ADV CH 15 LECTURE

________ is the principle that when there is a large number of individuals in a population that are immune to a pathogen, it is less likely that an non-immunized member of the population will encounter the pathogen. Herd immunity Innate immunity Passive immunity Specific immunity Acquired immunity

Herd immunity

_____ serum is often the source of therapeutic antibodies for a number of diseases and snake bites. Hamster Microbial Monkey Mouse Horse

Horse

Which of the following is NOT a factor to be considered for vaccine preparation? Ease in administration of the vaccine. Immunogen selection for the vaccine. Effectiveness of the vaccine against disease. How long production of the vaccine takes. Safety and cost of the vaccine.

How long production of the vaccine takes

Which of the following statements about vaccine use are true? Multiple choice question.(2) Is less risky than the deadly disease they prevent. Does carry some risk. Is very risky regardless of the disease they are designed to prevent.

Is less risky than the deadly disease they prevent. Does carry some risk.

Which method is NOT used to generate attenuated microbes for vaccine production? Removal of virulence genes. Passage of the microbe through unnatural host or tissue culture. Long-term cultivation. Isolating microbe from recovering host. Selection of mutant strains that grow at colder temperatures.

Isolating microbe from recovering host.

ISG is an effective treatment for necrotizing fasciitis because ______. Multiple choice question.(3) It stimulates the production of antibodies specific to flesh-eating microbes. It enhances opsonization of pathogens. It binds to exotoxins, limiting the inflammatory response. It neutralizes superantigens and toxins, preventing cytokine release. It stimulates the action of cytotoxic T cells.

It enhances opsonization of pathogens. It binds to exotoxins, limiting the inflammatory response. It neutralizes superantigens and toxins, preventing cytokine release.

Requirements for most effective vaccines do NOT include ______. Zero to low level of toxicity or adverse side effects. Protection against the natural, wild form of the pathogen. Produce a memory response. Regular booster dose schedule.

Regular booster dose schedule

In treating necrotizing fasciitis, ISG prevents inflammation, blood vessel damage and organ failure by interfering with the release of ______. antibodies pyrogens cytokines opsonins toxins

cytokines

The status of collective acquired immunity in a population that reduces the likelihood that nonimmune individuals will contract and spread infection is known as _____ immunity. passive acquired specific innate herd

herd

Specific immune globulin contains ______ antibody titers than immune serum globulin. lower higher

higher

Sometimes several vaccines are given at the same time but experts have carefully balanced vaccines to prevent ________. passive immunity clonal deletion herd immunity immune interference artificial immunity

immune interference

Any clinical process that produces immunity in an individual is called a(n) ________. immunization vaccination inoculation seroconversion

immunization

The prevention of illness by the introduction of active immunization by vaccines or passive immunization through antisera is called _________.

immunoprophylaxis

Preventing or treating infectious diseases by administering substances such as premade antibodies that produce artificial immunity is called ________. immunization immunotherapy inoculation

immunotherapy

_________ is the medical procedure that may involve the transfer of premade antibodies to protect the individual.

immunotherapy

Due to herd immunity, nonvaccinated individuals are ______ protected from disease by the collective immunity of the immunized members of a population. innately actively indirectly directly

indirectly

Because several vaccines are given at the same time, scientists must carefully balance vaccines to prevent immune _______.

interference

Preparations that most vaccines are based on include ______. Multiple select question. Killed cells or inactivated viruses. Live, attenuated microbes. Epitope-specific antibodies. Reactive T cell receptors.

killed cells or inactivated viruses live, attenuated microbes

The most common complications associated with vaccines include ______. Multiple choice question.(3) local reactions at the injection site fever sore throat autism spectrum disorder headache allergies

local reactions at the injection site. fever. allergies.

Requirements for an effective vaccine include ______. Multiple select question.(2) produces a memory response. has a low level of toxicity or adverse side effects. requires a regular booster dose schedule. stimulates a B or a T cell response, but not both.

produces a memory response. has a low level of toxicity or adverse side effects.

In ________ vaccines, a gene for the antigen of a pathogen is spliced into a plasmid, the antigen is expressed in a cloning host, and the expressed antigen is then harvested for use in a vaccine. acellular neutralized subunit recombinant inactivated

recombinant

Vaccine strategies include ______ vaccines made by isolating a gene for an antigen of a pathogen, splicing it into a plasmid for delivery to a cloning host, and then harvesting the produced antigen to be used in a vaccine. DNA nucleotide recombinant

recombinant

The disadvantages associated with using live attenuated vaccines include ______. Multiple select question.(3) Requiring special storage facilities. Can be transmitted to others. Possibility of mutating back to a virulent strain. Promotes only B cell responses.

requiring special storage facilities. can be transmitted to others. possibility of mutating back to a virulent strain.

The most difficult task in vaccine production is finding antigens that are ______. immunogenic cheap to make stable and immunocompetent safe yet stimulate immunity easy to isolate

safe yet stimulate immunity

A ______ is a toxin that has been rendered inactive but is still capable of eliciting a protective immune response when used as a vaccine.

toxoid

A toxin that has been rendered inactive but is still capable of eliciting the formation of protective antitoxin antibodies is called a(n) ________. toxoid endotoxin opsonin hapten recombinant

toxoid

Vaccines made from ______ provide protection against toxinoses such as tetanus. toxoids functional toxins haptens opsonins

toxoids

Exposing a person to the antigenic components of a microbe without its pathogenic effects for the purpose of inducing a future protective response is called ________. immunization vaccination passive immunization infection

vaccination

True or false: There is a vaccine for almost all known pathogenic microbes.

False

How long does an injection of immune serum globulin (ISG) protect the patient? years a few hours a lifetime 2 to 3 months

2 to 3 months

Which of the following is NOT a serious complication associated with vaccines? Disease from mutation back to a virulent strain. Panencephalitis. Disease due to contaminating viruses Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

________ immunity is the result of the body's response to antigen.

Active

While the newborn is developing its own specific immune response it is protected by ______. Multiple select question.(2) 0nly NK cells. Antibodies obtained by nursing. Antibodies obtained in utero. Only innate immunity.

Antibodies obtained by nursing Antibodies obtained in utero

_________ is a process, such as subculturing, that is used to reduce the virulence of a pathogen so it can be used in a live vaccine preparation.

Blank 1: Attenuation

_________ ________ ________ (ISG) is used for passive immunization and contains immunoglobulin extracted from the pooled blood of at least 1000 human donors.

Blank 1: Immune Blank 2: Serum Blank 3: Globulin

_______ is any clinical procedure that produces either passive or active immunity in a subject.

Blank 1: Immunization or Immunotherapy

________ immunity is acquired from infection or through breastfeeding from the mother; this immunity is acquired through normal life experiences.

Blank 1: Natural

________ _________ vaccines are constructed by placing DNA encoding a pathogenic antigen into a non-pathogenic organism, which is then introduced into the body to stimulate an immune response.

Blank 1: Trojan Blank 2: Horse

Current vaccines include ________ vaccines made from capsule polysaccharides to protect against meningitis and pneumonia.

Blank 1: acellular or subcellular

Natural ________ immunity generates memory so it can last from a few months to a lifetime.

Blank 1: active

A(n) ________ is a chemical vehicle that is mixed with an antigen preparation to enhance its immunogenicity which is usually due to increased persistence of the antigen.

Blank 1: adjuvant

When human immune globulin is not available, antisera and antitoxins from _________ blood serum can be used.

Blank 1: animal or horse

Immunotherapy is _______ passive immunization with antibodies.

Blank 1: artificial

Killed vaccines often require a larger ________ and more _________ to be effective because the microbe does not multiply and is cleared quickly from the host.

Blank 1: dose, exposure, or dosage Blank 2: boosters

Due to the property of _________ ________, nonvaccinated individuals are indirectly protected against a pathogen as a result of the collective immunity of vaccinated persons.

Blank 1: herd Blank 2: immunity

The principle that states that when there is a large number of individuals in a population that are immune to a pathogen, it is less likely that an non-immunized member of the population will encounter the pathogen is called _______ _______.

Blank 1: herd Blank 2: immunity

Therapeutic antibodies for a number of diseases and snake bites are often derived from the serum of ____________.

Blank 1: horse or equine

Specific immune globulin is derived from patients who have been recently vaccinated or are convalescing and in a(n) ________ state.

Blank 1: hyperimmune

A __________ or _________ vaccine is one in which the entire pathogen is given but it has been treated in such a way that it can no longer multiply.

Blank 1: killed or heat-killed Blank 2: inactivated

After receiving an ISG injection, the passive immunity protects for 2 to 3 _______.

Blank 1: months

Recovery from infectious disease results in ___________ _________ immunity.

Blank 1: natural Blank 2: active

Prenatal and postnatal mother and child relationships result in __________ _________ acquired immunity.

Blank 1: natural Blank 2: passive or passively

Most antibodies are passed in utero, but _________ also provides milkborne antibodies.

Blank 1: nursing, breastfeeding, colostrum, or breastmilk

When the exact composition of an antigenic determinant is known, it is possible to develop a vaccine by artificially synthesizing the antigenic ________ or ________.

Blank 1: peptide Blank 2: protein

In DNA vaccines, human cells will take up the plasmid vectors and express the microbial DNA in the form of ________ that will stimulate immunity.

Blank 1: proteins, antigens, or immunogens

Epitope based vaccines from viruses are not called acellular vaccines but instead are called _______ vaccines.

Blank 1: subunit

A(n) ________ exposes a person to a specific antigen preparation in order to trigger a protective specific immune response without the person suffering any effects associated with the pathogen.

Blank 1: vaccination, immunization, or vaccine

A(n) _________ exposes a person to a specific antigen preparation in order to trigger a protective specific immune response without the person suffering any effects associated with the pathogen.

Blank 1: vaccination, immunization, or vaccine

The use of _________ has greatly reduced the prevalence and impact of many deadly infectious diseases.

Blank 1: vaccines or vaccinations

Which is NOT a benefit of using attenuated vaccines? Requires fewer doses or boosters than other vaccine types. Viable infection. Confers long lasting protection. Cannot cause infection.

Cannot cause infection

True or false: Maternal antibodies are unable to cross the placental barrier.

False

Which type of vaccine is based on inserting nucleic acids from pathogens into a plasmid vector, which will be injected into a host and taken up by cells, to encourage them to express the foreign protein and stimulate immunity? Inactivated DNA Recombinant Live attenuated Acellular

DNA

_________ vaccines are based on nucleic acids inserted into a plasmid vector and inoculated into a person with the hopes that a cell will take up the plasmid and make the protein which would then stimulate a protective immune response.

DNA

True or false: The risks of vaccine use outweigh the risks associated with the diseases they are intended to prevent.

False

Rare but more serious complications associated with vaccines include ______. Multiple choice question.(3) diabetes disease from mutation back to a virulent strain disease due to contaminating viruses Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome panencephalitis asthma autism

Disease from mutation back to a virulent strain. Disease due to contaminating viruses. Panencephalitis

Preparations that most vaccines are based on do NOT include _____. Live, attenuated cells or viruses. Killed cells or inactivated viruses. Pathogen-derived antigens. Genetically engineered microbes or their antigens. Epitope-specific antibodies.

Epitope-specific antibodies

Which are NOT the most difficult tasks in vaccine production? Multiple select question.(2) Finding antigens that are safe and stimulate immunity. Finding antigens that are easy to isolate. Finding antigens that are immunogenic.

Finding antigens that are easy to isolate. Finding antigens that are immunogenic.

Which of the following is NOT a common complications associated with vaccines? Local reactions at the injection site. Allergies. Headaches or migraine headaches. Fever.

Headaches or migraine headaches

________ immunity is the collective protective immunity exhibited by a population which confers indirect protection to nonimmune members.

Herd

Which of the following is NOT a reason why IgA from mother's milk is critical for the protection of a nursing baby? IgA is needed to stimulate the baby's immature B cells. The infant is not yet producing IgA. IgA protects the gastrointestinal tract from enteric pathogens. Natural intestinal barriers are not yet developed.

IgA is needed to stimulate the baby's immature B cells

The nursing baby receives IgA from the mother's milk which is critical for protection because ______. Multiple select question.(3) IgA protects the gastrointestinal tract from enteric pathogens. The infant is not yet producing IgA. Natural intestinal barriers are not yet developed. IgA is needed to stimulate the baby's immature B cells.

IgA protects the gastrointestinal tract from enteric pathogens. The infant is not yet producing IgA. Natural intestinal barriers are not yet developed.

__________ contains immunoglobulins extracted from the pooled blood of many human donors. Live active vaccines Immune serum globulin Interferon Toxoid preparation

Immune serum globulin

The principles of vaccine preparation include ______. Multiple select question.(4) Immunogen selection for vaccine. Ease in administration of vaccine. How long production of vaccine takes. Safety and cost of vaccine. Effectiveness of vaccine against the disease.

Immunogen selection for vaccine. Ease in administration of vaccine. Safety and cost of vaccine. Effectiveness of vaccine against the disease.

Which of the following terms is used to describe administering a vaccine or antisera to provide protection against a pathogen? Adaptive immunity Natural immunity Immunoprophylaxis Passive immunity

Immunoprophylaxis

________ or ________ vaccines use a whole cell or intact virus preparation in which the microbes are dead or preserved and cannot multiply but are still capable of conferring immunity. Multiple select question.(2) Inactivated Killed Acellular Subunit Neutralized

Inactivated Killed

Which of the following in NOT an advantage of oral vaccines? Easy to administer Induce a faster response More readily accepted Well tolerated

Induce a faster response.

Methods used to achieve attenuation of microbes for vaccine production include ______. Multiple select question.(2) Long-term cultivation. Random gene knockout experiments. Isolating the microbe from a recovering host. Selection of mutant strains that grow at colder temperatures.

Long-term cultivation. Selection of mutant strains that grow at colder temperatures.

Which of the following must be true if a newborn infant was found to have circulating antibodies against a pathogen it has never seen? Mother's antibodies are able to cross the placenta. The infant's immune system is working fine. A pathogen has crossed the placenta or entered in utero. Mother's B cells are able to cross the placenta.

Mother's antibodies are able to cross the placenta

______ immunity can last from a few months to a lifetime. Artificial passive Natural passive Natural active

Natural active

________ immunity occurs only as a result of prenatal and postnatal mother and child relationships. Artificial active Natural active Natural passive Artificial passive

Natural passive

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using DNA vaccines? Needles are not needed. Only a small amount of foreign antigen needs to be expressed. A number of different pathogen proteins can be expressed at one time.

Needles are not needed.

The objective of vaccines is to use modified microbes or their components to ______. Keep the host from dying from the ensuing disease. Protect the host for now but without the production of memory cells. Obtain the same protective memory immune response as a natural infection.

Obtain the same protective memory immune response as a natural infection.

DNA vaccines have which of the following advantages? Select all that apply(2) Only a small amount of foreign antigen needs to be expressed. A number of different pathogen proteins can be expressed at one time. They are widely used for vaccinating humans.

Only a small amount of foreign antigen needs to be expressed. A number of different pathogen proteins can be expressed at one time.

Which of the following is not a common route of vaccine administration? Intradermal injection Intramuscular injection Subcutaneous injection Orally

Orally

Which contains the higher antibody titer? SIG MSG ISG

SIG

The great majority of vaccines are administered by the following routes. Select all that apply(3) Subcutaneous injection Absorption from a patch. Orally Intramuscular injection Intranasally Intradermal injection

Subcutaneous injection Intramuscular injection Intradermal injection

Which are benefits of using attenuated vaccines? Multiple select question.(2) Can actually cause disease. The pathogen is most "real" to the immune system. They confer longer lasting immunity. They are safer than other types of vaccines.

The pathogen is most "real" to the immune system. They confer longer lasting immunity.

__________ vaccines provide protection against toxinoses such as tetanus.

Toxoid

What term is used to describe a vaccine which is constructed by placing a specific DNA sequence encoding a pathogenic antigen into a non-pathogenic organism that is later used as a vaccine? Superantigen Conjugation Trojan horse Passive transfer

Trojan horse

True or false: The objective of vaccines is to obtain the same protective memory immune response as a natural infection.

True

Which of the following describes a form of active immunity? Breast feeding a newborn Immunotherapy Receiving antiserum Vaccination

Vaccination

Which of the following has greatly reduced the prevalence and impact of many deadly infectious diseases? Serum albumin Immunogens Immunotherapy Antihistamines Vaccines

Vaccines

Oral vaccines have which of the following advantages? Select all that apply(3) Induce a faster primary response. Always taste good. Well tolerated. More readily accepted. Easy to administer.

Well tolerated More readily accepted Easy to administer

Vaccines in current use include ________ vaccines that include capsular polysaccharides or proteins. toxoid acellular live, attenuated inactivated killed

acellular

The result of the body's response to exposure to antigen is called ________ immunity. artificial natural innate specific active

active

One outcome of vaccination is the stimulation of artificial _________ immunity.

activie

In immunology, a chemical vehicle that enhances antigenicity, presumably by prolonging antigen retention at the injection site, is called a(n) ________. hapten immunogen globulin opsonin adjuvant

adjuvant

Antisera and antitoxins from ______ sources can be used when human immune globulin is not available. animal plant microbial fungal viral

animal

Specific immune globulin is derived from patients who ______. Had the disease at least 5 years earlier. Have never been exposed to the disease. Are convalescing from the disease and are in a hyperimmune state. Have not yet reached the peak of the disease state.

are convalescing from the disease and are in a hyperimmune state

Immunity that is induced as a medical intervention, either by exposing an individual to an antigen or by administering an immune substance such as antiserum is called ________ immunity. natural artificial passive active

artificial

_______ immunity results when a person is given a vaccination or receives premade antibodies through medical intervention.

artificial

The immunization with antibodies, also known as immunotherapy, is a form of ________ immunization. natural passive artificial active natural active artificial passive

artificial passive

To reduce the virulence of a pathogenic bacterium or virus by passing it through a non-native host or by long-term subculture is to _________ the organism. kill neutralize attenuate recombine inactivate

attenuate

A potential problem with the use of live attenuated viruses is that the bacteria or virus can ________ back to a virulent strain.

mutate

Any immunity that is acquired during the normal biological experiences of an individual, such as infection or through breast feeding is known as ________ immunity. secondary passive artificial active natural

natural

After recovery from an infectious disease, the resistance to reinfection is called ________ immunity. artificial passive natural active artificial active natural passive

natural active

Specific resistance that is acquired indirectly by donation of preformed immune substances (antibodies) produced in the body of another individual is called artificial ________ immunity. passive secondary active natural

passive

_______ immunity is the acquisition of premade antibodies either from the mother or via injection of immune serum.

passive

Vaccines based on viral epitopes are called ________ vaccines. Multiple choice question. acellular live attenuated killed whole cell recombinant subunit

subunit

Artificial synthesis of a peptide or protein from a pathogen is used to produce a vaccine when ______. The exact composition of the antigenic determinant is known. Live, attenuated pathogens can be cultured. DNA coding for the antigen can be cloned. An infectious agent can be packaged within a non-pathogenic microbe.

the exact composition of the antigenic determinant is known.

A larger dose and more boosters are required in order for killed vaccines to be effective because ______. The microbe is not always recognized by the specific immune response. They are not recognized by T cells. Phagocytes ignore dead microbes. The microbe does not multiply.

the microbe does not multiply

The theory behind DNA vaccines is that human cells will take up the plasmid vectors and express ______. Antigen receptors. Destructive cytokines. Complementary antibodies. The microbial DNA in the form of proteins that will stimulate immunity. The microbial DNA as a template for reverse transcription.

the microbial DNA in the form of proteins that will stimulate immunity.

When considering pathogenic microbes, ______. There are many that lack a vaccine. There is a vaccine for all pathogens, but some are better than others. All bacterial pathogens have an effective vaccine. Almost all have an effective vaccine.

there are many that lack a vaccine.