Air pollution Final

Occupational values (OSHA, ACGIH) are based on a________ and 40 hour exposure week.

"healthy working population"

Ultimately we must judge whether there's an opportunity for a community member young/old, sick/healthy) to encounter a ______hazard.

"recognized"

What is the Benefit of cleaner energy?

$200/ tCO2

Exposure to ambient and household air pollution cost the world's economy some _______ in welfare losses.

$5.11 trillion

Nuclear power could be a solution to _____

* climate change - Nuclear power is CO-2 free. - Power without global warming - If they can't build safe reactors in Japan, is it a good idea?

What are the major Changes in Cellular Networks and Phones that have occurred over the years?

- Analog versus digital - First cell phones were analog - Digital service began in the U.S. in 1992; earlier in Europe - Current cell phones are digital - Digital phones emit less RF energy per unit time - Adaptive power control - Higher density of base station antennas - Higher operating frequencies - The combined effect of the switch to digital and addition of base station antennas would be accompanied by a reduction in exposure, offset only to the extent that people are using their phones more.

20% fewer car trips will lead to what?

- 500 lives saved - >100,000 Hospital admissions avoided - 4 Billion reduction in health care costs - And if those short trips (< 5 mi. round-trip) were done by bicycle, the fitness benefit would save 700 lives and another 4 billion dollars in avoided mortality and health care costs

What populations primarily relying on solid fuels for cooking?

- 56% of population in developing countries - 89% in LDCs - 82% in SSA *india and china

Describe the Transportation, Sedentary lifestyle & Health in U.S.

- 60% of American adults do not meet minimum recommended levels of physical activity. - In 2016, obesity rates in the U.S. climbed to 40% in adults, 18% in children. - Over 600,000 Americans die of cardiovascular disease every year. - 34% of American adults have prediabetes.

Reducing CO2 emissions save people from what?

- 7.0 million lives, from air pollution - Cardiovascular risk from high meat diet - 3.2 million lives, from physical inactivity

describe the A-bomb survivors

- 87,000 survivors followed - 7,800 cancer deaths observed - 7,400 expected - Therefore 400 excess cancers

Describe the Interphone Study

- A major decade-long study, overseen by the World Health Organization (WHO) and costing £20 million ($45.8 million), appears to have found a link between heavy usage of cellphones and brain cancer. - The Interphone Study found a "significantly increased risk" of some brain tumours tied to cellphone usage of 10 years or more. - Overall results reported as negative in the press - 10,000 subjects 13 countries

What is policy?

- A principle or protocol to guide decisions and achieve rational outcomes. - A policy is a statement of intent, and is implemented as a procedure or protocol.

What is Emission Allowances?

- A source is allowed to emit so many units of regulated pollutant - Sources can employ emission reduction approaches that they deem to be cost-effective

What is the Weakness of Nuisance?

- Application for injunction is a request for equitable relief—court must balance equities - Court considers: damage to landowner - Cost to polluter of abatement - Economic position of polluter in community - Whether polluter was there first - Public Nuisance-can only be abated by criminal prosecution in the name of the state - Or legislation

What is the Relation of IH to PH?

- APHA Essential Public Health Service No. 2: - "Identify, investigate, control, and prevent health problems and environmental health hazards in the community." Industrial Hygiene: - "That science and art devoted to the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control of those environmental factors arising in or from the workplace, which may cause sickness, impaired health and well being, or significant discomfort among workers or among workers or among citizens of the community" (Fund. Of Industrial Hygiene, NSC, 3rd edit., p. 3)

Describe the method of Advanced Chemical Analysis

- Advanced Chemical Speciation - Organic Compound Speciation - Trace Metals (ICPMS techniques for trace elements, Metal speciation, Isotopic Analysis) - Biological activity - Optical properties

New cookstoves should be:

- Affordable - Socially acceptable - Easy to use - Publicized and widely available - Durable - Desirable

Describe NORMAL LUNG FUNCTION.

- Air enters respiratory system and travels through bronchial tubes or "highways" - Bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli - Gas exchange (O2 and CO2) occurs in alveoli

What are the units of radioactivity?

-curie - rad - gray

What are asthma management techniques?

- Assessment and monitoring of asthma severity and control - Control of environmental factors and comorbid conditions that affect asthma - Education for a partnership in asthma care - Pharmacologic therapy - Rescue Medications for Quick Relief: Used in acute episodes, Generally short-acting beta-agonists (SABA) - Long-Term Controllers: Taken daily over a long period of time, Used to reduce inflammation, relax airway muscles, and improve symptoms and lung function (inhaled corticosteroids, long-acting beta2-agonists, leukotriene modifiers)

What are NOx controls?

- Automobiles - Catalytic converter - NSCR (non-selective) - Requires stochiometric combustion (sort of) - Oxygen sensor maintains varying oxygen levels - Precious metals - palladium, platinum

Describe lead

- Automobiles - Smelters - Combustion - Not a large concern in most of the U.S.

How can u prevent CO exposure?

- Be aware that attached garages are the primary cause of CO poisoning cases in homes - Seal any air leaks between garage and house, including ductwork - Do not leave car running in garage! - Do not use un-vented space heaters in the garage or house

WHat is BACT?

- Best Available Control Technology - To achieve the highest degree of emission reduction is capable of, with a limited consideration of capital and operating cost - Applied to new coal-fired utilities in Class I PSD

What is BioWatch?

- BioWatch is a Department of Homeland Security air sampling program, introduced in 2004, that takes place in every major metropolitan city in the U.S. - Each city has multiple sites, which consists of a portable sampling unit (PSU), that runs continuous filter based samples.

Conclusions

- Brain cancer incidence trends for brain cancer appears to be unrelated to cell phone use - No consistent subgroup findings but need larger numbers of longer-term users to evaluate different exposure metrics, latency, laterality, etc. - There is a a need to evaluate consistency within and among existing studies - Further studies are needed to detect longer-term risks and risks to children

What is the NO2(CAPS) Measurement Principle?

- Cavity Attenuated Phase Shift (CAPS) - NO2 concentration is related to the phase shift of the output pulse via the cotangents of the phase at zero and at the measured concentration - Maximum phase shift is seen with zero air, as NO2 is increased the phase shift is reduced

Why is a OWB Different than a Fireplace?

- Chimney height is often much lower - Fuel quality and amount varies - OWB's cycle (smolder) more, particularly when damper is closed

The NEPA umbrella covers what?

- Clean Air Act - Transportation Equity Act for 21-centuries - Executive Order 12898 (Environmental Justice)

What is nuclear fission?

- Clean, no wastes (?) - H2 deuterium - H3 tritium - H2 + H3 = He42 + high energy neutron (HEAT) - Need extreme high temp. to start reaction (lasers) - fuel boils water, steam drives turbine, turbine drives generator, transformer boosts voltage

How can you prevent outdoor triggers?

- Close windows and doors - Use air conditioners and clean filters regularly - Dry clothes indoors - Avoid raking leaves and gardening - Go outside when less breezy, after gentle rain - Shower at night

Describe Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

- Combustion formation - Stationary sources - Electric utilities - Over 70%+ reduction since 1975 - Controls: 1) Source reduction 2) Wet scrubbers 3) Dry scrubbers

What are the Challenges to Understand the Impacts of PM?

- Complex mixture of sources with very complex chemistry - Large spatial variability - Sources - Large temporal variability: Meteorology - Human activity patterns impact exposure - Human susceptibility differs as a function of age, health and genetics - Concerned with short-term and long-term exposures

Economics-Based Approaches must consider what?

- Cost-benefit analyses: quantification of all damage costs and costs of control - Degree of control that provides the greatest reduction of damages per unit cost

what is the role of Common law in air pollution?

- Court suits by private parties to abate air pollution or to recover damages caused by air pollution - Tort law (branch law dealing with harm to personal party)

What do we monitor?

- Criteria Pollutants Network - Toxics - PAMS/Enhanced Ozone Monitoring - NADP - BioWatch - Industrial Monitoring - Emerging Technologies

What is the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD)?

- Designed to protect pristine air - Visibility is primary focus of protection - 3 PSD categories - Class 1: areas around and including National Parks, National Wilderness Areas, National Monuments of certain minimum size - Class 2: areas around National Forests and other public lands - Class 3: areas to be protected up to secondary standards for SO2 and PM

What is the Equipment Loan Program Overview

- Difficult to find time and money to acquire conventional sampling resources - Advances in sampling tech lower faster smaller easier - SLH has dedicated resources to maintain and make available desired equipment to public health agencies - Equipment Available Through Loan Program: Mercury analyzers, Particle meters, Photoionization detectors, Multi-gas meter, Organic vapor monitors, SUMMA cans, Other

What are the Problems estimating cancer risks?

- Dose extrapolation - Dose rate extrapolation - Age and time dependencies - Transfer models - Neutrons at Hiroshima

What Factors Influence Probability of Teratogenic Effects?

- Dose to embryo/fetus - Stage of gestation at time of exposure

_____are a very crude approach to understanding sources

- Emissions Inventory estimates - Lack spatial and meteorological specificity

What are Pollution charges?

- Encourage sources to reduce emissions when marginal control costs are equal to pollution charge rates - Problem with Pollution Charges: Environmental groups have perceived pollution charges as providing industry with the "right to pollute"; conservative groups view them as another tax to oppose

What are the Biological Effects of Radiofrequency Radiation?

- Energy of a radiofrequency (RF) wave from a cellular telephone is billions of times lower than the energy of an x-ray photon - RF radiation is insufficiently energetic to break molecular bonds or ionize molecules - At high power levels, RF radiation can cause heating, but biological effect from cellular phone use unlikely to be thermal - No consistent experimental evidence of carcinogenicity or genotoxicity - Mechanism by which RF radiation might cause cancer?

How do we know an exposure has acute or chronic potential?

- Exposure pathway (source-path-receiver) - Recognized hazardous substance or condition - Opportunity for others to be exposed - Sensitive Individuals - Relevant guidelines have been exceeded

What are the strengths of this study?

- Incident, histologically: confirmed cases - Rapid case ascertainment Relatively few proxy interviews - High participation rates (92% for cases, 86% for controls) - Large sample size for glioma - Use of imaging and surgical reports to determine tumor location

what are State Implementation Plans?

- Individual states are required to develop and submit plans for their implementation, enforcement and maintenance. - State must have legal authority to enforce provisions - Prepared for each regulated pollutant - Must be approved by USEPA - Must include episode plan - EPA had to approve (Mississippi didn't do one—EPA did it for them) - Citizen (environmental organization) suits of the administrator of EPA were highlighted in the law

What are indoor and outdoor air triggers?

- Indoor: cats, perfume, termites - Outdoor: Ozone, outdoor wood boilers (Used to heat buildings or homes) , outdoor pollen, outdoor mold, Nitrogen dioxide in vehicle exhaust

Airway narrowing reduces the amount of air that can travel in and out of the lungs, how does this occur?

- Inflammation and swelling - Production of thick mucus - Bronchoconstriction

Why is there a concern about cell phones and brain cancer?

- Interest in the media - New technology with rapid increase in use in the past 15 years - Potential exposure to Radiofrequency (RF) "radiation" - Limited information re: RF radiation risks - Etiology of brain tumors largely unknown

Describe the NAS Report on Dampness.

- Issued 2004 - Panel of experts was convened to conduct a comprehensive review of the scientific literature - Relationships between dampness and presence of microbial agents and health outcomes were evaluated - Nation has 119 million housing units and 4.7 million commercial units - Allergic and non-allergic health effects were grouped according to strength of evidence categories of: - Sufficient evidence of a causal relationship - Sufficient evidence of an association - Limited or Suggested evidence of an association - Inadequate or insufficient evidence to determine if an association exists. - Respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea, cough, wheezing, aggravation of asthma conditions, development of asthma and HP were associated with the sufficient or limited evidence of association - Insufficient evidence was found for a host of other outcomes that have been alleged related to mold such as COPD, AIPH, neuro-psychiatric disorders, cancer and reproductive effects - "Excessive indoor dampness is not by itself a cause of ill health, but is a determinant of the presence or source strength of several potentially problematic exposures. Damp indoor environments favor house dust mites and microbial growth, standing water supports cockroach and rodent infestations, and excessive moisture may initiate chemical emissions from building materials and furnishings." - "On the basis of its review of the scientific papers and other information summarized above and detailed in the report, the committee concludes that excessive indoor dampness is a public health problem."

What are Building-Related Symptoms and cold/flu symptoms?

- Itchy eyes, nose and throat, Headache, Fatigue - Itchy eyes, nose and throat, Headache, Fatigue *very similar * hard to tell what is building related and what is not

Describe lead at a pollutant

- Lead is emitted mainly from industrial metal processing sources, as well as the combustion of leaded aviation fuel - Health Effects: neurological effects and developmental risks are the largest danger for children, whereas cardiovascular effects such as heart disease and high blood pressure commonly affect adults

What are co benefits of cleaner Cookstoves?

- Less burden for women or more income for families - Less risk of violence for women and girls as they collect fuel in certain insecure areas - Reduced fuel use due to increased heat transfer and combustion efficiency - Less air pollution affecting health, climate, reduced impacts on forests, habitats, biodiversity

What are examples of molecular markers?

- Levoglucosan - Cholestanol - Hopanes - Picene - Steranes - Pimaric Acid

Summary

- Many pollutants regulated - Many programs to limit emissions - Both stationary source and mobile source - Markets - Where do we go from here?

What is MACT ?

- Maximum Achievable Control Technology - Higher degree of control than BACT - For Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) (NESHAP)

Poorly targeted air pollution control strategies are unlikely to realize large opportunities to improve public health. So we need what?

- Mechanistic studies that link details about emissions and potential controls to human health benefits - Opportunities to reduce adverse health impacts from reducing emissions and moving people away from emissions - Need to make sure that we are not creating new exposure problems with mitigation effort

Describe the Microbials they measure.

- Molds: some opportunistic, pathogenic, allergenic, e.g. aspergillus, penecillium, stachybotrys - Bacteria: staphylococcus, tuberculosis - Viruses: influenza - Allergens: e.g. pollen, animal dander, dust mites, insect parts - Endotoxins: substances associated with bacteria cell walls, may aggravate asthma severity

What is brain cancer?

- Most brain cancers can spread through the brain tissue but rarely spread to other areas of the body. But even so-called "benign" tumors can, as they grow, compress normal brain tissue, causing damage that is often disabling and sometimes fatal. For this reason, doctors usually speak of "brain tumors" rather than "brain cancers." - The major concern with brain tumors is how readily they spread through the rest of the central nervous system and whether they can be removed and not come back.

How are people trying to Mitigate of the Effects of Air Pollution?

- Need to map the relationship of specific interventions to the improvements in health - Changes in emissions of Fuels , Power Systems, Emissions Control, Technologies - Changes in the proximity of emissions - Moving People Away from Emissions - Moving Emissions Away from People

What is Love Canal?

- Neighborhood in Niagra Falls, NY - Sold by Hooker Chemical for $1 to local school district - Formerly used to bury 21,000 tons of chemical waste (presence of waste was detailed in deed) - School board decided to build anyway - Newspaper reporter investigated and found toxic chemicals in sump pumps and what appeared to be high cases of health effects - Residents told not to go in their basements or eat from their garden - School demolished - 800 families relocated

What is Minimata?

- Neurological disease - Methylmercury release to Minimata Bay by Chisso Corp. - Bioaccumulated in fish and shellfish - First noted in cats - Residents were found to have experienced severe effects - Numbness, paralysis, palsy, severe birth defects - 2,265 victims, 1,784 died, 10,000 compensated

What are Challenges with addressing indoor air pollution?

- No international consensus on air pollution reduction targets, strategies for meeting targets - Air pollution sources span a wide array of sectors beyond household cooking (industry, energy production, waste management, agriculture, transportation) - Poor monitoring of air quality and health - Difficult to compare cities and analyze trends - Quantifying costs of pollution - Data transparency, communicating risks to citizens

What is the problem with outdoor water boilers?

- OWBs have considerably more emissions than other heating sources. - give off more PM 2.5 and Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Epidemiological studies on the Human Health Effects of PM have found what?

- Observation of increase mortality with increased fine particle concentrations in atmosphere - Observation of increased hospitalization and respiratory disease with increase fine particle concentrations - Clinical and physiological explanations for these observations are starting to emerge - Significant debate: when dust settles these studies are generally found to be sound - Great need to understand the "Biological Relevant" property of the atmospheric particulate matter

Describe Mercury Data

- Occupational studies document subtle neurological effects at 25 ug/m3. - MRL is based on these and adjusted for community setting resulting in 0.2 ug/m3 - Fredikkson study shows developmental effects at 50 ug/m3 after short term exposure - Several cases cited in ACGIH TLV and ATSDR Toxicological profile documentation involving health effects assoc. with household spills - Bottom line- 1 ug/m3 is reasonable

What are the Current health impacts of fossil fuel combustion (main cause of climate change)?

- Outdoor air pollution → 3.7 million deaths/yr - mostly from urban exposures - Indoor air pollution → 4.3 million deaths/yr - mostly from inefficient biomass and coal cookstoves

What is PM2.5?

- Particle with aerodynamic diameters less than 2.5 m - Fine particle - Combustion generated - Secondary particles

What is primary particulate matter?

- Particles directly emitted into the atmosphere from air pollution sources - Motor vehicles, food cooking, wood burning, etc.

What is secondary particulate matter?

- Particles that are formed in the atmosphere by gas-phase chemical reactions that form condensable products - Sulfate, nitrate, secondary organic compounds

What is PM10?

- Particles with aerodynamic diameters less than 10 m - Mechanically generated - Soil debris, Agricultural tiling, Construction, Road dust

What are Ultrafine Particles?

- Particles with diameters less than 50nm - Combustion generated - May result from nucleation of new particles - Not much is know about ultrafine particles

What is a Cyclone/multiclone?

- Particulate Control method - Centrifugal and inertial forces - 10 micron - 2.5 micron - Low capital - Low maintenance - Low energy - 20-99% control

What is a Wet Scrubber?

- Particulate Control method - Inertial and diffusional impact - 70-90+% control - Inefficient for fine PM - Low pressure drop (energy) - Low capital - High operating cost (fluid) - Wet waste

What is a baghouse?

- Particulate Control method - Most efficient control (99%+) - Constant output device - Many bag materials - Pressure drop - Leak detectors - Bag cleaning - Compartmentalized and scalable - High cost to install - Reactions

What is a Settling chamber?

- Particulate Control method - Reduces gas velocity - Gravity settling - 10 micron to 50 micron - low cost - Low energy usage - Low collection efficiency - Pre-control device

What is an ESP?

- Particulate Control method - Uses electric charge and attraction - Dry and wet - Up to 99% efficiency - Collection plates - Rappers - Primary control; before low sulfur coal - Efficiency impacted by loading - Power usage proportional to control efficiency

WHat are the Criteria Pollutants (have air concentration standards)?

- Particulate Matter - Nitrogen Oxides (NOx or NO2) - Sulfur dioxide (SO2) - Carbon Monoxide (CO) - Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) (No standard, Ozone reactant Lead) - Ozone - very low direct emissions

Describbe the Natural experiment during 1996 Summer Olympic games in Atlanta

- Peak morning traffic decreased 23% and peak ozone levels decreased 28% - Asthma-related emergency room visits by children decreased 42% - Children's emergency visits for non-asthma causes did not change during same period

What is definition of Negligence?

- Personal injuries - Failure of polluter to conform to a certain standard of conduct - Causation proof can be difficult - ex. Lung cancer: Asbestos---Cigarettes

What is the typical Sequence of events?

- Physical effect—ionization - Chemical effect - Biological effect (cell death, mutation, cancer, germ cell (future), organism death)

What is definition of Trespass?

- Physical invasion of landowners right to exclusive possession of property - Does not consider whether unreasonable or not - Trespasser liable for all damages - Often has larger statute of limitations - "any intrusion which invades possessor's protected interest in exclusive possession, whether is by visible or invinsible pieces of matter or by energy which can be measured only by the mathematical language of the physicist"

What are the main goals of asthma management?

- Preventing chronic asthma symptoms and attacks during the day and night - Maintaining normal activity levels, including exercise and other daily activities - Having normal or near normal lung function

Describe Carbon Monoxide

- Primarily emitted from exhaust of improperly ventilated vehicles, generators and furnaces - Health Effects: can cause harmful health effects by reducing oxygen delivery to the body's organs (like the heart and brain) and tissues

Describe Nitrogen Dioxide

- Primarily emitted from internal combustion engines and point sources - Health Effects: toxic gas at room temperature which is known to cause damage to respiratory system, lungs in particular - Precursor to particulate matter and ozone

Describe Sulfur Dioxide

- Primarily emitted from power plants and paper mills in Wisconsin - Health Effects: can increase asthma and bronchitis symptoms, wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing - Major contributor to acid rain - Precursor to particulate matter

What are the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)

- Primary-to prevent human health effects - Secondary- to prevent welfare (materials, plants, animals) effects - Lead added in 1978 - NAAQS—goals to be met for the country - States- Implementation plans including - Emission standards - States—had to set up DNR's or similar

What is the Role of the State Health Department?

- Provide technical assistance to local health departments and the public - Provide access to medical, toxicological and epidemiological expertise - Evaluate public health risk - Develop local health capacity - Provide educational information and materials - Provide access to state lab resources

What are Clean Cookstove Programs?

- Public-Private Partnerships - Engineering challenges - Importance of monitoring and evaluation - Are health improvements apparent?

What are the Potential Dangers of Nuclear Plants?

- Radiation leaks to air and water - China Syndrome (big leak-Fukishima) - No bomb—but can have a big explosion releasing lots of radiation (Chernobyl) - Nuclear fuel reprocessing, waste disposal, long term storage?

Describe characteristics of Radium.

- Radium is silver-white in color - It is in small amounts as a cancer treatment; was in fluorescent paint

What is Chemiluminescence?

- Reaction of NO with Ozone produces ultraviolet light - NO + O3 = NO2 + O2 + hv

What is RACT?

- Reasonably Available Control Technology Economic, technical and political practicality - Applied to new or significantly modified existing sources (NSPS)

Describe Low NOx burners

- Reduce combustion temperature - Improved fuel and air mixing - Eliminate hot spots - FGR - flue gas recirculation - Up to 90% control efficiency

What are air pollution control strategies?

- Required to meet air quality regulations - Centralized monitoring sites - Control sources with the largest health impacts - Control sources that lead to the higher exposures - Proximity of emissions to population - Consider co-benefits of control measures on other air pollutants

What is the National Environmental Policy Act 1969?

- Requires IMPACT evaluation for new power plants, industries etc. - How will new facility impact air and water and land etc. - The first written law to establish broad national framework for protecting environment - Basic policy to assure all government agencies to give proper consideration to the environment prior to undertaking any major federal action, significantly affecting the environment.

WHat are the Bioethical Foundations of air pollution policy?

- Respect for Autonomy as to health: human dignity and freedom; individuals can make choices rather than having others decide for them. Air pollution is imposed by others. - Nonmaleficence: first do no harm (doctor-legislator) - Beneficence: the principal of doing good; promote the public health - Justice: social justice, fairness, equity and impartiality; the poor or minorities should not be exposed to more hazardous air pollution

Observed associations with, and impacts of, exposure to atmospheric PM continue to increase what?

- Respiratory Disease - Cardiovascular Disease - Cancer - Auto-Immune Disorders - Metabolic Syndrome - Reproductive Impacts - Neurological Development (Unlikely that same components and sources impact all pathways of injury)

What was the FDA Action on E-Cigarettes ??

- Restricting areas of sale Banning selling at gas stations and convenience stores - Banning Menthol Cigarettes and flavored small cigars

What is Anthropogenic particulate matter?

- Resulting from human activity - Motor vehicles, wood burning, agricultural tiling, etc.

Describe the Hanford, Washington Atomic Workers and military nuclear waste

- Richland, Washington - U.S. lab-Fuel for reactors, bombs - Mancuso, Stewart (Alice) Neal study-1977 - Film badges-workers who got cancer leukemia, pancreas and lung had higher film badge doses than control workers - Leaking tanks contaminated Columbia River

What is Nuclear fuel reprocessing?

- Separate unfissioned reusable U-235 from rest - K-85 to air, H-3 (tritium) to water

WHat did Madame Marie Curie do?

- She decided that her thesis for her doctorate would be on Henri Becquerel's mysterious "x-rays" from uranium - Discovered that if you have a certain amount of uranium, then you get a certain amount of ray intensity, no matter what you did to the material - Marie discovered that there was something going on inside the atom that created the rays, she named this effect "radioactivity" - She discovered that the only known elements that were radioactive were uranium and thorium - Pierre stopped his work on crystals to work with Marie - Marie continued her work, but with a different substance, pitchblende

What is Film Recovery Systems, Elk Grove, IL?

- Siler extracted from used film by pouring sodium cyanide over chips - Polish immigrant died of cyanide poisoning - Executives prosecuted, convicted of murder, 25 years in prison - State had to dispose of 14 million pounds of tainted waste at a cost of millions of dollars

What were the limitations of the study?

- Small number of long-term, heavy users - Cannot rule out small risks - Reliance on interviews taken after tumor diagnosis to assess cell phone use (potential for imperfect recall (as in all case-control studies)) - Changes in cellular technology

Solar Photovoltaic Plants (PV) contain what?

- Solar Arrays - Inverter - Transformer

CONCLUSIONS

- Some air pollutants and aeroallergens may worsen with climate change. - Many uncertainties remain, especially for particulates. - Air pollution policy must address "moving target" of potential exacerbation due to climate change. - Synergistic problems must be considered together, e.g., urban sprawl & climate change

Describe NOx controls

- Source reduction - Low NOx burners and FGR - Combustion modifications - Water injection - Non-catalytic controls - Catalytic controls

what is an ALLERGEN?

- Substance that causes an allergic reaction - Exposure in a sensitive person causes symptoms - Immune mediated - Not usually dose - Ex: Tree pollen, Grass pollen, Weed pollen, Dust mites, Animal dander, Mold

What is an irritant?

- Substance that irritates the lungs and causes symptoms - Exposure causes increased symptoms or limits airflow - Not immune mediated - Dose dependent Ex: Tobacco smoke, Ozone, Exhaust fumes, Sulfur dioxide, Nitrogen dioxide, Perfumes

What are the Ecosystem Impacts from particulate matter?

- Symptoms: Ozone injury appears first on older leaves. Affected leaves appear silvery to whitish. Bleaching will eventually kill the leaves in most severe cases. Watermelon appears to be fairly sensitive to ozone. - Control: There are no known cultural controls for ozone injury. Grow crops away from heavily polluted areas.

What is the IAQ Investigation Strategy/ what do they measure?

- Temperature - Humidity - Carbon monoxide & - Carbon dioxide - HVAC - Contaminants (chemical, physical, microbial) - Other factors - Compare complaint and non-complaint areas

Describe the physical measurements they measure

- Temperature: should be in the range of 68F-74F, depending on humidity - Humidity: should be in the range of 30%-60% - Airflow: 15cfm/person (outdoor air) is recommended, but grandfathering codes of older buildings does occur - Carbon Dioxide: <1000ppm, (750ppm above outdoor air, about 350ppm) - Carbon Monoxide: should not exist above a couple ppm, if so, indication of entrainment or of indoor source, find and correct!

High ozone levels are associated with what?

- Temperatures > 90°F (32°C) - Slow-moving high pressure systems - Summer solstice (maximum sunlight)

What are Radiation Risks??

- Teratogenic risks Order of magnitude larger than - Carcinogenic risks- Order of magnitude larger than - Hereditary risks

Brain cancer statistics (just read)

- The American Cancer Society estimates that 21,810 malignant tumors of the brain or spinal cord (11,780 in men and 10,030 in women) will be diagnosed during 2008 in the United States. These numbers would likely be much higher if benign tumors were also included. About 13,070 people (7,420 men and 5,650 women) will die from these tumors. - This would account for about 1.5% of all cancers and 2.3% of all expected cancer-related deaths in 2008. Both adults and children are included in these statistics. - Overall, the chance that a person will develop a malignant tumor of the brain or spinal cord in his or her lifetime is less than 1% (about 1 in 150 for a man and 1 in 182 for a woman).

describe the JAPAN EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI

- The earthquake in Japan subsequently triggered a tsunami and a nuclear emergency with each presenting related but distinct impacts on the region. - Japan's State of Emergency continues in relation to its nuclear power plant. - Japan has one of the most extensively regulated nuclear power industries in the world. - There is a history of a lack of transparency in incidents at Japan's nuclear power plants that may impact the effectiveness of public information strategies

Who are the Air pollution policy stakeholders?

- The federal government (U.S. EPA) - The states - Other government units/planning organizations - Regulated sources - Interest groups - Legislators -Scientists/researchers - The public - The courts

Conclusions

- There is considerable evidence concerning EMF and childhood leukemia, and perhaps other endpoints in children and adults - Biological mechanisms are speculative at this point

What were the New Source Performance Standards (NSPS)

- To require installation of control measures during construction, when they are least expensive. - Existing AQ not a factor in determining emission limits

What was the UN FCCC, 21st "Conference of the Parties"?

- Took place Nov. 30 - Dec. 11, 2015 in Paris, France - 147 Heads of State attended COP21 (Highest number ever gathered at any event!) - 183 Countries submitted intended commitments in advance of the meeting - Projections for COP21: No action would lead to 4.5 degrees celsius increase in temp by 2100, No continued progress would lead to 3.5 degrees celsius increase in temp by 2100, success would lead to only a 1.8 degrees celsius increase

What is TSP?

- Total Suspended Particulate Matter - Sum of all particles with diameters less than ~ 50 m

What are exaamples of global exposures/processes?

- Transboundary pollution (e.g. POPS, mercury) - International trade & travel - Earth Systems disruptions - Ecosystem degradation & biodiversity loss

Large number of studies have been conducted that show adverse health effects associated with ______

- distance to roadways - Roadway emissions are complex and are comprised of emissions from roadway sources - Tailpipe emissions from diesel and gasoline powered vehicles - Resuspended Road Dust - Tire Wear - Brake Wear - Emissions vary as a function of driving cycle

What are asthma triggers>

- dust mites - cockroaches - mold

describe Solid fuel mortality exposure response graph

- exponential - levels off - Leveling off of risk: Increasing exposure increases risk, but at a decreasing marginal rate

Schar et al (2004) showed what?

- that the summer of 2003 was certainly an extreme climate event. - used a downscaling technique that can capture the temperature extremes by retaining mean and standard deviation in downscaling. New technique called "vector-based" generalized linear modeling. - Average NYC summer days over 32 degrees celsius (current) = 13 days, Average summer (2046-65) = 39 days

Who was Antoine Henry Becquerel?

- took first image of potassium uranylsisulfate in 1896 - led to discovery of natural radioactivity

What is major source of indoor air pollution?

- unidentified - biomass - diesel

VOCs are emitted from what? What emit nitrogen oxides?

- vehicles, industrial sources, and consumer and commercial products. - Vehicles and power plants

Describe issues with Carbon Monoxide?

- ~400 deaths nationally, 20,000 ER visits, 4,000 treated annually in hospitals (CDC) - December and January and biggest months - Recent WI Fatalities

Describe 1963 Clean Air Act

-Grants for program development and improvement of local/state air pollution control efforts - Research /technical/training assistance - Federal responsibility for automobile and SO2 pollution research - Federal research responsibility for interstate air pollution problem

Hospitalizations and ER visits for asthma occur the most frequently for which age group (both sexes)?

0-4 years

Magnetic fields > ____uT depress melatonin production

0.2

Investigators found that the same 10 µg/m3 reduction in PM2.5 pollution was associated with a mean life expectancy gain of _____ years in this later period

0.35

Co-benefit of ____million deaths/yr. Reductions in PM pollution in 2030

0.7 to 4.7

from _____°C average global warming by 2100

1 - 7

1 wavelength= what?

1 cycle

What race has highest incidence of asthma?

1) American Indian/ Alaska native 2) African American * Both above Wisconsin adult prevalence

What are the Two key approaches to source appointment?

1) Chemical transport models (Considerable effort to develop and validate) 2) Receptor Models

What are the two types of health effects of radiation?

1) Deterministic - effect is certain under specific conditions e.g. high dose/Acute Radiation Syndrome 2) Stochastic - may or may not occur. Difficult to predict on an individual level but effects seen at a population level e.g. cancer after radiation exposure

What are exposure assessment challenges?

1) Fate of pollution as it moves through the atmpsphere 2)Mixtures of pollutants (interactive effects) 3)Accumulation and removal of pollution in environment 4) Timing of exposure (duration or critical periods)

WHich countries will see the largest amount of avoided premature deaths ?

1) India 2) china 3) Bangledesh

WHat are public enemies # 1 and #2 in terms of air pollution

1) PM2.5 - FINE PARTICULATE MATTER 2) o3 (ozone)

Automobile use is greatest in which countries?

1) US 2) West Germany 3) UK

What is the order of the types of pollution that kill people?

1) air (household air, ambient particulate, ambient ozone) 2) water (unsafe sanitation, unsafe source 3) Occupational (carcinogens, particulates) 4) Soil, heavy metals, and chemicals 5) lead

Energy Consumption in India primarily comes from what?

1) coal 2) solid biomass, and pretroleum

What are 4 main signs of asthma?

1) cough at night or after exercise 2) wheezing 3) shortness of breath 4) chest tightness

What is the order of the energy ladder?

1) ethanol, methanol (top for efficiency and prosperity) 2) LPG, gas 3) kerosene 4) charcoal 5) wood

What is order of alpha, beta, and gamma regarding which can travel the farthest?

1) gamma 2) beta 3) alpha

What is the air quality index (AQI)?

1) health warning (severe) (top):401-500 2) health alert (very poor): 301-400 3) unhealthy for sensitive groups (poor): 201-300 4) moderate air quality (moderate): 101-200 5) good and satisfactory (good) (base): 0-100

Describe social ecological model of health

1) innate behaviors (center) 2) individual behaviors (outward) 3)social, family. and community networks living and working conditions 4) broad social, economic, cultural, policies

what are the Health benefits from green transportation (London)

1) less ischaemic heart disease 2) less cerebrovascular disease 3) less dimentia 4) less breast cancer 5) less car accidents

Which diseases have the largest environmental contribution?

1) lower respitatory infections 2) COPD 3) ischaemic heart diease 4) asthma

The majority of annual unclassified shipments of radioactive material are from what sources?

1) medical 2) other 3) industrial 4) power

List levels of the asthma surveillance pyramid

1) mortality (top) 2) hospitalization 3) ED/ urgent care 4) unscheduled office visits 5) scheduled office visits 6) asthma prevalence/ severity (base)

What are the types of ionizing radiation?

1) particulate - alpha - beta 2) electromagnetic - gamma - xray

What are Determinants of Vulnerability?

1) personal characteristics 2) habits 3) location

What 3 things make up air monitoring?

1) policy and regulation 2) observational data 3) permits, modeling and compliance

What is the hierarchy of controls?

1) policy/administrative (top) 2)engineering/infrastructure 3) personal protection (base) The higher in hierarchy for an intervention the more people are generally protected

What is the ranking of types of pollution in developing countries?

1) rural indoor 2) rural outdoor 3) urban indoor

Where does most of the Solid Fuel Emissions in Ahmedabad come from?

1) transport 2) industry 3) wind blown dust

What is the ranking of types of pollution in developed countries?

1) urban indoor 2) rural indoor

What are the types of work related asthma?

1) work aggravated asthma: among those who have a history of preexisting asthma (8.2%) 2) occupational asthma: develops as a direct result of workplace exposure (46.6%)

What is the Exposure Guideline "Hierarchy"?

1)Hazmat/ Evacuation 2)Occupational/ Commercial 3) Residential/ Community

What are Air Pollution Control Strategies and Tactics?

1. Air Quality Management 2. Best Available Technology 3. Emission Taxes 4. Cost-Benefit 5. Non-Degradation 6. Banking and Trading Pollution Credits

Take-Home Messages

1. Energy access varies greatly across the globe, with implications across many sectors 2. Indoor air pollution is a major contributor to poor health globally, and it exacerbates both ambient air pollution and climate warming 3. The further upstream interventions can occur, the greater the potential population health benefits (hierarchy of controls) 4. Effective interventions can achieve co-benefits across many sectors, including environmental and public health protection

What are the best cities for asthma?

1. McAllen, TX 2. Houston, TX 3. Cape Coral, FL 4. San Jose, CA 5. San Antonio, TX

What are the worst cities for asthma?

1. Springfield, MA 2. Richmond, VA 3. Dayton, OH 4. Philadelphia, PA 5. Louisville, KY

Nearly ___ of asthmatics haven't talked to their doctor about their asthma in over a year

1/3

The average risk of fatality from nuclear reactor accidents is what?

1/5,000,000,000

Annual exposures to EPA particulate matter standard is _____per year

100 milligrams

1 in ____children have asthma. 1 in ____ adults have asthma

11 12

For substantial health benefits, adults should do at least___ minutes (2 hours and 30 minutes) a week of moderate-intensity, or ___ minutes (1 hour and 15 minutes) a week of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity

150 75

the production of 99 Sr by nuclear weapon tests increased during what years

1950-1965

The First reports of an increase in thyroid cancer occurred in __, particularly in children.

1990

Black children are ___ times more likely to have asthma than white children

2

Burden of disease attributable to ___ leading risk factors in 2010

20 (household air pollution was #3, ambient air pollution was #9)

Describe the Atomic bombing of Japan

220,000 died at Hiroshima and Nagasaki 280,000 more exposed to Radiation (Hibakusha)

In developing countries, up to _____% of outdoor air pollution is derived from indoor air pollution

25

the HEAT WAVE - EUROPE led to ____ deaths in 2003

25-45,000 deaths

Extremely low frequency magnetic fields are classified as group ___

2B

African Americans are almost _____ times more likely to die from asthma than whites

3

Indoor air pollution responsible for _____deaths/year

3.5 million

Beijing continues to rely on coal for ____% of its energy

40

___% of people have their asthma well controlled. ___% are not well controlled

40% 37%

What was the risk for mental retardation with in utero exposure to radiation?

40% / sv

What Percentage of Persistent Asthmatics Received a Flu Vaccine ?

44%

there has been a _____% reduction from many sectors of the ozone

50

A typical solid fuel stove converts _____% of fuel into toxic substances

6-20

By 2050, warming alone may increase by ________% the number of Red Ozone Alert days across the Eastern US.

68

World population estimated today at ____

7 billion

____% of burden of Household air pollution falls in developing countries

86

Pollution kills _____ people each year

9 million

The wholesale price of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels ($/watt) has dropped by ___% since 1977.

99

What is the Cost of cleaner energy?

< $30/ tCO2

40% of trips by car are ____ mi (~3 km)

<2

Describe the Average BLood pressure by age and exposure level relationship (study conducted on adult women in China)

>50 years and high PM2.5 exposure = highest mmHG BP 25-50 years and low exposure= lowest BP

What is public policy?

A system of courses of action, regulatory measures, laws, and funding priorities concerning a given topic promulgated by a governmental entity or its representatives. A concept that refers not only to the result of policies, but more broadly to the decision-making and analysis of governmental decisions.

Most of our information on radiation and cancer comes from studies of _____

A-bomb survivors

What continent has greatest number of DALYs attributable to household air pollution and climate change?

Africa

What are Health Effects Associated with Bioaerosols?

Allergic Bronchopulmonary Mycosis/Aspergillosis Allergy Asthma Bronchitis Common Cold Conjuctivitis Cryptococcosis Dermatitis Hantavirus Histoplasmosis Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Influenza Legionnaires Pneumonia Sinusitis Tuberculosis

Describe the 1979 Wertheimer Leeper study

An excess of electrical wiring configurations suggestive of high current-flow was noted in Colorado in 1976--1977 near the homes of children who developed cancer, as compared to the homes of control children.

What are pollutant pathways?

Avenues through which pollutants are distributed in a building or environment, such as air condition ducts, food chains, waterways, etc.

Air pollution emissions continue to drop steadily since 1970 due to the _____

Clean Air Act (as the economy continues to grow, emissions that cause ozone and particle pollution continue to drop)

What was U.S. Constitution—Interstate Commerce clause?

Congress can legislate to tax and spend for the general welfare

What is Building-Related Illness?

Diagnosable illness attributed to exposure to an indoor chemical, biological or physical agent accompanied by symptoms and lab findings

The El Niño-related forest fires, Indonesia ,1998, were due to what?

Due to lack of monsoon rains accompanying El Niño.

We are truly UNCERTAIN about the Health Effects of_______

EMF- Cellphones

WHere are the majority of the nuclear power reacters in the US?

East

What is Emissions Trading?

Emission reduction credits (ERCs) may be sold or traded to other corporations to meet regulatory requirements

WHich continent has greatest percent of deaths attributable to air pollution?

Europe

What is the The Clean Air Act " Good Neighbor" requirement?

Every state must adopt a plan that provides for implementation, maintenance, and enforcement of the NAAQS (CAA sec. 110(a)(1)). The plan is due within 3 years after the promulgation of a NAAQS. EPA can EPA do prescribe a shorter period, but not a longer period (CAA sec. 110(a)(1)). The SIP must contain adequate provisions prohibiting emissions of air pollutant in amounts which will contribute significantly to nonattainment in, or interfere with maintenance by, any other state (CAA sec. 110(a)(2)(D)(i)(I)). Nonattainment areas adopt measures to reduce emissions. Out of state, contributing areas reduce their emissions at the same time (good neighbor help) Nonattainment areas meet the standard!

Describe the Lima COP 20: call for climate action

Examples of "Intended Nationally Determined Contributions" (INDCs) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions: Japan: 26% below 2013 levels by 2030 Australia: 26-28% below 2005 levels by 2030 USA: 32% below 2005 by 2030 EU: 40% below 1990 levels by 2030 Ethiopia: 64% below BAU scenario by 2030 ***While these seem like daunting pledges, from a PUBLIC HEALTH perspective, the higher the pledge, the more profits for that country.

What is the SO2 Measurement Principle?

Fluorescence - SO2 exposed to 214 nm light become excited. As molecules decay to normal state they give off a different wavelength light which is measured

Describe a Reactor

Fuel U-235 Fuel elements Graphite control rods Moderator Coolant

_____ was the No.1 Plant hit by tsunami

Fukushima

Former Manufactured ____are found throughout Wisconsin

Gas Plants

What are the types of pollutants in the atmosphere?

Gaseous pollutants - Organic gases - Inorganic species Particulate matter - Complex mixture of solid and liquid - Not homogenous - Organic compounds, trace metals, ionic species, water Semi-volatile gases - Inorganic species - Semi-volatile organic gases (SVOCs) *Visibility, odors, air toxics, etc.*

____ is the Most common type of brain cancer. What are they?

Glioma - Gliomas are not a specific type of cancer. - Glioma is a general term for a group of tumors that start in glial cells. A number of tumors can be considered gliomas, including glioblastoma multiforme, astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and ependymomas. About 4 out of 10 of all brain tumors are gliomas. Counting only malignant tumors, about 8 out of 10 are gliomas.

What are the impacts of Atmospheric Particulate Matter?

Human Health - Acute and Chronic impacts Human Welfare - Visibility - Material damage Ecosystem Impacts - Nutrients - Toxics Climate Change

Describe CO Measurement Principle

IR Absorption - CO causes infrared light absorption, the CO concentration can be measured based on the light attenuation through a sample cell

Describe the Improved Air Quality during Beijing Olympics

Improved Air Quality: - Reductions in carbon monoxide (CO) by 47% - Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) by 38% - Volatile organic compounds (VOC) by 30% - Particulate matter (PM10) by 20% - Sulphur dioxide (SO2) by 14% Renewable Energy- 20% of total electricity supplied by renewable energy Decreased Waste- In-venue recycling rate was 23% higher than committed level

Describe CHRONIC EXPOSURE to PM2.5

PM2.5 penetrates deep into the respiratory tract and chronic exposure causes oxidative stress (biological system's ability to detoxify), elevated systemic arterial blood pressure, and atherosclerosis. In addition to causing heart disease, respiratory disease, and cancer, the impacts of PM2.5 pollution on morbidity are well documented and include irregular heartbeat, aggravated asthma, airway irritation, and decreased lung function.

China's pollution can cross the ____

Pacific

Where in WI is the primary ozone problem?

Primary problem area in Wisconsin is Lake Michigan shoreline due to interstate transport

________ of sources is necessary for development of efficient and effective controls

Quantitative understanding

Describe electromagnetic spectrum

ROYGBIV red= long wavlelength/low freq Violet= short wavelength/ high freq

Describe Fermi/Szilard 1942

Racquetball court below Stagg Field at the University of Chicago—atomic pile in right configuration, first self sustaining nuclear chain reaction

1967 Air Quality Act

Required development of - Federal air quality criteria - State air quality standards - Interstate air quality control regions (AQCRs)

How is WI doing with the asthma problem?

Significant Improvements - Reducing ED visits - Reducing hospitalizations - Reducing mortality rates Slight Improvements - Adults with asthma who got a flu shot - Number of schools with asthma action plans on file for all students with asthma No Change - Racial and ethnic disparities in asthma prevalence, hospitalization rates, and mortality rates

What are the types of Gene Mutations?

Single Dominant - Polydactyly - Huntindon's chorea - Retinoblastoma Recessive - sickle cell anemia - tay-sachs disease - cystic fibrosis Sex linked - color blindness - hemophilia

What are the Types of Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation?

Somatic - Acute- Radiation Sickness - Chronic (cancer, decreased lifespan, cataracts , teratogenesis) Genetic

Radioactivity is the what?

Spontaneous emission of particles/energy from unstable nuclei

T or F? Wisconsin is currently fully in attainment with the annual and Daily PM2.5 and PM10 NAAQS

True

What is the asthma prevalance in US and WI?

U.S. Overall: 9.0% Wisconsin: 9.5% Higher in eastern US

While ozone in the stratosphere plays an important role in shielding the earth from ____, ozone at ground-level is a dangerous air pollutant.

UV radiation

Climate change leads to what?

Urban Heat Island Effect Air Pollution & Aeroallergens Vector-borne Diseases Water-borne Diseases Water resources & food supply Environmental Refugees

What are Enhanced Ozone Monitoring (EOM) / Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations?

Used to measure Ozone precursors

Electric fields are measures in ____ and are easily ____

V/m shielded

Which city has highest absolute concentration of fine particles?

Waukesha

What is YOLL ?

YOLL - years lost to ill health, disability, or early death

What is the Wisconsin's Asthma Care and Environmental Strategies Program?

a free asthma program that provides patients and families with asthma education and a free environmental home assessment

Flooding can do what?

a) promote mold and fungal growth b) increase respiratory disease in overcrowded shelters.

Guidelines simply aid in recognition. They are not _____

absolute.

We need to prioritize the controls of air pollution to reduce the ___

adverse impacts on health

Where is DALYs attributable to indoor air pollution from solid fuel use the highest?

africa

Where in the world in solid fuel use the highest?

africa, asia

Where in the world is the annual average PM2.5 concentrations the highest?

africa, asia

Asthma rates have been increasing for all races except?

african americans and american indians

Community exposures values (USEPA, ATSDR) consider________(sensitive and healthy) and 24/7 exposure

all members

Medications used to treat asthma, such as inhaled steroids, _____ habit-forming

are not

The Earth probe TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) Aerosol Index shows the most amount of TRANSCONTINENTAL DUST on what part of the globe?

atlantic ocean

air conditioners are ____ for the environment

bad

Even the most polluted cities in the US rank far _____concentrations in highly populated Indian cities like Mumbai and the capital city of Delhi

below

What foods have high alpha radioactivity?

brazil nuts, cereals, teas, liver and kidney

Air pollution exposures to systemic effects contribute to the ____

burden of disease

How do many animals navigate?

by detecting tiny changes in the Earth MF

Although burning sustainably harvested woodfuels is CO2-neutral, it is not ______neutral, as other emitted pollutants like BC, methane, and ozone-producing gases (CO, VOCs) are not reabsorbed

climate

Assuming future ozone responds to climate in the future as has over the past 10 years, the number of unhealthy ozone days in Chicago would increase by 3x - 8x by 2100 due to changes in what?

climate (temperature, wind, and cloud cover)

Climate change is mainly caused by what?

combustion of fossil fuels.

Milwaukee was found to be in ______ with the standards in 2013 as a result of a decrease in the frequency of 24-hour exceedances (Based in the 98th percentile). WI is currently in ______ with standards

compliance compliance

Climate change can affect air pollution _____

concentrations

Diesel and fertilizer to produce _______ results in more PM 2.5 than burning the equivalent amount of gasoline !

corn for ethanol production

What is frequency?

cycles per second (hertz)

Asthma is ____, ____, and _____

deadly, disruptive, and expensive

The london smog deaths peaked on ____(date)

dec 8

Greater distance from source results in ____ magnetic field

decreased

with the invention of Xrays, the observed leaukemia deaths _____

decreased (matched expected values)

AS exposure time increases, the concentration of CO to cause death ___

decreases

As frequency increases, wavelength ______

decreases

Asthma hospitalizations are _____ in WI.

decreasing

Describe Pb Network Trends in recent years

decreasing

Describe SO2 Network Trend over last few years

decreasing

PM2.5 Network Trend has been _____ in recent years

decreasing

The ozone standard has been ______

decreasing

what had the Ozone network trend been over the last few years?

decreasing

ASTHMA PREVALENCE differs by ______

demographic characteristic

THere has been _____ of the Taj Mahal due to Particulate carbon and dust disposition

discoloration

Who was W. C. Rontgen ?

discovered Xrays in 1896

where is the heat the worst in terms of urban vs rural?

dowtown=hottest (heat island) suburban=next hottest

air pollution responsible for about one in____ deaths globally.

eight

What is beta decay?

emit an electron (0/-1 e) and an antineutrino

What is alpha decay?

emits alpha particle (4/2 He)

What is general police power?

every state has authority to enact laws to enhance the "public health, safety and welfare" under police power and can control all manner of environmental harms

Air pollution contributes to the global burden of disease by ____

exacerbating a wide range of existing diseases

The key pollutants of concern for public health are ____ and____

fine particles (PM) and carbon monoxide.

Outdoor Wood Boilers are A big source of __________

fine particulate - Residential wood heat has been a feature of human culture since ancient times. One modern version of this is the outdoor wood fired furnace, or outdoor wood boiler, or simply water stove. This is a device that places a large wood stove at some distance from the house. The fire heats a water boiler, which is in turn pumped into buildings for indoor heating or hot tap water.

What are work related asthma: high risk jobs?

firefighters (smoke), health care workers (latex, disinfectants), health home aides, bakers, farmers, flour mill workers, grain elevator workers (flour, grain, dust), veterinarians, animal handlers (animal proteins), pharmaceutical workers (drugs), spray painters (chemicals), forest workers, carpenters (wood dust), building and grounds maintenance workers (cleaning products, dust, pollen, mold)

What does in utero exposure to radiation cause?

flat head in fetus

In the US, a key source of PM2.5 is _______

fossil fuel combustion.

What is frequency and wavelength of Radiowaves?

frequency: 18^8 wave: 10^-1

PUBLIC HEALTH co-benefits could even make climate change policy a net ____

gain!

The Three Mile Island nuclear plant accident lead to ____ radiation exposure

gamma

Magnetic field are measured in ____ or ___. and are not easily ____

gauss (G) or tesla (T) shielded

Urban and indoor air pollution is a significant contributor to the ____

global burden of disease

Climate change policy offers large _______co-benefits

health

______can offset 26-1050% of the cost of US carbon policies

health benefits

During 1988 &1995, hot, dry, stagnant summers, in part, led to especially _____ozone levels in the US.

high

Pollen counts are ____ with increasing temps

higher

What are risk factors for asthma?

host factors - Allergy and atopy - Family history of asthma or allergy - Smaller airways at birth - Low birth weight - Male gender during pre-adolescence Environmental factors - pollution - food - occupation - pollen

Summers are getting _____

hotter

Describe the Anenberg paper

household solid fuel combustion associated with 3.5 million indoor air deaths and 0.5 million outdoor air deaths

Radiation does not produce new, unique mutations, but simply increases the____ of the same mutations that occur spontaneously

incidence

Control over asthma increases with ___

income

As energy consumption per person increases, life expectancy also___

increases

Asthma prevalence is _______

increasing

Atmospheric carbon dioxide has been ______ at Mauna loa, Hawaii

increasing

Glacial flow is _____

increasing

The difference between Lakeshore v. inland monitors of the ozone has been ________

increasing

World light vehicle production is __________

increasing

Clean air attracts______.

international investment - Business services and international relocation agencies (such as Forbes) frequently ranks cities on how "toxic" or polluted they are. These and other rankings influence investment and location decisions by major firms.

What is the effect of distance on radiation exposure?

inverse squared (ex : 2 ft away is 1/4 the exposure)

THe Interaction of Charged Particles with Matter is called _____

ionization

What is the boiling frog story?

is a widespread anecdote describing a frog slowly being boiled alive. The premise is that if a frog is placed in boiling water, it will jump out, but if it is place in cold water that is slowly heated, it will not percieve the danger a and will be cocked to death. The story is often used as a metaphor for the inability or unwillingness of people to react to significant changes that occur gradually, such as global warming

What is Acceptable air quality?

is that which there are no known contaminants at harmful concentration and with which a substantial majority (80%) does not express dissatisfaction.*

Rising emissions from developing countries _____ the O3 pollution season in the United States

lengthen

CBA mice exposed to constant light (which suppresses melatonin) develop ____

leukemia

Most existing studies found ______between cell phone use and brain cancer

little or no association (Existing studies are quite limited, therefore more studies are needed to establish cause and effect relationship)

There are ___ Problems with estimating cancer risks

many

All of these illnesses involve the disruption of ____

melatonin

In utero exposure to a-bomb radiation increased_____and____

mental retardation (8-15 weeks gestation period) and microcephaly

What are the diseases with the greatest environmental determinants?

mix of infectious and chronic disease...

The largest proportion of people with asthma are ____ or____

morbidly obese or obese

What cancers increased in 1960?

myeloma, breast, thyroid, and stomach

Are there any No nonattainment areas for NO2, CO, or PM in Wisconsin?

no

Can you grow out of asthma?

no its is a chronic condition

What was the major source contribution to PM2.5 organic carbon in lahore, Pakistan?

non- catalyzed gasoline vehicles

What is Sick Building Syndrome:?

non-specific symptoms associated with building occupancy (mucous membrane irritation, headache, fatigue), related to energy conscious construction, a.k.a. Tight Building Syndrome

What is Building-Related Symptoms?

non-specific, not attributed to diagnosable disease, attributed to time spent in building

Ambient Air Pollution 2010 (PM2.5) is worst where?

north africa asia

Much larger impacts of air pollution that contribute to more prevalent diseases and are ____ as public health risks

not well recognized

All pollutant decreased after the passing of the clean air act, except_____

ozone

What is the Compton effect?

photon hits the molecule and an electron and a scattered photon are released

Fossil fuels: emit both _____ and _____

pollution & Greenhouse gas

They called this new substance _____ in honor of Marie's homeland

polonium

The Delhi half marathon was postponed because of ___

poor air quality

Future O3 and PM2.5 levels will depend on climate change effects on these pollutants' _____________emissions (NOx SO2, volatile organic compounds - VOCs, primary PM, and other species).

precursor

(2008) UNSCEAR report suggests that the most serious health effect of the accident was ______ - not physical

psychological

Total anthropogenic _____ relative to 1750 is much higher

radiative forcing

In July 1898 the pair extracted a new element that was even more ____ than uranium

radioactive

In January of 1899 another new element was discovered that was over 1 million times more radioactive than uranium, it was named____

radium

Air pollution problems are becoming more _____ and _____

regional and global

what sources had the greatest contribution to emissions of individual metals in PM10 Winter Airport Tunnel Test?

resuspended road dirt and brake wear

Air Quality Management is Based on concept that pollutant exposures below threshold values are relatively _____ (i.e. some level of atmospheric air pollution is acceptable and legally permissible)

safe

What diseases do #3 and #9 lead to?

same is listed above

Natural (biogenic) emissions contribute to _____ PM2.5 formation

secondary

Hiroshima victims had greater exposure to radiation than Nagasaki an, therefore, lived ______ lives

shorter

Surprisingly low inhalation exposures can have_____impacts on health

significant (More sensitive to inhalation exposures than ingestion and dermal exposures Not only a concern for body burden)

What is the exposure pathway?

source-> path->reciever

10 years after Chernobyl, iodine deposition and childhood thyroid cancer ____ in effected areas

spiked

Every cancer has a _____

spontaneous incidence

Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Higher concentrations due to what?

stagnant air, less frequent precipitation

Describe CO Network Trend over last few years

steady

What is the NO2 Network Trend?

steady/slightly decreasing

____ was found in cows milk

strontium-90

"The severity and duration of summertime regional air pollution episodes are projected to increase in the Northeast and Midwest US by 2045-2052 due to climate-change-induced decreases in the frequency of __________."

surface cyclones

Describe the impact of traffic air pollution on bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome and mortality after lung transplantation

survival decreasing over time

____ is an optimal exercise for people with asthma

swimming

Ozone formation increases with ______

temperature

What is the half life of a substance?

the amount of time it takes to reduce by 1/2 the activity of a radionuclide

What 3 things interlap?

the law science public interest You are in the center

THe bus route of Bogota, Colombia helped clear up ___

traffic

T or F? most schools Routinely use school records to identify and track students with asthma

true

T or F? Wisconsin is in attainment of the NO2 Standard

true - No area in U.S.A. is out of compliance - Monitoring is primarily to determine background values and precursors to Ozone

As of early 2009, approximately ______of the world's population are connected to cell phones.

two thirds

Atmospheric nuclear tests halted in 1963; and continued ____

underground

It is ____that air pollution will be eradicated completely in the USA or around the world in the near future

unlikely

Electric fields produce ___ and magnetic fields produce ____

voltage current

Short term impacts from high exposures and chronic exposures leading to adverse health impacts are reasonable _______

well understood - Occupational exposure to diesel particulate - Carbon monoxide poisoning - Industrial accidents - Environmental tobacco smoke

What is the grasshopper effect?

when persistent organic pollutants and other chemicals are transported from one region to another through wind cycles and heat differences.

The ___ carried radioactive cloud from the chernobyl accident in Russia to other areas of Europe

wind

Air pollution and the impacts of air pollution are____in many regions of the word

worsening

WHY THE INCREASE IN ASTHMA?

*Are we too clean? • Farm vs. city children • Daycare before 6 months of age vs. later • Older siblings vs. none *Failure to develop balanced immune system • Lack of exposure to viruses, bacteria, or parasites • Increase in use of detergents and chlorine, antibacterial soaps, antibiotics, vaccines *Changes in diagnostic recognition • Increased awareness of asthma by general population and health care providers *Changes in diagnostic coding • Other diseases now classified as asthma (diagnostic shifting) • Willingness of physicians to use the label asthma *Changes in asthma risk factors • Unfavorable changes in indoor environment • More time indoors (vitamin D deficiency) • Increased rates of premature birth • Decreased breastfeeding • Obesity and lack of exercise • Unfavorable changes in outdoor environment • Changes in socioeconomic status • Exposure to viruses *Simultaneous changes in multiple risk factors

What is the Biological saturation hypothesis: ?

- "underlying biochemical and cellular processes may become saturated with small doses of toxic components" Other explanations: - exposure misclassification at high levels - competing risks - decreased inhalation by heavy smokers

Describe Ozone (Photochemical "Smog")

- - Not emitted directly formed by reaction of NOx, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), UV from sunlight - Sources of precursors complex and scattered ("non point-source") - Examples: automobiles, leaky propane tanks, gas spills - Highest levels often seen far from sources of emissions, i.e., downwind from sources - Ozone is the primary component of smog Ozone formation: - NO2 + VOCs (light)>ozone - Warmer temperatures favor ozone formation

What is the US EPA Standard for PM2.5 Annual Average: ____ 24-hour Average: ____

- 12 µg m-3 - 35 µg m-3

Describe the DHFS OWB Study

- 124 OWBs identified in three counties - Residents within <500' SE of an OWB had increased rates of self reported wood smoke symptoms - Stack characteristics of 100 OWBs were recorded. 58% didn't have added stack sections. - 46% had two or more addresses within 100 feet!

Describe Libby, Montana

- 1800s mining town - Major source of vermiculite (Zonolite insulation) - Purchased by WR Grace - Vermiculite found to be contaminated with asbestos - Investigative reporter Andrew Schneider on a tip did a story in 1990 on possible health effects associated with the mine - WR Grace went bankrupt - USEPA declared a public health emergency

What were the Above Ground U.S. Nuclear Tests?

- 1945-1963 Pacific - 1951-1963 Nevada - 250,000 soldiers marched or helicoptered to "groundzero" after explosions - 1953- 17,000 sheep died in Nevada all at once, large number of birth defects and stillbirths in survivors - 1977- Leukemia doubled in 1957 "Smoky" exposed soldiers - 1978- Utah children 2X leukemia - 1962-Strontium-90 build up in food chain—grass, cow, milk

What is a Micro-Macrophage Assay

- 24-hour low volume PM2.5 samples collected on 47mm Teflon Filters - Half of the filter extracted in 900 µL - Filtered through 0.2 µm filter to remove bacteria and/or particulates - Extracts were combined with 10X salts/glucose media and used for exposure - Rat Alveolar Macrophage (NR8383) Bioassays: (Formation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), Cell Viability-(LDH release), Cytokine Release)

What is dose and effects of acute radiation syndrome?

- 25: reduced white blood cell count - 100 to 200: GI tract disturbances - 400: bleeding, infection, loss of hair, 50% die - 700: 100 die in 30 days - 10,000: CNS disintegrates

WHat were the impacts 29 years after chernobyl?

- 28 deaths from Acute Radiation Syndrome - 15 deaths from thyroid cancer in 25 years - 1% death rate overall predicted for thyroid cancer. Predicted total death rate thus far approx 60 - No (scientific) evidence of increased thyroid cancer outside 3 republics - No effect on fertility, malformations or infant mortality - No conclusion on adverse pregnancy outcomes or still births - Heritable effects not seen

WHat is the 2018 Ozone Network? ( also NOx, SOx, PM2.5 versions of this)

- 30 WDNR network sites - More densely located along the Lake Michigan shore - WDNR ozone season March 1st - Oct 15th for most sites - Updated ozone rule published in November 2015 - Dropped standard from 0.075 ppm to 0.070 ppm - Changed the ozone season in Wisconsin from April 15th to Oct 15th - NOy monitoring also takes place at two NOx sites during peak ozone season and at our NCore site year round

Describe the 2011 Denmark Study

- 300,000 - No correlation between cellphone use and risk of tumors

Does asthma ever just go away?

- In early adolescence, symptoms may go away - Two-thirds of children with asthma have symptoms through puberty and adulthood - Recurrence of symptoms in early adulthood is common

What is the PM10 Measurement Principle?

- Federal Reference Method (FRM) is a gravimetric method - PM10 separation done through inertial separation - Filters are pre and post weighed under controlled conditions or - Beta Attenuation Monitor (BAM) 1020 - PM10 separation done through inertial separation - Uses filter tape that has beta ray exposure/detection before and after sample - Attenuation of beta rays is relatable to weight collected on filter or - T640 - Optical Aerosol Spectrometer - light scatter - Particles generate scattered light at different angles and intensities which are quantified in different bins based on size - Algorithm is used to combine the data in the bins to calculate a particulate concentration - Uses a size selective PM10 head and a bypass flow - Uses a heater element to reduce relative humidity which interferes with the measurement principle

What is the PM2.5 Measurement Principle?

- Federal Reference Method (FRM) is a gravimetric method - PM2.5 separation done through inertial separation - Filters are pre and post weighed under tightly controlled conditions or - Beta Attenuation Monitor (BAM) 1020 - PM2.5 separation done through inertial separation - Uses filter tape that has beta ray exposure/detection before and after sample - Attenuation of beta rays is relatable to weight collected on filter or - T640 - Optical Aerosol Spectrometer - light scatter - Particles generate scattered light at different angles and intensities which are quantified in different bins based on size - Algorithm is used to combine the data in the bins to calculate a particulate concentration - Uses a heater element to reduce relative humidity which interferes with the measurement principle

WHat are HVAC Issues?

- Filter efficiency and change schedule - Condensate draininge - Interior lining - Cleanliness

What is the SCHOOL WALKTHROUGH PROGRAM?

- Focuses on low and no cost strategies - Completed annually by school staff - Expanded to child care centers

Describe the chemicals they measure.

- Formaldehyde: associated with new office furniture, irritant, carcinogen - Ozone: associated with copiers and laser printers, strong irritant - Cleaning/Maintenance - Chemicals: check material safety data sheets - Pesticides: same, use Integrated Pest Management - Methamphetamine: home made narcotic, many tox chms used - Asbestos - Lead: associated with paint prior to 1978, check for damage, review maintenance practices - Radon: suggested major cause for lung cancer, could be an issue in a tight building with good ground conduit - Carbon Monoxide: exhaust from combustion processes - Mercury: many uses, neurotoxin

What is natural particulate matter?

- From natural source that are not impacted by human activity - Sea spray, wind blown dust, forest fires, etc.

What are the Principal Long-Term Hazards of Ionizing Radiation

- Genetic effects - Carcinogenic effects - Effects on the developing embryo/fetus

The following factors have been proposed as possible risk factors for primary brain tumors. Whether these factors actually increase the risk of a brain tumor is not known for sure.

- Genetic risk - Radiation to the head - HIV infection - Smoking - Toxins

What is Ragweed?

- Genus Ambrosia - ↑ CO2 and temperature → ↑ pollen counts, longer growing season

What are Citizen Suits?

- Gives citizens standing in federal courts (environmental groups) - Right to sue U.S. EPA: make it accountable when its actions are deemed to conflict with clean air legislation and regulatory requirements - Right to sue pollution source

What is Pontiac Fever (Legionnaires)?

- Gram negative bacteria (legionella) - Grows in warm water - Affected attendees of American Legion conference at Hotel Bellevue-Stratford in Philadelphia - Many fell ill following the event - Isolated in cooling tower - 221 cases, 34 deaths

What are the different groups (in regards to carcinogens)?

- Group 1: is carcinogenic to humans - Group 2A: probably is carcinogenic - Group 2B: possibly is carcinogenic - Group 3: not classifiable - Group 4: is probably not carcinogenic

What is the Bubble Policy?

- Groups of plants may increase their emissions at one or more sources by decreasing emission to a more significant degree at other sources within a facility - Excess emission reductions may be banked or traded

The principle effects of radiation on the developing embryo and fetus are: what?

- Growth retardation - Embryonic, neonatal, or fetal death - Congenital malformations and functional impairment, such as mental retardation.

What are the WHO Air Quality Guidelines

- Guidelines and interim targets for key pollutants - Limits set to protect public health and the environment - Used as a template for policymaking in many developing countries - Until recently, ambient (outdoor) air pollution and indoor air pollution considered separately

What are the Problems with Common Law Remedies to Air Pollution?

- Haphazard - Proving causation - Expensive, long suits - Public unrepresented-only for landowners - Balancing equities

What are Non-Criteria Air Pollutants?

- Have no National Ambient Air Quality Standards - Include photochemically reactive compounds and toxic pollutants - Many more compounds - Compounds cover a broader range of physical characteristics. - Ambient concentration are much lower - Monitoring methods are less prescribed

Describe the effects of California Fires Air Pollution

- Hazardous to children's lungs - Small Particulates - Hi quality masks recommended - Stay indoors - Fires + fire pollution: a result of climate change (6 year drought)

What is Climate changes' impact on emissions: Biogenic?

- Higher temperatures cause increased VOC emissions from trees (e.g. isoprenes) - Biogenic VOCs increase 22-30% per 1°C rise in temperature.

Describe the NCI Study.

- Hospital-based, case-control study - 3 hospitals (Phoenix, Pittsburgh, Boston) - 782 newly-diagnosed cases (489 glioma, 197 meningioma, 96 acoustic neuroma) - 799 matched controls - Interview about use of cellular phones - Data collection from 1994 to 1998 - measured Cell-Phone Use and Risk of Glioma - findings: RF radiation does not penetrate deeply, No association between incidence of glioma and level of use of cell phone, Laterality of cancer not related to laterality of phone use, Similar findings for meningioma & acoustic neuroma

Describe CO Detector Response Time

- UL2034 Required Alarm Points*: • If the alarm is exposed to 400 ppm of CO, IT MUST ALARM BETWEEN 4 and 15 MINUTES • If the alarm is exposed to 150 ppm of CO, IT MUST ALARM BETWEEN 10 and 50 MINUTES. • If the alarm is exposed to 70 ppm of CO, IT MUST ALARM BETWEEN 60 and 240 MINUTES. The unit is designed not to alarm when exposed to a constant level of 30 ppm for 30 days. ****This CO Alarm measures exposure to CO over time. It alarms if CO levels are extremely high in a short period of time, or if CO levels reach a certain minimum over a long period of time. The CO Alarm generally sounds an alarm before the onset of symptoms in average, healthy adults. Just because you cannot see or smell CO, do not assume it is not present!

What is the Ozone Measurement Principle?

- UV light is passed through the sample cell, where it is absorbed proportional to the amount of ozone present - Switching valve alternates measurement between the sample stream and a sample that has been scrubbed of ozone

What is definition of Nuisance?

- Unreasonable interference with use of one's land—must be due to intentional or negligent action (lack of care) - Get judge to order recovery of damages and grant injunction to stop or reduce air pollution

Children of the survivors of the A-bomb attacks have been studied for what?

- Untoward pregnancy outcomes - Death of live-born children - Sex chromosome abnormalities - Electrophoretic variants of blood proteins (But no statistically significant effects have been observed)

How have Environmental Health Problems shifted from local to global?

- Urban pollution (London smog event, 1952) - Higher smokestacks led to regional acid rain - Transboundary POPs (from industry & pesticides) - CO2 and other greenhouse gases affecting global climate (CO2, methane, and CFCs are non hazardous gases at the personal exposure level; but at global level may have broad human health consequences)

What is Radioactive Waste Disposal?

- Used fuel (U-238, Cesium 137, Strontium -90, etc.) - Need long-term storage---no leak to groundwater, air—hundreds of thousands of years (civilization hasn't lasted that long)

what are the targets of the Toxics network?

- VOCs - Carbonyls - Metals - PAHs

What are IAQ Control Measures?

- Ventilation: assure proper airflow, filter change schedule, cleanliness of drip pan, air intakes, etc. - Reduction of Water Activity: identify and control sources of moisture, e.g. roof leaks, insulation, water leaks, damaged carpet (http://www.carpet-rug.com/ for guidance) - Chemical Management: review chemical use in the building, minimize use, select low toxicity alternatives - Other

What are Present Day Challenges in Nanotechnology?

- Very small particle size - Different chemistry - Some data showing asbestos like reactions - Distribute throughout body and organ systems - Many, many product applications

What are Volatile organics (VOC)?

- Volatile - Organic - React to form ozone - Hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) - Coatings, inks, combustion - Process leaks - Source reduction - Add-on controls - Source reduction 1) Change organics (acetone) 2) Water-based coatings/inks 3) Improve transfer technology 4) Higher solids coatings/inks 5) Leak detection and repair (LDAR)

What are "Non-Public Health" Authorities?

- WI Dept. of Safety and Professional Services/OSHA - Accreditation/Funding Agencies - Insurance Auditors

What are the issues with studying EMF and childhood cancer?

- Weak correlations with integrated exposure - Also correlations between hair dryer, TV use - "Pulses" from touching plumbing? - PCB leakage from transformers? Inadequate control for SES?

What is melatonin?

- a hormone produced in the pineal gland mainly at night - highly protective of oxidative damage to the human haemopoietic system - reduced levels of melatonin are associated with increased cancer risk in animals and humans, depression, and possibly miscarraige

What was the SCAQMD Multiple Air Toxics Exposure Study IV (MATES IV)?

- a monitoring and evaluation study conducted in the South Coast Air Basin (Basin). - includes a monitoring program, an updated emissions inventory of toxic air contaminants, and a modeling effort to characterize risk across the Basin. The study focuses on the carcinogenic risk from exposure to air toxics

What Impact Does Climate Change Have on Air Pollution?

- affects weather patterns, which may affect pollution - affects anthropogenic emissions - affect biogenic emissions - affects types & distribution of aeroallergens

Recent findings on chernobyl suggest what?

- an increase of leukaemia risk among Chernobyl liquidators - an increase in the incidence of pre-menopausal breast cancer in the most contaminated districts, - possible low-dose effects on risk of cataracts and cardiovascular diseases.

Describe a second hypothesis: the Radical Pair mechanism.

- at low intensity, magnetic fields can increase the lifetime of chemical species known as free radical. This is theoretically possible and has experimental support - studies in vitro and in animals show MFs enhance effects of exposure to existing carcinogens- support RP above 100uT - birds detect changes in static MFs as low as 0.08 uT for navigation - robins detect 0.08 uT changes in the Earth's Static magnetic field of 50 uT using a radical pair mechanism

What is the melatonin hypothesis?

- by Richard Stevens - exposure to light at night or MFs suppresses nocturnal melatonin leading to increased risk of breast cancer - has much support for visible light: evidence that female night shift workers have elevated breast cancer risk

What illnesses are associated with EMFs?

- childhood leukemia - adult brain cancer - adult leukemia - ALS - depression - suicide - miscarriage - breast cancer

Describe Electric and Magnetic fields (EMF and ELF)

- currents in electric wires alternate: frequency measured in hertz - electric: charges moving from positive to negative terminals - magnetic: fields result from movement of charges; defined by frequency of charge movement

What is Environmental justice?

- fair treatment for people of all races, cultures, and incomes, regarding the development of environmental laws, regulations, and policies. - The principals are 1) To avoid, minimize, or mitigate disproportionately high and adverse human health and environmental effects, including social and economic effects, on minority populations and low-income populations. Rebuilding infrastructure (surface transportation) 2) To ensure the full and fair participation by all potentially affected communities in the transportation decision-making process. 3) To prevent the denial of, reduction in, or significant delay in the receipt of benefits by minority and low-income populations.

What are "Typical Magnetic Fields"?

- fans - electric blankets - background in homes

Where do we monitor?

- fixed sites - Standalone Discrete Sampling Sites - mobile sites

Describe Times Beach, MO.

- had roads oiled in the 1970s for dust control. - Also used in stables, 62 horses died. - Operator claimed in was engine oil, but really came from a facility used to make Agent Orange - Contaminated with very high levels of dioxin. - River flooded spreading contamination throughout the town. - USEPA bought out the town for $32,000,000. - Residents were evacuated. - 265,000 tons of soil removed at a cost of $110,000,000 - Operator convicted of tax fraud and served one year in jail - Now site of Route 66 State Park

How does asthma prevelance differ between males and females?

- higher in male children - higher in female adults - equal in elderly

What are sources of electric and magnetic fields?

- household appliances/in home wiring ( electric blankets, waterbed heater) - power lines - radio/TV transmitter/ cell phones - earth ("static": not associated with frequency)

What is the pathway between a power plant and a house?

- hydroelectric generator - tranmission lines - substation transformer - distribution lines - pole mounted transformer - home wiring

what is stray voltage?

- improper grounding causing currents to flow through metal objects in house or barn - not an electric or magnetic field

Particle pollution is made up of a number of components, what are they?

- including acids (such as nitrates and sulfates), organic chemicals, metals, and soil or dust particles. - These particles come from both natural and human sources, and can also form secondarily in the atmosphere. Particulates are difficult to model because they are weakly correlated with meteorological variables.

CO2 "fertilization" can ____pollen

- increase -doubled CO2 induced a 4-fold increase in ragweed pollen production

What are 3 strategies for asthma control?

- infrastructure - services - health systems

What are the chemical of interest at MGP sites?

- inorganics - metals - VOCs - Phenolics -PAHs

What workers experience the most symptoms from Mercury?

- lamp worker (hand tremors, lower brain activity, neurobehavioral changes)

New research on asthma is on what?

- late onset asthma - parental stress - job related stress - traffic air pollution and violence - smoking - climate change - vitamin D deficiency - obesity

How can you prevent indoor triggers?

- limit smoke - remove pet - regular kitchen cleaning - store food in tight containers - control humidity - clean damp areas frequently - avoid fireplace, wood burning stoves avoid using cleaning sprays

By 2100, there will also be changes in what?

- mean precipitation - ice extent - ocean surface pH

What is a "Human health hazard"?

- means a substance, activity or condition that is known to have the potential to cause acute or chronic illness or death if exposure to the substance, activity or condition is not abated. - If a local health officer finds a human health hazard, he or she shall order the abatement or removal of the human health hazard on private premises, within a reasonable time period, and if the owner or occupant fails to comply, the local health officer may enter upon the premises and abate or remove the human health hazard.

What are chimney recommendations?

- must be located in place that considers wind direction - no less than 100ft from any place without a furnace - must be 2 ft higher than peak of house

What is air pollution on a local, regional, and global scale?

- occupational exposures - environmental exposures - global exposures

Describe the evolution of the nuclear power industry in the US showing reactor orders and cancellations from 1965 to 1988

- orders increased until 1974 - then cancellations increased until 1982

The Clean Air Act identifies two types of national ambient air quality standards. Primary standards provide what??Secondary standards provide what??

- public health protection, including protecting the health of "sensitive" populations such as asthmatics, children, and the elderly. - public welfare protection, including protection against decreased visibility and damage to animals, crops, vegetation, and buildings.

In 1910 Marie isolated pure _____. Her major studies showed that radium gave out ____, as well as being able to ______

- radium metal (In order to obtain one decigram of pure radium chloride salt, Marie had to sift through hundreds of tons of pitchblende) - light and heat - damage living flesh

What are the typical sources of exposure to ionizing radiation in the US?

- radon (50%) - medical (14%)

What was the 2005: Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR) ?

- reduce air pollution that moves across state boundaries: - 2015: reduces 70% SO2 and 60% NOx from the 2003 level for 28 eastern states and DC.

What are the Major Components of Wind Turbine?

- rotor tip - hub - nacelle (where wind becomes electricity) - blades - tower - footing - ground level

What is Black carbon?

- soot particles resulting from incomplete combustion of solid fuel - Black carbon warming effects are second largest contributor after CO2 - black carbon reduces Albedo effects, which accelerate glacial melt - Circulation patterns and atmospheric lifetime contrast with those of CO2

WHat was the Only proven radiobiological effect on health of population around chernobyl?

-increase in thyroid cancer in those exposed as children

What is cultural significance of the stove?

In addition the practical functions of the stove being at the center (the object facilitates social interaction, is a place of gathering, and allows for more equal distribution of heat), there are also symbolic associations with the traditional stove. Inside the traditional Mongolian ger, the stove stands at the center as the hearth. Mongolians view the hearth as a sacred space for the family's ancestral spirits to dwell together with the living. One's care for the hearth symbolizes respect and devotion; thus, putting trash or sharp objects near or into the fire is strictly prohibited. Such acts of violation are considered offensive and disrespectful to the ancestral spirits. A blue silk cloth is fastened to the chimney connected to the stove to bless the ger with peace and prosperity. The hearth is also understood as a connecting object to spiritual space and time, linking earth and heaven, as well as bridging the past, present, and future. Such cultural understanding is crucial to the proper design and implementation of new stove technologies.

Who's Domain is IAQ?

Industrial Hygienists Sanitarians EH Specialists Safety Managers Facility Managers HVAC Contractors Others

Describe the adverse effects of radiofrequency data

Known: - whole or partial body heating Suspected: - brain and CNS tumors linked to cell phones - childhood leukemia associated with radio/TV transmitters and base stations - cardiovascular disease - adverse reproductive outcomes - cataracts

What are Air Quality Standards?

Legal limits on atmospheric concentration of regulated pollutants;

What are pathways for Air Pollution Impacts?

Local inflammation -asthma - COPD - fibrosis - cancer Systemic inflammation - athersclerosis - heart attack - stroke

What emission standards?

Maximum quantities of a pollutant or pollutants that are allowed to be emitted from specific sources - same for all sources in a category

What are the Teratogenic Risks of radiation?

Moderate doses of radiation can produce catastrophic effects on the developing embryo and fetus.

What is the relationship between NOx, NO and NO2 ??

NOx - NO = NO2

There was a lot of Nuclear fallout from the ___Test Site

Nevada

where is pollution the worst in Asia?

New delhi (TSP the main contributer)

What is the difference between old and new electrical blankets?

New ones have weaker magnetic field

What african countries do women spend the most time collecting fuel?

Niger, ethiopia, burkina faso

Describe the adult cancer residential studies

No strong association for any cancers and exposure to transmission lines

What actually happens???

Nonattainment adopt measures to reduce emissions. Neighbors do not reduce their emissions sufficiently, if at all Nonattainment areas fail to attain and are subject to increasing more stringent requirements Neighbors are glad they aren't part of that Repeat the cycle

Where in the US does coal fired electricity pollution kill the most people in the U.S.

North east

where is near surface smoke the densest in the US?

North west

What source is responsible for the majority of fine and course PM in Lahore, Pakistan?

Organic matter

_____ is an important pathway for many impacts of PM

Oxidative stress

What is the ONLY AIR POLLUTANT REGULATED BY SIZE RATHER THAN CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

PM2.5

T or F? your chance of having asthma increases if one or both of your parents has it.

TRUE no parent= 6% one parent= 30% two parents=70%

WHen did we really wake up about air pollution as a hazardous problem?

The London Fog of 1952