Adv Pathopharm NCLEX Genetics

The nurse is caring for a client in a sickle cell crisis. which is the pain regiment of choice to relieve the pain? 1. Frequent aspirin 2. Motrin 3. Demerol 4. Morphine

4. Morphine

A patient understands that her diagnosis of ovarian cancer syndrome is an autosomal-dominant inherited condition. What is the chance that her daughter will inherit the gene mutation for this disease? a) 80% b) 10% c) 25% d) 50%

50%

With regard to abnormalities of chromosomes, nurses should be aware that: A. They occur in approximately 10% of newborns. B. Abnormalities of number are the leading cause of pregnancy loss. C. Down syndrome is a result of an abnormal chromosomal structure. D. Unbalanced translocation results in a mild abnormality that the child will outgrow.

B. Abnormalities of number are the leading cause of pregnancy loss. Chromosomal abnormalities occur in less than 1% of newborns. Aneuploidy is an abnormality of number that also is the leading genetic cause of mental retardation. Down syndrome is the most common form of trisomal abnormality, an abnormality of chromosome number (47 chromosomes). Unbalanced translocation is an abnormality of chromosome structure that often has serious clinical effects.

A nurse is providing genetic counseling for an expectant couple who already have a child with trisomy 18. The nurse should: A. Tell the couple they need to have an abortion within 2 to 3 weeks. B. Explain that the fetus has a 50% chance of having the disorder. C. Discuss options with the couple, including amniocentesis to determine whether the fetus is affected. D. Refer the couple to a psychologist for emotional support.

C. Discuss options with the couple, including amniocentesis to determine whether the fetus is affected. The couple should be given information about the likelihood of having another baby with this disorder so that they can make an informed decision. A genetic counselor is the best source for determining genetic probability ratios. Genetic testing, including amniocentesis, would need to be performed to determine whether the fetus is affected. The couple eventually may need emotional support, but the status of the pregnancy must be determined first.

The nurse is reviewing the chart of a client who was diagnosed with a cleft lip and palate at birth. The nurse demonstrates understanding of this disorder, identifying it as involving which type of inheritance pattern? a) Multifactorial b) X-linked recessive c) Autosomal dominant d) Autosomal recessive

Multifactorial

The daughter of a patient with Huntington disease has requested that she be tested for the disease even though she has no symptoms at this time. What type of test does the nurse anticipate the physician will order? a) Prenatal testing b) Presymptomatic testing c) A family pedigree d) Predisposition testing

Presymptomatic testing

A 21 yr old patient says no one in his family has type 1 diabetes mellitus, but he has had it since childhood. He asks how his diabetes was transmitted to him. The nurse should explain to him that this disease is a. a single gene disorder b. a chromosome disorder c. an acquired genetic disorder d. multifactorial genetic disorder

d. multifactorial genetic disorder

Tay-Sachs disease is an autosomal recessive disease. Both parents have been identified as heterozygous. There is a _______% chance that their offspring will be affected

25% affected

Most of the genetic tests now offered in clinical practice are tests for: A. Single-gene disorders. B. Carrier screening. C. Predictive values. D. Predispositional testing.

A. Single-gene disorders. Most tests now offered are tests for single-gene disorders in clients with clinical symptoms or who have a family history of a genetic disease. Carrier screening is used to identify individuals who have a gene mutation for a genetic condition but do not display symptoms. Predictive testing is used only to clarify the genetic status of asymptomatic family members. Predispositional testing differs from the other types of genetic screening in that a positive result does not indicate a 100% chance of developing the condition.

The nurse is assessing the knowledge of new parents with a child born with maple syrup urine disease (MSUD). This is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder, which means that: a. Both genes of a pair must be abnormal for the disorder to be expressed. b. Only one copy of the abnormal gene is required for the disorder to be expressed. c. The disorder occurs in males and heterozygous females. d. The disorder is carried on the X chromosome.

ANS: A - MSUD is a type of autosomal recessive inheritance disorder in which both genes of a pair must be abnormal for the disorder to be expressed. MSUD is not an X-linked dominant or recessive disorder or an autosomal dominant inheritance disorder.

With regard to prenatal genetic testing, nurses should be aware that: a. Maternal serum screening can determine whether a pregnant woman is at risk of carrying a fetus with Down syndrome. b. Carrier screening tests look for gene mutations of people already showing symptoms of a disease. c. Predisposition testing predicts with near certainty that symptoms will appear. d. Presymptomatic testing is used to predict the likelihood of breast cancer.

ANS: A - Maternal serum screening identifies the risk for the neural tube defect and the specific chromosome abnormality involved in Down syndrome. Carriers of some diseases, such as sickle cell disease, do not display symptoms. Predisposition testing determines susceptibility, such as for breast cancer. presymptomatic testing indicates that symptoms are certain to appear if the gene is present.

The nurse must be cognizant that an individuals genetic makeup is known as his or her: a. Genotype. c. Karyotype. b. Phenotype. d. Chromotype.

ANS: A - The genotype comprises all the genes the individual can pass on to a future generation. The phenotype is the observable expression of an individuals genotype. The karyotype is a pictorial analysis of the number, form, and size of an individuals chromosomes. Genotype refers to an individuals genetic makeup.

With regard to chromosome abnormalities, nurses should be aware that: a. They occur in approximately 10% of newborns. b. Abnormalities of number are the leading cause of pregnancy loss. c. Down syndrome is a result of an abnormal chromosome structure. d. Unbalanced translocation results in a mild abnormality that the child will outgrow.

ANS: B - Aneuploidy is an abnormality of number that also is the leading genetic cause of mental retardation. Chromosome abnormalities occur in less than 1% of newborns. Down syndrome is the most common form of trisomal abnormality, an abnormality of chromosome number (47 chromosomes). Unbalanced translocation is an abnormality of chromosome structure that often has serious clinical effects.

A mans wife is pregnant for the third time. One child was born with cystic fibrosis, and the other child is healthy. The man wonders what the chance is that this child will have cystic fibrosis. This type of testing is known as: a. Occurrence risk. c. Predictive testing. b. Recurrence risk. d. Predisposition testing.

ANS: B - The couple already has a child with a genetic disease so they will be given a recurrence risk test. If a couple has not yet had children but are known to be at risk for having children with a genetic disease, they are given an occurrence risk test. Predictive testing is used to clarify the genetic status of an asymptomatic family member. Predisposition testing differs from presymptomatic testing in that a positive result does not indicate 100% risk of a condition developing.

You are a maternal-newborn nurse caring for a mother who just delivered a baby born with Down syndrome. What nursing diagnosis would be the most essential in caring for the mother of this infant? a. Disturbed body image c. Anxiety b. Interrupted family processes d. Risk for injury

ANS: B - This mother likely will experience a disruption in the family process related to the birth of a baby with an inherited disorder. Women commonly experience body image disturbances in the postpartum period; however, this is unrelated to giving birth to a child with Down syndrome. The mother likely will have a mix of emotions that may include anxiety, guilt, and denial, but this is not the most essential nursing diagnosis for this family. Risk for injury is not an applicable nursing diagnosis.

In practical terms regarding genetic health care, nurses should be aware that: a. Genetic disorders affect people of all socioeconomic backgrounds, races, and ethnic groups equally. b. Genetic health care is more concerned with populations than individuals. c. The most important of all nursing functions is providing emotional support to the family during counseling. d. Taking genetic histories is the province of large universities and medical centers.

ANS: C - Nurses should be prepared to help with various stress reactions from a couple facing the possibility of a genetic disorder. Although anyone may have a genetic disorder, certain disorders appear more often in certain ethnic and racial groups. Genetic health care is highly individualized because treatments are based on the phenotypic responses of the individual. Individual nurses at any facility can take a genetic history, although larger facilities may have better support services.

A womans cousin gave birth to an infant with a congenital heart anomaly. The woman asks the nurse when such anomalies occur during development. Which response by the nurse is most accurate? a. We dont really know when such defects occur. b. It depends on what caused the defect. c. They occur between the third and fifth weeks of development. d. They usually occur in the first 2 weeks of development.

ANS: C - The cardiovascular system is the first organ system to function in the developing human. Blood vessel and blood formation begins in the third week, and the heart is developmentally complete in the fifth week. We dont really know when such defects occur is an inaccurate statement. Regardless of the cause, the heart is vulnerable during its period of development, the third to fifth weeks. They usually occur in the first 2 weeks of development is an inaccurate statement.

A father and mother are carriers of phenylketonuria (PKU). Their 2-year-old daughter has PKU. The couple tells the nurse that they are planning to have a second baby. Because their daughter has PKU, they are sure that their next baby wont be affected. What response by the nurse is most accurate? a. Good planning; you need to take advantage of the odds in your favor. b. I think youd better check with your doctor first. c. You are both carriers, so each baby has a 25% chance of being affected. d. The ultrasound indicates a boy, and boys are not affected by PKU.

ANS: C - The chance is one in four that each child produced by this couple will be affected by PKU disorder. This couple still has an increased likelihood of having a child with PKU. Having one child already with PKU does not guarantee that they will not have another. These parents need to discuss their options with their physician. However, an opportune time has presented itself for the couple to receive correct teaching about inherited genetic risks. No correlation exists between gender and inheritance of the disorder because PKU is an autosomal recessive disorder.

With regard to the estimation and interpretation of the recurrence of risks for genetic disorders, nurses should be aware that: a. With a dominant disorder, the likelihood of the second child also having the condition is 100%. b. An autosomal recessive disease carries a one in eight risk of the second child also having the disorder. c. Disorders involving maternal ingestion of drugs carry a one in four chance of being repeated in the second child. d. The risk factor remains the same no matter how many affected children are already in the family.

ANS: D - Each pregnancy is an independent event. The risk factor (e.g., one in two, one in four) remains the same for each child, no matter how many children are born to the family. In a dominant disorder, the likelihood of recurrence in subsequent children is 50% (one in two). An autosomal recessive disease carries a one in four chance of recurrence. In disorders involving maternal ingestion of drugs, subsequent children would be at risk only if the mother continued to take drugs; the rate of risk would be difficult to calculate.

What best describes the pattern of genetic transmission known as autosomal recessive inheritance? A. Disorders in which the abnormal gene for the trait is expressed even when the other member of the pair is normal B. Disorders in which both genes of a pair must be abnormal for the disorder to be expressed C. Disorders in which a single gene controls the particular trait D. Disorders in which the abnormal gene is carried on the X chromosome

B. Disorders in which both genes of a pair must be abnormal for the disorder to be expressed Autosomal dominant inheritance occurs when the abnormal gene for the trait is expressed, even when the other member of the pair is normal, such as Huntington disease or Marfan syndrome. An autosomal recessive inheritance disorder occurs when both genes of the pair are abnormal, such as phenylketonuria or sickle cell anemia. Disorders in which a single gene controls the particular trait describe the unifactorial inheritance. X-linked recessive inheritance occurs when the abnormal gene is carried on the X chromosome, such as hemophilia or Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

With regard to the estimation and interpretation of the recurrence of risks for genetic disorders, nurses should be aware that: A. With a dominant disorder, the likelihood of the second child also having the condition is 100%. B. An autosomal recessive disease carries a one in eight risk of the second child also having the disorder. C. Disorders involving maternal ingestion of drugs carry a one in four chance of being repeated in the second child. D. The risk factor remains the same no matter how many affected children are already in the family.

D. The risk factor remains the same no matter how many affected children are already in the family. In a dominant disorder, the likelihood of recurrence in subsequent children is 50% (one in two). An autosomal recessive disease carries a one in four chance of recurrence. Subsequent children would be at risk only if the mother continued to use drugs; the rate of risk would be difficult to calculate. Each pregnancy is an independent event. The risk factor (e.g., one in two, one in four) remains the same for each child, no matter how many children are born to the family.

During a class, a student asks the instructor, "I read something that said that in some conditions, the presence of a gene mutation may not actually lead the person to actually show the trait. How can this be?" The instructor interprets the student's statement as reflecting which of the following? a) Translocation b) Penetrance c) Deletion d) Variable expression

Penetrance

The health care provider is having difficulty finding the appropriate dose for the patient taking warfarin (Coumadin). what can the nurse suggest that may solve this problem? a. Pharmacogenomic testing b. Start bivalirudin (Angiomax) IV c. Change from warfarin to clopidogrel (Plavix) and aspirin d. Change from warfarin to enoxaparin (Lovenox) injections

a. Pharmacogenomic testing

The daughter of a man with Huntington's disease is having presymptomatic genetic testing done. What does a positive result mean for her? a. She will get the disease b. She is a carrier of Huntington's disease c. She will be at increased risk for developing the disease d. She should change her diet, exercise, and environment to prevent the disease

a. She will get the disease

Client is experiencing vaso-occlusive sickle cell crisis secondary to infection. which medical tx should the nurse anticipate 1. administer demerol 2. admit the client to a private room 3. Infuse D5W 4. Insert a 22-french foley

3

3. Those infants with experienced autosomal aneuploidy are born with significant defects in A.secondary sex characteristics. B.cardiovascular and respiratory function. C.cognition and mental function. D.personality and mood.

C

4. The outcome of nullisomy is often A.an extra X chromosome. B.Klinefelter syndrome. C.spontaneous abortion. D.Turner syndrome.

C

3. Trisomy is most likely to involve which chromosomes? A.13, 18 B.5, 7 C.13, 25 D.5, 8

A

Cystic fibrosis is an example of which type of inheritance? a) Autosomal dominant b) Autosomal recessive c) Multifactorial d) X-linked recessive

Autosomal recessive

** 3. In Turner syndrome, there is a(n) A.additional X chromosome. B.loss of an X chromosome. C.extra Y chromosome.

B

4. The evidence for paternal involvement in aneuploidy is A.strong. B.inconsistent. C.unequivocal. D.No research has been done.

B

Which of the following is the first step in establishing the pattern of inheritance? a) Pedigree b) Mutation c) Genotype d) Transcription

pedigree

A couple is adopting a baby girl. What health information related to the baby's biologic parents will be most useful to the parents and the baby as she grows up? 1 The grandmother had breast cancer. 2 The family has a history of Alzheimer's disease. 3 The family has an individual with Down's syndrome. 4 The family has familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP).

4 Because familial adenomatous polyposis occurs in those with the gene, being able to screen, monitor, and treat this baby will save her life in the long run. Breast cancer may or may not occur if the BRCA 1 or 2 are mutated. Many people who are positive for Apo E-4 do not develop Alzheimer's disease. Down's syndrome results from a chromosomal alteration and not a mutated gene. TEST-TAKING TIP: Get a good night's sleep before an exam. Staying up all night to study before an exam rarely helps anyone. It usually interferes with the ability to concentrate. Text Reference - p. 195

For which individual is genetic carrier screening indicated? 1 A patient with a history of type 1 diabetes 2 A patient with a family history of sickle cell disease 3 A patient whose mother and sister died of breast cancer 4 A patient who has a long-standing history of iron-deficiency anemia

Genetic carrier screening should be done in families with a history of sickle cell disease. Although there is a multifactorial genetic basis for diabetes (based on research), there are no genetic markers for testing for the presence of or risk of diabetes. A significant family history of breast cancer may suggest that presymptomatic testing for BRCA 1 and 2 may be indicated. Iron deficiency is not related to genetic status. Text Reference - p. 196

Physical traits expressed by an individual is the definition for which term? a. Allele b. Genomics c. Phenotype d. Chromosomes

c. Phenotype

A 26 year old man was adopted. What health information related to his biologic parents and family will be most useful to him when he gets married? Select all that applies a. Cholecystitis occurring in family members b. Occurrence of prostate cancer is one uncle c. Ages of family members diagnosed with diseases d. Kidney stones present in extended family members e. Age and cause of death of deceased family members

c.....e....

Upon assessment, the nurse determines that all four children in a family are known to carry a gene for a particular condition. Two of the children actually manifest the condition. Which of the following terms should the nurse use to document the percentage of family members that manifest the condition? a) Variable expression b) Pedigree c) Penetrance d) Genotype

penetrance

A female client is a carrier for a gene mutation on one of her X chromosomes. Her spouse is unaffected. The nurse understands that which of the following is most likely? a) The risk of transmitting the disorder is negligible. b) Any daughters of the client would be carriers for the disorder. c) The client's sons have a 50% chance of being affected. d) The client has signs and symptoms of the condition.

the client's sons have a 50% chance of being affected

Choice Multiple question - Select all answer choices that apply. Students are reviewing information about genetic tests and associated conditions. They demonstrate understanding of this information when they identify which conditions as being identified by DNA analysis? Select all that apply. a) Fragile X syndrome b) Sickle-cell anemia c) Down syndrome d) Huntington disease e) Cystic fibrosis

• Huntington disease • Cystic fibrosis • Fragile X syndrome

Choice Multiple question - Select all answer choices that apply. The nurse is determining if a pregnant patient is an appropriate candidate for a genetics referral. The nurse makes the referral based on which of the following findings? Select all that apply. a) Child with Down syndrome b) Previous miscarriage c) Positive alpha-fetoprotein test d) Maternal age of 30

-Positive alpha-fetoprotein test -Child with down syndrome

The nurse recalls that, if both parents are heterozygotes, what is the chance of transmitting an autosomal recessive disorder to any of their children? 1 25% of their children can be affected. 2 75% of their children can be affected. 3 50% of their children can be affected. 4 100% of their children can become carriers.

1

A nurse is discussing basic genetics with a patient. The nurse knows that the basic unit of heredity information is located on what specific part of a chromosome? 1 Gene 2 Trait 3 Locus 4 Allele

1 The basic unit of heredity information located on a specific part of a chromosome is called a gene. Traits refer to physical characteristics that one inherits from parents. The locus is a position of a gene on a chromosome. An allele is an alternative form of a gene. Text Reference - p. 191

A nurse is working in a forensic laboratory and assisting a research professional with DNA finger printing. The nurse will find chromosomes in which part of the cell? 1 In the serum of blood 2 In the mitochondria 3 In the cytoplasm 4 In the nucleus

4 Chromosomes are located in cells, not outside cells. In a cell, chromosomes are found in the nucleus. Serum of the blood, mitochondria, and cytoplasm of the cell do not contain chromosomes in pairs. Serum of the blood is an acellular fluid. Mitochondria and cytoplasm are the organelles of a cell and do not have chromosomes in them. Text Reference - p. 191

The nurse recalls that which structures or cells in the human body contain only a single copy of each chromosome? 1 Red blood cells 2 Stem cells 3 Oocytes 4 Hair follicles

3 Chromosomes are generally present in the cells in pairs, whereas oocytes and sperm contain only a single copy of each chromosome. Red blood cells, stem cells, and hair follicle cells have a duplicate of each chromosome in their nucleus. Text Reference - p. 192

The parents of a child diagnosed with cystic fibrosis ask the nurse what happened to cause this disease. What is the best response by the nurse? 1 It is X-linked so it was passed to the child from the mother. 2 It is a chromosome disorder that usually skips a generation. 3 It is autosomal recessive so both copies of the gene are abnormal. 4 It is autosomal dominant so the abnormal gene allele is expressed instead of the normal allele.

3 Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder, which means both of the genes in the pair on the chromosome are abnormal. Cystic fibrosis is not X-linked, from a chromosome disorder, or autosomal dominant. Text Reference - p. 195

The concept of multifactorial genetic disorders is discussed during a class session about genetic disorders. What characterizes multifactorial genetic disorders? Select all that apply. 1 Genetic testing available for most multifactorial disorders. 2 They commonly are caused by single gene alterations. 3 Multifactorial conditions include diabetes mellitus, obesity, and cancer. 4 Caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. 5 These disorders commonly are related to X-linked disorders.

3 & 4 Multifactorial inherited conditions are caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. These disorders run in families but do not show the same inherited characteristics as the single gene mutation conditions. Multifactorial conditions include diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypertension, cancer, and coronary artery disease. They are not related to X-linked disorders, and genetic testing generally is not available for multifactorial disorders. Text Reference - p. 194

Which s/s will the nurse expect to assess in the client diagnosed with a vaso-occlusive sickle cell crisis 1. lordosis 2.epistaxis 3. hematuria 4. petechia

3. Vaso-occlusive crisis, the most frequent crisis, is characterized by organ infarction, which will result in bloody urine secondary to kidney infarction.

The nurse is reviewing the concept of genetic mutations. Which of these is an example of germline mutation? 1 An error that occurs during DNA replication. 2 DNA damage after receiving chemotherapy. 3 DNA damage from exposure to cigarette toxins. 4 A mutation that is passed from a parent to a child.

4 Gene mutations primarily occur in two ways: inherited from a parent (germline mutation) or acquired (somatic) mutation during a person's lifetime. Acquired mutations can occur if a mistake is made as DNA replicates during cell division or environmental factors alter the DNA. A germline mutation is not an error that occurs during DNA replication. It is not DNA that is damaged following chemotherapy or from cigarette toxins. Text Reference - p. 193 STUDY TIP: In the first pass through the exam, answer what you know and skip what you do not know. Answering the questions you are sure of increases your confidence and saves time. This is buying you time to devote to the questions with which you have more difficulty.

A nurse is caring for a patient with Huntington's disease. This condition had been prevalent in the patient's family for the past five generations. The patient has two sons, both above the age of 40, and they do not show any signs or symptoms of Huntington's disease. Which term should be used to explain this genetic phenomenon? 1 X-linked disorder 2 Somatic mutation 3 Variable expression 4 Incomplete penetrance

4 Huntington's disease is a type of autosomal dominant disorder that is usually transmitted from one generation to the next. Sometimes these disorders skip a generation. Such a phenomenon is known as incomplete penetrance. X linked disorders are genetic disorders that occur due to mutation in the X chromosome. Somatic or acquired mutations do not follow an inheritance pattern. These mutations can occur if there is a mistake during the replication of the DNA or if there are changes in the environment that may alter the DNA. Variable expression is a characteristic of autosomal dominant disorders, where the same mutation is expressed in different ways in different people. Text Reference - p. 193

2. Monosomy refers to A.a missing chromosome. B.two missing chromosomes. C.an extra chromosome. D.two extra chromosomes.

A

5. Trisomy is defined as A.the addition of one chromosome. B.the addition of two chromosomes. C.the subtraction of one chromosome. D.the addition of two chromosomes.

A

•1. Autosomal refers to the 1.chromosomes that are not related to sex/gender. 2.chromosomes that are responsible for sex/gender. 3.chromosomes that are broken. 4.chromosomes that are X-linked.

A

Which congenital malformations result from multifactorial inheritance (Select all that apply)? a. Cleft lip b. Congenital heart disease c. Cri du chat syndrome d. Anencephaly e. Pyloric stenosis

ANS: A, B, D, E - All these congenital malformations are associated with multifactorial inheritance. Cri du chat syndrome is related to a chromosome deletion.

The nurse is providing genetic counseling for an expectant couple who already have a child with trisomy 18. The nurse should: a. Tell the couple they need to have an abortion within 2 to 3 weeks. b. Explain that the fetus has a 50% chance of having the disorder. c. Discuss options with the couple, including amniocentesis to determine whether the fetus is affected. d. Refer the couple to a psychologist for emotional support.

ANS: C - Genetic testing, including amniocentesis, would need to be performed to determine whether the fetus is affected. The couple should be given information about the likelihood of having another baby with this disorder so that they can make an informed decision. A genetic counselor is the best source for determining genetic probability ratios. The couple eventually may need emotional support, but the status of the pregnancy must be determined first.

•5. Which of the following forms of aneuploidy is most likely to result in survival of the fetus? 1.Nullisomy 2.Trisomy 3.Tetrasomy 4.Tetrasomy 9p

B

The 24-year old African American female client tells the nurse she has a brother with sickle cell disease. She is engage to be married and is concerned about giving this disease to her future children. which information is most important to provide too the client? A. tell the client that she won't pass this on if she has never had symptoms B. Encourage the client to discuss this concern with her fiance C. Recommend that she and her fiance see a genetic counselor D. Discuss the possibility of adopting children after she gets married.

C

The nurse is obtaining health history from a client with a genetic disorder. Which of the following would be most appropriate for the nurse to establish the pattern of inheritance? a) Obtain information about the client's parents. b) Investigate for possible signs and symptoms of the disorder. c) Determine if the condition is dominant or recessive. d) Construct a pedigree of the client's family.

Construct a pedigree of the client's family.

The nurse is working with a 40-year-old pregnant woman about to undergo amniocentesis. The nurse provides appropriate education by stating that amniocentesis is performed for a prenatal diagnosis of which of the following? a) Thalassemia b) Cystic fibrosis c) Diabetes d) Cleft palate

Cystic fibrosis

4. Aneuploidy is believed to account for approximately what percentage of spontaneous abortions? A.5 B.10 C.25 D.50

D

A nurse is assessing a patient with an autosomal-dominant inherited condition. When discussing the risk of transmission to the patient's offspring, which of the following would the nurse include? a) The patient's partner must also have the genetic mutation. b) Females will be carriers for the condition. c) Each child has a 50% risk of inheriting the gene. d) The risk for inheritance depends on the presence of other gene mutations.

Each child has a 50% risk of inheriting the gene.

A nurse is preparing a presentation for a local community group about familial Alzheimer's disease. As part of the presentation, the nurse is planning to discuss the possible genetic basis for this condition. The nurse would describe the inheritance as which of the following? a) X-linked b) Autosomal dominant c) Multifactoral d) Autosomal recessive

Multifactoral

The nurse working in the labor and delivery unit prepares to test for which of the following as a part normal newborn screening? a) Phenylketonuria b) Sickle cell anemia c) Cystic fibrosis d) Down syndrome

Phenylketonuria

Which type of Mendelian inherited condition results in both genders being affected equally in a vertical pattern? a) X-linked inheritance b) Multifactorial genetic inheritance c) Automosomal dominant inheritance d) Automosomal recessive inheritance

X-linked inheritance

A newborn baby is diagnosed with Down syndrome. The health care provider tells the parents that it is a genetic disorder. While explaining the disorder to the parents, which is the most appropriate statement for the nurse to include? 1 "It occurs due to the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21 in the cell." 2 "This condition occurs due to an excess of genes present in chromosome 21." 3 "This condition occurs due to an abnormality in the usual sequence of DNA in chromosome 21." 4 "It occurs due to the absence of a gene in chromosome 21."

1 Down syndrome is a chromosomal disorder that is caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21, also called trisomy 21. Therefore, there are three copies of this chromosome instead of two. The condition may cause mental and physical growth retardation. There is no abnormality (deficiency or excess) in the number of genes present in chromosome 21. There is no structural abnormality in the genes present in chromosome 21. No individual gene is absent in chromosome 21. Text Reference - p. 195

A nurse educator explains genetic mutations to a group of nursing students. While explaining germline mutation, which statement given by the nurse is most appropriate? 1 It is passed from parents to their children. 2 It is caused by exposure to toxins. 3 It results in the mutation of two gene pairs in a single chromosome. 4 It is not inherited but is developed by a person during his lifetime.

1 Germline mutations are passed from parents to children. Germline mutations are inherited and are not caused by exposure to toxins. Autosomal recessive disorders are caused by mutations occurring in two gene pairs on a chromosome. Acquired mutation can develop in a person and can occur anytime during his lifetime; it cannot be passed from one generation to the next. Text Reference - p. 193

A patient has a negative genetic test result. How should the nurse interpret this finding? Select all that apply. 1 The patient is not affected by a particular disorder. 2 The patient is not a carrier of a specific genetic mutation. 3 The patient does not have an increased risk of developing a certain disease. 4 The patient needs interventions to prevent inheritance of a disorder. 5 The patient needs further testing to confirm a negative result.

1, 2, 3, 5 Interpreting genetic test results can be a challenging task as there are chances for misdiagnosis. A negative test report indicates absence of the particular disorder, and implies that the person is not a carrier of a specific genetic mutation. It indicates that the person does not have an increased risk of developing a certain disease. Therefore, if the genetic test is negative, further testing is required. Measures to prevent inheritance of the genetic disorder are relevant in people who have a confirmed genetic disorder. Text Reference - p. 197

A patient has a family history of coronary artery disease and has been advised to see a genetic counselor. What information should the nurse include when teaching the patient about the purposes of genetic counseling and testing? Select all that apply. 1 Diagnosing an illness 2 Determining risk for a disorder 3 Assessing eligibility for employment 4 Verifying entitlement for medical insurance 5 Providing the basis for appropriate treatments

1, 2, 5 The nurse should inform the patient that genetic testing is done to diagnose an illness, determine the risk for a disorder, and provide the basis for appropriate treatment, as discussed with a genetic counselor. It can help to prevent or delay the development of disease conditions. With genetic testing, individuals can understand their risk of developing a disease and take preventive measures. Genetic testing is not used for determining employability or eligibility for medical insurance, as it is unethical. The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) protects people from discrimination by employers and health insurance companies. Text Reference - p. 195

A patient asks the nurse, "What is DNA?" Which statements should the nurse include in the explanation to the patient? Select all that apply. 1 DNA is a nucleic acid that forms genes. 2 DNA is an enzyme that helps in digestion. 3 DNA stores the genetic information of the individual. 4 Every cell of the human body contains the same DNA. 5 DNA determines the rate of carbohydrate synthesis in the body.

1, 3, 4 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that forms genes. It stores the genetic information of individuals. Every somatic cell of human body contains the same DNA. It is not an enzyme that aids digestion. DNA dictates the rate of protein synthesis in the body. Text Reference - p. 191

the client diagnosed with sickle cell anemia comes to the ED c/o joint pain throughout the body. Oral temp 102.4, SpO2 91%. Which action should the nurse implement first: 1. Request ABGs 2. Administer oxygen 3. Start IV 4.Administer analgesic

2

The genotypes of a mother and father are XX and XY respectively. The mother is a carrier for hemophilia, an X-linked recessive disorder. The nurse understands that what is the probability that a male child will be unaffected? 1 25% 2 50% 3 100% 4 75%

2 If the mother is a carrier for an X-linked recessive genetic disorder such as hemophilia, 50% of the male children will be affected and 50% of the male children will be normal. Text Reference - p. 201

the client's nephew has just been diagnosed with sickle cell anemia. the client asks the nurse, "how did my nephew get this disease? which statement would be the best response by the nurse? 1. sickle cell is an inherited autosomal recessive disorder 2. he was born with it and both his parents were carriers of the disease 3. at this time, the cause is unknown 4. your sister was exposed to a virus

2. explained in layman's terms

Students are reviewing information about genes and chromosomes. They demonstrate understanding of this information when they identify each person as having how many pairs of chromosomes in each cell? a) 47 b) 18 c) 23 d) 46

23

A nurse is caring for a patient with Down syndrome and recalls that the patient has what chromosomal abnormality? 1 Trisomy 22 2 Trisomy 23 3 Trisomy 21 4 Trisomy 9

3 Chromosomal disorders are caused by structural changes within the chromosomes or by an excess or deficiency of the genes that are located on the chromosomes. Down syndrome is a chromosomal disorder. It is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 (called trisomy 21). Down syndrome is not caused by Trisomy of chromosomes 22, 23, and 9. Text Reference - p. 195

A patient with hemophilia comes to the clinic for his general health check-up. He tells the nurse that he is planning to start a family. The patient asks, "Do I need to take any precautions to prevent my child from acquiring this disease?" Which is the most appropriate nursing response? 1 "No specific precautions need to be taken; your child will not get this disease from you." 2 "Hemophilia is not a genetic disorder; it cannot be passed on from one generation to another." 3 "Your female partner should be checked to see if she is a carrier of the same disorder." 4 "You should take specific medications to prevent your child from being affected by this disorder."

3 Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive disorder. If the male has this condition and the female partner is a carrier of the genetic mutation causing hemophilia, the child will have hemophilia, too. Therefore, it is extremely important to check whether the female partner is a carrier. Hemophilia is a genetic disease and can pass from one generation to another. Taking specific medications will not reduce the chances of the child inheriting hemophilia. Text Reference - p. 193

A patient tells the nurse, "My doctor mentioned that I am homozygous for a certain gene. What exactly does that mean?" The nurse will explain that it means that the patient: 1 Is affected by the genetic disorder. 2 Is not a carrier for a genetic disorder. 3 Has two identical alleles for the gene. 4 Has two different alleles for the gene.

3 Homozygous means having two identical alleles for one given gene, one inherited from each parent. Heterozygous means the individual has two different alleles for one given gene. Homozygous does not mean the patient is affected by the genetic disorder or that the patient is not a carrier for the disorder. It also does not indicate that the patient has two different alleles for the gene (the patient has two identical alleles). Text Reference - p. 191

A nurse is caring for a patient who is in the seventh month of pregnancy. The patient voices concern that her child may have a genetic disorder. The patient wishes to have the baby genetically tested immediately after birth. Which genetic test should the nurse suggest? 1 Parental testing 2 Predictive testing 3 Newborn screening 4 Prenatal diagnostic testing

3 Newborn screening is done in newborn babies to determine if they have a predisposition to any genetic disorders later in life. Parental testing is done to establish relationships between people. Predictive testing helps an individual learn if he or she is predisposed to a disease. Prenatal diagnostic testing is performed before delivery of the baby. Text Reference - p. 196

A woman with ovarian cancer would like to know which kind of genetic testing could help prevent her daughters from getting ovarian cancer. What should the nurse tell this patient? 1 Forensic testing 2 Carrier screening 3 Predictive testing 4 Prenatal diagnostic testing

3 Predictive genetic testing can be done to find mutated BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes. People who have these genetic mutations can elect to have a prophylactic oophorectomy to prevent the development of the cancer. Diagnostic testing also can identify genetic conditions. Forensic testing is done to identify an individual for legal purposes. Carrier screening identifies an unaffected individual who carries one copy of a specific gene and could pass it to next generations. Prenatal diagnostic genetic testing is done to detect changes in genes or chromosomes of a fetus before birth. STUDY TIP: Establish your study priorities and the goals by which to achieve these priorities. Write them out and review the goals during each of your study periods to ensure focused preparation efforts. Text Reference - p. 196

A patient with hemophilia presents to the health care facility for preconception counseling. He expresses concern about having a child with the same disease. His wife is healthy and not a carrier of hemophilia. What is true regarding this patient's offspring? 1 His son would be healthy. 2 His son would have the disease. 3 His daughter would be a carrier. 4 His daughter would have the disease.

3 The daughter would be a carrier of hemophilia. Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive disorder; therefore, affected individuals are usually males, given the fact that they have only one X chromosome. The daughters of an affected male and healthy female are carriers, as they have two X chromosomes--one from the mother, another from the father. The son of an affected male and a healthy female would be a carrier, as he inherits the healthy Y chromosome from the father and the healthy X chromosome from the mother. The son of the affected male would have the disease only if the mother is also a carrier. Text Reference - p. 193

A 5-year-old girl was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus. The mother says that no one else in her family has diabetes, and asks why her daughter would get it. How should the nurse explain this complex disease? 1 It is a congenital disorder that she was born with. 2 It is a single gene disorder, meaning only one gene mutation caused the disease. 3 It is a multifactorial genetic disorder caused by one or more genes and environmental factors. 4 It was an acquired genetic mutation, meaning she developed it, but her children will not have it.

3 Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a multifactorial genetic disorder related to one or more gene mutations and potentially various environmental factors that alter the way the gene(s) work. Type 1 diabetes is not a congenital disorder, a single gene disorder, nor an acquired genetic mutation. TEST-TAKING TIP: Stay away from other nervous students before the test. Stop reviewing at least 30 minutes before the test. Take a walk, go to the library and read a magazine, listen to music, or do something else that is relaxing. Go to the test room a few minutes before class time so that you are not rushed in settling down in your seat. Tune out what others are saying. Crowd tension is contagious, so stay away from it. Text Reference - p. 194

A man has an X-linked recessive disorder; his wife has a normal genotype. He asks the nurse, "Will this disorder be passed to my children?" Which answer is correct? 1 "Your male children will be carriers of this disorder." 2 "All of your children will be carriers of this disorder." 3 "Your female children will be carriers of this disorder." 4 "This genetic disorder will not be passed on to any of your children."

3 X-linked recessive disorders are caused by a mutation on the X chromosome. A normal female mating with an affected male will pass the carrier state to their female children only. Male children will be normal. See Table 13-2. Male children will not be carriers, they will be normal. Only female children are carriers; not all of the children will be affected. The nurse should not give false reassurance that the disorder will not be passed on to any of the children. Text Reference - p. 194

A couple is receiving genetic counseling. The father has Huntington's disease; the mother has a normal genotype. The nurse can tell the parents that 1 Their children will be carriers of Huntington's disease. 2 If their child is a boy, he will have Huntington's disease. 3 If their child is a girl, she will not develop Huntington's disease. 4 There is a 50% chance that their children will have Huntington's disease

4 If the mother has a normal genotype and the father has Huntington's disease, there is a 50% chance that offspring will have the disease. See Figure 13-9. If the child is a boy, it does not necessarily mean he will definitely have Huntington's disease. A female child is still at risk of developing the disease. The children have an equal risk of becoming carriers of the disease. Text Reference - p. 193

A nurse plans to assist with a genome-wide association study. What kinds of participants are needed for the study? 1 Men with a disease and women with a different disease 2 Men with a disease and women with a similar disease 3 Adults with a disease and children with a similar disease 4 Some people with a disease and similar people without the disease

4 In order to carry out a genome-wide association study (GWAS), researchers broadly use two groups of participants. The first group comprises people who are affected by the disease and are used for study. The other group includes similar people without the disease. Such a study helps to compare the various factors and consequences related to the genetic disease. Using men with a disease and women with a different disease does not help in this comparison. Using men and women with similar diseases may result in gender-biased results. Adults and children cannot be compared because of the physiological differences between the two. Text Reference - p. 191

the student nurse asks the nurse, "what is sickle cell anemia?" which statement by the nurse would be the best answer to the student's question? 1. There is some written material at the desk 2. it is a congenital disease of the blood 3. the client has decreased synovial fluid 4. the blood becomes thick when the client is deprived of oxygen

4. sickle cell anemia is a disorder of the client rbcs characterized by abnormally shaped red cells that sickle or clump together, leading to oxygen deprivation and resulting in crisis and severe pain.

When a father has Huntington's disease with a heterozygous genotype, the nurse uses the Punnett square to illustrate the inheritance patterns and the probability of transmission of the autosomal dominant disease. The mother does not carry the Huntington's disease gene. What % chance that offspring will be unaffected? What % chance of offspring will be affected?

50% will be unaffected 50% will be affected

A nurse recalls that a human cell has autosomes and sex chromosomes. How many pairs of autosomes are present in the human cell? 1 20 pairs 2 22 pairs 3 23 pairs 4 24 pairs

A normal human cell consists of 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes or autosomes. In total, a normal human cell has 23 pairs of chromosomes — 22 pairs of autosomes and a pair of sex chromosomes. Having 20, 23, or 24 pairs of autosomes is indicative of a genetic abnormality in humans. Text Reference - p. 191

A patient has been found to test positive for a genetic mutation. The nurse recognizes that which of these statements is true? Select all that apply. 1 The laboratory found an alteration in a gene. 2 The genetic disease will become severe in the patient's lifetime. 3 The patient may have an increased risk of developing a genetic disease. 4 Other family members are not at risk for developing a genetic disease. 5 The patient should not have any children or any additional children

A positive test result means that the laboratory found a change in a particular gene, chromosome, or protein that was being tested. Depending on the purpose of the test, this result may confirm a diagnosis (e.g., Huntington's disease), indicate that a person is a carrier of a particular genetic mutation (e.g., cystic fibrosis), identify an increased risk of developing a disease (e.g., breast cancer), or suggest a need for further testing. In addition, a positive test cannot predict the course or severity of a condition. There is no indication the disease will become severe. Other family members could also be at risk of developing the disease. There is nothing to indicate the patient should not have children. Text Reference - p. 10

The nurse, planning an educational program on cystic fibrosis, should include information explaining that cystic fibrosis is an example of which of the following types of inherited conditions? a) Autosomal dominant b) Multifactorial c) Autosomal recessive d) X-linked recessive

Autosomal recessive

1. Autosomal aneuploidy can result in A.Turner syndrome. B.Down syndrome. C.translocative nullisomy. D.Klinefelter syndrome.

B

A 25-year-old male is admitted in sickle cell crisis. Which of the following interventions would be of highest priority for this client? A. Taking hourly blood pressures with mechanical cuff B. Encouraging fluid intake of at least 200mL per hour C. Position in high Fowler's with knee gatch raised D. Administering Tylenol as ordered

B

A man who is the son of a woman with Huntington disease has what chance of having inherited the disease for this condition? A.1 in 4 B.1 in 2 C.2 in 3 D.1 in 3

B

•1. Which of the following is a reliable risk factor for the development of aneuploidy? 1.Cigarette smoking 2.Maternal age 3.Paternal age 4.Smog

B

2. Nondisjunction means that a pair of chromosomes A.separated prematurely. B.separated late. C.did not separate. D.fused together within one particular group of cells.

C

5. Aneuploidy has been estimated to occur in approximately every 1 out of every live births. A.10 B.100 C.150 D.200

C

Which of the following foods would the nurse encourage the client in sickle cell crisis to eat? -- A. Peaches -- B. Cottage cheese -- C. Popsicles -- D. Lima beans

C

•2. How many chromosomes would be found in a patient with tetrasomy? 1.44 2.46 3.48 4.50

C

•4. The addition of two chromosomes is referred to as 1.trisomy. 2.monosomy. 3.tetrasomy. 4.mosaicism.

C

•7. Which of the following is a syndrome associated with sex chromosomal aneuploidy? 1.Down syndrome 2.Edwards syndrome 3.Klinefelter syndrome 4.Patau syndrome

C

A 14 year old girl has been hospitalized with Sickle Cell Anemia in vasoocclusive crisis. Which of these Nursing diagnoses should receive priority in the Nursing plan of care? -- A. Impaired social interaction -- B. Alteration in body image -- C. Pain -- D. Alteration in tissue perfusion

D

Which type of genetic test would be used to detect the possibility of Down syndrome? a) DNA analysis b) Complete blood count (CBC) c) Chromosomal analysis d) Hemoglobin electrophoresis

Chromosomal analysis

A patient has an autosomal recessive inherited condition. For what type of disorder does the nurse anticipate the patient will be treated? a) Huntington disease b) Familial hypercholesterolemia c) Hereditary breast cancer d) Cystic fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis

5. Those with autism are believed to be missing segments on what chromosome? A.The 4th chromosome. B.The 8th chromosome. C.The 21st chromosome. D.The X chromosome.

D

A 43-year-old African American male is admitted with sickle cell anemia. The nurse plans to assess circulation in the lower extremities every 2 hours. Which of the following outcome criteria would the nurse use? A. Body temperature of 99°F or less B. Toes moved in active range of motion C. Sensation reported when soles of feet are touched D. Capillary refill of < 3 seconds

D

The male client with sickle cell anemia comes to the emergency room with a temperature of 101.4 F and tells the nurse that he is having a sickle cell crisis. Which diagnostic test should the nurse anticipate the emergency room doctor ordering for the client? -- A. Spinal tap. -- B. Hemoglobin electrophoresis. -- C. Sickle-turbidity test (Sickledex). -- D. Blood cultures.

D

•3. Aneuploidy has relevance for human health due to the potential to 1.be an inheritable condition. 2.be difficult to detect prenatally. 3.lead to congenital defects that result in spontaneous abortion. 4.lead to a loss or excess of gene production.

D

•8. Which of the following common diseases can have a monogenetic cause? 1.Type 2 diabetes mellitus 2.Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 3.Hyperlipidemia 4.All of the above

D

The nurse recalls that there are three copies of chromosomes, instead of two, in which genetic disorder? 1 Cystic fibrosis 2 Down syndrome 3 Sickle cell disease 4 Polycystic kidney disease

In Down syndrome, there are three copies of chromosomes instead of two. It is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. Cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, and polycystic kidney disease are caused by a single gene mutation. Text Reference - p. 194

Nondisjunction of a chromosome results in which of the following diagnoses? a) Duchenne muscular dystrophy b) Marfan syndrome c) Huntington disease d) Down syndrome

Down syndrome

During a community education program on genetics and genomics, the nurse uses which of the following as an example of a small gene mutation that affects protein structure-producing hemoglobin S? a) Marfan syndrome b) Tay-Sachs disease c) Hemophilia d) Sickle cell anemia

Hemophilia

After teaching nursing students about autosomal-dominant and autosomal-recessive inherited disorders, the instructor determines that the teaching was successful when the class identifies which of the following as true about autosomal-dominant inherited conditions? a) The percentage of people with a trait who manifest it is variable. b) The severity of the manifestations often varies in degrees. c) Horizontal transmission is more commonly seen in families. d) Males and females are equally affected by this pattern of inheritance.

Males and females are equally affected by this pattern of inheritance.

While assessing a client, the nurse notes that the client has numerous freckles on his skin. The nurse interprets this finding as which of the following? a) Genotype b) Genome c) Variable expression d) Phenotype

Phenotype

Parents request that a test be done to determine if the fetus has Down syndrome. What type of test does the nurse anticipate the physician will order? a) Presymptomatic testing b) Prenatal screening c) Predisposition testing d) A family pedigree

Prenatal screening

The nurse is conducting a prenatal class for expectant parents on conception. The nurse provides additional teaching when a parent states which of the following? a) Meiosis is the result of haploid cells. b) The result of mitosis is diploid cells. c) Meiosis involves chromosome recombination. d) Reproductive cells are formed through mitosis.

Reproductive cells are formed through mitosis

After assessing a client's family history, the nurse determines the need for a genetic referral based on which of the following? a) Absence of consanguinity of family members b) Sister infertility problems due to spouse's low sperm count c) History of an unexplained miscarriage d) Several relatives diagnosed with colon cancer

Several relatives diagnosed with colon cancer

The nurse is assessing a child with Turner syndrome. The nurse anticipates which of the following findings? a) Short stature b) Progressive dementia c) Painful joints d) Chorealike movements

Short stature

A nurse is assessing a couple of Ashkenazi Jewish descent. The nurse understands that carrier testing for which condition would be least appropriate for this couple? a) Cystic fibrosis b) Tay-Sachs disease c) Canavan disease d) Sickle-cell disease

Sickle-cell disease

A 35-year-old pregnant patient expresses concern to the nurse about the potential for cystic fibrosis in her children. What is the most appropriate nursing intervention? 1 Tell her that she needs to discuss the issue with a genetic counselor. 2 Inform her about the at-home genetic test kits available in the market. 3 Explain to her how to take the sample and mail it back to the laboratory. 4 Educate her on how to read and interpret the results of the genetic test.

The nurse should tell the patient to discuss the issue of genetic testing with her health care provider or a genetic counselor. Without appropriate counseling, there are chances that the patient could be misled or misinformed by the results of unproven or invalid tests, resulting in wrong decisions. The nurse should not encourage self-directed testing. The sample may not be properly collected when self-testing at home. A health care provider should be consulted so that important decisions can be made based on accurate information. Text Reference - p. 197

Both parents of a child with cystic fibrosis are found to be heterozygous carriers for cystic fibrosis. Considering that it is an autosomal recessive disorder, what are the chances of the second baby being affected with cystic fibrosis? Fill in the blank using a whole number. ___%

There is a 25% chance of the second baby being affected with cystic fibrosis. Both parents are carriers (heterozygotes) and carry only one mutated allele. Since cystic fibrosis has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance, there is a 25% chance that the second baby would be born with the disease. There is a 25% chance that the baby would be normal and a 50% chance that the baby would be a carrier. The carriers carry one allele for cystic fibrosis and may not be affected by the disease, meaning they may be asymptomatic. Text Reference - p. 193

A client has an autosomal-dominant disorder. His wife is unaffected. When explaining the risk for inheritance of the disorder in their offspring, which statement by the nurse would be most appropriate? a) "The female determines whether your children will have the disorder." b) "You have a 1 in 4 chance of a child being affected by the disorder." c) "Any child you have would most likely have the disorder." d) "There is a 50% chance that each of your children will have the condition."

There is a 50% chance that each of your children will have the condition

A client has an autosomal-dominant disorder. His wife is unaffected. When explaining the risk for inheritance of the disorder in their offspring, which statement by the nurse would be most appropriate? a) "There is a 50% chance that each of your children will have the condition." b) "The female determines whether your children will have the disorder." c) "Any child you have would most likely have the disorder." d) "You have a 1 in 4 chance of a child being affected by the disorder."

There is a 50% chance that each of your children will have the condition

The new parents of an infant born with Down syndrome ask the nurse what happened to cause the chromosomal abnormality. What is the best response by the nurse? a. During cell division of the reproductive cells there is an error causing an abnormal number of chromosomes b. A mutation in one of the chromosomes created an autosomal recessive gene that is expressed as Down syndrome c. An abnormal gene on one of the two chromosomes was transferred to the fetus, causing an abnormal chromosome d. A process of translocation caused the exchange of genetic material between the two chromosomes in the cell resulting in abnormal chromosomes

a. During cell division of the reproductive cells there is an error causing an abnormal number of chromosomes

Which definition is the best description of the term genotype? a. Genetic identity of an individual b. Transmission of a disease from parent to child c. Basic unit of heredity; arranged on chromosome d. Family tree containing genetic characteristics and disorders of that family

a. Genetic identity of an individual