African American Experience Final Exam

What was the stated reason given by whites for many lynchings?

A black man had raped a white women

What was the "shotgun policy"?

A massive campaign of violence against blacks in Mississippi to bring the state back under "civilized" white control

The Colfax Massacre is an example of what pattern of violence common during Reconstruction?

A well armed white mob attacked black defenders

How did black church services compare to white church services in the South?

Black members were verbally involved in the sermon and music to a greater degree

Which of the following statements is true about black military service during the Civil War?

Black soldiers were paid less because whites thought they would be used only for menial work

Why did many black lawyers have a hard time making a living?

Blacks often hired white lawyers, whom they believed would improve their chances of winning their cases

What were some of the differences between life for the black soldier and life for the white soldier?

Blacks received far worse food rations, equipment, and horses

How were the experiences of blacks in the Union navy atypical of black military service in general during the Civil War?

Blacks served on integrated ships

Through the end of the nineteenth century, many white people were offended by the fact that whites and blacks regularly contested one another in what sport?

Boxing

What difficulty did black children face in trying to get an education in the late nineteenth century?

Children were often required to assist parents with agricultural work

Why did most strikes fall during the late nineteenth century?

Government and the police helped businessmen instead of the workers

What radical idea did Thomas Higginson hood as commander of the First South Carolina Volunteers?

He not only wanted to abolish slavery but to show that blacks and whites were equal

Where was the Ku Klux Klan most powerful in the South?

In areas where blacks embodied a large minority of the population

What is true about blacks in business in the late nineteenth century?

In order to succeed in business, blacks generally had to cater to other blacks

What did the First Confiscation Act of 1861 accomplish?

It allowed the North to seize any property that belonged to Confederates used in the war effort

What was the effect of the Plessy v.s Freguson decision?

It demonstrated that the highest court in the land accepted discriminatory treatment of blacks

What did the American Federation of Labor think about black involvement in unions?

It refused entry to blacks or women

Where did the term "Jim Crow" originate?

It was the name of the a routine in a popular white minstrel show that ridiculed black people

How did class and social status divide blacks during reconstruction?

Leaders who were former slaves and those who were free could not agree on strategy

What skills were stressed for blacks and Native Americans at the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute?

Learning hard work in a trade, Christian morality, and middle-class values

What did Abraham Lincoln initially think was the appropriate long term solution to slavery?

Lincoln wanted to compensate masters for their slaves and then send the slaves out of the US

Why did local law enforcement fail to effectively prosecute the Klan?

Local law enforcement or white troops often sided with the Klan against blacks

With regard to lynching, what pattern was exhibited in the South?

Lynchings were a way to prove white supremacy

If lynchings victims were predominately male, how did black women experience white-generated violence?

Many were subjected to rape by white men

Where did the term "buffalo soldiers" originate?

Native Americans admired blacks' fighting abilities and thought their hair similar to that of the buffalo

To what party did most blacks remain loyal in the post-Reconstruction South?

Republicans

Who commanded the Army of Northern Virginia, the main Confederate Army?

Robert E. Lee

Southern whites who aligned with the Republican Party in the south were called what by then following democrats?

Scalawags

Why did some southerners oppose migration?

Some African American leaders felt that the South offered the best political and employment opportunities for blacks

What was a major problem faced by Republicans in establishing schools during Reconstruction?

Some people - blacks and whites - opposed compulsory education laws

Which former confederate state had the least number of blacks holding office during Reconstruction?

Tennessee

How was the 54th Massachusetts different from the South Carolina regiments?

The 54th was mainly composed of free blacks rather than slaves

What is the connection between the Ku Klux Klan and Reconstruction?

The Klan promoted violence in the interest of Southern Democrats who ended Reconstruction

Which church was the only significant one in the early 20th century America that was truly interracial?

The Pentecostal church

How were black volunteers greeted by the United States government in 1861?

The government refused to enlist them

What was the problem, in the views of many southern states, with voting laws like literacy tests, poll taxes, and property qualifications?

The laws might possibly eliminate poor, illiterate white voters as well as the black voters

What is the connection between the Voices section on black leaders and the Civil Rights Act and the main themes of the textbook chapter?

The letter reflects the desire of black leaders for stronger civil rights laws

Political violence in Alabama in 1874 against blacks is symptomatic of what aspect of Reconstruction?

The redemption of the southern states from Republican rule

Why did the Freedmen's Savings Bank fail?

The white leaders of the bank invested poorly and lost everything in the panic of 1873

How did blacks react to segregation laws regarding streetcars?

They attempted to form separate transportation companies

Which of the following is true about the Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871?

They authorized the president to suspend the writ of habeas corpus if necessary

How did Democrats limit black political power in the South?

They created oddly shaped congressional districts to prevent blacks from being elected to office

Other than outright racism, why did many white working-class people oppose the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation?

They feared that blacks would rush into the North and compete with them for jobs

How did white authorities harass heavyweight champion Jack Johnson?

They had him arrested for violating the Mann Act when he married a white women

Why did blacks serve in the Spanish-American War?

They hoped to demonstrate their bravery and thereby eliminate racism

Why did most rural black families remain close to their owners in order to avoid work?

They lacked education, land, and political access to improve their lives

How did the men of the 54th Massachusetts protest race discrimination?

They said they would accept no pay unless it was equal to white men's pay

How were the experiences of blacks in the Union navy typical of black military service in general during the war?

They suffered exploration and were paid less than whites

How did antislavery advocates react to Lincoln's plan to abolish slavery by compensating owners?

They were against the idea because it recognized slaves as property, rather than as human beings

Who were the "talented tenth"?

They were the top of the ten percent of black society, leaders like DuBois felt that this group should lead blacks to greater social and political equality

What was the purpose of "stay laws"?

To assist blacks by prohibiting state authorities from taking property

What was Lincoln's initial aim regarding the Civil War when it began in 1861?

To preserve the Union WITHOUT ending slavery

Black leaders in the state legislature compelled the University of South Carolina, which had been all white, to admit black students and hire black faculty, but many of the white students and faculty left, and several black politicians enrolled in the law and medical programs at the university

True

In 1877, as part of the compromise with the Democratic Party, President Hayes withdrew the last federal troops from the South

True

What is true about the number of lynchings in the South over the period 1889-1932?

Two or three people were lynched, on average, every week for thirty years

What were "grandfather clauses"?

Voting restriction clauses which held that someone could vote only if his father or grandfather had been able to vote before a certain time, usually the end of slavery

Why did five of seven of the existing black medical schools close down around 1910?

Whites began eliminating black medical schools

How was Booker T. Washington's message received by whites?

Whites embraced his nonthreatening acceptance of white superiority

What were "minstrel shows"?

traveling groups of white actors and musicians, some portraying blacks in stereotypical, racist caricatures