief of having a serious disease in the face of either no or minor medical symptoms and excessive. behaviors related to this belief.

Conversion disorder

A somatic symptom disorder that involves sensory or motor symptoms that are incompatible with known neurological and medical conditions.

Acute stress disorder

A traumatic stress disorder that involves (a) intrusive re-experiencing of the traumatic event, (b) avoidance of stimuli related to the event, (c) negative changes in thought and mood, (d) dissociation, and (e) hyperarousal and reactivity, with these symptoms lasting for less than a month.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A traumatic stress disorder that involves persistent (a) intrusive re-experiencing of the traumatic event, (b) avoidance of stimuli related to the event, (c) negative changes in thoughts and mood, and (d) hyperarousal and reactivity that persist for at least a month.

False

About 80% of those with PTSD also have another psychological disorder.

True

Among females, symptoms typically emerge between the ages of 20 and 29.

Hoarding disorder

An obsessive-compulsive-related disorder characterized by persistent difficulty throwing away or otherwise parting with possessions—to the point that the possessions impair daily life, regardless of the value of those possessions.

True

Approximately 2-3% of Americans will develop OCD at some point in their lives.

True

Approximately 50% of those with acute stress disorder go on to develop PTSD.

How does operant conditioning explain the maintenance of OCD symptoms?

Because the compulsions temporarily relieve anxiety, the behavior is negatively reinforced.

What is the difference between a compulsion and an obsession

Compulsions involve behaviors, whereas obsessions involve thoughts, urges, and images.

True

Compulsions involve behaviors.

False

Culture does not seem to affect the way in which PTSD manifests. For example, both Mexicans and Americans are likely to develop arousal symptoms over intrusive symptoms.

False

Culture does not seem to affect the way in which PTSD manifests. For example, both Mexicans and Americans are likely to develop intrusive symptoms over arousal symptoms.

True

Culture does not seem to affect the way in which PTSD manifests. For example, both Mexicans and Americans are likely to develop intrusive symptoms over arousal symptoms.

False

Culture may affect the way in which PTSD manifests. For example, Mexicans are more likely to develop arousal symptoms, whereas Americans are more likely to develop intrusive symptoms.

possession trance

During a hypnotic trance, a kind of spirit is believed to assume control of the person's body. Later, the person has amnesia for the experience, and is otherwise normal

Obsessions

Intrusive and unwanted thoughts, urges, or images that persist or recur and usually cause distress or anxiety.

Amnesia

Memory loss, which in dissociative disorders is usually temporary but, in rare cases, may be permanent.

False

Men are more likely to be victims of trauma than are women.

grisi siknis

Miskito of Nicaragua and Honduras

False

Obsessions neutralize compulsions and decrease anxiety and distress.

True

Over 70% of those with OCD have an anxiety disorder.

Compulsions

Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that a person feels driven to carry out and that usually must be performed according to rigid "rules" or correspond thematically to an obsession

The class of medication used most often to treat PTSD is _____.

SSRIs

False

Socioeconomically disadvantaged people have fewer emotional resources available to cope with a traumatic event, and they may be less likely to experience trauma.

True

Socioeconomically disadvantaged people have fewer emotional resources available to cope with a traumatic event, and they may be more likely to experience trauma.

False

Socioeconomically disadvantaged people have more emotional resources available to cope with a traumatic event, and they may be less likely to experience trauma.

False

Socioeconomically disadvantaged people have more emotional resources available to cope with a traumatic event, and they may be more likely to experience trauma.

hippocampi

The neurological factors that contribute to PTSD include abnormal _____ and overly strong sympathetic nervous system reactions.

True

Typically, compulsions must be performed according to rigid rules.

amok

Western Pacific cultures

False

Women are at greater risk than men for developing OCD.

False

Women who have been exposed to trauma develop PTSD more often than do men.

Novelty seeking

_____ is a dimension of temperament characterized by the pursuit of activities that are exciting and stimulating.

Trichotillomania

_____ is marked by the persistent compulsion to pull one's hair, leading to hair loss and distress or impaired functioning.

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing

a widely used treatment for PTSD that rests on the idea that symptoms arise from the inability to adequately process the images and cognitions that arise when a person experiences a traumatic event.

Dissociation

an altered sense of reality of surroundings or oneself.

Like OCD, PTSD involves

avoidance.

According to neuroimaging studies, which area(s) function abnormally in patients with OCD?

both the frontal cortex and the basal ganglia

Skin-picking disorder

characterized by compulsive skin picking to the point that lesions emerge on the skin.

Hair-pulling disorder

characterized by the persistent compulsion to pull one's hair, leading to hair loss and distress or impaired functioning.

Dr. Warner is a(n) _____ therapist. His goals for therapy are to reduce the irrationality and frequency of the patient's intrusive thoughts and obsessions.

cognitive

excoriation disorder

compulsively picks at his skin, to the point that painful lesions emerge.

Which beliefs make a person vulnerable to developing PTSD

considering oneself unable to control stressors; the conviction that the world is a dangerous place

The neurological factors that contribute to PTSD include abnormal _____ and overly strong _____ nervous system reactions

hippocampi; sympathetic

running syndrome

involves a sudden onset of a trancelike state and behavior such as running or fleeing, which leads to exhaustion, sleep, and subsequent amnesia for the experience

latah

involves fleeting episodes in which the person uses profanity and experiences amnesia and trancelike states.

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing

involves having the client think about a disturbing image or belief relating to the trauma while moving their eyes from side to side for 15 or more seconds.

dissociative fugue

involves sudden, unplanned travel and difficulty remembering the past.

pibloktoq

native Arctic people

In terms of operant conditioning, behaving in a manner to avoid triggering PTSD symptoms is:

negatively reinforced

Preoccupations and ritualistic behaviors are symptoms of _____.

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Selective amnesia

person can remember only some of what happened in an otherwise forgotten period of time.

Generalized amnesia

person can't remember his or her entire life

Localized amnesia

person has a memory gap for a specific period of time, often a period of time just prior to the stressful event. most common form of dissociative amnesia

Body dysmorphic disorder

preoccupations with a perceived defect in appearance and repetitive behaviors to hide the perceived defect.

Lucy suffers from OCD. Her doctor prescribes her a medication that prevents the reuptake of the neurotransmitter _____ to treat her symptoms.

serotonin

The neurological factors that contribute to PTSD include abnormal hippocampi and overly strong _____ nervous system reactions.

sympathetic

In terms of classical conditioning, _____ is the unconditioned stimulus, whereas _____ is the conditioned stimulus.

traumatic stress; internal sensations