Abnormal Psychology Exam #3

Screening for Neurocognitive Disorders

1) get background information, 2) conduct a mental health status examination, and 3) use psychological and neurological tests and inventories to evaluate specific cognitive functions.

Biological Treatment of Sexual Dysfunctions

1) hormone replacement, 2) implants/injections/mechanical devices, 3) oral medication.

What are the four orgasmic disorders?

1) female orgasmic disorder, 2) delayed ejaculation, 3) early ejaculation, 4) genital-pelvic pain/penetration disorder.

What are the two types of paraphilic disorders of nonhuman objects?

1) fetishistic disorder and 2) transvestic disorder.

The US lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia is ______. 10-15% of the __________ population has schizophrenia.

1%; homeless.

Who are the key figures in the history of Sexual Disorders?

1) Alfred Kinsey, 2) Masters and Johnson, 3) Helen Singer Kaplan.

What are the three DSM-V Categories of Neurocognitive Disorders?

1) Major Neurocognitive Disorder. 2) Minor Neurocognitive Disorder. 3) Delirium.

Types of Inpatient Therapy

1) Milieu Therapy and 2) Community Group Homes.

What are the four categories of sexual disorders?

1) Sexual Dysfunction. 2) Gender Identity Disorder. 3) Paraphilic Disorders. 4) Sexual Aggression.

What are the two types of schizophrenia?

1) Type I and 2) Type II.

Risk Factors for Stroke

1) age (majority occur in people over 50 years of age), 2) cigarette smoking (primary contributor to up to one fourth of strokes), 3) hypertension, 4) obesity, 5) salt, 6) saturated fats, 7) limited physical activity, 8) stress, 9) binge drinking, and 10) depression.

Which abnormal brain structures are characteristic of Alzheimer's?

1) an increased atrophy of brain tissue, 2) neurofibrillary tangles, and 3) senile plaques.

What are the phases of the sexual response cycle?

1) appetitive phase AKA desire phase (sexual thoughts and fantasies), 2) arousal phase (sexual stimulation), 3) orgasm phase (sexual release, women may experience more than one), and 4) resolution phase (sexual recovery).

What are the types of hallucinations?

1) auditory (hearing), 2) visual (seeing), 3) olfactory (smelling), 4) tactile (feeling), and 5) gustatory (tasting).

What are the other psychotic disorders?

1) brief psychotic disorder, 2) schizophreniform disorder, 3) delusional disorder, and 4) schizoaffective disorder.

What are the three types of acute head injuries?

1) concussion, 2) contusion, and 3) cerebral laceration.

What do rapists do?

1) create situations in which sexual encounters may occur, 2) interpret friendliness as provocation and protests as insincerity, 3) manipulate with alcohol or other drugs, 4) blame failed sexual encounters on women, 5) have a history of parental neglect or severe abuse, and 6) and have had sex earlier and with more partners than non-rapists.

What are the four types of positive symptoms?

1) delusions, 2) hallucinations, 3) thought disorder, and 4) psychomotor disturbance.

What are the four paraphilic disorders of nonconsenting persons?

1) exhibitionist disorder, 2) voyeuristic disorder, 3) frotteuristic disorder, and 4) pedophebephilic disorder.

What are the five Sexual Interest/Arousal Sexual Dysfunction Disorders?

1) hypoactive sexual desire disorder, 2) sexual aversion disorder, 3) female sexual arousal disorder, 4) erectile disorder, and 5) hypersexual disorder.

How is Early Ejaculation treated?

1) improving a person's physical awareness of when they are about to orgasm and then reducing stimulation (stop-start) or 2) increasing the amount of stimulation required for an orgasm. Short term success rates for treatment are high, but relapse rates are high as well.

Prevention and Intervention for Alzheimer's Disease

1) maintaining a healthy cardiovascular system, 2) changes in lifestyle (which may slow progression), and 3) use of anti-inflammatory drugs (which may slow accumulation of implicated proteins).

What are the two paths in the DSM-V diagnostic model?

1) personality disorder types and 2) pathological personality traits.

What are the four major symptom categories?

1) positive symptoms, 2) negative symptoms, 3) cognitive symptoms, and 4) motor symptoms.

What are the three types of rapists?

1) power, 2) anger, and 3) sadistic.

What are the three phases of schizophrenia?

1) prodromal phase, 2) active phase, and 3) residual phase.

How does incest affect the victims?

1) psychiatric problems, 2) drug abuse, 3) sexual dysfunction, and 4) issues in future romantic relationships.

What are the major treatments for neurocognitive disorders?

1) rehabilitative techniques, 2) medical techniques, 3) cognitive behavioral techniques, 4) lifestyle changes, 5) environmental support, and 6) caregiver support.

What are the six personality disorder types?

1) schizotypal, 2) avoidant, 3) obsessive-compulsive personality, 4) narcissistic, 5) borderline, and 6) antisocial personality.

What are the two types of paraphilic disorders of pain/humiliation?

1) sexual sadism disorder and 2) sexual masochism disorder.

What are the criteria for diagnosis?

1) two or more of the following symptoms must be present for a significant portion of one month (delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized/catatonic behavior, and negative symptoms) one of which must be one of the first three, 2) social and occupational dysfunction, 3) duration of six months (for the disturbance), 4) rule out any other psychotic or mood disorder, 5) rule out substance use disorders (meth, cocaine, etc.), and 6) if there is a history of autism, diagnosis should only occur if prominent delusions or hallucinations occur for at least one month.

What are the two main physiological responses to sexual arousal?

1) vasocongestion (engorgement of blood vessels in penis or labia) and 2) myotonia (prolonged muscle contraction).

Hare's Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (Definition of Psychopath)

2 factors, 4 facets. 1a) Deceitful interpersonal style. 1b) Deficient affect. 2a) Irresponsible lifestyle. 2b) Antisocial activities.

Traumatic Brain Injury Prevalence

1.7 million individuals in the US per year.

DSM-IV Classification System

10 personality disorders in 3 clusters.

Prevalence of Stroke

4th leading cause of death in the US. It results in 137,000 deaths per year.

What are the prevalence estimates for Personality Disorders and why are they difficult?

5-15% of people admitted to psychiatric hospitals or outpatient clinics. Lifetime prevalence: 9-13% Many do not seek treatment.

State

A characteristic that is exhibited during certain situations only.

Trait

A characteristic that is stable across more situations than not, consistent patterns of thought and behavior.

Epilepsy

A chronic disorder characterized by seizures resulting from uncontrolled electrical discharge within the brain.

Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder

A decreased desire for sexual activity, the main reason why couples seek sex therapy, could represent deeper issues in the relationship.

Delayed Ejaculation

A delay of orgasm in males, occurs during intercourse, can be influenced by alcohol use.

Female Sexual Arousal Disorder

A female cannot maintain arousal, although desire is present.

Female Orgasmic Disorder

A female experiences the delay or absence of an orgasm, although the desire and arousal are adequate. Female orgasms do not have to occur during intercourse.

Prodromal Phase

A gradual deterioration of function (i.e. school, hygiene, or odd behavior).

Personality Disorders

A group of diagnoses based on the trait perspective. Diagnosis occurs when one has inflexible and maladaptive traits that interfere with their functioning.

Early Ejaculation

A male orgasm before or shortly after vaginal penetration, seen as "not satisfactory" in the eye of the beholder, typically occurs in younger males.

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy

A progressive degenerative condition involving brain damage from multiple episodes of head trauma. Symptoms include: depression, poor impulse control, and an increased risk of dementia in later adulthood.

Transient Ischemic Attack

A mini-stroke resulting from temporary blockage of arteries. No long-term damage.

Negative Symptoms

A person experiences symptoms that are in absence of normal behavior. These are symptom deficits.

Positive Symptoms

A person experiences symptoms that are in excess of normal behavior.

Paraphilic Disorders

A person has acted on, or is severely distressed by, recurrent urges or fantasies involving nonhuman objects, nonconsenting others, or suffering/humiliation.

Parkinson's Disease

A progressive disorder characterized by poorly-controlled motor movements. Four primary symptoms are: tremor of hands, arms, legs, jaw, or face, rigidity of the limbs and trunk, slowness in initiating movement, and impaired balance and coordination. Characterized by: Lewy bodies in the motor areas of the brainstem, accelerated aging of neurons, and a loss of dopamine.

Fetishistic Disorder

A sexual preoccupation with inanimate objects or a single body part (i.e. feet or articles of clothing). Most common in males. Creates a diminished interest in sexual activity.

Ischemic Stroke

A stroke due to reduced blood supply caused by a clot or severe narrowing of the arteries supplying blood to the brain (85% of strokes).

Hereditary Factors for Alzheimer's Disease

A twin study found that heritability is high, but there are no gender effects. Alzheimer's Disease is autosomal dominant. APOE-e4 is a risk gene.

Dementia

A type of Major Neurocognitive Disorder. A pervasive deterioration in cognition, memory impairment, and a gradual onset and continuing cognitive decline.

Alzheimer's Disease

A type of dementia involving memory loss and other declines in cognitive, adaptive, physical, and social functioning. Early symptoms include memory dysfunction, irritability, and cognitive impairment. Other symptoms may include social withdrawal, depression, apathy, delusions, impulsive behaviors, and neglect of physical hygiene.

Lewy Body Dementia

A type of dementia involving visual hallucination, cognitive fluctuations, and atypical movements. Results in progressive cognitive decline and mild Parkinsonian movement symptoms. Characterized by significant fluctuations in attention and alertness, recurrent detailed visual hallucinations, frequent falls, a shuffling gait, muscular rigidity, slowed movement, depression, and sleep disturbances (i.e. acting out dreams).

Wavy Flexibility

A type of withdrawn catatonia in which a person is able to shape the body's posture.

Communication Training

AKA Adjunctive Psychotherapy. Addresses the role of sexual dysfunction in the relationships (underlying issues).

Conversion Therapy

AKA Reparative Therapy. A psychologist may attempt to reorient the person's sexual orientation. Not authorized by APA.

Structured Exercises

AKA Sensate Focus. Involves retraining couples to give pleasure without performance demands through communicating what feels good and alternating roles of giver and receive. Features a ban on intercourse/orgasm to reduce performance expectations.

Cognitive Theory of Antisocial Personality Disorder

APD is caused by a deficit in information processing. These individuals are not able to read social cues and are more likely to perceive aggressive intentions. Explains aggression, not antisociality.

Biological Theory of Antisocial Personality Disorder

APD is caused by a hereditary component to criminal/antisocial behavior (psychopathy). APD may be caused by physiological under-arousal (decreased reactivity of autonomic nervous system), causing individuals to be insulated from their environment. APD may be caused by an increased tolerance of pain and decreased sensitivity to normal anxiety (causing an increase in self-stimulation through reckless behavior).

Behavioral Theory of Antisocial Personality Disorder

APD is caused by non-contingent reinforcement, when a parent's response to their children shows no clear connection to the child's behavior. If a child is punished when they did not do anything wrong, aggression is modeled. Individuals fail to learn the social rules of conduct.

Sociocultural Theory of Antisocial Personality Disorder

APD is caused by societal injustices (which create conditions for criminal and antisocial behavior) including poverty. Explains development of sociopaths.

Psychoanalytic Theory of Antisocial Personality Disorder

APD occurs due to an underdeveloped superego (moral part of the personality), causing too much psychic energy to be concentrated in the id.

Family and Socialization Perspective of Antisocial Personality Disorder

APD occurs due to dysfunctional family dynamics. Risk factors include poor parental supervision and involvement, parental rejection and deprivation, dysfunctional family structure, parental supervision or absence, not learning to pay attention to social stimuli and behave accordingly, and having an antisocial father.

Treatment of Paraphilic Disorders

Accomplished through extinguishing inappropriate sexual behaviors, reinforcing sexually appropriate behaviors, and social skills training.

Left Hemisphere Damage

Affects speech and language proficiency, as well as physical movement on the right half of the body.

Who is more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia?

African Americans, immigrants, and those of low socioeconomic status (poverty). This is due to discrimination, environmental stress, stereotyping, and prejudice.

What factors affect memory loss?

Age (neurons are gradually lost, the brain becomes smaller, and information is processed more slowly) and acute conditions such as infection or a reaction to prescription drugs.

Huntington's Disease Age of Onset and Treatment

Age of onset is variable, ranging from childhood to late-life, but typically mid-life. There is no cure, but medication can reduce symptom severity.

Risk increases with _______, but can affect people as young as in their ______. No ________ exists.

Age; 30's; cure.

Sexual Aversion Disorder

An active avoidance of sexual behavior, often preceded by abuse or sexual trauma, can also be due to misconceptions or repressions of sexuality.

Delirium

An acute state of confusion characterized by disorientation and impaired attention. Develops rapidly over hours or days. Symptoms may be mild or severe. Psychotic symptoms may be present. Sick and elderly are at an increased risk.

Gender Dysphoria

An adult has persistent discomfort with their anatomical sex and identifies as the other sex. One risk factor is a strong sense of gender incongruence at a young age. Rare diagnosis (0.25-1%). Many transgender people do not have distress or impairment of functioning. Affects predominantly males.

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality

An excessive preoccupation with minute details and efficiency (orderliness) at the expense of spontaneity and pleasure, extreme perfectionism, reflects a high need for control. Slightly more common in men. Individuals do not do well in certain occupations (lack of control and inability to see the bigger picture). Not as severe as OCD (compulsive act performed in response to one's irrational obsession).

Cerebral Laceration

An open head injury in which brain tissue is torn, pierced, or ruptured. The damage is localized.

Frotteuristic Disorder

Arousal through rubbing genitals on unsuspecting people. Most often in males in crowded situations. Gratification is obtained through touching. Occurs in socially unskilled people, who cannot obtain sex by more conventional means.

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scans

Assess glucose metabolism in the brain.

Pathological Personality Traits

Assesses whether a patient has severe levels of the following personality trait domains: negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition vs. compulsivity, and psychoticism. A dimensional model.

Persoanlity Disorder Types

Assesses whether a patient matches well to any of the six categorical personality disorders.

Delusions

Beliefs in false reality (not accepted as true by society).

Capgras' Syndrome

Believing in the existence of doubles (AKA impersonators).

Delusions of Control

Believing that an external source controls your thoughts.

Delusions of Reference

Believing that events and conversations always refer to you.

Delusions of Persecution

Believing that people are out to get you.

Delusions of Thought Broadcasting

Believing that people know what you are thinking.

Thought Withdrawal

Believing that someone is stealing your thoughts.

Delusions of Grandeur

Believing that you are famous or powerful.

Etiology of Paraphilic Disorders

Biological: unclear. Psychological: unconscious childhood conflicts. Social: early conditioning experiences. These disorders are the result of the association of pleasure with a deviant act.

Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration

Brain degeneration in the frontal and temporal lobes, resulting in progressive declines in language and behavior. Symptoms may include: changes in behavior and personality, difficulty using words and naming objects, and difficulty forming words and using language, depending on which area of the brain is affected.

Traumatic Brain Injury

Can result from a wound or internal injury to the brain. Severity, duration, and symptoms vary, although symptoms may include: headache, confusion, memory loss, attention deficits, fatigue, irritability, and changes in behavior. Greater tissue damage signals increased impairment in functioning.

What are other potential explanations for the correlation between schizophrenia and cannabis?

Cannabis could be a coping mechanism for those dealing with schizophrenia and those that do not function well are more prone to drug abuse.

Lifestyle Changes

Can help prevent or reduce progression of some neurocognitive disorders. Mental stimulation prevents cognitive decline; mental exercises can improve memory, reasoning ability, and information-processing speed.

Medication

Can help prevent, control, or reduce symptoms. Target physical symptoms or cognitive decline and can help control comorbid emotional problems. Have positive and negative effects.

Cognitive Vascular Disorder

Can result from a one-time cardiovascular event (stroke) or from insidious ongoing disruptions to the cardiovascular system. The majority of individuals with this disorder begin with atherosclerosis.

Borderline

Characterized by a dependence on other people, poor identity (sense of self), impulsive, tend to have unstable relationships (either idealize or demonize their partner), become psychotic upon high states of anxiety or depression (and are prone to such states), describe themselves as empty, engage in manipulative suicide attempts, and poor sense of interpersonal boundaries (life roles).

Major Neurocognitive Disorder

Characterized by a significant decline in one or more cognitive areas or the ability to meet daily living demands. Ex: Dementia.

Neurodegenerative Disorders

Characterized by declining brain function due to brain atrophy and loss of neurons. The disorders vary greatly in terms of age of onset, skills affected, and the course of the disorder.

Expressed Emotion

Characterized by high levels of verbal criticism or over involvement by the family of the schizophrenic. Effects are culture-specific. This benefits African Americans, but is correlated to European Americans relapse.

Avoidant

Characterized by low self-esteem, an extreme fear of rejection/disapproval from others (not an inability to feel close to people), and extreme shyness/social anxiety. These individuals are distressed about their condition.

Loose Association

Cognitive slippage (loss of normal connections, creating the inability to edit out irrelevant information).

What is the best treatment approach?

Combine antipsychotic medications with psychotherapy.

What is the best treatment for sexual dysfunction?

Combined biomedical and cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Senile Plaques

Composed of parts of neurons surrounding a group of proteins called beta-amyloid deposits.

Date or Acquaintance Rape

Comprises the majority of all rapes. Occur frequently in the college population due to coerced sexual activity and sexual socialization. Affects a victim to a greater psychological degree.

The prevalence data of Lewy Body Dementia is ____________ due to symptom _____________ with other forms of dementia.

Compromised; overlap.

Rape Trauma Syndrome

Consistent with PTSD symptoms, and may result in sexual dysfunction. Acute phase: disorganization. Long-term phase: reorganization.

Auditory Hallucinations

Hearing voices that are often critical, hostile, and controlling. This is the most common type of hallucination.

Anhedonia

Inability to experience pleasure.

Alogia

Inability to produce meaningful speech.

The ________ of schizophrenia is estimated at $62.7 billion annually due to the costly ____________. Schizophrenics are a large proportion of the ______________ ______________ population.

Cost; treatment; psychiatric hospitalized.

What are possible causes of Neurocognitive Disorders?

Degenerative conditions, stroke, head trauma, and infection. These may be influenced by social and psychological factors.

Delusional Disorder

Delusions last for at least one month.

AIDS Dementia Complex

Dementia may be the first sign of HIV infection or AIDS. Symptoms include an inability to concentrate, a difficulty with complex mental tasks, tremors, poor balance, and increased apathy and lethargy. Occurs in 10-20% of the population with HIV.

Instrumental Aggression

Described by Hare. Aggression that is goal-oriented and the perpetrator is calm and in control.

Emil Kraeplin (1896)

Described schizophrenia using the descriptive approach. He described the condition as "dementia praecox" AKA premature intellectual deterioration. This infers that schizophrenia is due to organic (biological) deterioration.

Eugene Bleuler (1911)

Described schizophrenia using the process approach. This infers that the condition is due to the breaking of associative threads in cognition (disrupted thought processes).

Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) Scans

Develop brain images produced by cross-sectional X-rays.

NEO Five Factor Theory

Developed as a result of subjecting data to a factor analysis. Five factors form the foundation of personality: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

Why is it important to pay attention to cultural variables?

Diagnostic traits are culture-specific to Western Societies. Avoiding eye contact is seen as avoidant in the United States, but a sign of respect in other cultures.

Etiology of Sexual Dysfunction: Biological Dimension

Differing levels of testosterone or estrogens, side effects of medication, alcohol, and physical illnesses.

What are the hardest sexual dysfunction disorders to treat?

Disorders of Interest/Arousal because this is highly psychological.

Which disorders are more common in women?

Disorders that involve emotionality.

Which disorders are more common in men?

Disorders that involve self-centeredness, callousness, and eccentricity.

Neurocognitive Disorders

Disorders that result from transient or permanent damage to the brain. They affect thinking processes, memory, perception, and consciousness. They may cause changes in behavior and emotional functioning.

Sexual Dysfunctions

Disruptions in the normal sexual response cycle. Must be recurrent and persistent, generate subjective distress, and disrupt functioning. This is a problem in the eye of the beholder and is due to interpersonal effects.

Thought Disorder

Disturbances in the thought process. Includes: blocking, loose association, incoherent speech, clang associations, and neologisms.

Personality Disorders are the only disorders with a _________ approach to diagnosis ( ___________ and ___________).

Dual; clinical; categorical.

Asociality

Inability to take interest in social relationships.

DSM-IV Definition

Enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates from the expectations of the individual's culture, is pervasive and inflexible, has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood, is stable over time, and leads to distress/impairment.

Blocking an overactive ________________ (STEP) may lessen the effects of schizophrenia.

Enzyme.

How does the NEO Five Factor Theory define personality disorders?

Extreme manifestations of normal personality traits that would support the dimensional model (continuum).

Psychomotor Disturbance

Extremes in activity levels, peculiar body movements or postures, and strange gestures or grimaces. Includes both excited and withdrawn catatonia and wavy flexibility.

Latent Schizophrenia

First described by Bleuler. AKA schizophrenia in remission.

Endophenotypes

Focus on quantifiable (measurable) traits. Include working memory, executive function, sustained attention, and verbal memory.

Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration Prevalence

Fourth leading cause of dementia.

Hippocampus

Functions in episodic memory. It consolidates and integrates facts and events.

What is the difference between Gender Dysphoria and Sexual Orientation?

Gender Dysphoria describes the sex that one identifies as and Sexual Orientation describes the sex that one is attracted to.

Etiology of Sexual Dysfunction: Sociocultural Dimension

Gender, age, cultural scripts (acceptable sexual behavior), education level (prognosis is better for higher education levels), gender role expectations, and sexual orientation.

Generalized vs. Situational Sexual Dysfunctions

Generalized: affects all areas of sexual function. Situational: only affects certain parts of sexual function (i.e. only direct intercourse).

Biological Theory of Personality Disorders

Genes play a role in the development of personality and personality disorders are extreme manifestations of personality traits. Assumes a link between personality disorders and Axis I disorders (i.e. anxiety and depression).

Huntington's Disease

Genetically transmitted degenerative disease characterized by involuntary twitching movements and eventual dementia. Early symptoms include twitches in fingers or facial grimaces. After progression, symptoms include abrupt repetitive movements, changes in personality and emotional stability, cognitive deficits and dementia, severe motor and cognitive impairments, and major depression.

Vaginismus Treatment

Gradual dilation of vaginal muscles, getting the patient to relax and gently inserting a series of progressively large dilators.

Sexual Sadism Disorder

Gratification through inflicting pain or emotional cruelty on sexual partner.

Sexual Masochism Disorder

Gratification through receiving pain or emotional cruelty from a sexual partner (complete helplessness). Often a form of compensation.

Etiology of Alzheimer's Disease

Hereditary and Environmental factors.

Schizophrenic Hippocampus

Hippocampal tissue deterioration, elevated hippocampal neural activity (which is compensatory), and decreased hippocampal connectivity to the cortex. This creates a lack of processing that contributes to formation of false memories and cognitions (deficits).

Etiology of Sexual Dysfunction: Psychological Dimension

Historical factors (i.e. trauma, personal issues, how you were taught about sexuality) and current issues/concerns. Also includes psychoanalytic and cognitive dimensions.

How can paraphilic disorders of pain and humiliation be victimless?

If two people (one with each disorder) can be in a mutually satisfactory relationship. This caused Sweden to remove this (among other disorders) from their DSM.

Clang Associations

Illogical associations between words based on sound (i.e. saying words that rhyme). May be an attempt to impose structure.

Right Hemisphere Damage

Impairs judgment and short-term memory, increases impulsivity, and affects visual-spatial skills.

Sociopath

Implies causation of antisocial personality disorder symptoms by oppressive societal conditions.

Psychopath

Implies heredity. Not all of those who meet the criteria for antisocial personality disorder are psychopaths.

What is the likely hood of recovery from schizophrenia?

In a 10 year study, the majority of patients improved over time. In a separate 15 year study, 40% showed periods of improvement and a sizeable minority got off of their medications.

Residual Phase

In the best case scenario, this would symbolize complete remission. Most often, it is characterized by symptoms as in the prodromal phase. 2/3 of those diagnosed with schizophrenia suffer from relapses.

Avolition

Inability to engage in voluntary action.

Restricted Affect

Inability to experience emotion.

Caregiver Support

Includes family and friends who provide care to those in need of support. They may feel overwhelmed, helpless, frustrated, or angry, and may benefit from caregiver support groups.

Schizophrenia was once viewed as an ____________ and _________ disorder. It is now known that ____________ and ______________ is possible.

Incurable; chronic; recovery; improvement.

Encephalitis

Inflammation of the brain. Many individuals with this condition may make a complete recovery. Develops as a result of a virus or bacteria.

Meningitis

Inflammation of the membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Symptoms may vary with age. This can result in the destruction of brain tissues. It develops as a result of a virus or bacteria.

Genital-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder

Intercourse is difficult or unpleasurable. This often involves psychological factors (i.e. rape or a strong moral/religious conflict). However, it can be caused due to physical causes (i.e. infection).

Blocking

Interruptions AKA incomplete thought and speech.

Mindfulness Training

Involves acceptance of symptoms. Enhances one's sense of self-control and reduces one's negative symptoms.

Minor Neurocognitive Disorder

Involves deficits in at least one major area, but to a lesser degree of severity. Individuals struggle with familiar tasks or use compensatory strategies to complete tasks. They require extra effort to maintain independence, but their overall independent functioning is not compromised. This can symbolize an earlier stage of a major neurocognitive disorder.

Hemorrhagic Stroke

Involves leakage of blood into the brain.

Describe the symptom overlap Lewy Body Dementia has with other disorders.

It has the same irregularities in neurons as in Parkinson's Disease. Individuals have plaques/tangles as in Alzheimer's.

Schizophrenia Genetic Etiology

It relates to up to 20 genes and gene interactions. It is found among close relatives. There is a 16% likelihood if a close relative suffers from the disorder, there is a 4% likelihood if a distant relative suffers from the disorder, and there is a 1% chance of getting the disorder in the general population. The twin concordance rate is less than 50%, so non-shared environmental influences must play a role.

Schizophrenia is the most _____________ abnormal psychology disorder.

Severe.

Lifelong vs. Acquired Sexual Dysfunctions

Lifelong: one has never had a successful sexual experience. Acquired: one has had at least one successful sexual experience.

Sociocultural Risk Factors for Schizophrenia

Lower educational level of parents, lower occupational status of fathers, and living in poorer residential areas at birth.

Withdrawn Catatonia

Maintaining an unusual posture for a long period of time.

Sex Reassignment Surgery

May be accompanied by cosmetic surgery, psychotherapy, and group support. Vaginal reconstruction is so advanced it may allow for an orgasm. In order to have the surgery, one must show they are able to function as the opposite sex.

Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration Diagnosis and Treatment

Mean age of onset is midlife. Diagnosis and treatment is complex. Significant genetic component.

Electroencephalograph

Measures the firing of neurons via electrodes on the scalp.

A psychologist will often refer their patient to a urologist or gynecologist to rule out any ____________ conditions that would explain the issue.

Medical.

Neurocognitive Disorders may result from a variety of _________________ conditions. Specific ______________ pathology is the primary factor for each condition, but other factors _______________ in order to affect the outcome.

Medical; brain; interact.

Parkinson's Disease Treatments

Medication can help control the symptoms, but these can have severe side effects. Surgical procedures on the brain or implantation of electrodes are used to stimulate areas of the brain.

Pedophebephilic Disorder

Men victimize pre-pubescent children. Affects 10-15% of children (2x more likely in girls). Perpetrator is more likely to be someone you know. Perpetrators are often passive, dependent, impulsive, and have poor social skills. Relapse rate is high. Children testifying causes psychological damage and rarely report experiencing this.

Dialectical Behavior Therapy

Method specifically for Borderline Personality Disorder. Combines social skills training with teaching individuals how to cope with stress.

Although decline in cognitive functioning is normal in age, many adults experience ____________ decline due to the brain ______________ itself.

Minimal; reorganizing.

Concussion

Most common acute head injury. An alteration in brain functioning often caused by a blow to the head.

Epilepsy Prevalence

Most common disease/infection of the brain. Affects 1-2% of the population (2.7 million individuals).

Most Frequently Reported Incest, Most Frequent Incest, Most Rare Incest

Most frequently reported: father/daughter. Most frequent: brother/sister. Most rare: mother/son.

Alzheimer's Disease Prevalence

Most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder. Affects about 5 million Americans, 6th leading cause of death in the US.

Akathesis

Motor restlessness.

Neurological Malignant Syndrome

Muscle rigidity.

Parkinsonism

Muscle tremors and shakiness.

Rehabilitation

Must be comprehensive and sustained. May include physical, occupational, speech, and language therapy. The individual must be committed. Depression, pessimism, and anxiety stall progress. Therapy provided by robots has shown promising results.

Diagnosis of Paraphilic Disorders

Must occur for 6 months. More common in males than females. Has a compulsory aspect. People can suffer from more than one paraphilic disorder.

Kohut's Theory of Narcissism

Narcissism is a compensation for inadequate love and approval from one's parents. Formed via the psychoanalytic approach, called "self-psychology."

Millon's Theory of Narcissism

Narcissism is the result of social learning. Narcissism is created by parents who hold inflated views of their child, causing the child to model this grandiose sense of self.

Genetics play a larger role when __________ symptoms are present.

Negative.

Environmental Support

Neurodegenerative disorders involving dementia are irreversible and can be best managed with a supportive environment. Modifying one's environment can increase safety and comfort while decreasing confusion and agitation.

Neologisms

New words.

Atypical Antipsychotics

Newer drugs that are more costly and may not be better than the older medications.

Family Based Interventions

Normalize the family experience, educate the family about schizophrenia, teach the family to cope with the symptoms , and strengthen communication.

Describe the Cultural Context of Sexual Disorders.

Norms for sexual behavior vary across cultures (and time periods), as does the definition of deviant behavior. There are also culture-based gender differences.

Rape

Not a DSM Disorder, but a significant societal issue. Under-reported. Most are planned.

Homosexuality

Not a psychiatric disorder now (removed in 1986), although it was in DSM I-III. DSM-I: homosexuality. DSM-II: sexual orientation disturbance. DSM-III: ego-dystonic homosexuality (a person finds their arousal stressful and reject their orientation due to societal prejudice).

Glasgow Coma Scale

Objectively measures consciousness.

Age Effects of Schizophrenia

Occurs earlier in men than women. Women are diagnosed in their mid-40's to 50's most often. This may be due to the protective effects of estrogen (not available after menopause).

Dyspareunia

Occurs in women, pain during intercourse.

Vaginismus

Occurs in women, vaginal muscles painfully and involuntarily spasm, preventing penetration. May occur due to trauma repression.

Contusion

Occurs when the brain strikes the skull with sufficient force to cause bruising. Involves tissue damage.

Schizotypal

Odd and eccentric behaviors and thoughts that are not severe enough to warrant a diagnosis with schizophrenia (although the patient would be on the schizophrenia spectrum). A long term disorder that is less severe than schizophrenia.

Which disorders did the DSM-V remove and why?

Paranoid, Schizoid, Histrionic, and Dependent. Due to an absence of research, symptom overlap, and arbitrary diagnostic thresholds.

What is the difference between Paraphelias and Paraphilic Disorders?

Paraphelia does not cause personal distress or harm to others, whereas paraphilic disorders do.

Protective Factors for Schizophrenia

Parental warmth and support.

Diathesis Stressor Model

People with a genetic predisposition towards schizophrenia will develop the disorder with a lower amount of environmental stress.

Cognitive Dimension

Performance anxiety (worry about adequate sexual performance) and spectator role (focusing on performance serves as a psychological distraction from sex itself) contribute to dysfunction.

Psychodynamic Theory of Personality Disorders

Personality Disorders are character disorders. They are due to poor parent child relationships early on in life that result in a weakened ego. Parents inadvertently rewarding dependence can lead to maladaptive behavior.

Behavioral Theory of Personality Disorders

Personality disorders are the result of maladaptive behaviors that have been reinforced and modeled.

What is the difference between primary and secondary negative symptoms?

Primary Symptoms arise from the disorder. Secondary Symptoms arise due to medication, being institutionalized, or due to a comorbid disorder.

Which drugs have been shown to support the Dopamine Excess Theory?

Phenothiazines, L-Dopa (which is used to treat Parkinson's Disease by increasing dopamine levels), and Amphetamines (which results in amphetamine psychosis).

Characteristics of Negative Symptom Schizophrenics

Poor premorbid social functioning, restricted affect predicts a poor prognosis, is accompanied by a lack of insight, and is more common in males.

Cultural Spillover Theory

Rape is high in environments that encourage violence. Media portrayals of violent sex enforces the cultural stereotypes of masculine and feminine roles.

Antipsychotic Medications are most effective on _____________ _____________ .

Positive symptoms.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Produces images of the brain using a magnetic field.

Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)

Provides longer but less detailed images of metabolic activity.

Milieu Therapy

Psychological skills training of a large group that may include behavior therapy as well.

Borderline Personality Disorder describes the borderline between _____________ and _______________. It is diagnosed more frequently in ___________ and is difficult to ______________.

Psychosis; neurosis; women; treat.

Cognitive Behavioral Approaches

Psychotherapy may enhance coping and participation in rehabilitation efforts. This can also be used to reduce the frequency and severity of problem behaviors or to improve functional skills.

How is Gender Dysphoria treated?

Psychotherapy, hormone therapy, and sex-reassignment surgery. The hardest part of treatment is psychosocial adjustment, so it focuses on resocialization.

Active Phase

Psychotic symptoms are present (hallucinations, delusions, etc.).

Brief Psychotic Disorder

Psychotic symptoms last from one day to one month.

Schizophreniform Disorder

Psychotic symptoms last from one month to six months.

Schizoaffective Disorder

Psychotic symptoms persist even after a depressive or manic phase is over.

People who are "well-adjusted" are able to _________ situations and _________ their behavior according to the situations.

Read; adapt.

Voyeuristic Disorder

Recurrent peeping at unsuspecting people to gain sexual excitement. Gratification is obtained through the invasion of privacy (gives power) and risk of discovery. This occurs most often in young single male adults that do not have the social skills to get sex in the conventional way.

Antisocial Personality

Refer to what society deems "psychopaths" or "sociopaths." More likely to engage in criminal behavior. More likely to harm others rather than themselves. More common in men.

Exhibitionist Disorder

Repeated exposure of genitals to an unwilling observer, affects mostly men. Gratification is obtained through people's shock, which acts as reinforcement. Done by shy, immature, socially unskilled, and rarely seek contact with the victim. Often show remorse. Appear to lead a conventional life.

Excited Catatonia

Repetitive movement.

Cognitive Theory of Personality Disorders

Result of extreme and exaggerated schema, irrational beliefs learned in development. Individuals with personality disorders do not see their beliefs as distortions.

Tardive Dyskinesia

Rhythmic tongue movement.

Lewy Body Dementia Prevalence

Second most common form of dementia (up to 30% of all dementia). More rapid onset than Alzheimer's, but a similar survival rate after 8 years of diagnosis.

Parkinson's Disease Prevalence

Second most common neurodegenerative disorder. Affects 500,000 people.

Dopamine Excess Theory

Seen in patients with positive symptoms. Schizophrenic symptoms arise from increased levels of neurotransmitters such as dopamine.

Narcissism

Self-love, inflated ego, a grandiose sense of self (exaggerated self-importance), accompanied by underlying feelings of inferiority, tend to exploit others to meet their personal needs, have severe interpersonal problems.

Hallucinations

Sensory experiences in the absence of a stimulus. Although these are internal, they are perceived as external.

Failures in Separation/Individuation

Separation: a child is able to separate from its parents and still feel psychologically safe. Individuation: a child develops a sense of self as separate from others.

Individuals with APD tend to ___________ down once they reach ___________ age.

Settle; middle.

Cognitive Symptoms

Severe impairments including poor executive functioning (i.e. organizational skills), an inability to sustain attention, and difficulty retaining learned information.

Social Risk Factors for Schizophrenia

Severe maternal physical abuse before the age of 12, severe bullying, and negative family relationships.

Sexual Activity and Aging

Sexual activity declines with age. 50% of aging people report having at least one sex-related problem. As a person ages, there is a greater risk for illnesses that affect sexuality as well as a partner gap. A majority of aging people report high satisfaction in their sex lives and have little decline in desire.

Hypersexual Disorder

Sexual addiction, controversy over whether it should be included in the DSM.

Transvestic Disorder

Sexual arousal while dressing as the opposite sex, most common in heterosexual men. No pattern of psychopathology (comorbid disorders). Creates marriage/intimacy problems. Not the same as drag queens.

Statutory Rape

Sexual intercourse with a child younger than the age of consent.

Incest

Sexual relations between people too closely related to marry legally. Universally taboo in human societies. 46K-250K incidents per year.

Psychological Treatment of Sexual Dysfunction

Sexual therapy, always begins with education about the dysfunction. Then, the patient undergoes anxiety reduction (which helps with performance anxiety and spectator role), structured exercises, and communication training.

Extrapyramidal Effects

Side effects that exist with both newer and more traditional medications. Include parkinsonism, dystonia, akathesis, neurological malignant syndrome, and tardive dyskinesia.

DSM-V Definition

Significant impairment or adaptive failure in the individual's self-functioning (identity and self-direction) and in his/her ability to engage in effective interpersonal functioning (empathy and intimacy). Focuses more on identity and life function.

Dystonia

Slow, contracting movement.

What is the theory behind this observation of gender differences?

Society expects men to be more assertive, tough, and independent. Society expects women to be emotional, nurturing, and dependent. Therefore, socially implemented differences in expressions of traits are the result of bias and social inequity. We may be pathologizing the traits that society encourages.

Etiology of Sexual Dysfunction: Social Dimension

Strict religious environments, traumatic sexual experiences, and relationship issues contribute to dysfunction in addition to faulty learning experiences and the internalization of myths and misconceptions.

Cleckley's Description of Psychopaths

Superficial charm/good intelligence, shallow emotions (lack of empathy, guilt, and remorse), behavior indicates little life plan or order (due to impulsivity), inability to learn from punishment, bad at avoidance learning, lack anxiety, unreliable, insincere, not truthful.

Negative symptoms are characterized by __________ _____________. They affect _______ of the population with schizophrenia.

Symptom deficits; 25%.

Type II Schizophrenics

Tend to have negative symptoms, disorder is more chronic and long-term, more common in men, and do not respond well to medication.

Type I Schizophrenics

Tend to have positive symptoms, respond better to medication, more common in women, and have better premorbid functioning.

Erectile Disorder

The absence or blockage of arousal in men, characterized by the inability to get or maintain an erection, common with an increase in age.

Etiology of Gender Dysphoria

Unclear, likely an interaction of multiple variables, including neurohormonal factors, an inability to resolve an Oedipus Complex, and childhood experiences based on operant conditioning and social learning.

Psychoanalytic Dimension

Unconscious conflicts lead to dysfunction.

How is PCL-R administered?

Via a semi-structured interview, assessment of case histories, and assessment of file information.

How is PCL-R scored?

Via checklist ratings. 5 "omits" invalidates a potential diagnosis. In order for a person to be diagnosed as a psychopath, they must score 30 or higher on the checklist.

Neurostructure Differences

The differences are small, but Type II Schizophrenics have smaller cortical structures and enlarged ventricles. However, this may result from antipsychotic medication.

What happens to stroke survivors?

They require long-term care due to physical and psychological symptoms that impair independent functioning. They are often frustrated and depressed by the difficulties they experience. Their cognitive skills decline due to chronic or sporadic cardiovascular events affecting blood flow to the brain. There is an uneven deterioration of intellectual activities, possibly accompanying physical and cognitive impairment.

Carol Tammings' Study Focus

The neurobiological basis for thought disorder among active schizophrenics through endophenotype research based on fMRI findings.

Orgasm

The peaking of sexual pleasure, characterized by muscle spasms followed by a release of constriction.

Reactive Aggression

The perpetrator is reacting to a perceived attack.

Stroke

The sudden halting of blood flow to a portion of the brain, leading to brain damage.

Psychological Risk Factors for Schizophrenia

The use of cocaine, amphetamines, alcohol, and especially cannabis as well as unusual beliefs and eccentric behaviors preceding the onset of psychotic symptoms.

How does the Cognitive Theory direct treatment of personality disorders?

Therapy focuses on modifying distorted schema.

How does the Behavioral Theory direct treatment of personality disorders?

Therapy focuses on skills training (i.e. social skills, how to be more assertive, etc.).

Treatments of Rapists

There are high recidivism rates (relapse). Imprisonment, behavioral approaches (reconditioning), surgical castration, and chemical therapy. However, these are not effective.

Favorable Outcome Factors for Schizophrenia

These are protective indicators of a good prognosis. Include: few negative symptoms, a history of good work performance, the ability to live independently, less depression and anxiety, and positive peer support.

How do antipsychotic medications function?

They decrease dopamine levels, which decrease hippocampal activity (seen through direct current stimulation of the hippocampus).

How does the Psychodynamic Theory direct treatment of personality disorders?

Through the "parenting approach." Therapy is directed and the therapist acts as a substitute parental figure to correct the problems that resulted from a poor parental relationship in childhood.

Early Ejaculation Treatment

Training males in the "start-stop" or "squeeze" methods for preventing premature ejaculation.

Community Group Homes

Transitional facilities that gradually reintroduce schizophrenics into the real world.

Tangles and plaques disrupt __________ between _________.

Transmission; neurons.

Female Orgasmic Dysfunction Treatment

Treated by encouraging masturbation.

There is no known ______________ that is effective for APD/psychopathy. There is more hope for _____________ APD individuals. However, involvement of __________ and peers may help.

Treatment; non-psychopathic; family.

Neurofibrillary Tangles

Twisted masses of protein fibers found inside nerve cells.

Epilepsy Etiology and Treatment

Unknown etiology. Possibilities: tumors, injury, degenerative disease, substance abuse. Medication is not always effective.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Useful when the schizophrenic is lucid. Focuses on reducing positive and negative symptoms and teaches pragmatic coping skills.

How does the Biological Theory direct treatment of personality disorders?

Using medications to treat Axis I symptoms.

Diagnosis of Lewy Body Dementia

When cognitive decline begins within a year of Parkinson-like motor symptoms. Can only be confirmed through autopsy.

Incoherent Speech

Word salad.