Adolescence

Kohlberg's Stages of Morality

-6 Stages -Child takes view, becomes confused by discrepant info, then resolves confusion by forming more advanced and comprehensive position

Social Dominance Hierarchy

-Ability of individual to control resources in his/her peer group -Influenced through behavior of peer group

Growth in intimacy in adolescence

-Adolescence more likely to consider trust, self-disclosure, shared attitudes, and loyalty as defining features of friendship

Media Saturation

-Adolescents spend less time on phone than with other activities -Uses media 8hrs/day -Worry about addiction

Structured and Unstructured Leisure in Rural Settings

-Adolescents with lots of structured activity also have lots of unstructured leisure time -Structured activity=better development -Positive outcomes

Ethnic Differences in Identity and Self-Esteem

-Black girls have higher self esteem -Asian Americans have lowest self esteem -Ethnic minorities in school where mostly white=more self-esteem problem

Development of Leisure Boredom

-Boredom increases slightly each year due to family structure and loneliness -Not fully developed--ndon't know how to implement unstructured time with activities

Effects of Discrimination

-Conduct issues associated with discrimination and depression, alienation -Positive belief about one's race helps deflect effects of discrimination

Peer Group Rejection Study

-Deviance from peer groups can encourage peer rejection

Changes in Self-Conceptions

-Distinguish between opinions of self and views of others -Ability to organize traits into categories (multifaceted personality) -False self-behavior: behavior that intentionally presents false impression

Self-Esteem Changes Throughout Adolescence

-Early adolescent girls have lower self confidence -Less self esteem and vulnerability in black girls

Conflict Resolutions in Development

-Early conflict res. occurs by coercion and power -Later conflict res. based on reputation or disengagement

Uses & Gratification Approach

-Emphasizes that adolescents choose the media they're exposed to

James Marcia

-Exploration theory -Not everyone goes through all 4 stages -Goal: identity achievement -Identity Diffusion: sense of apathy, not exploration & no commitment -Identity Foreclosure: Not exploring--keep with what you know and have been thought--likely with authoritarian parents -Moratorium: Career exploration--explore a lot of things, but no commitment -Identity Achievement: Has idea and is willing to commit

Structured Leisure Activities

-Extracurricular activities -Associated with better school performance, social well-being, and social status, better confidence -Little to no participation has increased risk of dropping out of school, unprotected sex, delinquent activities -No empirical support for the idea that extracurricular over scheduling of youth has negative effects -Increased contact with teachers and other school personnel who may reinforce value of school -Bonds students and parents to school--greater student success

Dimensions of Personality

-Extraversion -Agreeableness -Conscientiousness -Neuroticism -Openness to experience

Intimacy

-Formation, maintenance, and termination of close relationships; self-disclosure, trust, concern -Includes metacognition, self identity, peer groups, and brain changes

Standards-Based Reform

-Hold schools and students to predetermined set of standards -Disagreement about standards -Procedure when large amounts of students don't pass exams--students can't graduate and drop out -Common Core--problems are that politicians and test companies create these exams

Changes in Adolescents Decision Making Abilities

-Improvements: consider risks and benefits, decision based on potential immediate reward; better ability to control impulses -Legal Decision making: adolescents less likely to think about long-term implications

Deidealization

-Increasingly more realistic view of parents -Emotional autonomy & staying with parents=good outcome -Triggers: puberty & social cognitive development -Adolescents who feel most autonomous have been given enough freedom by parents

Attachment in Adolescence

-Individuals more securely attached during infancy have a more positive and healthy internal working model of relationships -Ind. insecurely attached are more sensitive to rejection by others in romantic encounters--depressive and anxious symptoms

Peer Relationships in Normal Development

-Influences self-image -Assists development of autonomy -Provides context for decision making skills -Intimate relations -Influence achievement

Students with Poor Peer Relationships More likely to:

-Low Achievers -Drop out -Higher rates of delinquent behavior -Emotional and mental health problems

No Child Left Behind

-Mandates all states ensure all students achieve academic proficiency -Problems: -Not enough resources -Taught to the test -No common set of standards -Encouraged poor-performing students to be absent on test days to have better scores -Pushing low-achieving students out of schools -Attempts to fix Problems: -High standards for all students -Common core -Race to the top

Moral Development

-Moral changes linked to onset of Piaget's formal operations -Relatively little shift in moral reasoning after two stages; significant shift in cognitive abilities -Formal Operations=abstract thinking -Combine/classify more mature -Higher order reasoning

Adolescent Workplace and Adolescent Development

-Most adolescents in retail and service -Adolescents can't do much independently -Working during adolescence negatively affects development: misconduct, lying happens on the job -Even though teens receive money, they don't manage it appropriately (Premature affluence) -Working over 20hrs/week hurts student performance and engagement and increases chance of dropping out -Employment doesn't decrease delinquent activity -May possibly benefit poor youth

Healthy Identity is....

-One where adolescents experiment and explore

Detachment

-Process where adolescents sever emotional attachments to parents and other authority figures -Families get along with adolescents; adolescents can be emotionally autonomous, but not detached

Ethnic Socialization

-Process where individuals develop understanding ethnic or racial background -Best adolescents come from homes where mom's provided much of racial socialization messages

Individuation

-Progressive sharpening of an individual's sense of being an autonomous, independent person -Doesn't have to be all stress and turmoil

Carol Gilligan's Moral Development

-Said Kohlberg was gender biased 1. Preconventional (Selfish) transition from selfish to responsibility 2. Conventional (social self sacrifice=goodness) selfless 3. Post-conventional (Principled) don't hurt self or others

Moral Reasoning & Cyberbullying Study

-Self-enhancement & Self-transcendence moderately predicted cyber & trad. bullying -Immoral & disengaged behaviors predicted cyber & trad. -Indirect effects showed self-enhancement & openness to changes predicted both bullying forms through immoral behavior -Morality issues similar for trad & cyber (lack of guilt, absence of moral aspects) -Cyberbullies predicted by self-enhancement, ability to use electronic, anonymous, to be center of attention

Erik Erikson

-Series of crises in search for identity--way in which person resolves crisis dictates personal identity and future development -8 Stages of Development -identity development begins at birth -2 crisis: identity vs. identity & intimacy vs. isolation

Impact of Adolescents' Exposure to Controversial Content

-Sexual content decreases with reality TV -Absence of safe sex and consequences, more permissible attitude -Violence -Conflict between behavior causes personality -Personality causes behavior through influence

Elementary School Classroom Climate

-Simplistic material -Happy, Warm designs

Jean Phinney's Ethnic Identity Study

-Study based on the work of Erikson & Marcia -3 Stages 1. Unexamined identity (identity diffusion and foreclosure) 2. Ethnic Identity Search (moratorium) 3. Achieved Ethnic Identity

Simpson's Moral Development

-Suggested Kohlberg's stage model based on Western philosophy and used model with non-Western cultures without considering the extent to which they have potential different moral outlooks

Secondary School Classroom Climate

-Teachers less likely to trust students are more likely to emphasize discipline; more likely to believe students' abilities are fixed; less likely than other teachers to feel confident about teaching abilities; best teachers=authoritative style; -School Size: ideal size is 600-900 students; especially important for students with poor grades

Sense of Morality Changes in Adolescence

-Teens become more aware that taking other person's perspective that includes views of self and other -Grows in cognitive perspective taking -Changes in social structures -Changes in prefrontal cortex--influences executive functioning which influences response to social stimuli

Consequences of High Self-Esteem

-Too high=risk of dropping self esteem -Academic success leads to higher self-esteem, not other way

Why Identity is Important in Adolescence

-Where do I fit in? (Who am I?) -Future orientation -Gender/Sexual orientation and body changes

Conflict Changes

-Younger ad focus on public disrespect -Older ad focus on private matters

William Cross' Research & Theory of Ethnic Identity

1. Pre-encounter 2. Encounter 3. Immersion 4. Internalization -Ethnic & racial formation in adolescence related to positive mental health outcomes

Themes of Ethnic Socialization

1. Understanding & Valuing one's culture 2. Dealing with prejudice 3. Succeeding in mainstream society

Piaget's 2 Stages of Moral Development

1. Younger children (10-11) think about moral dilemmas as fixed and absolute; solutions handed down by authority figure 2. Older children more relative; rules not sacred, but can be changed if everyone desires

Multiethnic

2 parents of different ethnic or racial backgrounds

Types of Unpopular Adolescents

Ad. with problems controlling aggression (reactive)--fights with other students and bullies others; Withdrawn--very shy, anxious, and inhibited, victims of bullying; Aggressive & withdrawn--hostile, nervous about initiating friendships

Immigrant Paradox

Adolescents who immigrate to the US score higher on measures of adjustment than adolescents from same ethnic group who has already lived in US

Perceived Popularity

Amount of status or prestige

Ethnic Identity

Aspect of sense of identity concerning ancestry or racial group membership -Process of ethnic identity development 1. Individual encounters prejudice 2. Period of learning about heritage--increases self-esteem -Feelings of connection or belonging to a race or ethnicity -Identifying with racial or ethnic group through shared commitment or common values

Characteristics of "Popular" Students

Athletic, high SES, smart, indulgent parenting; dating/romantic

Insecure Attachment

Babies don't develop trust

Intimacy & Autonomy

Both important constructs Seem contradictory

Identity Development over Time

Coherent sense of identity not established until 18 (more clear with boys)

Sense of Identity

Conception and expression of who one is

Self Esteem

Confidence in one's self

Crowds as Reference Groups

Contribute to definition of norms and standards; provides basis for adolescents' identity; crowds establish & reinforce social norms; determines adolescents' self esteem through crowd identity

New Media

Digital media accessed via computer, smartphone, and other internet-based devices

Autonomy

Emotional, cognitive, and behavioral components of self

Emotional Autonomy

Establish more adult-like and less childish close relationships with family members and peers; transformation of family relationships

Cognitive Autonomy

Establishment of independent set of values, opinions, and beliefs

Ideal Self

Goal of who you want to be

Peer Groups

Groups of people around same age

Racial Centrality

How important race is in defining identity (one of three dimensions of racial identity that influences effects of discrimination)

Self Conception

How one sees themselves

Social Self

How self is perceived by others

Classroom Climate

How teachers interact with students, use class time, & Expectations they hold for students influence learning and academic achievement -Students achieve more when attending schools that are responsive and demanding -Students achieve more in classrooms that promote cooperation, not competition

Things that Go into Popularity

How well liked; social skills; aggression (sometimes) used to get something

Sociometric Popularity

How well-liked someone is by peers

Private Regard

How you feel about being a member of your race (one of three dimensions of racial identity that influences effects of discrimination)

Public Regard

How you think others view your race (one of three dimensions of racial identity that influences effects of discrimination)

How Peer Groups Become More Important

Industrialization & modernization

Intimacy in Preadolescence

Interpersonal need for intimacy emerges; same-sex friendships & close platonic friendships -One of main challenges in adolescence is moving from nonsexual to sexual relationships

Crowd

Large group, male and female, similar activities; usually stereotyped "Jocks" "Brains"'; based on reputation

Behavioral Autonomy

Make and follow through with independent decisions

Stability of Friendships over Time

Moderate stability; composition of cliques may shift, but defining characteristics don't

Crowd Structure Over Time

More differentiated & less hierarchal; allow freedom for adolescents to move crowds and change status

Assimilation

New experiences interpreted to fit in with old models

Accommodation

Old models restructured to include new experiences

Old and New Models to Prevent Bullying

Old: -Target "victim:--create better social skills -Target Bully--teach individual good behavior New -Create opportunities for interaction -Change in-group -All inclusion--work together

Psychological Control

Parenting that controls adolescents' emotions and opinions. Effect: depression and anxiety

Parental Influence on Cliques

Parents socialize and predispose teens to certain crowds

Cultivation Theory

Perspective that explains the impact that media exposure has on people -Video games=bad behavior

Identity Status

Point in identity development process that characterizes an adolescent at any given time

Gender Intensification Hypothesis

Pressures to behave in sex-apropriate ways intensifies during adolescence

Morality

Principles concerning distinction between right & wrong, or good & bad behavior

Moral Judgment

Reasoning about hypothetical or "real life" moral dilemmas & how youth justify moral decisions

Adult Attachment

Retrospective measure of internal working model (how relationships work)

Unstructured Leisure Time

Routine Activity Theory: Combination of lack of structure, socializing with peers and absents of adults supervision leads to delinquency and problem behaviors

Agency

Sense that one has an impact on the world

Clique

Small group of 2-12 people, within a larger crowd; more intimate relationships

Attachment

Strong & enduring emotional bond between infant and his/her caretaker

Secure Attachment

Strong emotional bond--trusts caretaker

Co-rumination

Talking with friends about one's problems can make them depressed

Consequences of Rejection

Unpopularity--negative mental health and psychological development (depression, behavioral, academic problems)

Self Conscious

Way individual is preoccupied with self-image

Self-Image Stability

Way individual self-image changes per day

Self Concept

Way you want to interact with others

Pygmalion Effect

When teachers told that some students have higher potential than others, they are warmer and kinder, and teach more and more responsive to students; better feedback and praise