Adolescent Exam 1

Personal fable

Adolescents' belief in the uniqueness of their personal experience and their personal destiny

Preoperational stage

Ages 2 to 7, is the, which involves the capability to represent the world symbolically.

Apparent hypocrisy

Behavior seems hypocritical adolescent reveal that teens are applying rules to others and not to themselves.

Steinberg & Cauffman

Building off of kazinsky. Falsely show adolescence and adults decision making, weakness is that they don't have emotional security. Good decision equals interaction of cognitive and emotional factors. State that differences in decision-making abilities between adolescents and adults can be attributed to cognitive factors and psychosocial factors.

Shirley Feldman study

Chinese immagrant youth, first and second generation compares each generattion in groups, attitudes, white western youth, how do they compare with non immagrant chinese youth (hong kong), 15-18 year olds, first and second generation had no differenes in valuing in individualism equal, first generation were more like the white western youth than the honk kong youth on individualism, one lasting collectivism value that was family as a residential unit both generation, belief that aging parents should live with adult children, unmarried children should live with parent until they get married.

Ellen Galinsky

Even though the public perception is about building bigger and better brains, what the research shows is that it's the relationships. It's the connections, it's the people in children's lives who make the biggest difference. Kids are actually yearning, teens are yearning for more time with their parents. When you ask children whom they admire, they often talk about their parents. If they have a good relationship, they talk about their parents.

Expressive orientation

Females, socialized to be in touch with their feeling, emotional.

Storm and Stress Arnett

Gives credit to Hall but makes it a little better and accurate. If storm and stress were to happen conflicts with parents will arise, mood changes and risk taking behavior. Mood is more biologically driven

According to Piaget, which of the following moralities corresponds to the preoperational stage?

Heteronomous morality

Mutual perspective taking

In early adolescence (ages 10-12) children become capable for the first time; Just as they understand that another person has a perspective that is different from you own, they also realize that other persons understand that they have a perspective that is different from theirs

David Gilmore

In traditional cultures, boys have to earn what it has to be a man, whereas in females they don't have to earn becoming a women, menstruation is enough. Men have to provide, protect, and procreate to be a man. Its not just actions men have to develop psychological transition like courage.

Selective attention

Is the capacity to focus on relevant information while screening out irrelevant information. Adolescents are more adept

Sensorimotor stage

Is the first 2 years of life are the, which involves learning how to coordinate the activities of the senses with motor activities.

Social perspective taking and Conventional system perspective taking

Late adolescent and children come to realize that their perspectives and those of others are influenced not just by their interaction with each other but also by their roles in the larger society

Instrumental orientation

Males, a sense of personal agency, efficacy. Socialization pressure in getting what they want.

Mary Carskadon

Most teens are getting an average seven-and-a-half hours a night. They're building huge, huge sleep debts night after night after night. The circadian clock shifts forward as children become teenagers. The teenagers are really put in a kind of a gray cloud when they aren't having enough sleep. It affects both their mood and their ability to think and their ability to perform and react appropriately.

Lawrence Kohlberg's Cognitive Developmental Theory

Neo- Piagetian, Main point is as children we learn what category of people we belong to male or female, but as a child we categorize and identify ourselves as a group, they conserve Appearance Reality, Cognitive Problem, Conservation: appearance reality is not going to effect you, outward issues are not going to alter someone identity. Adolescence ability to self reflect and idealize come into play, Idealization is important to themselves and what characteristic they should have. Conservational its coming from themselves and they are self socializing. Understand things at a level. There goal is to conform to the gender issues, we are tough to conform to the gender issues, before adolescence we need to look at vocational and lifestyle applications. For example, for the past several years math and science between male and female prejudice has evened out, but there's a dramatic gender issue with job fields. Issues of choice. Differences in choices people make.

Emotional loneliness

Occurs when people feel that the relationships they have lack sufficient closeness and intimacy.

Robert Weiss Social loneliness

Occurs when people feel that they lack a sufficient number of social contacts and relationships

Paul Klaczynski

Proposed that adolescent decision-making is based on an analytic cognitive system and a heuristic cognitive system. Analytic reasoning advances during adolescent, but heuristic factors do not necessarily. intuitive factors such as past experience, emotions, and unconscious motivation are heuristic

John Hill & Mary Ellen Lynch (The "Gender Intensification Hypothesis")

Psychological and behavior becomes greater during early adolescence, because of social pressure to conform to tradition roles. Male and female difference in behaviors not due in biological change, but due to socialization change they are going through. They believe that at adolescence gender socialization pressure is greater in females than males, part of it has to do with males being independent, but females don't have the same opportunities. They use Susan Harter's idea that girl more than boy self consciousness show lower self esteem about their appearance at adolescence because physical attractiveness is very important to the female role. More with White Western females. Females more than males have an increased interest in forming close friendships because its part of the female gender role.

Chumship Early Adolescence

Puberty, sexual satisfaction.

Self-esteem

Refers to a person's overall sense of worth and well-being

Self-concept

Refers to the way a person views and evaluates herself or himself

Achievement

"After studying in Peru, I realize I cannot work for a large corporation, I am going to be a nurse. Status that combines exploration with achievement

"Developmental Niche"

(includes socialization practices and one's social setting (ecology): setting the place where we get our belief system, cultural psychology that includes the physical and social settings that an adolescent is growing up, socialization practices that adolescents and exposed to, theory and beliefs of parents nature and purpose.

Adolescent Self-image: 8 Domains

Scholastic Competence, Social Acceptance, Athletic Competence, Physical Appearance, Job Competence, Romantic Appeal, Behavioral Conduct, and Close Friendship.

Chumship Pre adolescence

Self worth, and security, usually when chumship happens.

Sigmund Freud

Sexually attracted to mother and father, and issues in their life can be solved through same sex parents.

H.S. Sullivan Interpersonal Approach

Social beings are shaped by their cultural and interpersonal changes.

Global self worth

Soe teenagers are happy with themselves most of the time but other teenagers are not happy with themselves.

Job Competence

Some feel that they are ready for a part time job but others feel that they are not ready.

Close Friendship

Some teenagers are able to make close friends, but others others find it hard to make really close friends.

Social Acceptance

Some teenagers are popular with others their age but other teenagers are not very popular.

Athletic Competence

Some teenagers do not feel that they are very athletic but other teenagers feel that they are very athletic.

Scholastic Competence

Some teenagers have trouble finding out the answer in school, but other teenagers almost always can figure out the answer.

Physical Appearance

Some teenagers think that they are very good looking, but other teenagers don't think that they are very attractive.

Moratorium

Status that combines exploration with no commitment "I want to be a marine biologist, no... a lawyer, no...a hairdresser like my best friends' mom.

Foreclosure

Status that combines no exploration with commitment. "I never had to think about what to do, I'm taking over the farm from Dad."

Diffusion

Status that combines no exploration with no commitment. "I'm not worried about what to do after school...who cares."

Deborah Yurgulen-Todd

Teenagers are not able to correctly read all the feelings in the adult face. They see anger when there isn't anger or sadness when there isn't sadness. And if that's the case, then, clearly, their own behavior is not going to match that of the adult. So you'll see a miscommunication both in terms of what they think the adult is feeling, but also and then what the response should be to that. The reason for this, she believes, is that teenagers use a different part of the brain to assess the emotion on people's faces. The teenager is not going to take the information that is in the outside world and organize it and understand it the same way we do. If you're assuming they understood everything you said, they may not have, or they may have understood it differently.

Storm and Stress G.S. Hall

UNIVERSAL, Adolescence is a stormy period of time. Not a very fun time because he believe in the biological factors, universal storm and stress, everyone experiences it, your life will suck but it turns out most are actually happy, research showed that he was wrong. The period is very rocky and it is in our genetic code that we are going to be stomy and stressful.

Reaction to semenarche first ejaculation.

Voluntary act. Possible to have semen but no sperm.

Danger part is the Deficit veiw of non western view

because adolescence was studied in the west the other ways aren't right.

Adolescents in formal operations

become able to solve logical puzzles and engage in discussions about abstract ideas in ways they couldn't when they were younger.

Formal operations

begin at about age 11 and end between 15 and 20 and allow adolescents to reason about complex tasks and problems and think scientifically. Pedulum problem: challenge young people. With weight and strings. Cared about how they performed not if they did it correctly.

Custom complex

belief of practices reveal like beliefs about dating, your decisions on who you will or will not date

Direct effect

changes of the biological system directly produce psychological effects.

Mediated effects

changes of the biological system interact with a variety of other variable that which in turn can effect certain effects.

Differential gender socialization

concept on how there are different expectations on us through different genders.

James Marcia

constructed the Identity Status Interview that classified adolescents into one of four identity statuses Achievement, Moratorium, Foreclosure, and Diffusion.

Emerging adulthood cognitive development

continues past formal operations through postformal thinking. Two notable aspects of postformal thinking are pragmatism and reflective judgment.

Heteronomous morality

corresponds to the preoperational stage, moral rules are viewed as having a sacred, fixed quality and are believed to be handed down from figures of authority.

Broad and narrow socialization

describe the process by which cultural members come to adopt the values and beliefs of their culture. It refers to the range of individual differences cultures allow or encourage.

Narrow socialization

dicourages you to do anything differecnt so they are collectivistic.

Accommodation phase

entails changing the scheme to adapt to new information are the processes involved in schemes. They usually take place together in varying degrees. Balance that's restored, intellectual balance that's reached because life (ages 15 and beyond) experience

Broad socialization

favors outcome for idividualism

Reactions to menarche

first couple of years menstal cycle may happen but ovulation doesn't occur after two years. But it is possible that a young girl could become preggo. More reeport cause it happens naturally.

Divided attention

focuses on the relevant aspects of a problem

The concrete operations stage

goes from ages 7 to 11 during which children become more adept at using mental operations. solve problems but need a meaning behind it. conservation of liquid task: asked question of how much liquid in glasses.

Peter Blos

had a psychoanalytic interpretation of autonomy that mostly agrees with the Freudian theory but suggests that adolescents individuate instead of detach. Separating ourselves to be our own person. Goes through never wanting to grow up. Believed that regression is a normal aspect of puberty

Sandra Bem's Gender Schema Theory

has to do with how we organize and process information. Like what are your expectations, can be anything. What do we do with things that do fit with our expectations. Tendency that doesn't fit we get confused

Imaginary audience

highly conscious of how you look and act leads to the belief that there must be something special, something unique about you. Adolescents' belief that others are thinking about them a great deal

Cross-Cultural Psychology

independent variable (quasi) nation a with nation b, looking for similarities and differences. in reality western side studies adolescence and it statred there. Danger side is that how people developed in one country is the norm. But it can be thought of as being very narrow minded.

Piaget underestimated

individual differences in the extent to which people use formal operations and how much effort, energy, and knowledge it takes to use formal operations. In many cultures formal operational thought does not develop, especially those without formal schooling. There is widespread support for the idea that formal operations is a universal human potential but the forms it takes in each culture derive from the kinds of cognitive requirements in that culture.

Pragmatism

involves adapting logical thinking to the practical constraints of real-life situations. Cognitive development in the early twenties reflects greater incorporation of practical limits to logical thinking and a growing awareness that social factors and specific factors must be accounted for in life's problems.

Carol Gilligan critique to Kohlberg's theory of moral development

is biased in favor of a justice orientation, which she contrasts with the care orientation that she claimed is more likely to be favored by females, and that Kohlberg's system would rate as lower than moral reasoning from a justice orientation. Evidence generally does not support Gilligan's claim that Kohlberg's system is biased in favor of males.

Boy late mature

is mostly negative cause of delenquancy, eager for attention, need to prove self. Showing people you are mature.

Information-processing theory

is reductionist and has lost the holistic perspective that characterized Piaget's work. In addition, emotions are not considered.

Experience sampling method or beeper method

it was self report, high school students when beeped they were at home and in bed room, what they were doing productive 30%, maintanace (eating, resting) 30%, or leasure 40% , they were with peers mostly, alone second, and lastly adults, it was self report but there was not very many differences.

Boys expectation

manhood is something that has to be achieved and the attainment of manhood is often fraught with peril and carries a possibility of failure. In most cultures an adolescent boy must demonstrate three capacities before he can be considered a man; provide, protect, and procreate. Manhood requirements involve not just the acquisition of skills in these three areas but also the development of certain character qualities that must accompany the skills.

Complex thinking

multiple meanings, like sarcasm, double meaning.

Girl early mature

negative because of attention from older males, self conciouse that they are developing sooner than others. lake of preporation, african and latina have less negative effect cause of diversity of the ideal look. Whites usually have the same desires or goals.

Chumship

not everyone has it, it is the first time you experience true love, usually same sex, tends to occur pre adolescence, they give you an opportunity for consensual validation. i.e. sharing, and trusting.

Cultural Psychology

of your beliefs, treating culture as a way of passing on your beliefs, fulfill family goals. Share a lot of points of views. Cultural beliefs are common norm and moral standard of a culture and there important to see what's expected of you behavior wise, how old you are, gender, cognitive ability to comprehend, safe to stick with steriotype

William Perry

says reflective judgment is the ability to evaluate the logic of the certain issues. Education has a high value on this issue. Experience alone is not enough. Young adolescence engage in dualistic thinking meaning at this age they are not reflective right or wrong true or false. Late adolescence we see stage one which is multiple thinking what happens fundamentally we see more sides to a story. We see multiple views. The struggle is we see this awareness and we know its a struggle. Stage two stage of relativism they begin to compare the merrate of the importance of a view. How the idea affects you later. Value of multiple views. Transitional view. Stage three stage of commitment happen at the end of college mid 20s, you commit to views that is most valid to you and equally important to stay open to other views. Leaving mind and door open. Secure enough of your ideas to be challenged.

Richard Easterlin

social ecology, believed in age mates or peers, impacts of being a part of the

Chumship Late Adolescence

some never reach, genuine intimacy, mature integration of previous needs.

Behavioral Conduct

some teenagers get into trouble for what they do but others don't do things to get into trouble

Optimistic bias

tendency to think that everything will be alright. Possibility vs. Probability. Cigarette smoking adolescence and adults have similar understanding they differ that adolescence thinking that they can stop before it harms them. The tendency to assume that accidents, diseases, and other misfortunes are more likely to happen to others than to themselves.

Romantic Appeal

think that other people their age will be romantically attractive to them, but others worry that whether their peers will be attracted to them

Metacognition

thinking about thinking, act of being reflective if own thoughts. Adolescence are more likly reflective than young children.

John Flavell "social monitoring

trying to figure out the meaning of the many social messages we are getting from the world, like advertisements on TV. Adolescence know that advertisement want you to buy that produce and read too much into a deep message. What is the message and do I agree with it? Adolescence are susceptible to being swayed to persuasive appeals, like drinking a particular drink, and how you feel after, they aim to emotional side.

Girls expectations

typically work alongside their mothers from a young age and by adolescence they can contribute equal amounts of work. Girls typically maintain a close relationship with their mothers. In adolescence, socialization stays narrow or becomes even narrower for girls, their budding sexuality is likely to be tightly restricted, and there is a focus on preparing for marriage or gender-specific adult work.

Assimilation phase

when new information is altered to fit an existing scheme. idealism is overwhelming, possible the reality is submerged. Ages 11 to 14

Boy early mature

satisfaction in job relationship

Charles Nelson

Teenagers have- particularly when they're first becoming teenagers, have every reason to believe and to feel that no one understands them, that they themselves are sometimes surprised at what flies out of their mouth. And a personal example is when my son was 12, he one day just blurted something out and then grinned. And he thought- he thought out loud, "Where did that come from?" I think the problem parents have is, they- no matter how well they think they know their kid, once their kid becomes a teenager, for a brief period of time it's as though they've been invaded by another body or another brain. And suddenly, they don't quite know that kid anymore, and they get thrown off balance. Many parents are thrown for a loop when their kids get to be an adolescent, in some respects. And what I think they need to do is recognize that this is just another phase of child development, and even though their children may be shouting more and talking back more and kicking and- and throwing temper tantrums, it's just a temper tantrum in a 5-foot-tall body instead of an 18-inch-long body. We've known for a long time that what we actually call the pre-frontal cortex, the part that sits behind your forehead, is involved in planning behavior, your use of strategies, a technical term we call cognitive flexibility, which is can you change your mind and do you have sort of a fluid way of going about solving problems? Adolescence has always been a period of high risk. We know that teenagers engage in risky behavior and they have always engaged in risky behavior. There's nothing new about that now. And because the child - the 13 or 14 or 15-year-old - still has an immature frontal cortex, they often do not make the most responsible, reasoned decisions. And by virtue of having things available that can do harm, they often wind up in a higher risk group than I experienced as a child myself. We think that the dramatic changes in mood - for example, a child having an outburst at one moment and then being very calm and happy the next - is due in part to changes in hormones because we know that as a child enters puberty, these changes in mood are much more dramatic. And a year or two after puberty has begun, things level down a little bit. But we think the ultimate responsibility for regulating these mood changes resides in the frontal cortex, and that's what's overseeing this whole operation. The changes going on in the frontal cortex that gradually give the child the ability to regulate those powerful emotions, to solve problems more effectively, to be more planful in their behavior. So what's really new here is our ability to explain the child development work that we've known about for quite some time.

Behavioral decision theory

The decision making process includes identifying the range of possible choices, identifying the consequences of each choice, evaluating the desirability of each consequence, assessing the likelihood of each consequence, and integrating this information. Early adolescence are not good at each of these step. Later adolescence makes a decision on what they desire unlike adults. Adolescence make decisions to be seen as risk takers.

Susan Harter's Self-perception scale

The measure may not be as valid for adolescents in other cultures, especially eastern cultures such as japan or china, in which it is socially disapproved to evaluate yourself positively.

Carlyle Smith

The special worry with teenagers is that they are learning a tremendous amount and trying to keep up with their peers, and so on. They're often stretching almost to the limit of what they can do. And sleeping in is one of the best ways that they can do to sort of stay abreast of what's going on. And let them do it. I can't tell you any more clearly. Having a good night's sleep will give you more of an advantage than anything else than you can do.

Social cognition

The way we think about other people, social relationships, and social institutions, includes three aspects: perspective taking, implicit personality theories, and adolescent egocentrism.

Jay Giedd

What he discovered in the all-important part of the brain that sits behind the forehead, in an area called the frontal cortex, was an unexpected growth spurt, an overproduction of cells just before puberty. This is a process that we knew happened in the womb, maybe even the first 18 months of life. But it was only when we started following the same children by scanning their brains at two-year intervals that we detected a second wave of over-production. And this second wave of over-production is manifest by an actual thickening in the gray matter or the thinking part in the front parts of the brain. By age 6, the brain's already 95 percent of its adult size. But the gray matter or thinking part of the brain continues to thicken throughout childhood as the brain cells grow extra connections, much like a tree growing extra branches, twigs and roots. The pruning-down phase is perhaps even more interesting because our leading hypothesis for that is the "Use it or lose it" principle. Those cells and connections that are used will survive and flourish. Those cells and connections that are not used will wither and die. So if the teen is doing music or sports or academics, those are the cells and connections that will be hard-wired. The cerebellum used to be thought to be involved in the coordination of our muscles. But we now know it's also involved in coordination of our thinking processes. And just like one can be physically clumsy, one can be kind of mentally clumsy. And this ability to smooth out all the different intellectual processes, to navigate the complicated social life of the teen and to get through these things smoothly and gracefully instead of lurching with adolescents seems to be a function of the cerebellum.

Kyla Wahlstrom

What we found as a result of the later start time is that students were attending classes. They were more alert in class. They're reporting themselves being more alert. They're staying with the discussion, with the teacher. They're raising their hand. They're being engaged as learners instead of struggling just to stay awake and- or passively sitting there.

Socialization

__________ is the process by which people acquire the behaviors and beliefs of the culture they live in.

Anna Freud

adolescence act childish because they can't control their sexual desires or innate drives. Believed that defense mechanisms are the key to understanding adolescent adjustment

Adegoke study

among nigerian youth didn't know about ejaculation till happened so they were unprepared but when it happened they didn't think negatively and told frinds but not a lot of people, did not tell parents. he felt thst attitudes toward it are not as big in nigeria than here.

Girl Late mature

positive body image, don't go through fat periods.

Autonomous morality

reached with the onset of formal operations, involves a growing realization that moral rules are social conventions that can be changed if people decide they should be changed. It also includes motivations for behavior rather than just consequences. Piaget believed that moral development is promoted by interactions with peers.

Gender

refers to social categories of male and female.

Sex

refers to the biological status of being male or female