All Subjects CSET Test

-1864 -Union commander: Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman -Confederate commander: Lt. Gen. John Bell Hood -Sherman's troops captured Atlanta and pushed ahead to capture Savannah. The brutality of these battles and the burning of Atlanta left a legacy of bitterness toward the North.

Sherman's March to the Sea

-Condensed story ranging in length from 2,000-10,000 words, most often with a singular/limited purpose -Made up of elements such as plot, character, setting, point of view, and theme -Often based on common dramatic structure

Short Story

-The flow of water underground, in the vadose zone and aquifers -Subsurface water may return to the surface (as a spring or by being pumped) or eventually seep into the oceans -Water returns to the land surface at lower elevation than where it entered, under the force of gravity or gravity-induced pressures -Groundwater tends to move slowly and is replenished slowly, and so it can remain in aquifers for thousands of years

Subsurface flow

Two angles whose sum is 180° In the diagram, since ∠ABC is a straight angle, ∠3 + ∠4 = 180°. Therefore, ∠3 and ∠4 are supplementary angles. If ∠3 = 122°, its supplement, ∠4, would be: 180° - 122° = 58°.

Supplementary angles

3rd to 8th grade (students who do not demonstrate competency)

The Remedial Reader: Age

The study of the historical and cultural origins of words

Etymology

-Find the largest common monomial factor of each term -Divide the original polynomial by this factor to obtain the second factor (the second factor will be a polynomial) Example: Factor completely 2y³ - 6y 2y³ - 6y = 2y(y² -3)

Factoring out a common factor

Literally, "a step for two"; this refers to a specific codified form that is choreographed in many classical ballets; this is also used to refer to any section of a dance performed by two dancers together

Pas de deux

How often does the activity occur? Frequency is the number of sessions that the activity might take to achieve the desired results.

FITT Guidelines: Frequency

-Illustrate energy flow in an ecosystem -The base of the pyramid (producers) supports all of the other levels of the pyramid -At each succeeding level of the food pyramid, there is a decrease in available energy

Food pyramids

Release of potential energy into kinetic energy

Force

-A technique that uses clues to suggest events that have not yet occurred -Often used to create suspense and thus make a story more interesting

Foreshadowing

-1861 -Union commander: Maj. Robert Anderson -Confederate commander: Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard -Fort bombarded; surrendered by Anderson -Opening battle of the war

Fort Sumter

-Fostering social concepts of supportive learning as a group or team -Working together to form group decisions, respecting the sport rules, and exhibiting good sportsmanship

Group interaction

-Infants grow faster during this period than at any other time -Boys and girls have about the same weight and height, with girls growing only slightly slower than boys

Growth and development: Infancy (birth-2 years)

The difference between levels of ocean water at high and low tides

Tidal range

A measure is formed by barlines (vertical lines on the staff) and contains a set number of beats as determined by the time signature

Measure and bar lines

-The science of the atmosphere and weather

Meteorology

-October 17, 1777 -American commander: Horatio Gates -British commander: John Burgoyne -American victory -France and Spain declared war on Britain -Further weakened the British Government under Prime Minister Lord North

Saratoga

- All living things have a life cycle -Represents the stages an organism goes through from birth to death

Life cycle

-Brought water from Owens River to Los Angeles -William Mulholland spearheaded the controversial project -Negative impact on Owens Valley and Mono Lake

Los Angeles Aqueduct

An ancient harp

Lyre

Songlike; characterized by emotion, subjectivity, and imagination.

Lyrical

-Anything that has mass and occupies space -Everything you see and touch is composed of matter -Three states of matter are solids, liquids, and gases

Matter

-The sum of the chemical and physical processes in living organisms -Provides the basis for energy transfer, cell maintenance, and growth

Metabolism

When a value is expressed using a whole number together with a common fraction Example: 2 3/4

Mixed number

Newcomers (mainly from Midwest, also from Japan) led to a dramatic population increase

New immigration

-Account for 17 elements in the periodic table -Lack the properties of metals but are very common -Include oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon, 7 metalloid elements, and 7 gases -Poor conductors of electricity

Non-metals in the periodic table

-Numbers to the right of 0 are positive -Numbers to the left of 0 are negative -Given any two numbers on a number line, the one on the right is always larger, regardless of its sign (positive or negative)

Number line

Small egg

Ovule

Symbol: O Protons: 8 Neutrons: 8 Mass: 16

Oxygen

P = 4a A = a²

Square

A word part that contains a vowel, or in spoken language, a vowel sound (e-vent; news-pa-per; ver-y)

Syllable

70% to 85% of your MHR (lower and upper threshold)

Target Heart Rate (THR)

The land between the Rockies and the Sierra Nevada

The Great Basin

The words we must know to communicate effectively

Vocabulary

-A huge ball of incandescent gases -Its mass is more than 300,000 times that of the earth -Principal constituents of the sun are the lightest elements, hydrogen and helium -Under solar conditions, those gases are undergoing nuclear fusion to heavier elements with the increase of prodigious quantities of energy -The center of the sun may have a temperature of millions of degrees; the visible surface, the photosphere, is about 6000°C -Sunspots are somewhat cooler disturbances in the photosphere -Atmosphere is divided into the inner chromosphere with explosive prominences and the outer corona, a glowing halo visible only during a total eclipse -Constantly emitting particles as a solar wind

Sun

-This right triangle is an isosceles right triangle -If each of the sides that form the right angle has a measure of 1, then using the Pythagorean theorem, you find that the hypotenuse has the value √2 -If an isosceles right triangle had each of the equal sides with a measure of 5, then the hypotenuse would have a measure of 5√2

The 45-45-90 right triangle

-Foreign trade enabled populations to grow in cities and to become sophisticated -The family was the focus of Chinese life -Women had lower status than men

The importance of city life in the Sung Empire

-After an anarchist bombing in Los Angeles (1910)

The labor movement lost political power

Finding two or more quantities whose product equals the original quantity

Factoring

70% of your MHR

Lower Limit Threshold

-A child's awareness of knowing about one's own knowledge -Metacognition helps children plan their own problem-solving strategies (concrete operations) -Thinking about thinking -Metamemory = knowing about memory

Metacognition

A major orchestral piece with solo voices and chorus

Oratorio

-In ancient Greek theatre, the open dancing area in front of the stagehouse -In modern usage, the orchestra is the lowest and usually most expensive array of seats directly in front of the stage -This should not be confused with the "orchestra pit"

Orchestra

An instrumental ensemble composed of strings, woodwinds, brass, and percussion

Orchestra

Semi-permeable, allowing some substances to pass while excluding others

Cell membrane

-Divide -Insert decimal points and zeros accordingly Example: 13/20 = 13 ÷ 20 = .65

Changing fractions to decimals

The combination of tones that produces a quality of tension

Dissonance

Lack seeds and reproduce by means of spores, each of which may develop into a new plant without fertilization

Ferns

1. Children are organically inspired to think, learn, and comprehend 2. Children see the world differently than adults 3. Children's knowledge is ordered into mental structures called schemas 4. All learning consists of assimilation and accommodation

Four assumptions of Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

Dancing on the toes

Pointe

Exist on waste products and decaying organisms

Saprophytes

-1764 -Introduced the first power-driven machine to manufacture cloth

Water frame

kilogram (kg) = 1,000 grams hectogram (hg) = 100 grams decagram (dag) = 10 grams gram (g) = 1 gram decigram (dg) = 0.1 gram centigram (cg) = 0.01 gram milligram (mg) = 0.001 gram

Weight (metric system)

16 ounces

1 pound (in ounces)

1/30 ounce

1 gram (in ounces)

1.00 = 100%

1 =

4 pecks

1 bushel (in pecks)

.1 = .10 = 10%

1/10 =

.01 = 1%

1/100 =

5/10 = .5 = .50 = 50%

1/2 =

2.00 = 200%

2 =

.9 = .90 = 90%

9/10 =

Stomach muscles

Abdominals

-Establish a safe environment -Include class management -Employ effective teaching behaviors -Transfer learning -Encourage practice

All physical education instruction should do the following

The grouping, without changing the order, does not affect the answer

Associative property

Special ways a particular organism behaves to survive in its natural habitat (e.g. phototropism)

Behavioral adaptations

Top muscles of the upper arm

Biceps

THR = 220 - your age x 70% to 85% (0.70 to 0.85)

Calculate your Target Heart Rate (THR)

C = πd C = 2πr A = πr²

Circle

-A popular method for initial brainstorming and organizing of thoughts (prewriting) -Think about all the elements of the topic and connect them to the central topic -Start with the main idea in the center of the page inside a circle, then related ideas are written in groups and their circles are connected to the main idea with lines

Clustering/webbing

-Survival of the fittest -Natural selection -Evolution of species over time -Genetic variation through geographic isolation Organisms that failed to adapt often perished with or without leaving descendants

Darwin's theory of evolution

The distinctive variety of vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation spoken by members of an identifiable regional group, nation, or social class

Dialect

-The volume or intensity of a tone -Music can be played loudly (forte) or softly (piano)

Dynamics

-Firmly established by the 14th century -Gained power at the expense of the king -Composed of the House of Lords (titled nobility) and the House of Commons (gentry and middle classes)

English Parliament

-Political outcomes: stability, leading lords emerged as kings, foundation for nation-states -Economic outcomes: self-sufficiency, foundation for urbanization ---Productive surpluses and specialization of skills would lead to trade ---Trade would lead to growth of towns and cities -Christian value system institutionalized by the Church

Feudalism: outcomes

Calf muscles

Gastronomies

Feeling the dance movements of others in one's own muscles

Kinesthetic awareness

Clauses and phrases that are descriptive but not needed to get across the basic meaning of the sentence. ---Harold, who dislikes school, is failing English.

Nonrestrictive Clauses/Phrases

Obtained by two different means, fission and fusion

Nuclear energy

-Producers -Primary consumers -Secondary consumers -Tertiary consumers -Decomposers

Organisms in the food chain

Promoting responsibility for one's self, including self-appraisal

Self-responsibility

Positive numbers and negative numbers

Signed numbers

The runoff produced by melting snow

Snowmelt

Immediate area surrounding the body; the area in which bodies can move at all levels

Space

Smooth layers of low clouds that indicate a chance of drizzle or snow

Stratus clouds

When a noun/pronoun is the subject of a verb ("I," not "me")

Subjective/Nominative

Costumes sets, lights, props, makeup, and sound

Technical support tools

Inner bone of the lower leg

Tibia

-Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning -Inductive Reasoning -Transductive Reasoning

Types of Reasoning

is parallel to

||

-Formed by two perpendicular number lines (coordinate axes)

Coordinate graphs

P = 2a + 2b P = 2(a + b) A = bh

Parallelogram

-Helps irrigate the Imperial Valley

Salton Sea

0, 1, 2, 3, 4,... the natural numbers together with 0

Whole numbers

Cone-bearing plants (including pines) with seeds exposed on cone scales

Gymnosperms

The science of life

Biology

.3 = .30 = 30%

3/10 =

-A form of reproduction which does not involve meiosis, or fertilization -Only one parent is involved in asexual reproduction -The primary form of reproduction for single-celled organisms such as the archaea, bacteria and protists -Many plants and fungi reproduce asexually as well

Asexual reproduction

-The adult, sexually mature, stage of the insect is known as the imago -After it emerges from its pupa stage, a butterfly cannot fly until the wings are unfolded

Butterfly life cycle: adult butterfly

A figure portrayed in the play; the sum total of the actions that define a person so portrayed

Character

-Class division of society -The decline of feudalism and manorialism -The commercial revival -Education -Philosophy -Architecture

Characteristics of medieval civilization during the late Middle Ages

Shoulder muscles

Deltoids

Upper leg bone

Femur

Symbol: He Protons: 2 Neutrons: 2 Mass: 4

Helium

Affected by factors such as weathering and impurities

Mineral color

Nonflowering plants like ferns, moss, and liverworts use other means of sexual reproduction

Reproduction of non-flowering plants

1,760 yards 5,280 feet

1 mile (in yards, feet)

Front muscles of the thigh

Quadriceps

P = 4a A = ah

Rhombus

The distance between two consecutive points on a wave (crest to crest)

Wavelength

A pose in which the working leg is extended with a straight knee directly behind the body (both the height of the leg and the position of the arms are variable)

Arabesque

-Influenced its history -Japanese culture reflects a reverence for nature -Mountains, forests, and coastal areas determined cultural growth

Japan's geography

"To twirl or spin"; a turn on one foot that can be executed outward, away from the body, or inward, toward the body

Pirouette

-Regulate trade -Mint and distribute a single currency -Declare war -Make treaties -Impose tariffs -Establish immigration laws -Tax -Borrow money -Maintain the military forces of the nation

Powers of Congress

-1812-1815 -U.S. vs. Britain (Americans declared war) -U.S. victory resulted in national pride, self-sufficiency, and foreign credibility (the new nation gained international respect as a country)

The War of 1812

-The formal presentation of a scripted play -It incorporates elements such as acting, directing, designing, and managing Organizational principles: -Plot and conflict -Setting -Character -Language -Rhythm and unity

Theatre

Line is vertical

Undefined/no slope

In a proscenium staging, the portion of an acting area that is farthest from the audience

Upstage

Fight infection

White blood cells

is equal to

=

Any angle whose measure is less than 90° In the diagram, ∠b is acute.

Acute angle

Oregon, Nevada, Arizona and Mexico

Bordering areas

Describe things (nouns and pronouns) X - The mechanic repaired my engine and installed a new clutch very quick. O - The quick work of the mechanic pleased me very much.

Adjectives

A bound morpheme attached before (prefix), after (suffix), in (infix), around (circumfix), or above (suprafix) a root or base word to modify its meaning or linguistic function

Affix

1,000 kilograms

1 metric ton (in kilograms)

The result of the buildup of once-living things

Coral reef

A communication system of words that are symbolic representations of objects, actions, and feelings

Language

12 inches

1 foot (in inches)

144 square inches

1 square foot (in square inches)

-Industrial Revolution changed the way people lived -Technology changed the theatre (gas lighting was changed to electrical; mechanisms were created for changing scenery) -Growth of melodrama -Actor predominated over the author, but playwrights Shaw, Ibsen, and Chekhov stood out; serious drama -19th century in the United States: playhouses in major cities, resident companies, touring actors, influence of melodrama, minstrels) -Late 1880s to 1920s in the United States: Golden Age of American theatre (420 touring companies); mass appeal; more sophisticated plots and staging; moving away from the hero character; vaudeville

19th Century

is greater than

>

-With cheap land available and a river of immigrants flooding the state, agriculture also boomed -By 1919, California's fruit, nut, and olive growers were outproducing all other similar farm interests in the rest of the nation

Agricultural production

The way in which various parts of the dancer's body are in line with one another while the dancer is moving

Alignment

-WHO is the speaker? Or who are the speakers? Male or female? -WHERE is s/he? -WHEN does this poem take place? -WHAT are the circumstances?

Analyzing Poetry: What is the dramatic situation?

-Growing seasons extend throughout the year -In many areas of the state, there are just two distinct seasons: a mild, wet winter and a relatively long, dry summer

California seasons

Several notes sounded together

Chord

Collar bone

Clavicle

-Thaddeus Stevens/Charles Sumner: Punish the South -1868-1876 -Supported by military rule (South divided into five military districts) -Civil rights bills passed -States must ratify the 14th Amendment (extended citizenship to former slaves) -State constitutions include a guarantee or full suffrage to freedmen -15th Amendment (right to vote for freedmen)

Congressional (Radical) Reconstruction

Large, dark clouds that indicate thunderstorms

Cumulonibus clouds

-Complex religion of gods, rituals, and governance (pharaoh) -Writing (hieroglyphics) -Engineering and building (pyramids) -Mathematics

Egypt: developments

-Color -Line -Shape -Texture -Space

Elements of art

-Has all of its angles of equal measure -Thus, each angle has a measure of 60° -An equiangular triangle is also equilateral

Equiangular triangle

-Solar -Chemical -Electrical -Magnetic -Nuclear -Sound -Light -Electromagnetic -Mechanical (motion)

Forms of energy

-For a mutation to be passed on, the genetic material must be passed on through breeding -A mutation is the result of change in the makeup of the chromosomes, which contain the genes that determine the characteristics of an organism -When changes occur in sex cells, the result can be significant -Mutations can be both successful and unsuccessful, with beneficial changes being preserved through natural selection

Genetic mutation

The earliest Indian civilization, the Harappa culture, developed around the Indus River Valley in 2500 B.C.

Indus River

-Team activities -Self-responsibility -Social interaction

Influences of social development appear in:

-Born around 6 B.C. in the Roman province of Judea -Became an influential rabbi -His death by crucifixion and resurrection as the Christ (Greek for messiah) were writings in the Gospels

Jesus of Nazareth

The breakdown of rocks, soils and minerals through direct contact with atmospheric conditions such as heat, water, ice, and pressure

Mechanical/physical weathering

The region that is now Mexico, Central America, and the western coast of South America

Mesoamerica

Thinking about thinking

Metacognition

One that is placed too close to a word that it could but should not modify. X - Ann prepared a roast for the family that was served burned. O - Ann served a burned roast to the family.

Misplaced Modifier

-About 1% of the population of children and adolescents follow all of the recommended dietary guidelines -Children in the U.S. consume excess amounts of fat and sugar -A child's home environment influences much of what he or she eats, and nutritional diets are especially deprived among minority or socioeconomically depraved children -A good method to evaluate body fat is to review a child's BMI (body mass index) weight in comparison with his or her height -Obesity and cardiac-respiratory problems are at an all-time high -Overweight children often become overweight adults and risk health problems -The causes of obesity range from genetics and environment to lack of exercise and emotional eating

Nutrition and obesity

-Fifth/final step of the writing process -Allows writers to check the text for mechanical and diction errors (spelling, punctuation, grammar, etc.) -Purpose: to ensure that the final draft is as accurate and error-free as possible using the conventions of standard written English

Proofreading

-Explains why objects appear bent as light passes from one transparent object into another -Light travels at different speeds through different objects (faster through air than through water or glass) -Responsible for rainbows and for the splitting of white light into a rainbow-spectrum as it passes through a glass prism -Glass has a higher refractive index than air and the different frequencies of light have different wavelengths (dispersion), causing them to be refracted at different angles, so that you can see them -The different frequencies correspond to different colors being observed -The various colors travel at the uniform speed c: c = 186,000 miles/second = 3 x 10^8 meters/second

Refraction

-When foreign substances are dissolved in water it creates a solution -Solutions with a pH of less than 7.0 are said to be acidic, and solutions with a pH greater than 7.0 are said to be basic or alkaline

Solution

-Behavior is based upon the infant's physical responses to immediate surroundings -Infants mentally organize and perceive their world through their sensory systems (i.e., what they touch, see, feel, hear, smell, etc.) -It is almost by mishap that the infant discovers that his physical reflexes have an impact on the world around him as the infant moves from reflexive actions to representational (symbolic) thought -This transition follows a series of increasingly progressive skills -During this period, infants are at the center of their universe (egocentrism)

Stage 1 - Sensorimotor Period: Infancy (birth-2 years)

-Refers to the unique sound and style of a composer, culture, country, or period in history -Compositions created around the same time period often have similar styles based upon the historical influences from that era

Style of music

-146 B.C. -After which Rome emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean -Rome incorporated Greek culture into its empire -Roman expansion resulted in a world republic

The Punic Wars with Carthage

-Developed strong governments -Benin grew wealthy and powerful until European contact threatened society -Slave trade produced wealth for the cities and the expansion of the slave trade extended into Africa's interior -Trade, taxes, and a powerful government resulted in Asante becoming a strong state

The forest states

The main thought expressed by a work.

Theme

The process of chemical or physical breakdown of earth rocks, soils, and their minerals

Weathering

-From 1840-1880, approx. 10 million people immigrated to the United States, largely from northern and western Europe -1882 marked the high point of old immigration; 87% of all immigrants up to this date were from northern and western Europe

"Old" immigrants

Bones of the head

Cranium

Movement without previous planning

Improvisation

The ordinary form of spoken or written language, without metrical structure, as distinguished from poetry or verse

Prose

-Has all three of its sides of different lengths -The angles in a scalene triangle will all have different measures -The largest angle will be opposite the longest side -The smallest angle will be opposite the shortest side

Scalene triangle

Shoulder blade

Scapula

-Occurs at the instant when the sun's position in the sky is at its greatest angular distance on the other side of the equatorial plane from the observer's hemisphere -Depending on the shift of the calendar, the winter solstice occurs some time between Dec. 20 and Dec. 23 each year in the Northern Hemisphere, and between June 20 and June 23 in the Southern Hemisphere, during either the shortest day or the longest night of the year

Winter solstice

Line is horizontal

Zero slope

-The first number in the ordered pair -Shows how far to the right or left of 0 the point is

x-coordinate

is less than or equal to

≤

.16 2/3 = 16 2/3%

1/6 =

.125 = .12 1/2= 12 1/2%

1/8 =

-Refers to the absolute rule of monarchs with unlimited power -The theory of absolute monarchs and the divine right of kings (rule by God's will) -Evolved from the limited power of the ruling class during the Middle Ages to the Age of Absolutism in the 16th-18th century

Absolutism

Find the LCD and add the whole numbers to get your final answer. Example: 2 1/2 + 3 1/4 = ? 2 1/2 + 3 1/4 = 2 2/4 + 3 1/4 = 5 3/4

Adding mixed numbers

-Be able to see the point of the poem. -Define what the poem says and why. i.e. A love poem usually praises the loved one in the hope that the speaker's love will be returned.

Analyzing Poetry: What is the theme of the poem?

Second noun or noun equivalents that give additional information about a preceding noun. ---Mr. Johnson, a teacher, ran for chairman of the school board.

Appositives

Square roots of nonperfect squares can be approximated. Example: Approximate √83 √81 < √83 < √100 --> 9 < √83 < 10 Since √83 is closer to the √81 than it is to the √100, the √83 will be closer to 9 than it is to 10. The decimal value of the √83 will then be between 9 and 9.5. Therefore, √83 ≈ 9.1 √2 ≈ 1.4 √3 ≈ 1.7

Approximating square roots

-Mary Ainsworth's observations of early mother-infant bonding have had a profound influence in the understanding of child development and attachment theory -Through her scientific studies called Strange Situation, she developed a well-recognized laboratory-based technique to assess attachment -These patterns of attachment stress the importance of early infant-parent bonding in the development of personality -It is observed as being core to social development and of all future relationships

Attachment

An author's account of his or her own life.

Autobiography

-1st 10 Amendments to the Constitution -Introduced by Madison -A series of limitations on the power of the U.S. federal government; added to protect the rights of individuals and safeguard the sovereignty of the states over their own affairs

Bill of Rights

-An average adult contains 5 to 6 quarts (roughly 4.7 to 5.7) liters of blood -Blood is composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

Blood

-Shape -Balance -Quality -Space -Exploring

Body awareness exercises

The butterfly life cycle is unlike that of many insects. Butterflies go through a complete metamorphosis. -Egg/embryonic stage -Larva/caterpillar/feeding stage -Pupa/chrysalis/cocoon stage -Adult butterfly/imago stage

Butterfly life cycle

-The eggs are usually laid on plants -This stage lasts a few weeks for most butterflies

Butterfly life cycle: egg

-From the eggs, butterfly larvae, or caterpillars, consume plant leaves and spend practically all of their time in search of food -Although most caterpillars are herbivorous, a few species are insect eating -When the larva is fully grown, hormones are produced -At this point, the larva stops feeding and begins wandering in the quest of a suitable pupation site, often the underside of a leaf

Butterfly life cycle: larva

-Discovered San Diego Bay, the Santa Barbara Islands, Point Conception, and Point Reyes (1542-43) -Searched for a water passage between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans -Future voyages traveled the entire coast of California

Cabrillo

-Profits linked to the manufacturing of products -Private ownership of land -Freedom of choice -A competitive free-market system -Limited government restraints

Capitalism

-Writing -Commerce -Government

China: developments

-Warm-up exercises -Instructional components -Physical activity -Cool-down exercises -Discussion and evaluation

Classroom fitness activity

-Represents two things that are opposite -Artists use contrast to help a composition depict two dramatic differences -This helps to make objects become apparent to the viewer Example: Contrasts can be heavy and light, curved or straight, or positive and negative.

Contrast

-An ordered pair of numbers by which each point on a coordinate graph is located -Coordinates show the points' location on the graph -Shown as (x,y)

Coordinates/ordered pairs

-Creating music -Composing and creating music should be used in conjunction with other musical activities -Performing both improvised and written music should be encouraged

Creative skills

The top of a wave's "hill"

Crest

-All-inclusive term meaning the aesthetics of movement -A dance is the organization of moves with a beginning, middle, and end in sequential form

Dance

On the ball of the foot, or half toe

Dance-pointe

An introductory phrase that does not refer clearly or logically to a subsequent modifier (usually the subject) in a sentence. X - Strolling along the beach, a wave suddenly drenched us. O - While we were strolling along the beach, a wave suddenly drenched us.

Dangling Modifier

-The analysis of spoken or written symbols in order to understand their meaning -This primarily refers to word identification

Decoding

The dictionary meaning of a word, as opposed to connotation.

Denotation

Some gases can transition directly to a solid Example: the formation of frost

Deposition

-Began in Italy during the 14th century -Conflicts between the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire in the 13th and 14th centuries resulted in regional autonomy (independent/self-government) for the Italian city-states -The heritage of the Greek and Roman civilizations contributed to the development of the Italian Renaissance -The Crusades focused attention eastward (on Greece and the Near East) -By the 14th century, the move toward secularization was predominant

Development of the Renaissance

-Exposition -Rising action -Climax -Falling action -Denoument/resolution

Dramatic structure/elements of fiction

-From Spain, Portugal, Britain, France and the Netherlands

Europeans in the New World

-Temperature scale named after the German physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736), who proposed it in 1724 -On this scale, the freezing point of water is 32°F and the boiling point is 212°F (at standard atmospheric pressure), placing the boiling and freezing points of water exactly 180° apart -A degree on the Fahrenheit scale is 1/180th of the interval between the freezing point and boiling point

Fahrenheit (°F)

The events that follow from the protagonist's action in the climax.

Falling action

Ghana, Mali and Songhai

Famous empires that grew in the West African savanna

-Manor estates ---Owned by lords ---Peasant serfs given land to work in exchange for percentage of crop ---Free peasants worked as skilled laborers ---Dues and fees charged for tenancy, use of roads, bridges, etc.

Feudalism: economic

Change the percent to a fraction or decimal and multiply Example: What is 20% of 80? 20/100 x 80 = 1600/100 = 16 or .20 x 80 = 16.00 = 16

Finding percent of a number

-1733 -Increased the speed of weavers

Flying shuttle

-In the Elizabethan theatre, one of a tier of alcoves surrounding the interior of the "yard" where, in enclosed boxes and on benches, those who could afford the greatest comfort could sit -Comparable galleries are found in most Renaissance theatres; they continue today in tiers of balconies and boxes found in most opera houses

Gallery

-The emphasis was on man rather than God -There was a reawakening or rebirth of classical models -The ideal of the "universal man" was widely held

General characteristics of the Renaissance

Refers to the roots of a plant growing toward the center of the earth due to graity

Geotropism

-The smallest part of written language that represents a phoneme in the spelling of a word -May be just one letter (such as b, d, f, p, s) or several letters (such as ch, sh, th, -ck, ea, -igh)

Grapheme

A warming trend caused by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide

Greenhouse effect

The particular variety of a language used by an individual speaker or writer, which may be marked by peculiarities of vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation

Idiolect

The act of casting light upon an otherwise darkened stage

Illumination

A difference between two temperatures or an uncertainty

Interval

-Based on the teachings of Mohammed -The spread of Islam started in the seventh century A.D. -The Koran became the center for Islamic moral and ethical conduct -Mohammed established a theocracy based on Islamic law

Islam

220 - age

Maximum Heart Rate (MRH)

A distinct change in a physical appearance an organism can go through between birth and adulthood

Metamorphosis

-Children with a perceptual-motor disability have difficult with coordination and may often appear clumsy or disoriented -Sometimes their hands are in constant motion and may get in the way of their activity

Perceptual-Motor Disability

-The system of principles and assumptions for using language and related gestures communicatively in social contexts -Also, the study of language use for the discovery of this rule system

Pragmatics

-Red, yellow, and blue -These colors are the foundation for the color wheel (hue) and are the only colors that can be mixed to create secondary colors

Primary colors

If either numerator or denominator consists of several numbers, these numbers must be combined into one number, then reduce if necessary Example: (28 + 14) / (26 + 17) = 36/28 = 9/7 = 1 2/7

Simplifying fractions

Breast bone

Sternum

A plural subject goes with a plural verb; a singular subject goes with a singular verb. X - Here on the table is an apple and three pears. O - Here on the table are an apple and three pears.

Subject-Verb Agreement

-Usually concrete objects or images that represent abstract ideas; something that is simultaneously itself and a sign of something else. For example, winter, darkness, and cold are real things, but in literature they are also likely to be used as symbols of death. The eagle is often used as a symbol of freedom.

Symbol

Forest ecosystems, steppes, savannas

Terrestrial ecosystems

The ancient Near East comprised the Tigris and Euphrates Valley, the Fertile Crescent, and the Nile Valley.

The ancient Near East: geography

Symbol: U Protons: 92 Neutrons: 146 Mass: 238

Uranium

Past, present, future; Error occurs when they are inconsistent. X - He walked for miles and finally sees a sign of civilization. O - He walked for miles and finally saw a sign of civilization.

Verb Tenses

-Traditionally made of wood -Today, they are made of wood, metal, plastic, or some combination thereof -These instruments consist of narrow pipes with an opening at the bottom end and a mouthpiece at the top (and holes throughout the pipe) -As air blows through from the mouthpiece (the "wind" in "woodwind"), sound is produced -Metal caps called keys cover the holes -Some of the mouthpieces are made up of a thin piece of wood, called a reed ---The reed is used on the clarinet, saxophone, oboe, and bassoon ---Clarinet and saxophone use a single reed made of one piece of wood ---Oboe and bassoon use a double reed made of two pieces joined together -The smaller woodwinds play higher pitches, while the longer and larger instruments play the lower notes

Woodwinds

-Wages, production, manufacturing, and commerce expanded rapidly -The Panama Canal was opened in 1914, which extended international links -An influx of immigrants arrived in the 1920s ---Economic advances were tied to movie, oil, and agricultural production ---A real estate boom fueled the housing industry ---By 1930, the California population had grown to 6 million, an increase of 65% during one decade. It was now the 6th most populous state

World War I produced a new economic boom

-The pope was dominant in religious matters and the monarch in secular matters -A continuing power struggle evolved between the papacy and the secular ruler during the late Middle Ages

The Holy Roman Empire during the late Middle Ages

-Form the western mountain ranges -The western slope of the Sierra Nevada borders the Central Valley of California -The Coast Ranges form the western wall of the Central Valley

The Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range

Formed by blood, heart, and blood vessels

Cardiovascular system

2 pints

1 quart (in pints)

9 square feet

1 square yard (in square feet)

-Changes in economics, society, ruling powers, determined direction of playwrights -Acting began to more closely mimic life -Art of acting became prominent -Plays more often dealt with ordinary people -Commercial theatre evolved

18th Century

.66 2/3 = .66 2/3 = 66 2/3%

2/3 =

is less than

<

-Greek language and cultural accomplishments preserved -Center for world trade and exchange of culture -It spread civilization to all of eastern Europe -Codification of Roman law ("Justinian Code") -It preserved the Eastern Church ("Greek Orthodox"), which converted Slavic people to Christianity -Its economic strength was based on the stability of its money economy -New focus for art; glorification of Christianity

Achievements of the Byzantine Empire

Piled in waves and indicate rain or snow

Altostratus clouds

A segment that goes from one vertex of a triangle and divides the angle at that vertex into two smaller but equal angles In △GHI, segment HJ is an angle bisector from vertex H.

Angle bisector (triangle)

-Eastern Roman Empire -Key characteristics: religious imagery; mosaics (flat, two-dimensional); icons; elongated bodies; stylized background; gold leaf; mosaics decorated churches; triptych (three panels)

Byzantine (400-1400)

The precipitation that is intercepted by plant foliage and eventually evaporates back to the atmosphere rather than falling to the ground

Canopy interception

-Muscular strength is the amount of force exerted with muscles -Although many activities do not build muscle strength, upper-grade activities will often require muscular strength for certain sports (e.g., baseball, basketball, and tennis) -Muscular movements can be isometric with no visible movement (static), or isotonic with signs of movement (dynamic)

Concepts of physical fitness: Muscular strength

The transformation of water vapor to liquid water droplets in the air, producing clouds and fog

Condensation

-Established at Byzantium by Emperor Constantine as a "New Rome" in the East in A.D. 330 -Strategically located (where Europe and Asia meet), had excellent defensible borders, and was a crossroads of world trade -With the fall of Rome/collapse of the western empire (A.D. 476), the Eastern Roman Empire became known as the Byzantine Empire; became the heart of the Roman imperial system -Lasted 1,000 years, until A.D. 1453

Constantinople

-Toddlers and preschoolers use objects to make something (i.e. building blocks), combining sensorimotor movements and the creation (construction) of something

Constructive play

The point when the conflict is resolved, remaining loose ends are tied up, and a moral is intimated or stated directly.

Denouement/Resolution

-A semi-closed coastal body of water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea -Often associated with high levels of biological diversity -Typically the tidal mouths of rivers and are often characterized by sedimentation or silt carried in from terrestrial runoff, frequently from offshore -They are made up of brackish water -Often given names like bay, sound, fjord, etc.; the terms are not mutually exclusive -Ecosystems that are under threat from human activities such as pollution and overfishing

Estuary

A figure of speech using indirection to avoid offensive bluntness, such as deceased for dead or remains for corpse.

Euphemism

-1608: de Champlain, Canada (Quebec) -1682: La Salle, Louisiana

Europeans in the New World: France

-Based upon a short theme called a subject -The fugue subject contains both rhythmic and melodic motifs -The opening of the fugue is announced by one voice alone -A second voice then restates the subject, usually on a different scale -A third and then a fourth voice enter, each carrying the subject

Fugue

Buttock muscles

Gluteus maximus

Setting and achieving realistic, personal fitness goals; including goals that are progressively more varied at different skill levels

Goal-setting

In this leap, the dancer turns halfway in midair to land facing the direction in which the movement started

Grand jeté en tournan (tour jeté)

-Intelligence quotient tests identify variables to test and measure -IQ ≠ intelligence; IQ = a score on an intelligence test -If intelligence is equated with academic achievement, then IQ tests are a good way to measure intelligence -If intelligence is viewed as equal to socioeconomic success or carrying gout goals of social value, then IQ does not reflect intelligence ---This is why contemporary psychologists suggest a different view in intelligence testing which includes a measure of a child's cognitive future appeal 130 + = very superior (97th percentile) 90-109 = average (50th percentile) 69 and below = extremely low (2.275 percentile) IQ = (mental age ÷ chronological age) x 100

IQ

-Aircraft and shipbuilding industries boomed with defense work ---11.9% of all U.S. government war contracts ---17% of all war supplies made in California ---Defense boom lasted through the next 3 decades -More military bases and installations than any other state (California became the "defense center" of the nation) -Oil and mineral resource production at maximum levels -New industries supported defense efforts throughout the state -Film industry increased production (entertainment and war propaganda movies)

Impact of World War II on California: Economic

1. Teachers help children identify and make oral rhymes. "The pig has a (wig)." "Pat the (cat)." "The sun is (fun)." 2. Teachers help children identify and work with syllables in spoken words: "I can clap the parts in my name: An-drew." 3. Teachers help children identify and work with onsets and rimes in spoken syllables or one-syllable words. "The first part of 'sip' is s-." "The last part of 'win' is -in."

Implications of Teaching Phonological Awareness in the Classroom

-An effective classroom management system sets the stage for high-quality physical education instruction by providing the time and opportunity for learning to occur -It promotes student engagement and maximizes instructional effectiveness -Effective class management does not just happen; it is carefully and systematically planned

Include class management

Symbol: Fe Protons: 26 Neutrons: 30 Mass 56

Iron

Energy can be neither created nor destroy

Law of conservation of energy

-The shortest path connecting two points -Continues forever in opposite directions -Consists of an infinite number of points -Named by any two points on the line -The symbol <—> written on top of two letters is used to denote that line

Line

The arrangement of head, shoulders, arms, torso, and legs while dancing

Line

Formed by the lymph, lymph nodes, and lymph vessels

Lymphatic system

-Electricity flows easily through materials that conduct electricity -Include metals such as aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), silver (Ag), and gold (Au)

Materials with high conductivity

-Known as insulators -In materials that act as insulators, the electrons are held tightly inside their atoms and the electrons cannot move freely -Include plastic, rubber, glass, air, and wood

Materials with poor conductivity

Mean/arithmetic mean, median, mode, range

Measures of central tendency

-Length (meter) -Volume (liter) -Weight (gram)

Metric/international system of units

-Swelled the American population in California (1840s) -American Pioneers settled in the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys -They increased the demand that California become part of the United States

Migrations of American pioneer families to California

Students who are good at this know when they understand what they read and when they do not. They have strategies to "fix" problems in their understanding as the problems arise: -Identify where the difficulty occurs -Identify what the difficulty is -Restate the difficult sentence or passage in their own words -Look back through the text -Look forward in the text for information that might help them to resolve the difficulty

Monitoring Comprehension (text comprehension classroom activity)

An algebraic expression that consists of only one term Examples: 9x 4a² 3mpxz²

Monomial

With the advent of film as a popular form of entertainment, major studios bought property on the outskirts of Los Angeles, creating the legendary studio town of Hollywood

Movie production

-Centers of Aegean civilization; depended on the Aegean Sea to develop and extend their culture -The Mycenaean civilization (c. 2000-1150 B.C.) developed heavily fortified cities and based prosperity on trade and warfare -The Dorians conquered the Peloponnesus (peninsula of southern Greece) and ushered in a "dark age" characterized by violence and instability -Iona became the birthplace for the Hellenic civilization

Mycenaean civilization

-Separation of Powers -Checks and Balances -Federal System -Powers of Congress -The Great Compromise -Bill of Rights -Amendments

New Government—"The Constitution"

-Relies on the the first law -The acceleration of an object is proportional to the force applied (the more force, the more acceleration)

Newton's second law of motion

-Throwing requires an object to be propelled into space ---Movement force originates from flexing the hip and moving the shoulder forward while extending the elbow ---With the coordinated body movement, the object accelerates into space with greater speed and velocity -Primary school children need to proceed through preliminary stages of tossing (e.g. beanbags) before entering the stages of throwing a ball with accuracy ---In time and with practice, most children will develop a throwing skill pattern during grades 3 to 5 -Teachers should allow children to practice throwing a variety of objects that have varying weight and size ---This helps the child to understand how different objects can travel at different velocities

Object manipulation skills: Throwing

Any angle whose measure is larger than 90° but less than 180° In the diagram, ∠4 is an obtuse angle.

Obtuse angle

Has one of its angles with a measure greater than 90°

Obtuse triangle

The vantage point of a story in which the narrator can know, see, and report whatever he or she chooses. The narrator is free to describe the thoughts of any of the characters, to skip about in time or place, or to speak directly to the reader.

Omniscient point of view

A play of short duration (usually less than an hour) that can be presented without an intermission and without major changes in scenery

One-act play

-In seed plants, the ovule is the structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells -After fertilization, the ovule develops into a seed

Ovule in seed plants

Phrases in a sentence that have the same grammatical structure. X - He liked swimming, weight lifting, and to run. O - He liked swimming, weight lifting, and running.

Parallelism/Parallel Phrases

Knee cap

Patella

-Believed morality is coupled with cognitive development in two different stages, morality of constraint (heteronomous) and morality of cooperation (autonomous) -Morality of constraint: Age 4-7 -Children see their moral world through the eyes of justice and rules, which are unchangeable -As children develop, they become more sophisticated and understand that rules are made up by people -Children understand that there are many variables when deciding what is right and wrong -New thinking moves them to the next stage of morality, age 10 -Children view each dilemma and consider the consequences before making a moral decision (morality of cooperation)

Piaget and Moral Development

-The series of incidents that make up the action of the play -These incidents are selected from a series of events which, when described chronologically, make up a story

Plot

-1785 -Led to faster production of cloth

Power loom

-paragraphing -transitional phrases -context

Principles of Composition

-Talking out loud to oneself with no intention to communicate with others -This helps children to integrate language and thought

Private Speech

An adagio movement in which the dancer pivots completely around on one foot while maintaining a pose with the working leg

Promenade

-The form of physical configuration between actor and audience encouraged by (some would say demanded by) the proscenium arch -It consists of a fairly narrow array of audience members gathered on one side of the stage only -There is a clear distinction between the areas occupied by the actors and the audience; in traditional proscenium theatres, there is also an effort to keep the audience directly in front of the center of the proscenium arch

Proscenium staging

-Literally, "the first person to enter a contest" -This is the major figure in traditional theatre, and the person around whom the action of the play turns -The antagonist is the person or force that resists the protagonist, thus forming the conflict of a play

Protagonist

-All values that can be expressed in the form a/b, where a and b are integers and b ≠ 0 -Or, when expressed in decimal form, the expression either terminates or has a repeating pattern Examples: 4 1/2 = 9/2; therefore, 4 1/2 is a rational number 0.3 is a terminating decimal; therefore, 0.3 is a rational number 0.134343434... is a repeating decimal; therefore, 0.134343434 is a rational number

Rational numbers

Formal and informal; used with students in grades K through 8 to target areas of strength and wekness, to monitor student reading development, and to aid the teacher in planning reading instruction. -Alphabet knowledge -Concepts about print -Phonemic awareness -Phonics test -High frequency word recognition -Oral reading inventory -Spelling inventory

Reading Assessments

Transport oxygen in combination with the iron pigment, hemoglobin

Red blood cells

Find a number that divides evenly into one numerator and one denominator. Example: 2/3 x 5/12 = 1/3 x 5/6 = 5/18 Reducing early only applies to multiplying fractions, not adding or subtracting.

Reducing when multiplying fractions

-Dancing evolved from pageants and processions of the period -Ballet developed in France (1500s), and moved to Italy; this led to the development of court dancing in Europe (nobility in a palace setting); patronage of the Medicis; "dancing masters"; steps were slow (adagio) and fast (allegro); lack of spontaneity (defined steps) -Music to accompany specific, technical ballet steps; a theatrical art form developed—music, costumes, setting, plot, and themes such as Greek and Roman mythology and history (Julius Caesar); Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet -Minuet: a formal aristocratic court dance developed at the end of the period

Renaissance (1400-1600)

-Historical themes: the end of feudalism; a new concept of humanism; rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman culture and ideals; art and music for their own sake; scientific advances; the age of patronage -Instrumental dance music developed: music and dance were connected; new instruments included the keyboard (clavicord); the lute was a favored instrument through the 16th century. -The printing press preserved and extended music -Musical styles/elements: polyphonic emphasis on harmony (in which two or more notes are sounded simultaneously as in a chord); sacred (liturgical, such as masses); secular (madrigals/songs)

Renaissance Era (1400-1600)

-Rebirth of classical Greek and Roman art, culture, and literature -Theatre reemerged with professional actors and set design -Open stages, "apron stage," to proscenium arch (framed and divided stage from the audience; painted sets and scenery) -Emphasis was on the performer -Protestant Reformation (moving away from Catholic teachings) led to secular works; Commedia dell'arte (improvisation; acting groups; situational comedy) -State licensed official theatre companies

Renaissance and Reformation Theatre (1400-1600)

Resistance to fracture or plastic (permanent) deformation due to friction from a sharp object

Scratch hardness

-Further caused by the elliptical orbit of the earth -Earth reaches perihelion (the point in its orbit closest to the sun) in January, and it reaches aphelion (farthest point from the sun) in July -Also depend on factors such as proximity to oceans or other large bodies of water, currents in those oceans, El Niño and other oceanic cycles, and prevailing winds

Seasonal weather differences between hemispheres

-Orange, green, and violet (purple) -These colors are created when mixing two primary colors Example: If you mix red with blue, you get violet, and if you mix yellow with red, you get orange

Secondary colors

-Carnivores -They feed on the primary consumers and are meat eaters

Secondary consumers

-Students learn to accept personal responsibility for health-related fitness and their own fitness performance without blaming others -This includes responding respectfully to winning or losing

Self-responsibility

-Non-systematic phonics instruction -Begin by teaching children a sight-word reading vocabulary of from 50 to 100 words -Only after they learn to read these words to children receive instruction in the Alphabetic Principle

Sight-Word Programs

Have corresponding sides forming proportions

Similar triangles

-A directly expressed comparison; a figure of speech comparing two objects usually with "like," "as," or "than." -It is easier to recognize than a metaphor because the comparison is explicit. "My love is like a fever." "My love is deeper than a well." "My love is as dead as a doornail."

Simile

Focusing the eyes on one point in the distance in order to keep balance while turning

Spotting

-Around a new or full moon, when the sun, moon, and the earth form a line, the tidal forces due to the sun reinforce those of the moon -The tide's range is at a maximum and is called a spring tide (spring as in "to jump/leap," not the season)

Spring tide

-Staff (staves) is a set of five horizontal lines and four spaces -This is where notes are positioned -The higher the note on a staff, the higher the pitch

Staff

-The structure where all drama and theatre takes place -Many structures have similar components ---For example, proscenium theatre, arena theatres, and amphitheatres are a permanent part of the structure -In a black box theatre, the acting area is undefined so that each theatre may adapt specifically to a particular production; there may also be offstage spaces that are adaptable

Stage

In a proscenium arch configuration, the side of the stage to the right of an actor facing the audience; sometimes called "audience left"

Stage right

-In the 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries, a form of resident company in which actors were hired according to lines of work and large numbers of plays were prepared, usually with very short rehearsal periods and for relatively short runs -The practice and the term continue to live in the experience of "summer stock" (theatre presented during the summertime)

Stock company

-The way content and events of a story are organized into a plot -Students who recognize this have greater appreciation, understanding, and memory for stories -In instruction, students learn to identify the categories of content (setting, initiating events, internal reactions, goals, attempts, and outcomes) and how this content is organized into a plot -Students often learn to recognize this through the use of story maps -Instruction in the content and organization of stories improves students comprehension and memory of stories

Story Structure (text comprehension classroom activity)

Has a measure of 180°; also known as a line. In the diagram, ∠BAC is a straight angle.

Straight angle

Find the LCD and subtract the numerators. Example: 7/8 - 1/4 = ? 7/8 - 1/4 = 7/8 - 2/8 = 5/8

Subtracting fractions

-1773 -Maintained import tax on tea and gave the British East India Company a tea monopoly, allowing it to undersell American merchants. -Colonial reaction: Colonial activists in Boston disguised themselves as Indians and dumped their cargo of tea into the harbor ("Boston Tea Party").

Tea Act

Students interact in group social dynamics that encourage interpersonal strategies for teamwork, including motivating others, taking turns, working together cooperatively, and accepting the physical strengths and limitations of others

Team activities

-The ultimate goal of reading -Although the basics of reading (word recognition and fluency) can be learned in a few years, reading to learn subject matter does not occur automatically -Should be emphasized from the beginning, rather than waiting until students have mastered the basics of reading -Instruction at all grade levels can benefit from showing students how reading is a process of making sense out of text, or constructing meaning

Text Comprehension

In the eastern region of the United States

The Cumberland and Allegheny plateaus

1. Prewriting 2. Drafting 3. Revising 4. Editing 5. Proofreading

The Steps of the Writing Process

-The creators of Mesopotamian civilization (3500-3000 B.C.) -Used Tigris and Euphrates rivers for trade and commerce, as well as areas surrounding the Persian Gulf -Material progress included large-scale irrigation projects, an advanced system of mathematics, and the invention of the wheel -The ziggurat was the center of community life and served as a temple, storehouse, and treasury -Sargon established the first empire (c. 2371 B.C.)

The Sumerians

-Includes those specialized structures that initiate a nerve impulse after being affected by the environment -The eyes are the organs of vision -Light rays are refracted as they pass through the cornea, lens, and vitreous body to focus on the retina, where an image is formed -The optic nerve then carries impulses from the light-sensitive cells of the retina to the brain

The sensory system

The theme, meaning, or position that a writer undertakes to prove or support.

Thesis

Top: Output force (resistance) Middle: Input force (effort) End: Fulcrum Examples: baseball bat, fishing pole, shovel

Third-class lever

-The rising of the earth's ocean surface caused by the tidal forces of the moon and the sun acting on the oceans -Cause changes in the depth of the marine and estuarine water bodies and produce oscillating currents known as tidal streams, making prediction of tides important for coastal navigation -The changing tide produced at a given location is the result of the changing positions of the moon and sun relative to the earth, coupled with the effects of the earth's rotation and the bathymetry of oceans, seas, and estuaries -Sea level measured by coastal tide gauges may also be strongly affected by wind -Tides may be semidiurnal or diurnal -The tidal force produced by the sun is 46% as large as that produced by the moon -The gravitational attraction between the moon and the earth (and to a lesser degree, the sun) causes the tides -The gravitational attraction of the moon causes the oceans to bulge out on the sides of the earth facing the moon -Another bulge also occurs on the opposite side of the earth as the earth is being pulled toward the moon -Due to the rotation of the earth, two tides occur each day

Tides

-Count the beats for 10 seconds (use your index finger, not your thumb) -Multiply the number of beats by 6 to equal your heart rate per minute

To check your heart rate

P = b1 + b2 + x + y A = [h(b1 + b2)]/2

Trapezoid

Underneath muscles of the upper arm

Triceps

-Cirrus -Stratus -Cumulonimbus -Altostratus

Types of clouds

-By the letter of the vertex; therefore, the angle above could be named ∠A -By the number (or small letter) in its interior; therefore, the angle above could be named ∠1 -By the letters of the three points that formed it; therefore, the angle above could be named ∠BAC, or ∠CAB. The center letter is always the letter of the vertex.

Various ways an angle can be named

Old Southwest cleared of all remaining Native American resistance; "Trail of Tears" (1838-39) marked the forced relocation of the Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Seminole from tribal areas in the south to the Oklahoma Territory

Westward Expansion: 1830s

-Mexican Cession: Mexican-American War ended in victory for the United States; Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ceded Utah, Nevada, California, Arizona, and New Mexico to the United States -Pacific Northwest: Northwest boundary dispute with Britain settles; Oregon Territory organized

Westward Expansion: 1848

-October 19, 1781 -American commanders: George Washington, Comte de Rochambeau, Compte de Grasse -British commanders: Charles Cornwallis, Banastre Tarleton -American victory -Tarleton's surrender brought war to an end (though it was formally ended in 1783 with the Treaty of Paris) -Britain recognized the independence of the United States of America (France and Spain had done so by 1779)

Yorktown

-The second number in the ordered pair -Shows how far up or down the point is from 0

y-coordinate

-The point at which the line passes through the y-axis -The b in the y = mx + b form Example: y = -2x + 6 --> b = 6 Also notice that in the graph, the line passes through the y-axis at y = 6

y-intercept

.83 1/3 = 83 1/3%

5/6 =

The tendency for a child to focus on only one piece of information at a time while disregarding all others (preoperational) Example: A child is playing outside on a swing when his mother decides to bring him in for a nap. The child becomes upset because all he can focus on is riding the swing.

Centration

Two angles whose sum is 90° In the diagram, since ∠ABC is a right angle, ∠1 + ∠2 = 90°. Therefore, ∠1 and ∠2 are complementary angles. If ∠1 = 55°, its complement, ∠2, would be: 90° - 55° = 35°.

Complementary angles

-Acting without a script or prepared text -A creative, cooperative, spontaneous, and flexible response to changing and unexpected dramatic stimuli -Embraces problem solving without preconception of how to perform, and allows anything within the environment to be used during the experience

Improvisation

-One of the most widely used tests to assess a student's intelligence -Used to measure patterns and levels of cognitive development, including verbal, nonverbal, quantitative, and memory -It is a useful assessment to help diagnose childhood developmental disabilities and provides information for special education interventions (i.e., IEP or IFSP)

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales (SB-5)

-Became the dominant Germanic tribe -Clovis, king of the Franks (A.D. 481-511), was converted to Christianity -Domestic feuds and civil war broke out among the Merovingians (A.D. 561) ---Political power shifted away from the monarchy ---Charles Martel (Frankish military/political leader) halted the Muslim advance into Europe at the Battle of Tours (A.D. 732); Martel's victory helped preserve western civilization

The Franks

-From eastern, central, and southern Europe -By 1890, new immigrants totaled over 50% of the immigrant population -This percentage rose to 80% by 1914 -The new wave of immigration had a profound effect on American society—socially, politically, and economically

"New" immigrants

4 quarts

1 gallon (in quarts)

1.1 quarts

1 liter (in quarts)

1.1 yards

1 meter (in yards)

.33 1/3 = 33 1/3%

1/3 =

25/100 = .25 = 25%

1/4 =

-What is the dramatic situation? -What is the structure of the poem? -What is the theme of the poem? -Is the meaning clear? -What is the tone of the poem? -What are the important images and figures of speech?

Analyzing Poetry

Look for: -Important literal sensory objects and images? -The similes and metaphors of the poem. In each, exactly what is being compared to what? -A pattern in the images, such as a series of comparisons Also be able to discriminate between the figurative ("I love a rose"—my love is like a rose, beautiful, sweet, fragile) and the literal ("I love a rose"—roses are my favorite flower).

Analyzing Poetry: What are the important images and figures of speech?

Produce usable energy (in the form of organic compounds), using light from the sun or inorganic compounds

Autotrophs

-Extends approx. 800 miles from north to south, ranges from 150 to 350 miles east to west -3rd largest state in land size -Area: 163,693 square miles

California's size/dimensions

-The scientific revolution brought about new mechanical inventions -The availability of investment capital and the rise of the middle class provided an economic base -Geographic and social conditions in England favored industrialization: ---The cotton textile industry was well established ---Britain was a colonial and maritime power and was able to easily ship products; rivers provided the necessary waterpower to run machinery ---England had abundant reserves of coal and iron ---The necessary labor force was in place following the enclosure movement that forced thousands of people from rural land to cities ---Investment capital supplied by a burgeoning middle class provided money to purchase equipment for the emergent factories

Causes of the Industrial Revolution

-Dialect -Idiolect

Concepts that may influence bias and stereotyping in oral English usage

The central feature of a dramatic action; the arrangement of the objectives of two or more strong characters in such a way that those objectives are completing and mutually exclusive

Conflict

-Ancient astronomers found that eclipses occurred periodically and learned to predict them accurately -Lunar and solar

Eclipses

1. Teachers should know that children of abuse frequently have difficult adapting in school, but professional intervention and treatment can provide children with hope and stability 2. Teachers should be aware that children of abuse show signs of developmental learning difficulties such as poor concentration, anti-social behavior, and lack of trust 3. Teachers should recognize warning signs of abuse and report to authorities as necessary

Educational implications of child abuse

-A form of energy that can be used to produce sound, light, heat, and power -Electricity exists where the number of negative electrons does not precisely equal the number of positive protons -Electrons are held in the atom by an electrical force and have an electrical charge -When the electrons are not held tightly in their atoms, the electrons can move freely and can carry electricity from one place to another

Electricity

-Space -Shape -Time -Force -Flow -Rhythm

Elements of movement

Consist of two numbers separated by a bar which indicates division: the numerator is above the bar and the denominator is below the bar. Denominator: Tells you into how many equal parts something has been divided. Numerator: Tells you how many of those parts are being considered. Example: 3/5 (something has been divided into 5 equal parts, and 3 of those parts are being used)

Fractions

-Huge systems of stars -Milky Way is estimated to have 100 billion stars arranged in a great disk ---The sun is not at the center of the disk, but out toward the perimeter, and is revolving around the galactic center -Neighboring Andromeda galaxy is about 20 million light-years away -Galaxies of spiral, elliptical, and irregular form are speckled throughout the visible universe -Largest telescope has detected galaxies to its limit of several billion light-years

Galaxies

-Stated that behavior is learned based upon repetition, association, and anticipation -Pavlov conducted stimulus-response experiments in which dogs learned to involuntarily respond, by salivating, each time a bell rang at feeding time -The dogs were conditioned to respond to the bell, not to seeing or smelling the food -Watson applied this stimulus-response manipulation to children and claimed that based upon his observations, the behavior of children is easily conditioned -Children respond automatically, since they have formed an association between a stimulus and the response

Ivan Pavlov and John Watson's Classical Conditioning

-Mathematician, astronomer -Believed God had created the world according to an intelligible plan and that man could understand this plan through application of reason -"Three laws of Planetary Motion"—mathematical calculations regarding planetary orbits that supported heliocentric theory (the motion of planets around the sun)

Johannes Kepler

-Kinetic energy: energy possessed by a moving object -An object in an unstable position has potential energy, for the position could be converted into movement Example: a baseball thrown vertically upward -Its speed decreases upward because the acceleration of gravity is acting downward -The rising ball loses kinetic energy (slows down) as it gains potential energy (rises high) -At the peak of the ball's flight, the ball is instantaneously at rest, with no kinetic energy but maximum stored potential energy -As the ball falls, the potential energy is transformed into kinetic energy and the ball accelerates

Kinetic and potential energy

-First words are spoken, usually familiar objects or people -Simple monosyllabic words are used, such as "momma" or "bye-bye"

Language development milestones: Toddler (12-18 months)

The degrees north or south of the equator

Latitude

-Galloping is a forward directional movement ---As the lead foot steps forward, the back foot steps up to meet the lad foot -Galloping movements can be taught by having the class hold hands and slide in a circle to a rhythmic beat ---Shift this movement into having the children face the direction of the movement while continuing to slide ---Alternate between large and small gallops

Locomotor skills: Galloping

-In all plants and in may protists, meiosis results in the formation of haploid cells that can divide vegetatively without undergoing fertilization -These cells are referred to as spores -In these groups, gametes are produced by mitosis

Meiosis in plants

-The ratio of the output to the input force -Also called leverage -Results in less force applied over a greater distance -Helps to make work easier

Mechanical advantage

-Each note has a specific duration represented by a solid black or hollow oval shape -Some have flags and others have stems attached representing different values

Note values

-Complex motor patterns that are basic to specialized sports and are performed with some kind of object (e.g. a ball or bat) -Object manipulation requires hand-eye or foot-eye coordination, and this requires developmentally appropriate gross and fine motor abilities -Early manipulative skills help form the foundation for many later sports activities -Throwing -Catching -Kicking -Striking

Object manipulation skills

-20,000-30,000 years ago, during the last Ice Age, the first humans crossed over the Bering Sea land bridge into the Americas -As they migrated southward, they inhabited the hemisphere from Alaska to Tierra del Fuego -Their widespread dispersion led to a diversity of languages and cultures, the most advanced of which were located in Mesoamerica and South America

Origins of people in America

The study of shapes and figures in two dimensions (the plane)

Plane geometry

-Good readers draw on prior knowledge and experience to help them understand what they are reading; making use of this improves students' comprehension -Before students read, preview the text with them -Ask them what they already know about the content of the selection (for example, the topic, concept or time period), what they know about the author and what text structure s/he is likely to use -Discuss the important vocabulary used in the text -Show students some pictures or diagrams to prepare them for what they are about to read

Prior Knowledge (text comprehension classroom activity)

-Organisms in an ecosystem that produce biomass from inorganic compounds (autotrophs) -The green plants in an ecosystem that can manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis

Producers

A musical form whose main feature is the return of the main theme, which alternates with secondary themes For example: -Simple rondo: ABABA -Second rondo: ABACA -Third rondo: ABACABA

Rondo

-The infant uses the caregiver (parent) as the secure base to explore the environment (e.g., child freely separates from parent to play) -Children who are securely attached are relatively comfortable with others, believe that most others are trustworthy, and don't worry about abandonment

Secure Attachment

In a proscenium arch configuration, the side of the stage to the left of an actor facing the audience; sometimes called "audience right"

Stage left

K to 2nd/3rd grade (alphabetic)

The Beginning Reader: Age

Early childhood to pre-K (pre-alphabetic)

The Emergent Reader: Age

-Occur when two plates slip past each other -Such faults are generally moderate and are relatively shallow Example: The San Andreas Fault

Transform plate movements

-The words and phrases that move the reader on to new ideas -Help the reader understand not only ideas but also their relationship to one another -Traditional transitions to introduce ideas: for example, additionally, for instance, furthermore Transitions that show a change in direction: however, on the other hand, conversely -Transitions between paragraph units (not only... but also...) remind the reader of the important point in a previous paragraph and how it relates to the thrust of the current one

Transitional Phrases

is approximately equal to

≈

is not equal to

≠

-Two or more lines that remain the same distance apart at all times -Parallel lines never meet -The symbol || is used to denote parallel lines In the diagram, l || m.

Parallel lines

-Pillaged the coasts of Europe in the 8th century -The Danes were responsible for the major invasions of England -Alfred the Great (A.D. 871-99) established the English kingdom after stemming the Danish invasions -In France, the Carolingian king was forced to cede Normandy to the Vikings

The Viking (Norse) invaders

A question asked for effect, not in expectation of a reply. No reply is expected because the question presupposes only one possible answer.

Rhetorical question

-Has a measure of 90° -The symbol in the interior of an angle designates the fact that a right angle is formed In the diagram, ∠ABC is a right angle.

Right angle

about 2.2 pounds

1 kilogram (in pounds)

about 0.6 mile

1 kilometer (in miles)

2 cups

1 pint (in cups)

2,000 pounds

1 ton (in pounds)

3 feet 36 inches

1 yard (in feet, inches)

2/10 = .2 = .20 = 20%

1/5 =

6/10 = .6 = .60 = 60%

3/5 =

1. Teachers can prepare daily age-appropriate opportunities for children to freely express themselves through gross and fine motor activities 2. Teachers should understand individual physical differences and design activities accordingly 3. Teachers can identify physical differences in gender development

Educational implications of physical development

Has each of its angles with measures less than 90°

Acute triangle

-A characteristic of an organism that has been favored by natural selection and increases the fitness of its possessor -The change in living organisms that allows them to live successfully in an environment -Enable living organisms to cope with environmental stresses and pressures -Can be structural, behavioral, or physiological

Adaptation

-Line up the decimal points and then add or subtract in the same manner you would add or subtract regular numbers -Adding in zeros can make the problem easier to work with -Whole numbers can have decimal points to their right

Adding and subtracting decimals

-356-323 B.C. -Of Macedonia -Established the Hellenistic Age -Conquered Persia, Asia Minor, and Egypt; established a world empire -Bureaucracy replaced the city-state as the form of government -Following his death, dynasties were established in Macedonia, Egypt and Persia

Alexander the Great

-Primitive plant group -Lack true roots, stems, and leaves -Range from a single cell to a huge seaweed -Mostly inhabit lakes and oceans

Algae

Identify and form letters

Alphabet Knowledge (reading assessment)

A wave's height, the distance between its resting position and its crest

Amplitude

Architecture was dominated by the Romanesque (11th-12th century) and Gothic (13th-15th century) styles

Characteristics of medieval civilization during the late Middle Ages: architecture

Flowering plants that bear their seeds within fruits

Angiosperms

-Formed by two rays that start from the same point -This point is called the vertex; the rays are called the sides o the angle -Measured in degrees -The degrees indicate the size of the angle, from one side to the other

Angle

-The physical configuration of audience and actor in which the audience essentially surrounds the playing area -It is also known as "theatre in the round"

Arena staging

-In general, the traditional theatre thought to be espoused by Aristotle -It includes clear, simple plotting; strong (but not necessarily complicated) characters; high levels of intellectual content; and a minimum of spectacle -In the Renaissance, other criteria were added to these, some native to Aristotle, some imposed through fancied symmetry: ---Plays should include the 3 unities (unity of one main action, unity of one physical space, and unity of time) ---Plays should be written in five acts ---Plays should avoid violence ---Plays should not mix comedy and tragedy

Aristotelian theatre

-The process of purposefully arranged elements that appeal to aesthetic and emotional senses -It is through the cognitive processes of creating images and thought that the conception of all tangible expression takes place

Art

-Refers to the way children incorporate new information with existing schemes in order to form a new cognitive structure -Children fit this new knowledge into a template of existing schemes Example: A preschool child calls a lion "doggie" because the child only knows one type of four-legged animal.

Assimilation

-1763-76 -The English mercantile policy discouraged colonial economic independence -Colonial concepts of political and economic freedom were key factors leading to the American Revolution -Colonial opposition to British actions steadily increased during this period -The colonies used a variety of methods to change British actions: petitions, boycotts, and other measures -The Declaration of Independence stated the purposes for the colonies' break with England

Background to the American Revolution

A folk poem that tells a story, uses simple language, and originally was written to be sung.

Ballad

-1865 -Union commander: Gen. Ulysses S. Grant -Confederate commander: Gen. Robert E. Lee -Final engagement of the war; ended with Lee's surrender to Grant

Battle of Appomattox Courthouse

-By the 1840s, white settlers began to move from Missouri westward -A group of these settlers, worried that the Mexican government was about to make a move against them, marched into Sonoma in 1846 and raised their grizzly bear flag, proclaiming California an independent republic -When word reached them that the U.S. was already at war with Mexico, the "Bear Flag Revolt" was abandoned, and the rebels joined John C. Frémont in the "California Battalion" fighting to make California a part of the United States

Bear Flag Revolt

An accurate history of a single person.

Biography

When children combine individual phonemes to form words, combine onsets and rimes to make syllables, and combine syllables to make words

Blending

-To decide upon the gross movements of the actors upon the stage; assign the physical relationship of actors and the locations of entrances and exits; create stage "pictures" -Frequently, early rehearsals (blocking rehearsals) are devoted to this task

Block (verb)

Instruction in concepts of sharing space with others Examples: -"Run in a zigzag fashion without bumping into others" -"Point to a spot and see if you can run straight toward it, touch it, and run back without touching someone else" -"Do warm-up exercises one arm's length apart"

Body awareness exercises: Space

-1770 -A Boston mob harassed British soldiers, who then fired point-blank into the crowd. -British reaction: Townshend Acts repealed, and all duties on imports into the colonies were eliminated except for tea.

Boston Massacre

-Brass instruments produce sound through breath as the vibrations from the players' lips buzz against a metal, cup-shaped mouthpiece -The brass section of an orchestra can play louder than any other instrumental section -Moss brass instruments have valves attached to their long pipes, which look like buttons that open and close and produce higher or lower sounds of pitch -Some of the earliest forms of brass instruments were made from tusks, horns, shells, or wood -Today, all brass instruments are made entirely of brass -These instruments are designed like lone pipes that widen at their ends into a bell-shaped opening -Their curves make them easier to hold and play

Brass

-The Coast Ranges -The Klamath Mountains -The Sierra Nevada (the Snowy Range) -The Central Valley -The Basin and Range -The Cascade Range and Modoc Plateau -The Transverse and Peninsular ranges

California encompasses seven distinct regions

The exact center of the floor of the stage

Center stage

-Attempted to unionize migrant (seasonal) farm workers in the early 1960s -He was able to accomplish many of his political objectives through a nationwide boycott of the California and grape industries to force growers to compromise at the bargaining table -By establishing the United Farm Workers (UFW) union, Chavez provided a political forum and powerful collective-bargaining agency for migrant workers ---Those who joined the UFW were not only Hispanics; many Filipino and Anglo workers also readily joined -Prior to Chavez's efforts, migrant workers were intimidated by the power of agribusiness -Chavez's belief in nonviolence, coupled with his brilliant political acumen and popular support, resulted in better pay and working conditions for migrant workers -He was also concerned with bilingual education for Hispanic students and medical treatment for the indigent and homeless, but the focus of his work was always the migrant farm worker

Cesar Chavez

Music played by 1-20 performers

Chamber music

-A green-colored, magnesium-containing pigment that is essential to the photosynthesis process -It is generally present in plant leaves and often in other plant parts as well

Chlorophyll

-Organelles found in plant cells and eukaryotic algae that conduct photosynthesis -Absorb light and use it in conjunction with water and carbon dioxide to produce sugars, the raw material for energy and biomass production in all green plants and the animals that depend on them, directly or indirectly, for food -Capture light and are members of a class of organelles known as plastids

Chloroplasts

-Students read along as a group with the teacher/another fluent adult reader -They might follow along with you as you read from a big book, or they might read from their own copy of the book you are reading -Predictable books are particularly useful, because their repetitious style invites students to join in -Begin by reading the book aloud as you model fluent reading -Students should read the book with you 3 to 5 times total -At this time, students should be able to read the text independently

Choral/Unison Reading (reading aloud exercise)

The steps of a dance as put together for performance or the art of composing dances

Choreography

-In Greek and Roman drama of the classical period, a group of characters in a play who comment on the action, frequently speaking directly to the audience -The function of the chorus is usually that of an intermediary between the audience and the major characters in the play -Because they are often given a collective role, the individual members of the chorus seldom have separate names or characters -Instead, the group as a whole serves as a surrogate "audience" to the degree that it is detached from the dramatic action and can view with horror of amusement the action of the major characters; at the same time, the chorus can participate directly in the action, advising the protagonist, arguing with the antagonist, and praying to the gods for guidance

Chorus

-1774 -Designed to punish the colonists -Shut down the port of Boston, ended self-rule in Massachusetts, tried colonists for high crimes in England, and created the New Quartering Act for all colonies. -Colonial reaction: "First Continental Congress" (convention of delegates from 12/13 colonies called in response to the Coercive Acts - not Georgia since it was a "convict state") met and called for (1) noncompliance with the Coercive Acts; (2) formation of militias; and (3) a boycott of and embargo on exports to Britain.

Coercive Acts ("Intolerable Acts")

Transformations in a child's thought, language, and intelligence Theories: -Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development -Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development -Multi-theoretical perspectives of language, intelligence, and children with special needs

Cognitive Development

-1760 -Improved production of iron

Coke smelting

-Historically, comedy is any play that ends happily -More specifically, it is the genre of dramatic literature that is lighter in tone than drama but more serious than farce -Comedy differs from drama in that the characters are less developed, the theme is less weighty, the language is usually wittier, and the ending is invariably happy -Comedy is often difficult to distinguish from farce; in the latter, the humor is more physical, the characters are more broadly drawn, and the plots are more contrived

Comedy

-4000-323 B.C. -Organized warfare: Mycenae (military stronghold), Sparta, phalanx (military formation -Literature: epic poetry (Iliad, Odyssey), plays (drama, tragedy, comedy) -History: Herodotus (historian who reported the Persian Wars), Thucydides (historian who reported the Peloponnesian War) -Architecture: columns and colonnades (sequence of columns), Parthenon -Arts: theater, sculpture, decorative pottery -Government: democracy (Athens), oligarchy (small group of people in power—Sparta), bureaucracy (Alexander the Great), a system of law to improve society -Other: founded most of the major philosophical schools, established the systematic basis for the scientific method, and perfected advances in shipbuilding and commerce

Contributions of the Greek World

A device of style or subject matter so often used that it becomes a recognized means of expression. (A lover observing the literary love conventions cannot eat or sleep and grows pale and lean.)

Convention

The results of taking integers and raising them to the 3rd power (cubing them) The first seven positive cube numbers are 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, and 343 Examples: (-3)³ = -27; therefore, -27 is a cube number (0)³ = 0; therefore, 0 is a cube number

Cube numbers

-Hastened by the Frankish system of inheritance -The Treaty of Verdun (A.D. 843) divided Charlemagne's empire among his three grandsons -Carolingian rule ended in the 10th century because of the decline in central authority and the invasions of the Scandinavian tribes

Dissolution of the Frankish Empire

-For a homogeneous object, density is determined by dividing the mass by the volume (D = M/V) -The mass is normally measured with an appropriate scale or balance -The volume may be measured directly (from the geometry of the object) or by the displacement of a fluid Example: If steel and wood have equal dimensions, the steel would have a greater mass as it is more dense

Density

-Dust Bowl migrants added more than 350,000 to the population -Economic and social problems, including homelessness, confronted the state

Depression-Era California

-Typically describes a person, place, or thing in such a way that the reader has a vivid impression of the written work -The written work has a basic purpose of describing something such as an emotion, event, or location -The use of evocative imagery and phrasing that engages all of the sense plays a dominant role

Descriptive Writing

-A hypothesis is an attempt to answer the question or predict the outcome -A hypothesis is a possible explanation for a set of observations -Examples: Does air pressure affect how fast fluids move? Does the length of a pendulum's swing influence its frequency?

Develop a hypothesis

-Second step of the writing process; logically follows prewriting -Develop the initial draft of actual sentences and paragraphs -Don't worry about correctness or editing; rather, follow the organizational plan set up in the prewriting stage and incorporate all ideas into the essay -Purpose: to get all the prewriting ideas into print

Drafting

-English explorer who sailed up the California coast in 1579 and claimed the area for England -The threat from England compelled Spain to colonize California -Spanish explorations discovered safe harbors at Monterey and San Francisco -For the next 100 years, Spanish colonization of California was minimal

Drake

-In traditional dramatic theory, the portion of action that immediately follows the climax of a play -In the dénouement, the last remaining loose ends are "tied up," including the disposition of any unresolved conflicts and the reestablishment of stasis (a condition of balance and harmony)

Dénouement

-Egyptian life was dominated by concerns for the afterlife, religion, and the pharaoh -Medical advances and specialized surgery were major contributions -The Egyptians invented a hieroglyphic writing system -Commerce flourished throughout Arabia, India, and part of Africa -Agriculture was the basis of the economy -Monumental architecture reflected remarkable building and engineering feats, as well as mathematical precision -Annual flooding in the Nile was the basis for the sustained economy; the Nile had an impact on all of Egyptian society

Egyptian civilization: significant aspects

-Playwrights included Christopher Marlowe and Ben Johnson -Theatre was supported by Queen Elizabeth; patronage; raucous, open-air theatre; language of the educated; satire -William Shakespeare (late 1500s and early 1600s) write comedies, histories, and tragedies; Globe Theatre (open-air)

Elizabethan theatre

-A relationship between numbers and/or symbols that says two expressions have the same value -Solving an equation for a variable requires that you find a value or an expression that has the desired variable on one side of the equation and everything else on the other side of the equation -By doing the same arithmetic to each side of the equation, you eventually can isolate the desired variable Example: x-5 = 23. Solve for x. Add 5 to each side of the equation x = 28 Replace the original x with 28 and check to see if the resulting sentence is true. 28 - 5 = 23 23 = 23

Equation

-1607: Virginia Co., Jamestown (Virginia)

Europeans in the New World: Britain

South: -Cotton exhausted soil of the "Old South;" expansion key to the South's survival -New slave states admitted (Missouri, Kansas and Texas) North: -Expansion of slavery westward—would United States ever rid itself of slavery? -No more slave states in the Union; California admitted as a free state in 1850

Expansion of Slavery (North vs. South)

-The playwriting device of providing information to the audience -Retrospective exposition usually occurs early in the action and gives the audience important information about what has occurred before the play begins; current exposition provides information about events offstage happening during the play

Exposition

What kind of activity is it? -The type of activity describes the mode of activity -Most activities can be adapted to comply with the FITT model, so teachers should focus on activities that will help them achieve their desired instructional goals -All activities should include a warm-up, strength development, aerobic activity, and a cool-down

FITT Guidelines: Type of activity

-A process whereby young children are able to use context to arrive at a quick guess of a word's meaning -Easier to do with nouns (objects) than with verbs (actions)

Fast Mapping

Shared between the central government and the states

Federal System

-Writing that uses figures of speech (as opposed to literal language or that which is actual or specifically denoted), such as metaphors, similes, and irony. -Uses words to mean something other than their literal meaning. "The black bat night has flown" is figurative, with the metaphor comparing night and a bat. Literally, night is over. "Winter's end" implies the end of a person's life.

Figurative Language

-The rise of feudal monarchs resulted in the development of the nation-states of France ---By the early 13th century, royal authority had expanded and France had become a European power ---Conflicts with the pope over the extent of religious rule resulted in an increase in the authority of the monarch ---The Hundred Years War (1337-1453) between England and France resulted in the English being driven out of most of France

France during the later Middle Ages

1. Egg 2. Tadpole 3. Froglet 4. Adult frog

Frog life cycle

-In the final stage of development, the froglet evolves into an adult frog -After metamorphosis, young adults may leave the water and disperse into terrestrial habitats, or continue to live in the aquatic habitat as adults

Frog life cycle: adult frog

-A female frog generally lays thousands of eggs in water -The eggs are highly vulnerable to predators, so frogs have evolved many techniques to ensure the survival of their next generation

Frog life cycle: egg

-Begins during infancy with sensorimotor movements manipulating objects in order to receive pleasure -Involves repeated muscular movements and can be engaged in throughout life -Involves a repetition of behavior (practicing)

Functional play

-Mathematician, physicist, astronomer -With a telescope, provided the first observational evidence in support of Copernicus -Observed the phases of Venus; discovered the four largest moons of Jupiter; observed and analyzed sunspots -Was questioned before the Inquisition, the primary purpose of which was to eradicate heresy and strengthen the Catholic Church -In 1633, fearing execution, he recanted the heliocentric view of the solar system

Galileo Galilei

-Expand to fill any available space -A gas is a compressible fluid, with its volume determined by the pressure and temperature of the environment -A compressed gas pushes out equally in all directions -Boyle's Law: If the pressure increases, the volume decreases; the reverse is true as well -Charles's Law: As temperature increases (at a fixed pressure), so does volume Examples: air, helium, steam

Gases

-Narrative -Interpretive -Descriptive -Persuasive -Expository -Other Genres

Genres in Writing

-Ratified March, 1781 -Established the first government for the United States of America -Successfully negotiated the Treaty of Paris (1783) to end the Revolutionary War -Passed the Land Ordinance of 1785, creating a system for western land surveys and provisions for land sales -Passed the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, which established a process for western frontier regions to organize into territories and become new states But... -Proved inadequate as a central government -Limited by major weaknesses

Government under "The Articles of Confederation"

Graphs of equations in two variables (usually x and y) can be formed by finding ordered pairs that make the equation true, and then connecting these points Example: Make a graph of the equation 2x + y = 6 One way to do this is to set up a table of values with the x-values first, and then the y-values. You then replace one of the variables with values and find what the other variable would have to be for each replacement. If the x's were replaced with -2, -1, 0, 1, and 2, then find the corresponding y-values If x = -2, then 2(-2) + y = 6 --> -4 + y = 6 --> y = 10 Make a table, plot the points

Graphing equations

-Both gravity and inertia work together to keep planets in orbit around the sun -Inertia makes a planet travel in a straight line -By definition, inertia is the tendency of a moving object to stay in a straight line or a stationary object to remain in place -However, the power of the sun's gravity pulls the planets toward the sun -The sun's gravity pulls the planets while their inertia keeps them moving forward in an elliptical orbit around the sun -The strength of gravity in our solar system depends on both the masses of the celestial objects and the distance between them -Gravity helps to explain the tides on earth -Without inertia, a planet would be pulled into the sun

Gravity and inertia

-The father of modern genetics -A contemporary of Darwin's -His work lie in obscurity until the early 20th century

Gregor Mendel

-1783 -Allowed iron-makers to roll out iron into different shapes

Grooved rollers

-Much of the child's "baby fat" disappears as arms and legs grow longer -During the previous stage of development, infants and toddlers had a protruding abdomen because their internal organs grew faster than the body cavity -This is no longer true during early childhood -The decrease in weight during early childhood is attributed to the child's ability to walk, coupled with the fact that body tissues start growing at a slower rate -Girls tend to have more fatty tissue than boys, but because boys have more muscle tissue, boys and girls measure in weight and height somewhat equally -If there is any gender difference in growth, boys tend to be slightly taller and heavier

Growth and development: Early childhood (2-6 years)

-Be consistent and write down predictable outlines, schedules, and deadlines -Demonstrate and model appropriate behavior, giving positive reinforcement -Talk slowly, making eye contact when possible, and keep conversations brief -Keep peripheral distractions in the classroom to a minimum -Demonstrate with hands-on instruction whenever possible -Utilize technology whenever possible (videos, computers, CDs) -Allow students to take untimed tests, and read tests aloud -Stay with one project at a time, rather than skipping around -Record presentations on audio-cassettes or give notes to children for use at home later -For hyperactive children, allow the student to sit behind others so that the student won't disturb others, and teach the student to tap his pencil on a sleeve or leg instead of the table -Divide classroom assignments into smaller tasks to help students feel a sense of smaller accomplishments

Guidelines for teachers to help children with learning disabilities

-Refers to various properties of matter in the solid phase that give it a high resistance to its shape changing when force is applied -Hard matter is contrasted with soft matter -However, the behavior of solid materials under force is complex, resulting in several different scientific definitions of what might be called hardness in everyday usage -Three principal operational definitions of hardness: scratch hardness, indentation hardness, and rebound hardness

Hardness

-x-axis or abscissa -Numbers to the right of 0 are positive and to the left of 0 are negative

Horizontal axis

-Pumps oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood to the lungs -In the human heart, there is one atrium and and one ventricle for each circulation, and with both a systemic and pulmonary circulation, there are four chambers in total: left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium, and right ventricle ---The right atrium, which is the upper chamber of the right side of the heart, receives blood from the upper body through the superior vena cava, and from the lower body through the inferior vena cava

Heart

-Highest: Mount Whitney, at 14,495 feet -Lowest: Death Valley, at 282 feet below sea level

Highest peak and lowest point in the continental U.S.

-Lived and worked under Muslim rule -Most Hindus were self-sufficient farmers -The caste system dominated Hindu life

Hindus

-The characteristic feature by which we distinguish one color from another, but it does not distinguish the color's value (dark from light) or intensity (bright from dull) -The hue of a color simply refers to a particular point on the color spectrum -Hue colors, like the rainbow, are in a sequenced order ---The colors on a rainbow are primary and secondary colors: yellow, orange, red, purple, blue, and green

Hue

A quadratic with a term missing Example: Solve for x. x² - 16 = 0 Factoring, (x + 4)(x - 4) = 0 x + 4 = 0 --> x = -4 or x - 4 = 0 --> x = 4

Incomplete quadratic

Drawing conclusions from specific examples to make a general conclusion, even when the conclusion is not accurate (concrete operations) Example: All of the balls on the school playground are round. By developing a mental schema, a child may reason inductively that all balls are round. This would be an inaccurate conclusion since a football is not round.

Inductive Reasoning

-The special language of a profession or group. -The term usually has pejorative associations, with the implication that it is evasive, tedious, and unintelligible to outsiders.

Jargon

-Geneva, Switzerland -The Doctrine of Predestination (God willed eternal damnation for some people and salvation for others) was central to Calvinistic belief -Rejection of all forms of worship and practice not traced to Biblical tradition -Calvinism became a revolutionary anti-Catholic movement -Basis of "Reformed Churches," which spread throughout Europe; Calvinism made Protestantism an international movement

John Calvin

-Served for 34 years as chief justice (1801-35) -His decisions shaped the role of the Supreme Court and American constitutional law -Landmark cases: Marbury v. Madison (1803) and McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

John Marshall

-The power of the federal courts to interpret the Constitution and to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional -Allows the courts to exercise "checks and balances" over the legislative and executive branches -Not provided for in the Constitution but was exercised by the Supreme Court in the famous Marbury v. Madison case (1803)

Judicial review

A classical Japanese theatre form that combines colorful song and dance, flamboyant characters, and extravagant plots in a popular art that has retained its wide popularity since the early 17th century

Kabuki

Level I: Preconventional (4-10 years) Level II: Conventional (10-13 years) Level III: Postconventional (13 years-adult)

Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Judgment

-The sugar made by plants can be oxidized later in a process that releases energy -The oxidation can be in the plant itself or in an animal that eats the plant -The release of energy by oxidation of sugar is respiration

Krebs cycle

-Learns about 8 to 9 words each day -The average vocabulary consists of 1,000 words -The child can talk about things not present, and uses plural and possessive forms of nouns (e.g. cats and cat's) -The child adds "-ing" to verbs, and knows that more than one adjective can apply to the same noun ("Rusty is black and fluffy") -The child also starts private speech

Language development milestones: Early childhood (3-4 years)

Language shapes thought -To acquire knowledge, thought is a fundamental necessity -It must be "thought about" before any new ideas can be formulated (e.g., a student who is learning English as a second language must be competent in his primary native language before he can "think" or understand new concepts in another language) -Initial emergence of language and thought are separate from each other, until about the age of 3 when a transition takes place in the child from the external to the internal -Children practice private speech (self-talk) to become more competent ---The use of private speech helps children to self-regulate through organizing, guiding, and controlling their behavior ---Private speech is responsible for all higher levels of mental functioning

Lev Vygotsky

A type of German song

Lied

-Twisting is the rotation of a body part around its own long axis, such as turning the head on its neck or wrapping the arms around the body -Twisting is different from turning in that twisting involves movement around a body part, and the focal point of turning is on the space where the body is moving -Twisting instruction should include asking children to twist as fully as is comfortably possible, and then to twist in the opposite direction while holding the supporting body parts steady

Nonlocomotor skills: Twisting

The sum of the data values divided by the number of data values; average Example: 2, 2, 3, 5, 2, 6, 2, 6, 7, 9, 11 (2 + 2 + 3 + 5 + 2 + 6 + 2 + 6 + 7 + 9 + 11)/11 55/11 Mean = 5

Mean

-The beginning of scientific wisdom -The physicist's first reaction to a new idea is to ask: Can it be measured? Can I describe it with numbers?

Measurement

-The value in the middle so that there are an equal number of data values to either side of it -To find the median, arrange the data values from smallest to largest, including any repeats, then find the middle value -If there is an odd number of data values, one of the data values will be in the middle -If there is an even number of data values, take the mean of the two middle values Example: 2, 2, 3, 5, 2, 6, 2, 6, 7, 9, 11 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 5, 6, 6, 7, 9, 11 Median = 5

Median

-The genre of theatre that is normally placed between tragedy and drama and which shares some characteristics with each -It is largely serious in tone, placing its major figures in great jeopardy, but unlike tragedy, saves them from destruction at the end -The moral stance of melodrama is always clear: the good characters are very good, the bad ones very bad

Melodrama

-The Church attempted to restrict pagan dance, often associated with fertility, but folk dances evolved from earlier ritual dance (e.g., Maypole dance; origins in primitive fertility rituals [dancing around a pole]; associated with spring) -Characteristics of folk dance: there are many regional differences; all had recreational aspects and basic steps such as running, walking, hopping, and skipping; all are linked to culture, music, and the history of a group; they take the form of a circle -Current examples in the 20th century: polka, square dances, historic dances—Cossack dance of Russia, polonaise of Poland, Czardas Hungarian tavern dance, and Mexican El Jarabe Tapatio (hat dance)

Middle Ages (500-1400)

A method one could use to determine the hardness of unknown mineral samples would be: -Scratch test: Test the item against materials of known hardness; for example, use your fingernail or the graphite in a pencil to attempt to scratch the items. This process should result in assigning a relative hardness to the unknown items. -Mohs' scale of hardness: This scale assigns a fixed number to 10 reference materials. Talc (1) is the softest and diamond (10) is the hardest -Cleavage: breaking along flat surfaces -Density: how much matter is in the object

Mineral hardness

-An Aegean civilization -Minoan civilization of Crete (c. 4000-1400 B.C.) based its prosperity on extensive commerce

Minoan civilization

-When the moon is at first quarter or third quarter, the sun, earth and moon form a 90-degree (right) angle with the earth at the vertex -The combined effect of this alignment of the sun, earth, and moon results in tidal ranges on the earth -When a neap tide occurs, the gravitational forces on the earth from both the sun and moon are minimized -Tidal range is lowest during neap tide

Neap tide/neaps

Language Acquisition -Language learning is innate -Chomsky believes that children are prewired to learn language and that infants have a language acquisition device (LAD) built-in neurologically so that they can intuitively understand grammar -There is a critical period when children find it easy to learn language

Noam Chomsky

A term coined in the 1960s by those who wanted to create movement outside the influences of any of the then-traditional modern dance pioneers, such as Cunningham, Graham, Humphrey, Limón, and Taylor

Postmodern dance

-The Hopewell people were skilled farmers and flourished in the Ohio and Mississippi valleys (200 B.C.-A.D. 400) -Mississippian culture developed in A.D. 800 and built large religious mound structures -The Anasazi culture (A.D. 800-1300) developed in the Southwest; the Anansazi were skilled builders (Mesa Verde cliff houses) and sophisticated farmers -The Pueblo Indians inhabited the Southwest after the Anasazi and built extensive adobe cities

North American Indians

-They were blamed for most of the economic problems (backlash from the mining and railroad frontier) -The Chinese Exclusion Act was passed by federal Congress in 1882 (excluded Chinese from immigrating to the U.S.) -By 1877, politicians, newspapers, and citizens urged open agitation against the Chinese in California -The Workingmen's Party was established. It was nativist, anti-Chinese, and anti-big business (1877) ---It demanded a constitutional convention and populist-type reforms ---The California Constitution (1879) codified anti-Chinese legislation

Open hostility toward the Chinese erupted

A composition that imitates the style of another composition, normally for comic effect.

Parody

-Patterns are objects in a composition that are repeated -Regular patterns appear as predicted designs with easily identifiable features so that the viewer can visually recognize what may appear next -When there's no exact predicted design, but the viewer can generally predict what may appear next, the artist is using random patterns -Artists create patterns by repeating shapes, colors, or lines Example: French impressionist Claude Monet uses patterns of water lilies floating on a pond in Water Lilies (1914)

Pattern

-Secure attachment -Anxious-resistant attachment -Anxious-avoidant attachment -Disorganized-disoriented attachment

Patterns of attachment

The square of a whole number 1² = 1 2² = 4 3² = 9 4² = 16 5² = 25 6² = 36 7² = 49 8² = 64 9² = 81 10² = 100 11² = 121 12² =144

Perfect square

-Two lines that meet to form right angles (90°) -The symbol ⟂ is used to denote perpendicular lines In the diagram, l ⟂ m.

Perpendicular lines

-The unique characteristic patterns of a person's thoughts, emotions, and behavior -Debate about an individual's traits being inherited vs. adapted influences from one's environment

Personality

A figurative use of language that endows nonhumans (ideas, inanimate objects, animals, abstractions) with human characteristics. "The angry sea crashed against the wall."

Personification

-Atmospheric perspective is used to create depth and dimension -Artists use overlapping, color, size, and contrast to reproduce the effects of distant objects Example: Darker objects appear to be closer when using lighter and duller colors for distant objects. In a landscape, lighter objects lose focus and clarity as they appear farther away.

Perspective: atmospheric or aerial

-New moon occurs when the moon sets at sunset -Then the moon is between the earth and the sun, so we see only the dark half of the moon -Each night, the moon sets a few minutes later and we perceive more of its illuminated half -After the moon has waxed through crescent, quarter, and gibbous phases, a full moon appears -At that time, the moon rises at sunset, and we see all of its illuminated side -Then the phase wanes gradually to another new moon -There are approx. 29.5 days between each cycle

Phases of the moon

The ability to carry out tasks with vigor and alertness

Physical fitness

-The characteristics that makes up the physical composition of a substance -Include color, form, electrical conductivity, and density

Physical properties

The branches of natural sciences that study the nature and properties of energy and non-living matter

Physical sciences

Systems present in an organism that allow it to perform certain biochemical reactions (e.g. making venom, secreting slime, and homeostasis)

Physiological adaptations

Dissolves nutrients, wastes, hormones, antibodies, and enzymes

Plasma

-The most fundamental idea in geometry -Represented by a dot and named by a capital letter

Point

-Any of several possible vantage points from which a story is told. -May be omniscient, limited to that of a single character, or limited to that of several characters, as well as other possibilities. -The teller may use the first person and/or the third person.

Point of view

-Condensed water vapor that falls to the earth's surface -Most precipitation occurs as rain, but also includes snow, hail, fog drip, graupel, and sleet

Precipitation

-Characteristics: circle form (rhythmic motion within a circle); use of imagery -Gender roles: war and hunting for men, seasons and planting for women; early accompaniment came from drums, harps, flutes, and chants -Forms: social dance, which celebrated births, special events, and rites of passage; ritual dance, which maintained tradition, religious rituals (temple dances), and hunting magic; and fertility dance, which marked the changing seasons (especially for planting and harvesting) and sought favor with gods

Prehistory to Beginning of Middle Ages (A.D. 400)

A natural number greater than 1 that only has 1 and itself as divisors (an alternate definition is a natural number that has exactly two different divisors) The first seven prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, and 17

Prime number

-January 3, 1777 -American commander: George Washington -British commanders: Charles Cornwallis, Charles Mawhood -American victory -Encouraged the French government to send supplies to the Americans -In England, support for the war declined

Princeton

-Balance -Contrast -Emphasis -Pattern -Unity -Perspective -Space -Color

Principles of art

A loop through the lungs where blood is oxygenated

Pulmonary circulation

-In any right triangle, there is a relationship between the lengths of the three sides -This relationship is referred to as the Pythagorean theorem -If the sides of a right triangle are labeled a, b, and c with c representing the longest of the three sides (the one opposite the right angle), then a² + b² = c²

Pythagorean theorem

-1765 -Required colonists to house British troops and supply them with food. -Colonial reaction: Colonists in New York violently refused to comply.

Quartering Act

-Anatomical features include airways, lungs, and the respiratory muscles -Molecules of oxygen and carbon dioxide are passively exchanged, by diffusion, between the gaseous external environment and the blood -This exchange process occurs in the alveolar region of the lungs

Respiratory system in mammals

-The directionality of as exchange can be opposite to that in animals -Includes anatomical features such as holes on the undersides of leaves known as stomata

Respiratory system in plants

-Extends for 500 miles -Its movement is largely horizontal, with the west side of the fault moving northward and the east side moving southward -California is a region of frequent seismic activity

San Andreas Fault system

-Writing that seeks to arouse a reader's disapproval of an object by ridicule. -Usually comedy that exposes errors with an eye to correcting vice and folly. (Examples can be found in the novels of Charles Dickens, Mark Twain, and Joseph Heller.)

Satire

-All screws are inclined planes -Can convert a rotational force (torque) to a linear force, and vice versa -The ratio of threading determines the mechanical advantage of the machine -More threading increases the mechanical advantage -It is easier to turn a screw than to push a screw directly into a wall -As the screw rotates outward, the weight rises; as the screw rotates inward, the weight lowers

Screw

-The background to a story; the physical location of a story, play, or novel. -The setting of a narrative will normally involve both time and place.

Setting

Same slope values

Slope of parallel lines

-Result of the search for the Seven Cities of Cibola by Cortés in the 1530s -Spain was interested in conquest and wealth -Exploration centered on a search for an island inhabited by Amazon-like women who used golden weapons

Spanish exploration of the Baja peninsula

-1764 -Increased the speed and output of yarn spinners

Spinning jenny

To square a number, multiply it by itself Example: 6 squared = 6² = 6 x 6 = 36

Square (verb)

-1804 -Used initially to haul freight at coal mines and ironworks -The steam engine was used to develop it

Steam locomotive

-1807 -Built by American inventor Robert Fulton -The steam engine was used to build it

Steamboat

-A type of graphic organizer -Show the sequence of events in simple stories

Story Maps

-The arrangement of materials within a work; the relationship of the parts of a work to the whole; the logical divisions of a work. -The most common principles are series (A, B, C, D, E), contrast (A vs. B, C vs. D, E vs. A) and repetition (AA, BB, AB). -The most common units are play (scene, act), novel (chapter), and poem (line, stanza).

Structure

The state change where a solid (ice or snow) changes directly to a gas (water vapor)

Sublimation

Makes it possible for some elements and compounds to transition from a solid to gas phase without becoming a liquid Example: a block of dry ice (CO2), which will turn into a gas at room temperature

Sublimination

-An elaborate musical composition, many of which are between 20 and 45 minutes in length -A classical symphony usually consists of four movements that are intended to stir up a wide range of emotions through contrasts in tempo and mood

Symphony

-A plan of instruction which includes a carefully selected set of letter-sound relationships that are organized into a logical sequence -Provides teachers with precise directions for the teaching of letter-sound relationships -Particularly beneficial for children who are having difficulty learning to read and who are at risk for developing future reading problems

Systematic and Explicit Phonics Instruction

-Simplified speech or an early form of speech -This is usually a two-word sentence spoken by a 2-year-old -First sentences consist of just enough words to get the meaning across (e.g. I cold)

Telegraphic Speech

-A temperature interval of one degree F is an interval of 5/9 of a degree C -The Fahrenheit and Celsius scales coincide at -40° (i.e., -40°F and -40°C describe the same temperature) C = (5/9)(F - 32) F = (9/5)(C + 32)

Temperature conversions

The speed with which incidents that make up the action take place

Tempo

-Created by mixing secondary colors -When mixing these colors, the secondary color tends to be muted or grayish to provide a variation of the secondary color

Tertiary colors

Organisms that feed on smaller primary and secondary consumers

Tertiary consumers

-A region of the earth that has uniform standard time, usually referred to as the local time -Time zones are divided into standard and daylight saving (or summer) -Daylight saving time zones (or summer time zones) include an offset (typically +1 hour) for daylight saving time -Standard time zones can be defined by geometrically subdividing the earth's spheroid into 24 lunes (wedge-shaped sections), bordered by meridians, each 15° of longitude apart -The local time in neighboring zones would differ by one hour -15° = 1 hour of time

Time zone

-The manner in which an author expresses his or her attitude; the intonation of the voice that expresses meaning. -Described by adjectives -May change from chapter to chapter or even line to line -May be the result of allusion, diction, figurative language, imagery, irony, symbol, syntax, or style.

Tone

-The sound produced by an individual instrument or singer -Each family of instruments and type of instrument is distinct from all others ---For example, the tone of a brass instrument is easily distinguished from the tone of a string instrument, a woodwind instrument, etc.

Tone

-A third line that cuts two parallel lines, forming two sets of four angles -Angles in the same relative positions have the same measures -For any two angles you select, if they are not equal to one another, they will be supplementary to one another In the diagram: angle 1 = angle 5 angle 2 = angle 6 angle 3 = angle 7 angle 4 = angle 8 But since vertical angles are equal, angle 1 = angle 3 angle 2 = angle 4 angle 5 = angle 7 angle 6 = angle 8 From this, we can see angle 1 = angle 3 = angle 5 = angle 7 angle 2 = angle 4 = angle 6 = angle 8

Transversal

-Visual-Perceptual Disability (Dyslexia) -Auditory-Perceptual Disability (Hearing Difficulty) -Attention and Hyperactivity Disorders -Perceptual-Motor Disability -Mental Retardation (Educationally Delayed)

Types of learning disabilities

Lower arm bones

Ulna and Radius

-The sense that all components of a composition belong together -The intention of every successful artist is to master unity -The elements of art such as shape, line, and color appear to fit together as the viewer gazes upon the piece of art, with nothing left to complete, delete, or change -Unity creates a sense that the artwork is self-contained and has a life of its own, whole and complete

Unity

85% of your MHR

Upper Limit Threshold

-If two straight lines intersect, they do so at a point -Four angles are formed -Those angles opposite each other are called vertical angles -Those angles sharing a common side and a common vertex are adjacent/supplementary angles -Vertical angles are always equal

Vertical angles

-y-axis or ordinate -Numbers above 0 are positive and numbers below 0 are negative

Vertical axis

-1863 -Union commander: Gen. Ulysses S. Grant -Confederate commander: Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton -Union victory cut off the western theater from the South and split the confederacy at the Mississippi river

Vicksburg

-Children with a visual-perceptual disability see letters and numbers in different positions -When reading, they may confuse right or left, and they may skip or reverse words -They are sometimes observed as having difficulty with physical coordination due to their difficulty with eye-hand coordination -The most recognized visual-perceptual disability is dyslexia, whereby a student perceives letters in reverse

Visual-Perceptual Disability (Dyslexia)

-Children actively construct their knowledge through society -Every function in the child's cultural development appears twice—first between people and then internally within the child -Language is an essential aspect of this development; cognitive growth and language are socially based -A child's cognitive growth is a shared process -Adults or older peers help provide children with learning tools in order to master difficult tasks -Two complementary tenets of his theory include the zone of proximal development and scaffolding

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory

One or two symptoms do not necessarily mean the child is being abused 1. Physical abuse—bruises, sores, burns with a child's vague or reluctant response about where the originated 2. Neglect—poor hygiene (soiled clothes, dirty hair, or body odor), or poor nutrition (excessive hunger or weight loss) 3. Sexual abuse—age-inappropriate sexual behavior or knowledge, difficulty walking or sitting, sudden onset of wetting, or inflicted self-harm

Warning signs of abuse

Republic of Texas: Texas annexed, added to the Union

Western Expansion: 1845

Oregon Territory added to the United States and encouraged settlement of the far west

Western Expansion: 1846

-Louisiana Territory: Louisiana, Missouri added to the Union -Old Northwest: Indiana, Illinois added to the Union -Mississippi Territory: Mississippi, Alabama added to the Union

Westward Expansion: 1812-1820

-Weather occurs primarily due to density (temperature and moisture) differences between one location and another -These differences can occur due to the angle of the sun at any particular spot, which varies by latitude from the tropics -The farther from the tropics you are positioned, the lower the angle of the sun -This causes those locations to be cooler due to the indirect sunlight -The strong temperature contrast between polar and tropical air gives rise to the jet stream

Why weather occurs

-Knowing some common prefixes and suffixes (affixes), base words, and root words can help students learn the meanings of many new words -For example, if students learn just the four most common prefixes in English (un-, re-, in-, dis-), they will have important clues about the meaning of about two-thirds of all English words that have prefixes -Prefixes are relatively easy to learn because they have clear meanings (un- = not, re = again), they are usually spelled the same way from word to word, and they always occur at the beginning of words

Word Parts (vocabulary instruction)

-The distance between a child's actual performance and a child's potential performance -Represents the amount of leaning possible by a student given the proper instructional conditions -If provided with guidance by someone more skilled, such as an adult or older peer, the child may exhibit a higher level of competency and move beyond what he or she was capable of doing unassisted

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

.375 = .37 1/2 = 37 1/2%

3/8 =

.625 = .62 1/2 = 62 1/2%

5/8 =

The essence of an idea applied to the art of movement

Abstraction

The rate of change of velocity with time a = △v/△t (acceleration = change of velocity/change of time) Example: An automobile had an initial velocity of 40 mph at 1 p.m. and a final velocity of 60 mph at 3 p.m., then its average acceleration would be: (20 miles/hour)/2 hours = 10 miles/hour² or 10 mile/hour/hour

Acceleration

In a character-character interaction, the total array of purposeful activity, both external (physical) and internal (psychological), by which characters attempt to achieve their objectives

Action

-Exist without free oxygen -Include many yeasts and bacteria -For these organisms, in the process of fermentation, glucose is changed into ethonol and carbon dioxide anaerobically -All forms of life require water for biochemical reactions, reproduce by means of nucleic acid (DNA), and contain carbon atoms

Anaerobic organisms

-His Reconstruction policy (1866-67) of leniency to the defeated South angered and frustrated the Radical Republicans in control of Congress -Vetoed a number of bills designed to protect the freedom of the former slaves, such as the acts creating the Freedmen's Bureau and several civil rights acts -Over the opposition of Johnson, the Radicals in Congress passed Reconstruction acts that divided the South into five military districts, disenfranchised white southern males, and forced states to ratify the 14th Amendment (which extended citizenship to former slaves) -A constitutional crisis resulted when Johnson removed a government official in violation of the Tenure of Office Act -The House impeached Johnson, but he was acquitted by one vote in the Senate (1867)

Andrew Johnson

-June 17, 1775 -American commanders: Israel Putnam, William Prescott -British commander: William Howe -British victory -British took the hill but suffered huge losses compared to the Americans -Americans proved that they could stand up to the British army but war would not be won easily

Bunker Hill

-Powerful business interests controlled California politics and the Republican Party, ensuring support for both President Lincoln and the Union cause -California's distance kept it out of the war, but the state sent gold and recruits eastward -In the meantime, both a railroad grant and authorization to build the Central Pacific link to the transcontinental railroad were secured -Homestead Act (1862) allowed citizens to claim free land if they would live on it and improve it for five years -Thus, throughout post-Civil War California, mining, the railroad, and farming combined to promote waves of immigration from the eastern United States, China, and Ireland

California during the Civil War

-Provided presidios (Spanish garrisons) with food and goods -In some cases enjoyed great economic success -Gave Spanish a foothold in California

California missions: positive outcomes

-Population is 37 million+; fresh water is a precious resource and its availability is a pressing issue -While 75% of the state's water resources originate north of Sacramento, 80% of the demand lies in the southern 2/3 of the state -Engineering has proven to be the controversial solution to California's water problems -Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct Provides water to the Bay Area of San Francisco -California, Los Angeles, and Colorado aqueducts meet the water needs of Los Angeles and San Diego counties -Population and demand continue to grow; new solutions needed to this centuries-old problem

California water delivery system

-The California land boom of the 1880s, swelled the population again -The ensuing bank collapse in 1887 devastated the economy -Hard times and economic retrenchment followed

California's economy in the 1880s

Education stressed the liberal arts. -Theology influenced both religion and politics -Universities were created in Paris, Oxford, and Cambridge during the 11th and 12th centuries -Latin was the language of intellectual Europe; vernacular was used by the 12th century.

Characteristics of medieval civilization during the late Middle Ages: education

Discussion and evaluation provide students with the needed feedback on activities that include proper body mechanics, sportsmanship, learning objectives, and social aspects of the activity

Classroom fitness activity: Discussion and evaluation

-Warm-up exercises Involve muscles to be used during the physical activity -Try to isolate muscle groups and be sure to ask students not to overextend or bounce -Fitness activity always begins with a sufficient warm-up activity (e.g. light aerobics, calisthenics, walking, slow jogging, etc.)

Classroom fitness activity: Warm-up exercises

-Clef is the symbol at the beginning of each staff indicating the pitch or the range of sounds that should be played -Two main clefs: the treble clef for the higher range of notes, and the bass clef for the lower range of notes

Clef

-In traditional dramatic structure, the point of the play that completes the rising action -The contending forces, having raised the conflict to the highest point possible, face one another in a confrontation so inescapable that only one can emerge victorious -At this point, frequently a new piece of information is made public that tips the balance one way or another -The climax is followed by the dénouement

Climax

-Organisms that consume dead organisms and in doing so, carry out the natural process of decomposition -Like herbivores and predators, decomposers are heterotrophic -This means that they use organic substrates to get their energy, carbon, and nutrients for growth and development -Use deceased organisms and non-living organic compounds as their food source -The primary decomposers are bacteria and fungi

Decomposers

Invert (turn upside down) the second fraction and multiply; reduce if necessary. Example: 1/6 ÷ 1/5 = 1/6 x 5/1 = 5/6

Dividing fractions

-Travels in an orbit that is slightly elliptical (oval), and so the distance from the sun ranges from 91.5 to 94.5 million miles -Its daily rotation deforms the earth to a flattened spheroid, with a polar radius slightly less than the equatorial radius Locations of the surface are described by a grid of latitude and longitude lines

Earth

-Established a civilization in the Nile Valley (3000 B.C.) -Natural barriers (desert and sea), as well as its isolation from other civilizations, greatly hindered foreign invaders; spared Egypt from the repeated political disruptions characteristic of Mesopotamia -Egyptian history can be broadly outlined in specific time periods that reflect the changes taking place in Egypt over a 3,000-year period

Egypt

-The Norman Conquest (invasion of England by William the Conqueror, duke of Normandy) had a profound impact on the development of the culture, language, and judicial system of England ---The Battle of Hastings (1066) ended Anglo-Saxon rule in England ---By the 12th century, English common law was firmly established ---The Magna Carta (1215) limited the power of the king; it is the most important document in English constitutional law ---By the 14th century, the English Parliament was firmly established

England during the later Middle Ages

-Act as catalysts during the metabolic process -Without enzymes, many of the body's chemical reactions would not occur fast enough -The body uses enzymes to control its many thousands of chemical reactions, including the burning of food ---Lipase, for example, is an enzyme that helps in the digestion of fats

Enzymes

-Occur twice a year, when the tilt of the earth's axis is oriented neither from nor to the sun, causing the sun to be located vertically above a point on the equator -The name derived from the Latin aequus (equal) and nox (night), because at the equinox, the night and day are equally long -Happen at two specific moments in time (not a whole day) around March 20 and Sept. 22 each year

Equinoxes

The movement (carrying away or displacement) of solids (sediment, soil, rock, and other particles), usually by the agents of currents such as wind, water, or ice by downward or down-slope movement in response to gravity

Erosion

-Prose narratives that follow traditional storylines that arise from oral traditions in histories -As old as language -Adapt from culture to culture -Original author is never known -Arise through the process of recombining traditional elements (motifs) and/or transferring an established plot (tale-type) from one hero, one location, or one era to another -Telling tales is culturally universal and shares a commonality with primitive and advanced societies alike -This genre includes fairy tales, legends of all types, animal folk tales, fables, tall tales, and humorous anecdotes

Folk tales

-Describe the eating relationships between species within an ecosystem -The flow of energy from one organism to the next and to the next, and so on -Show how the energy from the producer is given to the consumer -Organisms in a food chain are grouped into trophic levels, based on how many links they are removed from the primary producers -Trophic levels may contain either a single species or a group of species that are presumed to share both predators and prey -They usually start with a plant and end with a carnivore

Food chains

-Interconnected energy systems -Demonstrates the alternate energy links available to an organism -Help explain predator/prey relationships in an ecosystem and include networks of food chains

Food webs

-Weak and ineffectual

Foreign policy during the early national period

-Teaching students to ask their own questions improves their active processing of text and their comprehension -By doing this, students become aware of whether they can answer the questions and whether they understand what they are reading -Students learn to ask themselves questions that require them to integrate information from different segments of text

Generating Questions (text comprehension classroom activity)

-A literary form, such as an essay, novel, of poem. -Within genres like the poem, there are also more specific genres based upon content (love poem, nature poem) or form (sonnet, ode).

Genre

-Rugged landscape of mountains and valleys, scattered islands led to the development of independent city-states (polis) rather than one unified empire -Scarcity of good agricultural land encouraged seafaring in eastern Greece -The southern mainland, with adequate agricultural resources, relied on farming

Greece: geography

-10 syllables in each line -5 pairs of alternating unstressed and stressed syllables -The rhythm in each line sounds like: ba-BUM / ba-BUM / ba-BUM / ba-BUM / ba-BUM -Used (though not invented) by Shakespeare -Sometimes Shakespeare added an extra unstressed beat at the end of a line to emphasize a character's sense of contemplation (feminine ending) ---To BE, / or NOT / to BE: / that IS / the QUES- / -tion

Iambic Pentameter

-Music offers a valuable opportunity to build active listening skills -Music helps to shape the cognitive and mental processes in children -Music has its own forms, time periods, and cultural characteristics -Music can be used to enhance other subject areas, particularly visual art -Music extends beyond knowledge and skills -Music can be a form of therapy that offers a unique medium for self-expression -Musical instruments can be created from material from the environment, and children can create instruments in the classroom

Implications for teaching music in the classroom

-A source of electric light that works by incandescence -An electric current passes through a thin filament, heating it until it produces light -The enclosing glass bulb prevents the oxygen in the air from reaching the hot filament, which otherwise would be destroyed rapidly by oxidation -Sometimes called electric lamps/arc lamps

Incandescent light bulb

1. Involves a value judgement 2. Includes assessment of the knowledge, insight, wisdom, or feeling imparted by a work

Interpreting theatre: Worth

-Seems to travel in perfectly straight lines as rays -The direction of a ray changes at the interface between two transparent materials, like air and water -Some of the light is reflected, the angle of reflection being equal to the angle of incidence -The portion of the light that crosses the boundary is, however, deflected in another direction, and the angle of refraction does not equal the angle of incidence -Other optical experiments are inconsistent with a simple ray theory and require that light travel as waves of electromagnetic energy

Light

A plan of the stage showing the location of each lighting instrument, its size and characters, and the area of the stage where its light will fall

Lighting plot

-August 27, 1776 -American commanders: George Washington, Charles Lee -British commander: William Howe -British victory -Despite defeat, Washington calmly and confidently managed a surprise evacuation of troops across the East River to Manhattan

Long Island

-Believed to originate at a much greater distance from the Sun, in a cloud (the Oort cloud) consisting of debris left over from the condensation of solar nebula -Comets are thrown from the outer planets or nearby stars, or as a result of collisions

Long-period comets

-During meiosis, the genome of a diploid germ cell undergoes DNA replication, resulting in four haploid cells -Each of these cells contains one complete set of chromosomes, or half of the genetic content of the original cell -If meiosis produces gametes, these cells must fuse during fertilization to create a new diploid cell, or zygote, before any new growth can occur -Because the chromosomes of each parent undergo genetic recombination during meiosis, each gamete, and thus each zygote, will have a unique genetic blueprint encoded in its DNA -Together, meiosis and fertilization generate genetically distinct individuals in populations

Meiosis (process)

-Writing (cuneiform) -Organized government -Written law code (Hammurabi's Code) -Systematized religion (Zoroastrianism) -Astronomy; astrology

Mesopotamia: developments

-The Sumerians -The Babylonians -The Hittites -The Assyrians -The Chaldeans -The Persians

Mesopotamian civilizations

-President Polk indirectly supported the annexation of California -John C. Frémont, possibly acting on presidential orders, raised the U.S. flag near Monterey, and then retreated from the area -War was declared on Mexico in 1846 ---The Bear Flag Revolt prematurely captured California (1846) ---Commander Sloat captured Monterey Bay and claimed the area for the United States ---General Stockton captured Los Angeles; Governor Pico and General Castro retook the area for Mexico ---Stockton and Kearney defeated Pico and raised the American flag over Los Angeles in 1847 -The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) transferred California from Mexican to American control

Mexican-American War

-Due to a combination of differential heating and geometry -When the sun rises, it is the tops of the mountain peaks which receive first light, and as the day progresses, the mountain slopes take on a greater heat load than the valleys -This results in a temperature inequality between the two, and as warm air rises off the slopes, cool air moves up out of the valleys to replace it -This upslope wind is called a valley breeze -The opposite effect takes place in the afternoon, as the valley radiates heat -The peaks, long since cooled, transport air into the valley in a process that is partly gravitational and partly convective and is called a mountain breeze

Mountain breezes and valley breezes

International relations placed France against Europe. -Napoleon won territory from the Holy Roman Empire and forced Spain to cede the Louisiana territory to France -The "continental system" was a failed French attempt to close the continent to British trade in hopes of destroying the British economy -The Battle of Waterloo (1815) ended in defeat for Napoleon and ended the French Empire; Napoleon was permanently exiled to St. Helena

Napoleon and the First Empire: international relations

A work, usually identified by a number

Opus

Include such varied types as personal journals and diaries, letters, summaries, and research papers

Other Genres of Writing

-For "what," substitute the letter x -For "is," substitute an equal sign -For "of," substitute a multiplication sign -Change percents to decimals or fractions and solve the equation Example: 18 is what percent of 90? 18 = x(90) --> 18/90 = x --> 1/5 = x --> 20% = x

Other applications of a percent

-Imagination begins at about 18 months old and is boundless during the preschool years -This is a period when children transform symbols into make-believe play -Pretending helps to build a child's imagination

Pretend or imaginative play (fantasy)

Take the place of nouns; note whether they should be in the subjective or objective case. X - We rewarded the workers whom, according to the manager, had done the most imaginative job. O - We rewarded the workers who, according to the manager, had done the most imaginative job.

Pronouns

-The mode of expression in a language; the characteristic manner of expression of an author. -Elements/techniques include diction, syntax, figurative language, imagery, selection of detail, sound effects, and tone.

Style

-Result from the earth's axis being tilted to its orbital plane, NOT the result of the variation in the earth's distance to the sun (Because of its elliptical orbit, the earth as a whole is slightly warmer when away from the sun; this is because the Northern Hemisphere has more land than the Southern Hemisphere, and land warms more readily than sea) -Axis tilt deviates by an angle of approximately 23.5 degrees -Thus, at any given time during summer or winter, one part of the planet is more directly exposed to the rays of the sun -This exposure alternates as the earth revolves in its orbit -At any given time, regardless of season, the Northern and Southern Hemispheres experience opposite seasons

Seasons

To find the square root of a number, you want to find some number that when multiplied by itself gives you the original number Perfect (whole number) square roots: √1 = 1 √4 = 2 √9 = 3 √16 = 4 √25 =5 √36 = 6 √49 = 7 √64 = 8 √81 = 9 √100 = 10

Square root

The numbers must be combined under the radical before any computation of square roots may be done Example: √(10 + 6) = √16 = 4 √(10 + 6) ≠ √10 + √6

Square root rules: addition and subtraction

-The sun and oceans can also affect the weather of land -If the sun heats ocean waters for a period of time, water can evaporate -Once evaporated into the air, the moisture can spread over nearby land, thus making it cooler

Sun and oceans' affect on weather

-Conquered Sumeria and established a new empire (2300-1750 B.C.) -The code of Hammurabi was the first universal written codification of laws in recorded history (c. 1750 B.C.) -Ahievements included a centralized government and advancements in algebra and geometry

The Babylonians

-c. A.D. 500-1000 -Dark Ages: A.D. 500-800 -The collapse of Rome and sweeping advances of Germanic and Viking raiders, Europe entered a time of chaotic political, economic, and urban decline -A struggle back toward stability

The Early Middle Ages

An Atlantic warm-water current that warms the East Coast in winter and is responsible for excellent fishing

The Gulf Stream

-The spectra of distant objects display a red shift, which is interpreted as meaning that they are rapidly receding from us -This apparent expansion of the universe has given rise to the big bang theory of cosmology, in which one primeval mass exploded about 12 billion years ago

The big bang theory of cosmology

-The disputed election of 1876 ended Radical Reconstruction with the election of Hayes -Compromise of 1877: Hayes was elected on the understanding that he would remove the last military troops from the Southern states -The "Redeemer" Democrats took over -Social justice for backs received a setback -Jim Crow Laws and Black Codes further restricted black rights -The national commitment to equal opportunity was delayed until the 1960s, when the civil rights and voting rights of African Americans were finally protected and enforced under new federal laws passed by the U.S. Congress

The end of Radical Reconstruction

-Political issue -The Missouri Compromise of 1820 limited the spread of slavery -The annexation of Texas (1845) added potential slave territory to the United States -The Mexican-American War (1846-48) was criticized as a pro-slavery, expansionist war

The expansion of slavery prior to the 1950s

Most of it is generally flat land: -The eastern half is called the interior lowlands -The western half is called the Great Plains

The interior

-June 21, 1788 -Was framed due to the need for a strong central government -The government under the Constitution solved many major problems ---A federal system was created that divided federal and state power ---Separation of powers and checks and balances were included to limit the power of the central government

The ratification of the Constitution

-Rocks are placed into groups according to how they form (sedimentary, igneous, metamorphic) -In the rock cycle, rocks change their shape and composition -The rock cycle is the process in which one type of rock changes into another

The rock cycle

-1812-1850 -Reached from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean -The rise of the new West created opportunities in transportation, education, politics, mining, and agriculture -Manifest Destiny encouraged U.S. expansion to the Pacific

The territorial expansion of the United States

-Mainly composed of three regions: desert, savanna, and tropical rainforest -The Sahara desert dominates the continent (covers most of northern Africa) -Trade and commerce were connected to the geographical potential of the area -Large populations flourished in the savanna and were primarily agrarian

The topography of Africa

-An effective speaker's tone varies naturally and appropriately according to the content. -His or her volume is clear and suitable for the audience and venue. -A good speaker modulates his/her volume at appropriate points in the delivery to engage the audience in the content.

Volume and tone of voice

-Four rivers (Nile, Congo, Niger, and Zambezi) were important to Africa's economic history -Egyptian civilization developed in the Nile Valley -Africa above the Sahara (Northern Africa) is often associated with Arab influence -The irregular coast line (no natural harbors) of the African continent restricted European exploration

Africa's geological diversity

-Eliminate the percent sign -Move the decimal point two places to the left (sometimes adding zeros will be necessary) Example: 5% = .05

Changing percents to decimals

-Divide the percent by 100 -Eliminate the percent sign -Reduce if necessary Example: 60% = 60/100 = 3/5

Changing percents to fractions

Society was based on a strict class division: clergy and nobility were the privileged class, peasants and artisans were the work force, and serfs were tied to the land

Characteristics of medieval civilization during the late Middle Ages: society

-A change of one substance into a different substance -Occurs whenever compounds are formed or decomposed -During this reaction, there is a rearrangement of atoms that makes or breaks chemical bonds -This change is usually not reversible, unlike physical changes Example: The formation of rust -Iron chemically reacts with air and water to form rust (ferrous oxide) and is unable to change back to iron

Chemical changes

-Composed of only one atom and cannot be separated into different substances except in some instances by radioactive decay or by nuclear reactions -Elements are assigned atomic numbers equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of their atoms -Each element has a different number of protons -The sum of the protons and neutrons gives an average atomic mass for the element

Chemical elements

-Time as a linear experience related to cause and effect -Most history is written in chronological order, but much theatre chooses to take liberties with the chronological presentation of facts -The earliest modification was to leave out long and unimportant passages of time in order to present scenes that capture the essence of the story in an episodic plot -Later developments include the flashback and the flash-forward

Chronological time

-The sum total of interacting living organisms and their non-living environment (the biotope) in an area -Run on energy captured from the sun by primary producers through photosynthesis -This energy then flows through the food chains to primary consumers (herbivores who eat and digest the plants), and on to secondary and tertiary consumers (either carnivores or omnivores) -Energy is lost as waste heat to living heat organisms when they use it to do work -Can be divided into terrestrial ecosystems, freshwater ecosystems, and marine ecosystems

Ecosystem

-The dependence on slavery and cotton created a unique Southern economy -The development of the "Cotton South" led to sectionalism

Geographic and economic factors that contributed to the growth of slavery

-The New England colonies were associated with shipbuilding and commerce -The middle colonies were associated with farming and commerce -The southern colonies were associated with tobacco, cotton, and slavery

Geographic diversity helped to create distinct economic regions of England's permanent colonies in North America

-A statement in which the relationships are not equal -Instead of using an equal sign (=) as in an equation, we use > (greater than) and < (less than), or ≥ (greater than or equal to) and ≤ (less than or equal to). -When working with inequalities, treat them exactly like equations, EXCEPT: If you multiply or divide both sides by a negative number, you must reverse the direction of the sign. Example: Solve for x: -7x > 14 Divide by -7 and reverse the sign x < -2

Inequality

-Self-responsibility -Goal-setting -Social interaction -Group interaction

Instructional programs that are effective in promoting a positive self-image

-Children are most concerned about the opinions of their peers -Children at this stage want to please and help others, while developing their own internal idea of what it means to be a good person

Level II: Conventional (10-13 years)

-Morality is judged in terms of abstract principles and not by existing rules that govern society -Moral and ethical choices rise above the laws of society, and individuals look within themselves for the answers rather than basing moral decisions on external sources of authority -Many people never enter into this level of moral development

Level III: Postconventional (13 years-adult)

-A piece of a line -Has two endpoints and is named by these two endpoints -The symbol — written on top of two letters is used to denote that line segment

Line segment

-Natural chemical compounds that are the crystals that make up rocks -Each mineral has a specific composition or narrow range of composition -The most abundant minerals in the crust are the two feldspars (orthoclase and plagioclase), quartz, olivine, and augite ---These five minerals are silicates, built from interlocking silicon and oxygen atoms

Minerals

-Rates minerals and puts them on a scale from 1 to 10 (1 is the softest and 10 is the hardest) determined by the ability of a harder mineral to scratch a softer mineral -Talc is at 1 and diamond is at 10

Mohs' scale of hardness

-Genghis Khan united nomadic peoples and conquered China -Kublai Khan became emperor of China -Marco Polo, the Italian explorer, opened the door to trade with China and described the Mongol Empire.

Mongul rule in China

-Effective speakers enunciate clearly and properly, using a natural pace that is governed by the syntax and content. -Words are never slurred or run together. -Good speakers do not use fillers such as um, ah, and like.

Pacing and clarity

-Designed to take a stand on an issue and convince the reader of the plausibility or correctness of that stand -Often employs an appeal to the reader's logic or ethics and uses strong and credible logic -Techniques include emphasizing benefits while ignoring drawbacks; creating a list of "for and against" points; using transitions such as "furthermore," "moreover," and "therefore"; making opposing viewpoints seem like minor problems; asking rhetorical questions; and ending with a positive and thought-provoking statement -Examples: arguments, biases, opinions, studies, counterclaims, and reasoning

Persuasive Writing

-Instrument playing aids in understanding the concepts of sound, pitch, rhythm, and so on -Playing instruments can be used to accompany and produce harmony -Students should have access to class instruction and, at a certain level, to playing in orchestras and ensembles

Playing instruments

-"Script" for short -A detailed, written description of a play intended to give the reader as clear a sense of the produced work as possible -When it is first written by a playwright, the playscript refers to an imagined production; later, the playscript may describe an actual production -In either case, the aim is to provide enough information so that a group of performers can mount a production of the play in question

Playscript

-Has only one endpoint and continues forever in one direction -Could be thought of as a half-line -Named by the letter of its endpoint and any other point on the ray -The symbol —> written on top of the two letters is used to denote that ray

Ray

-Third step of the writing process -Begin fine-tuning the wording of the draft and/or rearranging the ideas or paragraph -Think about changes that will make the writing more logical and forceful (i.e. move a paragraph to a different location, rewrite a topic sentence, add a new example, improve the essay through addition or deletion) -Perpose: to ensure that the ideas flow logically and that the writer's points are presented with clarity

Revising

To round off any number: -Underline the place value to which you're rounding off. -Look to the immediate right (one place) of your underlined place value. -Identify the number (the one to the right). If it is 5 or higher, round your underlined place value up 1. If the number (the one to the right) is 4 or les, leave your underlined place value as it is and change all the other number to its right to zeros. Example: Round to the nearest thousands 345,678 --> 346,000 928,499 --> 928,000 Example: Round to the nearest hundredth 3.4678 --> 3.47 298,435.083 --> 298,435.08

Rounding off

-The Phoenicians -The Lydians -The Israelites

Smaller civilizations of the Near East

-The management of language for a specific effect. -In a poem, the planned pacing of elements to acheive an effect. Example: the rhetorical strategy of most love poems is deployed to convince the loved one to return the speaker's love. By appealing to the loved one's sympathy ("If you don't return my love, my heart will break."), or by flattery ("How could I not love someone as beautiful as you?"), or by threat ("When you're old, you'll be sorry you refused me."), the lover attempts to persuade the loved one to love in return.

Strategy/Rhetorical strategy

-Created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries -The failure of the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) led to bloodshed over the expansion of slavery and raised the issue of popular sovereignty (in the pre-Civil War U.S., the doctrine that the inhabitants of a territory should be free from federal interference in determining their own domestic policy, esp. in deciding whether or not to allow slavery)

The Kansas-Nebraska Act

-Written in 1901 by Frank Norris -Described the far-reaching and destructive practices of the California railroad monopolies -Chronicles the domination of the railroad industries by the robber barons, who systematically destroyed, with unfair practices, small agricultural businesses -The Octopus had a direct effect on the California reform movement, which led to legislation that prohibited rebates and other unfair business practices

The Octopus: A California Story

-1200-400 B.C. -South-central Mexico -Developed one of the first civilizations in Mesoamerica -Developed an agricultural community -Developed the first calendar in America -Noted artwork in many media (jade, clay, basalt, and greenstone) -Monumental sculpture (colossal heads)

The Olmec

-509-27 B.C., started after Etruscan control was overthrown -Society was divided into the patricians (propertied class), plebians (main body of Roman citizens), and slaves -Government was based on consuls, the Senate, and the Centurial Assembly -Roman army became the most powerful military organization in the world

The Roman Republic

-Born from the ashes of the Federalist party -Opposed the Democratic Party's belief in states' rights and instead favored a strong national government

The Whig Party

-Had the most revolutionary impact on the economic development of the American West during the 19th century -Doomed the open cattle range, making it possible for thousands of homesteaders to fence off land to prevent roaming cattle from destroying crops -Its commercial practicality resulted in much open-range land being privately owned by 1890, encouraging the development of stock farming, centralization, and town building -Created by J.F. Glidden in 1874 -Some historians compare the importance of barbed wire in the West to that of the cotton gin in the South

The invention of barbed wire

-Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852 -Had the most profound effect on the national antislavery movement prior to the Civil War -Intensified both the anti-slavery debate and abolitionist attitudes in the United States -Portrayed vivid tales of the injustices and inhumanity of slavery -By the eve of the Civil War (1860), the book had a profound impact on turning public opinion against slavery and had sold over 2 million copies -Upon meeting Stowe, Lincoln allegedly proclaimed, "So you're the little woman who wrote the book that made this great war!"

Uncle Tom's Cabin

-Infants and children repeat sounds that are reinforced -Children can distinguish abstract rules for sentence structure

Habituation

-Student-adult reading -Choral/unison reading -Tape-assisted reading -Partner reading -Readers' theatre

Reading Aloud Exercises

-Through examination of words spelled correctly and incorrectly, a student's skills can be classified into developmental spelling stages -In this way, skills are examined that directly tie to reading -This assists in planning appropriate spelling and reading instruction.

Spelling Inventory (reading assessment)

-Students read larger units of print and use analogy to decode larger words -Decoding becomes fluent -Reading, accuracy and speed are stressed

The Fluent Reader: Developmental Expectation

-Non-systematic phonics instruction -Focus on whole-word or meaning-based activities -These programs pay only limited attention to letter-sound relationships and provide little or no instruction in how to blend letters to pronounce words

Basal Reading Programs

-Measures word recognition out of context -In general, proficient readers can read words in and out of context, and poor readers over-rely on context for decoding -This also assists the teacher in determining a level to start testing in oral reading inventories

High Frequency Word Recognition (reading assessment)

-Readers (especially younger readers) who visualize during reading understand and remember what they read better than readers who do not visualize -Help students by urging them to picture a setting, character, or event described in the text

Mental Imagery (text comprehension classroom activity)

A unit of meaning that cannot be divided into smaller elements, such as the word "book"

Morpheme

Words that we use in speaking or recognize in listening

Oral Vocabulary

-English spellings are too irregular for phonics instruction to really help children learn to read words -However, phonics instruction teaches children a system for remembering how to read words -Once children learn, for example, that "phone" is spelled this way rather than "foan," their memory helps them to read, spell, and recognize the word instantly and more accurately than they could read "foan" -The same process is true for all irregularly spelled words -Most of these words contain some regular letter-sound relationships that can help children remember how to read them -The alphabetic system is a mnemonic device that supports our memory for specific words

Criticisms of Phonics Instruction

Total words read - errors = words correct per minute 1. Select 2 or 3 brief passages from appropriate grade-level material (regardless of students' instructional levels). 2. Have individual students read each passage aloud for exactly 1 minute. 3. Count the total number of words the student read for each passage. Compute the average number of words read per minute. 4. Count the number of errors the student made on each passage. Compute the average number of errors per minute. 5. Subtract the average number of errors read per minute from the average total number of words read per minute. The result is the average number of words correct per minute (WCPM). 6. Repeat the procedure several times during the year. Graphing students' WCPM throughout the year easily captures their reading growth. 7. Compare the results with published norms/standards to determine whether students are making suitable progress in their fluency. Example: According to one published norm, students should be reading approx. 60 words per minute correctly by the end of 1st grade, 90 to 100 by the end of 2nd grade, and 114 by the end of 3rd grade.

How to Calculate Fluency

1. Teachers are good models of fluent reading. By listening, students learn how a reader's voice can help written text make sense. 2. Teachers should read aloud to students daily. 3. Teachers should help students practice orally rereading text that is reasonably easy for them (text containing mostly words they know or can decode easily). The texts should be at students' independent reading level and relatively short (probably 50-200 words) depending upon the age. 4. Teachers should assess to see if the text is at the students' independent reading level. Students should be able to read with about 95% accuracy (only 1 of every 20 words misread). If the text is more difficult, students will focus so much on word recognition that they will not have an opportunity to develop fluency. 5. Teachers use a variety of reading materials, including stories, nonfiction and poetry. Poetry is especially well suited to fluency practice because poems for children are often short and contain rhythm, rhyme, and meaning, making practice fun, easy and rewarding.

Implications of Teaching Fluency Instruction in the Classroom

-Graded passages that give an indication of the fluency with which a student is able to read -Also evaluated are accuracy, reading rate, reading level, and comprehension level

Oral Reading Inventory (reading assessment)

-Paired students take turns reading aloud to each other -More fluent readers can be paired with less fluent readers -Stronger reader reads a paragraph or page first, providing a model of fluent reading -Then the less fluent reader reads the same text aloud -Stronger student gives help with word recognition and provides feedback and encouragement to the less fluent partner -The less fluent partner rereads the passage until s/he can read it independently -Partner reading need not be done with a more and less fluent reader -Two readers of equal ability can practice rereading after hearing the teacher read the passage

Partner Reading (reading aloud exercise)

-A subcategory of phonological awareness -The ability to hear, identify, and manipulate the individual sounds (phonemes) in spoken words -The understanding that sounds work together to make words -The most important determinant toward becoming a successful reader -Before children learn to read print, they need to become aware of how the sounds in words work -The reason is that children who cannot hear and work with the phonemes of spoken words will have a difficult time learning how to relate these phonemes to the graphemes when they see them in written words

Phoneme Awareness/Phonemic Awareness

-The emergent reader -The beginning reader -The fluent reader -The remedial reader

Stages of Reading Development

-The student reads one-on-one with an adult (teacher, parent, classroom aide or tutor) -The adult reads the text first, providing the students with a model of fluent reading -Then the student reads the same passage to the adult with the adult providing assistance and encouragement -The student rereads the passage until the reading is quite fluent (should take approx. 3 to 4 readings)

Student-Adult Reading (reading aloud exercise)

-Requires students to determine what is important in what they are reading, to condense this information, and to put it into their own words -Instruction helps students identify or generate main ideas, connect the main or central ideas, eliminate redundant and unnecessary information, and remember what they read

Summarizing (text comprehension classroom activity)

-Monitoring comprehension -Using graphic and semantic organizers -Answering questions -Generating questions -Recognizing story structure -Summarizing -Making use of prior knowledge -Using mental imagery

Text Comprehension Classroom Activities

.875 = .87 1/2 = 87 1/2%

7/8 =

-Emphasizes the value of learning through observation -Stresses the importance of observing and modeling the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others to advance in learning -Children imitate behavior through socialization by learning gender roles, self-reinforcement, self-efficacy (belief in the ability to do things on their own), and other aspects of personality -Imitation and rehearsing are powerful tools for learning -In Bandura's "Bobo doll experiment," quiet, well-behaved preschool children observed an adult who repeatedly punched and knocked down an inflated doll ---Later, children imitated this aggressive behavior in the classroom ---According to Bandura, aggressive models encourage aggressiveness in children

Bandura's social learning theory

-California ceded by Mexico to the United States (Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo) -Military government established -Discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in 1848 ---"Rush" of 100,000 new immigrants -Deadlock in Washington over organizing California as a territory due to slavery debate -Californians held constitutional convention of their own ---Created an unofficial state government ---Slavery prohibited -California admitted to the Union as a free state via Compromise of 1850

California 1848-1850

-The development and communication of characters in formal or informal productions or improvisations -Acting techniques include physical and vocal warm-ups, pantomime and mime, improvisation, voice and diction exercises, theatre games, performance, monologues, and script reading -Sensory elements are movement, sound, and spectacle -Expressive qualities are mood, emotion, ideas, and dynamics

Acting

Established processes for amendment that required 3/4 approval of the states and 2/3 of each house of Congress

Amendments

(Mnemonic: Pupils should sit still, quit talking, because they can't learn.) -Proclamation Act -Sugar Act -Stamp Act -Stamp Act repealed; Declaratory Act passed -Quartering Act -Townshend Revenue Acts -Boston Massacre -Tea Act -Coercive Acts ("Intolerable Acts") -Lexington and Concord

America's deteriorating relationship with Britain

The decline of feudalism and manorialism was evident by the 12th century and complete by the 16th century

Characteristics of medieval civilization during the late Middle Ages: feudalism/manorialism

Philosophy (Scholasticism) dealt with the consistency of faith and reason

Characteristics of medieval civilization during the late Middle Ages: philosophy

The breakdown of rocks, soils and minerals through atmospheric chemicals or biologically produced chemicals (also known as biological weathering)

Chemical weathering

-Adults modify their speech to make it easier for children to learn language, including modifying sentence structure, repeating key words, and focusing on present objects -First words are spoken by 12 months and are usually familiar objects or persons -First sentences are spoken by 18 to 24 months and are usually two-word sentences (telegraphic speech)

Child-Directed Speech (CDS)/Motherese

Federalist (1789), Democratic (1824), Whig (1832), and Republican (1854)

Chronological order of political parties

-Athens and Sparta were the most important city-states in ancient Greece; both developed a unique culture and distinct political structure -Established the world's first democracy (c. 507 B.C.), developed democratic institutions -The Age of Pericles (460-429 B.C.) represented the zenith of Athenian society and the height of its democracy -Developed philosophy as represented by Sophocles and Socrates; the Socratic method of teaching developed during this period) -Became a world commercial center and cosmopolitan city -After defeating the Persians, conflict between Athens and Sparta dominated Greek politics

Athens

-The point at which the two axes intersect -Represented by the coordinates (0,0), often marked simply 0

Origin

Back thigh muscles

Hamstrings

-Effective speakers know when to use hand gestures and how to employ them appropriately to enhance their presentation. -Poor speakers keep their hands in their pockets, play with their hair, or fidget inappropriately.

Hand gestures

Symbol: H Protons: 1 Neutrons: 0 Mass: 1

Hydrogen

-Deliberate exaggeration for effect; overstatement. -Self-conscious, without the intention of being accepted literally. "The whole world's problems are on my shoulders."

Hyperbole

-The images, sensory details, and figurative language of a literary work; words or phrases that appeal to the senses. -The visual, auditory, or tactile images evoked by the words of a literary work and the images that figurative language evokes. "The siren in the night played a haunting tone."

Imagery

-Disease devastated native populations ---Smallpox, measles, typhus ---From Mexico, spread into the American southwest and southward toward the Andes ---From 1520-1620, 20 million dead ---Conquest aided by weakening of native forces -Aztecs conquered by Cortes in 1521 -Inca Empire conquered by Pizarro in 1513 -Mass transfer of wealth (gold and silver) from the Americas to Spain -End of political and economic independence—organized for labor within the Spanish economic system -Loss of native culture -Conversion to Christianity

Impact of Spanish Exploration and Conquest on Indigenous People of the Americas

Tensions of war and rising immigration affected race relations: -1942: Forced detention of thousands of Japanese and Japanese Americans ---Relocated from coastal areas to inland detention camps ---Constitutional and moral questions were raised ---The Japanese were forced to sell their homes and businesses on short notice at huge losses ---Manzanar, a World War II Relocation Center, became a national historic site in 1992 -1943: Zoot Suit Riots; Mexicans primary targets; African-Americans and Filipinos also victimized

Impact of World War II on California: Social

-A flat surface whose endpoints are at different heights, resulting in a slope -By moving an object up an inclined plane rather than completely vertically, the amount of force required is reduced, at the expense of increasing the distance the object must travel -Mechanical advantage of an inclined plane is the ratio of the length of the sloped surface to the height it spans -The inclined plane allows the same work to be done with a smaller force exerted over a greater distance Example: ramp

Inclined plane

-Children obey because adults tell them to obey -Children judge morality strictly on the basis of consequences (fear of being punished for bad actions, or expecting to be rewarded for good actions)

Level I: Preconventional (4-10 years)

-A rigid object that is used with an appropriate fulcrum or pivot point to multiply the mechanical force that can be applied to another object -Examples: wheelbarrow (the wheel works as the fulcrum), scissors (the fulcrum is where the blades cross)

Lever

A part of pas de deux in which one dancer is lifted off the ground by another

Lifts

-Endurance is the ability to sustain physical effort for long periods of time -Endurance helps children perform fitness activities without excessive fatigue

Concepts of physical fitness: Endurance

-Flexibility is the movement which joints and muscles move through a full range of motion -Being flexible helps the student to retain a full range of movement, prevent injury from fitness activities, and improve posture ---These are the reasons that stretching should be an integral part of daily warm-up activities

Concepts of physical fitness: Flexibility

-A conceptual tool that allows a child to recognize that when altering the appearance of an object, the basic properties do not change -A young child fails to master this task because the way things look influences how the child thinks -Based on Einstein's famous formula, E = mc², which states that mass and energy can be transformed from one to the other, but their total amount is fixed (conserved) so that it neither increases nor decreases -Piaget used this concept when referring to numbers, volumes, weights, and matter (concrete operations)

Conservation

Working with phonemes in words, including blending phonemes to make words, segmenting words into phonemes, deleting phonemes from words, adding phonemes to words, or substituting one phoneme for another to make a new word

Phoneme Manipulation

The understanding that there is a predictable relationship between phonemes and graphemes. Labels to describe these relationships: -Graphophonemic relationships -Letter-sound associations -Letter-sound correspondences -Sound-symbol correspondences -Sound-spellings

Phonics

-The rule system within a language by which phonemes are sequenced, patterned, and uttered to represent meanings -Also, the study of this rule system

Phonology

-A metabolic pathway that converts light energy into chemical energy -Plants use the energy in sunlight to convert carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, plus water, into simple sugars -These sugars are then used as building blocks and form the main structural component of the plant -Thus, plants absorb carbon dioxide and give off oxygen

Photosynthesis

Four quarters that the coordinate graph is divided into -In quadrant I, x is always positive and y is always positive -In quadrant II, x is always negative and y is always negative -In quadrant III, x is always negative and y is always negative -In quadrant IV, x is always positive and y is always negative

Quadrants

-The category of literature intended for the stage -Involves the reenactment of life situations for entertainment and human understanding ---In general usage, the perception that a series of real-life events have the kind of meaning commonly experienced in the theatre or films, as in "a dramatic rescue" or the "drama of a summit meeting" -Dramatic expression does not necessarily require a live-formal audience

Drama

-A conclusion is a summary and an explanation of the results of an experiment -Does the data support the hypothesis? If not, a new hypothesis can be formed -For example, the addition of salt lowers the freezing temperature of water, and the weight on the end of a pendulum has no effect on the time required to complete a cycle

Draw conclusion

-The Olmec -The Mayas -The Aztecs -The Incas

Early cultures in Mesoamerica

-Hit California in the 1870s; a cycle of boom and bust was begun -The depression was characterized by low wages, high unemployment, railroad abuses (unfair pricing and rebates), and the restriction of water rights by land monopolies -The collapse of the Bank of California in 1875 (and other financial institutions) further weakened the California economy -Ensuing periods of economic boom and bust then fueled California's long history of troubled relations with immigrants, regarded as unwanted competition during economic downturn

Economic depression

-Primarily governed by stochastic (chance) events, the reactions these events provoke on non-living material, and the responses by organisms to the conditions surrounding them -Thus, an ecosystem results from the sum of individual responses of organisms to stimuli from events in the environment -The presence or absence of populations merely depends on reproductive and dispersal success, and population levels fluctuate in response to stochastic events -If the number of species in an ecosystem is higher, then the number of stimuli is also higher

Ecosystem relationships

-Mathematician, physicist, and astronomer -The most influential scientist of the Enlightenment -Described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion, which dominated the scientific view of the physical universe for the next three centuries -Showed that the motions of objects on Earth and of celestial bodies are governed by the same set of natural laws, by demonstrating the consistency between Kepler's laws of planetary motion and his theory of gravitation; thus removing the last doubts about heliocentrism and advancing the Scientific Revolution

Isaac Newton

1. Teachers must be responsive to the varying individual differences among uniquely different children 2. According to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), all children with disabilities are guaranteed a free, appropriate public education. An individualized education plan (IEP) can be designed for children with LD. According to the IDEA, children should be educated in the least restrictive environment. Many children integrate in a regular-classroom setting, inclusion program, but there are some children with LD who meet part time in a regular classroom and part time in a special education classroom, mainstream program 3. Since many children with LD have difficulty processing information, teachers should consider using methods of instruction that communicate to all parts of the child's sense. This helps the brain make mental pictures (e.g., physical movement, visualization tools, music, dance, etc.) 4. Guidelines for teachers to help children with learning disabilities

Educational implications for children with LDs

-Plural: mitochondria -A membrane-enclosed organelle found in most eukaryotic cells -Sometimes described as cellular power plants because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy -In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in a range of other processes, such as signaling, cellular differentiation, and cell death, as well as the control of the cell cycle and cell growth

Mitochondrion

-Dissatisfaction with church ritual and Latin overtones -Humanism emphasized man's needs and concerns -The printing press allowed mass communication (Luther's 95 Theses were translated, widely copied, distributed throughout Europe) -Luther's excommunication

Reasons for the Reformation

-Its geographic proximity to the Arabs, Slavs, and Seljuk Turks, all of whom were becoming more powerful -The loss of commercial dominance of the Italians -Religious controversy with the West and a subsequent split with the Roman Catholic Church -The sack of Constantinople during the fourth Crusade

Reasons for the decline of the Byzantine Empire

-A good speaker establishes this with the audience in a manner that is engaging and appropriate. -A good speaker avoids looking down, looking over the heads of the audience, or addressing just one member or one section of the audience.

Eye contact

A recurring group of notes, such as the four notes played at the beginning of (and restated throughout) Beethoven's Fifth Symphony

Motif

-A constant change in the location of a body -Described by stating an object's position, velocity and acceleration

Motion

-Often associated with being part of a family -As in human families, the instruments are related to each other -Instruments within a family are often manufactured from the same types of materials -They also usually have a similar appearance and comparable sound qualities -Usually classified into 6 broad categories: string, woodwind, brass, percussion, keyboard, and electronic -Of these, symphony orchestras traditionally have 4 categories: string, woodwind, brass, and percussion

Musical instruments

-Richard Nixon: 36th president, born in Yorba Linda, California (only native Californian to become pres) -Ronald Reagan: 40th president, born in Illinois, lived in California for many years -Herbert Hoover: 31st president, born in Iowa, lived in California for many years -Earl Warren: Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, 30th governor of California, born in Los Angeles, California

National leaders from California

Line falls as it goes to the right

Negative slope

-Releases energy when a heavy nucleus splits into smaller fragments -Used in power plants and atomic bombs

Nuclear fission

-Opposite process of nuclear fission -Yields energy when very light nuclei unite to a heavier nucleus -Stars (including the sun) derive their energy from nuclear fusion

Nuclear fusion

-Rebirth of Greco-Roman classical forms; development of cities (Florence, Venice, etc.); art patronage: church or court/private collectors (Medicis); Humanism (individuality and self-worth); sculpture ("David"—life from marble); art and architecture (Sistine Chapel—perspective; anatomy; emotion; oil painting techniques) -Art influenced by religion (pyramidal structure); Raphael—unity of subject, style, and technique ("Madonna and Child"); Humanism; depictions of the natural world; study of light and perspective; complex and crowded space -New technology: printing press; use of oils—lasting (egg tempera used previously); landscapes -Drawings: Michelangelo's studies -Influence of Northern Europe/Flemish: surface details; realistic light; religious; portraits

Renaissance (1400-1600)

-Schemes are the way children mentally represent and organize the world -Children form mental representations of perceptions, ideas, or actions to help them understand experiences -Schemes can be very specific, or they can be elaborate Example: While sitting in a highchair, an infant repeatedly drops a plastic cup onto the floor while thinking, "If I drop my cup, someone will pick it up." This action helps the infant understand that this schema has a cause-and-effect relationship.

Schemes/Schemas

-Composed of the fragments of other types of rocks -Often deposited in distinct parallel layers -Weather and erosion break down other rock types into sediments -Over time, the sediments become cemented and compacted and form into sedimentary rocks -The processes that form sedimentary rock occur at the surface of the earth and within bodies of water -Cover 75 to 80% of the earth's land area -Classified by the source of their sediments -Conglomerates are sedimentary rocks containing large fragments of other rock material -Sandstone is another example -Texture is important in classifying clastic sedimentary rocks -Chemical sedimentary rocks form when dissolved mineral solutions crystalize out of lakes and oceans -Rock salt (formed by sodium chloride) and limestone (formed from calcium carbonate) are examples of chemical sedimentary rocks -Limestone can contain organic or once-living matter and can record the history of that matter's formation in features such as strata, fossil evidence, and ripple marks

Sedimentary rocks

First change all the denominators to their least common multiple (LCM), which in fractions is known as the least common denominator (LCD). This value is the least positive value that all the denominators will divide into without a remainder. Example: 5/24 + 7/36 = ? Multiples of 24: 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144 Multiples of 36: 36, 72, 108, 144, 180, 216 LCM = 72 5/24 + 7/36 = 15/72 + 14/72 Now that the denominators are the same, add the numerators and keep the denominator. 29/72

Adding fractions

The additive inverse of a number (also known as the opposite of the number) is a value that, when added to any number, equals 0. Any number added to its additive inverse equals 0. The additive inverse of a = -a For any number a, a + (-a) = 0 Example: 7 + (-7) = 0

Additive inverse

Any angles that share a common side and a common vertex In the diagram, ∠1 and ∠2 are adjacent angles.

Adjacent angles

-Made up of several tiny parts -At the center of an atom is a core called the nucleus -The nucleus is made up of particles called protons and neutrons -Protons have a positive electrical charge, and neutrons have no charge -Electrons move around the nucleus in electron clouds -Electrons have a negative charge, and they are attracted to the positively charged protons in the nucleus -This attraction keeps the electrons in orbit around the nucleus

Atoms

-Characterized as a power struggle between the north and south and between rural and urban areas ---Much of the economic growth focused on Southern California driving a wedge between established political elites in the northern half and new power brokers in the southern half

California politics

Drastic changes in topography across the state: rugged mountain peaks, fertile valleys, dense forests, ocean boundaries, and extensive deserts

California topography

Meaningful unit combined with roots or stems to form new words with new meanings, with the potential to change the part of speech (e.g. "-ish" added to the noun "boy" results in an adjective "boyish")

Derivational morpheme

-The vertical lines in American Gothic (1930), by Grant Wood, extend upward toward the sky or toward the heavens -Notice the vertical lines in the pitch fork -This painting was a chronicle of history of mid-western moral values during the Great Depression -These rigid, upright characters were a symbol of the bond between God and hard work -Notice the horizontal church roof, a "house of God," and the farmer holding a pitch fork -The horizontal lines on the roof are symbolic of the inseparable stability that the church and God can provide during difficult socioeconomic times

Example of line: American Gothic

-A mode of writing in which the purpose is to inform, explain, clarify, describe, or define a subject to the reader -Meant to "expose" information -Maintains focus on its topic and provides facts to inform its reader -Should be unbiased and accurate and use a scholarly third-person tone -Examples can be found in magazine and newspaper articles, nonfiction books, travel brochures, business reports, memorandums, professional journals, oral presentations, encyclopedia articles, research essays, business letters, and many other types of informative writing

Expository Writing

Federalists: -"Loose Construction" -Authority to do whatever is "necessary and proper" according to the Constitution -Centralized authority in the national government Democratic-Republicans: -"Strict Construction: -Avoid tyranny by exercising only those powers expressly stated in the Constitution -Decentralized authority to the states

Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans: Constitutional Powers

-Primitive plant group -Lack true roots, stems and leaves -Include molds, yeasts, and mushrooms -Lack chlorophyll and thus are incapable of manufacturing food, so they are either parasites or saprophytes

Fungi

-In eastern India -Sacred to Indians but was not the geographical river area that led to the development of Indian civilization -Associated with the rise of the Mauryan Empire in 322 B.C.

Ganges River

-1863 -Union commander: Gen. George Meade -Confederate commander: Gen. Robert E. Lee -Lee launched a second invasion of the North; Meade refused to pursue Lee, and the war continued -Lincoln delivered his Gettysburg Address -Victory at Gettysburg made Northern victory inevitable

Gettysburg

-Illustrate concepts and interrelationships among concepts in a text, using diagrams or other pictorial devices -Known by different names, such as maps, webs, graphs, charts, frames, or clusters

Graphic Organizers (text comprehension classroom activity)

-The center of the human body can be associated with the "center of gravity: -It is the point around which the mass of the body is equally distributed -The body has a balanced base of support and is affected by height, position, and changing movements -During movement and exercise activities, the body adjusts to maintain its stability

Gravity

-Implement strategies for teaching specific words -Provide repeated exposure to words -Use word parts -Use context clues -Use dictionaries and other reference aids

Implications of Teaching Vocabulary Instruction in the Classroom

-Muslims controlled India for centuries -Muslim invaders came into India in the 11th and 12th centuries and created kingdoms in the north -The Delhi Sultanate was the most powerful (1206-1526)

India under Muslim rule

Involves the objective, purpose, theme, or basic idea of a work of drama

Interpreting theatre: Intent

Any value that exists but is not rational Examples: π: The decimal name for pi starts out 3.14159265... The decimal name for pi does not terminate nor does it have a repeating pattern √2: The decimal name for the square root of 2 starts out 1.414... The decimal name for the square root of 2 does not terminate nor does it have a repeating pattern

Irrational numbers

-Children make errors in their thinking because they cannot understand that an operation moves in more than one direction -They cannot understand that the original state can be recovered (preoperational) Example: If Emma plays with a ball of clay, she believes that they clay must always be in this same form to remain the same amount. When a classmate plays with the clay and gives it back as a long, narrow piece, Emma thinks she's getting back less. -The opposite of irreversibility is reversibility, which is the ability of children to mentally return to a situation or operation just like it was in the beginning

Irreversibility

-Has two of its sides equal in length -The angles opposite the equal sides in an isosceles triangle have equal measure

Isosceles triangle

A versatile prewriting method that can take many forms, such as listing, free-writing, mapping, charting, bulleting, and so forth.

Note taking

Tests phonics skills that are needed in reading

Phonics Test (reading assessment)

Line rises as it goes to the right

Positive slope

-The fetus is vulnerable to environmental agents that can cause abnormalities known as teratogens -Teratogens prevent or modify cell division so the potential danger to the embryo is the greatest during the embryonic stage (2-8 weeks) when the infant's body parts and major organs are forming -Common teratogens to avoid: ---Alcohol, which can cause mental retardation from fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), low birth weight, and unusual facial characteristics ---Nicotine, which can cause miscarriage, low birth weight, and poor respiratory functioning ---Drugs, which can cause birth defects, premature births, low birth weight, neurological disturbances, high startle rate, learning disabilities, and slowed motor development -Other considerations in the development of the fetus: ---Mother's age (older women and adolescent women are at risk for birth complications) ---Mother's nutritional care during pregnancy

Prenatal influences

SA = (Base-per)h + 2(Base-area) V = (Base-area)h

Prisms in general

-The analysis and study of meanings of words, phrases, and sentences -This is useful as a strategy in decoding to analyze the word that "sounds" correct in a sentence.

Semantics

Separates elements of equal power of meaning: two or more words, phrases or sentences. It should never separate a main clause from a subordinate clause or a word or phrase from a clause. -Used to separate main clauses when the separation is not done by a coordinating conjunction. ---Ask Joe for the book; he still has it. -Used to separate items in a series when there are commas within the items. ---Nora's dress was red, blue, and green; Lucy's was lilac and white; and Helen's was black, turquoise, and white.

Semicolon

-The Constitution distributes power so that it is shared and that no one branch of government can become all powerful -By having three distinct branches of government with specific powers, the possibility of abuse of power is reduced -This structure also encourages broad deliberation before legislation is passed

Separation of Powers

The results of taking integers and raising them to the 2nd power (squaring them) The first seven positive square numbers are 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, and 49 Examples: (-3)² = 9; therefore, 9 is a square number (0)² = 0; therefore, 0 is a square number, but it is not a positive square number

Square numbers

-A mechanical device that changes the direction or magnitude of a force -The simplest mechanisms that use mechanical advantage to multiply force -Uses a single applied force to do work against a single load force -Ignoring friction losses, the work done on the load is equal to the work done by the applied force -Simple machines can be used to increase the amount of the output force, at the cost of a proportional decrease in the distance moved by the load -Allow the individual to obtain a mechanical advantage

Simple machine

Based on what can be observed and learned through experience in the child's environment Learning behavior theories: -Ivan Pavlov's and John Watson's classical conditioning -B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning Social theories in understanding child development: -Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory -Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural cognitive theory -Albert Bandura's social learning theory

Social development

-Students learn to be empathetic toward others as they respect individual differences -This respect involves including others in activities and motivating others to achieve success

Social interaction

The study of shapes and figures in three dimensions

Solid geometry

-Results when electrical charges buildup or increase on the surface of a material -In static electricity, there is no current flowing as would be found in electrical outlets -When certain materials are rubbed together, electrons can move from one object to the other -A material can become negatively or positively charged if electrons in the material are gained or lost Examples: -The spark a person might get by walking across a wool rug and then touching a metal doorknob -Rubbing a balloon against your hair or against a wool sweater. Rubbing the objects together can result in the balloon becoming negatively charged and your hair becomes positively charged. Since opposite charges attract, the balloon will cling to your hair. -Lightning

Static electricity

-People who are intelligent possess a high level of common sense and have the ability to succeed according to their personal definition of success, within the limits of their culture and society -They adapt their weaknesses and get the most out of their strengths 1. Analytical (componential): Essentially measures the same elements that are measured by traditional intelligence tests, such as memory, critical thinking, and problem solving 2. Creative (experiential): Consists of the ability to create, design, imagine, or invent. A child who scores high in this area is insightful and creative. This child usually does not relate well to the academic demands of school 3. Practical (contextual): A component that focuses on the ability to use, apply, implement, and put something into practice. A child who scores high in this area is typically "street smart." This child does not usually work well with the demands from school

Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

-Lineage was traced on the paternal side -Native tobacco and jimsonweed were widely used in ceremonial activities -Sweathouses were used (by men only) -The groups' religions were similar in myths, creation stories, shamanism, and the influence of nature -Ceremonies dealt with birth, death, puberty, marriage, hunting, and so on -Fables dealth with animals and other natural phenomena of the region (coyote, raven, bear, snake, thunder, and so on) -Roles were sex differentiated: the men hunted and fished, and the women gathered food and materials and killed small game -The oral story tradition was used by all California Indians

The shared heritage of the various tribes

.7 = .70 = 70%

7/10 =

Add or subtract the like terms in the polynomials together Example: (3x² - 7x + 12) + (5x² + 9x - 19) = ? (3x² - 7x + 12) + 5x² + 9x - 19 3x² + 5x² - 7x + 9x + 12 - 19 (3 + 5)x² + (-7 + 9)x + (12 - 19) 8x² - 2x - 7

Adding and subtracting polynomials

-The Japanese were ineligible for citizenship (national law), they could not own land (the California Alien Land Act), and more restrictive federal legislation was passed against them in 1913 and 1924 -The U.S. Supreme Court upheld anti-Japanese legislation

Anti-Japanese agitation continued

-Eye contact -Volume and tone of voice -Pacing and clarity -Hand gestures -Posture

Conventions of effective speech presentation

One tidal cycle per day

Diurnal

-The first and most important element in rising action -As soon as conflict has been established, the next question must be, "How will this turn out?" -The dramatic question then raises the issue of which the conflicting parties will prevail and, in doing so, begins to develop suspense

Dramatic question

1. Teachers should appeal to a balanced combination of all intelligences 2. Teachers can develop programs to instruct students using multiple domains to help students feel socially valued 3. Teachers should develop a student's learning portfolio based upon the individual intellectual strengths of each student, including assessments that take into account the diversity of intelligences 4. Teachers should offer a variety of assessment types to allow students to show their strengths and evaluate their weaknesses

Educational implications of intelligence

1. Teachers can better recognize developmental themes as they appear in the classroom with a greater appreciation of the child's limited strengths and weaknesses (i.e., children who demonstrate an inability to express feelings, inability to trust others, or lack feelings of autonomy) 2. In understanding age-specific psychosocial tasks, the teacher can better develop curriculum related to specific grade levels 3. Teachers can recognize developmental deprivations in order to provide instruction that might better fit the child's mental capability 4. Teachers can use social and emotional development models to identify age-appropriate behaviors, activities, and materials

Educational implications of psychosocial stages of development

-The relationship of all the parts of plays of a certain type considered apart from any single example of that type, as in the form of farce and the form of the well-made play -What emerges is a model or ideal of a theatrical experience that can be used to describe specific examples

Form

-A scientific question is one that can be answered on the basis of evidence and that can be measured -The question often asks, "What effect will something have — what if — and how ...?" -Examples: Why is the sky blue? What effect does salt have on the freezing temperature of water? Why does water stay in a straw when a finger is pressed over on end of the straw?

Form a question (state the problem)

-Transition of heat through a medium -From a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature -Heat energy is transferred from one material to another by direct contact -Metals are good conductors of heat Example: If a cup of coffee is stirred with a metal spoon, the spoon will quickly get hot through conduction. The molecules in the hot coffee make the atoms in the spoon vibrate quickly.

Heat conduction/Thermal conduction

Strategies for teachers to help students improve reading comprehension (first 4 are primary strategies): -ask questions about the text they are reading -ask students to summarize parts of the text -help students clarify words and sentences they don't understand -ask students to predict what might occur next in the text -talk about the content -model, or "think aloud," about their own thinking and understanding -lead students in a discussion about text meaning -help students relate the content of their reading to their life experiences and to other texts they have read

Implications of Teaching Reading Comprehension in the Classroom

Two organisms, a fungus and an alga, living together symbiotically

Lichens

-Newton's laws of motion apply to all movement -In biomechanics, the awareness of body movements can be associated with force, acceleration, and velocity as they relate to maximum effort -The force of the energy in the body causes change in physical motion

Motion

For every action (applied force), there is an equal and opposite reaction

Newton's third law of motion

The difference between the maximum and minimum scores Example: 2, 2, 3, 5, 2, 6, 2, 6, 7, 9, 11 11 - 2 Range = 9

Range

-Have very simple anatomical features -In amphibians, even the skin plays a vital role in gas exchange

Respiratory system in other animals

-The succession of notes arranged in an ascending order -7 of the 12 pitches (tones) that create an octave in western music are named after the first 7 letters of the alphabet: A, B, C, D, E, F, and G -This sequence repeats itself over and over

Scale

-Takes place when the moon passes between the earth and the sun, with the moon blocking the sunlight for about two minutes -A total eclipse of the sun may be seen only from a small zone on the earth

Solar eclipse

South: -Doctrine of nullification; states could nullify federal laws North: -Rejected nullification; Constitution made federal government supreme

States Rights' vs. Federal Authority

-Began with the death of Alexander the Great -323-30 B.C. -Fusion of Greek and Eastern cultures -A time of great economic growth and expansion; an increase in international trade and commerce -Rise of cities; Rhodes, Alexandria, and Antioch replaced Athens in commercial importance -An end to the Greek city-state system as a major political entity

The Hellenistic Age

-Composed of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves that extend throughout the body -Functional unit of the nervous system is the neuron

The nervous system

-1785 -Meant that factories were no longer dependent on water sources for power

Watt steam engine

-Common: wind, clouds, rain, snow, fog, dust storms -Less common: natural disasters such as tornadoes, hurricanes, and ice storms -Almost all familiar weather phenomena occur in the troposhere (the lower part of the atmosphere) -Weather does occur in the stratosphere and can affect weather lower down in the troposhere

Weather phenomena on earth

-In physics and engineering, weight means the strength of the gravitational pull on the object (how heavy it is, measured in newtons) -In everyday situations, the weight of an object is proportional to its mass, which usually makes it acceptable to use the same word for both concepts

Weight

-The eggs hatch and life continues as tadpoles -They lack lungs, eyelids, and front and hind legs -Tadpoles are typically herbivorous, feeding mostly on algae

Frog life cycle: tadpole

-Take on the shape of their containers, yet cannot be compressed to any significant extent -The volume of a liquid is constant unless evaporation is occurring -Liquids when chilled sufficiently, while heat causes liquids to vaporize -The liquid state is intermediate between the solid and gaseous states with regard to molecular motion and attractive forces between molecules Examples: water, oil, milk, honey

Liquids

-In Elizabethan theatre, the portion of the theatre immediately in front of the stage -This area was occupied by patrons who had paid the lowest admission fee and were willing to stand for the duration of the production -Over time, this area was filled, first with benches and later with chairs -Today it is called the orchestra

Pit

The pitch of a sound depends on how fast the particles of a medium vibrate

Pitch

-Students read along in their books as they hear a fluent reader read the book on an audiotape -You need a book at the student's independent reading level and a tape recording of the book read by a fluent reader at about 80 to 100 words per minute -The tape should not have sound effects or music -1st reading: student should follow along with the tape, pointing to each word in his/her book as the reader reads it -Next: student should try to read aloud along with the tape -Reading along with the tape should continue until the student is able to read the book independently, without the support of the tape

Tape-Assisted Reading (reading aloud exercise)

-As in music, the opposite of allegro; a slower tempo -Adagio is also a set of practice exercises in class consisting of extensions and balances

Adagio

-Crossed the Bering Strait land bridge at the end of the Pleistocene Period (the last Ice Age), 20,000-30,000 years ago -Migrated southward from Alaska and populated North and South America -Entered California approx. 15,000 years ago (evidence from the early-man archaeological site at Calico could push the date back to 50,000 years ago)

First humans to enter North America

-Two or more tones played simultaneously that support the melody and give music texture or mood -A group of notes that are played behind the melody -For example, when you play several different notes at the same time on a piano, you are using harmony -You can change how music sounds by changing the harmony

Harmony

-Considered one of the world's major religions and has influenced religious, political, and social thought for over 4,000 years -Originated in the Indus River Valley of India and primarily spread to and throughout southeast Asia -Four key beliefs: --That each person is born into a caste or social group --Reincarnation: after death all people will be reborn in either human or animal form; nothing truly dies and the spirit in death passes from one living thing to another --The cow is considered sacred --A belief in polytheism (multiple deities): the three main gods are Brahma, the Creator; Vishnu, the Preserver; and Shiva, the Destroyer

Hinduism

-Egypt: movement associated with gods/funerals -Greece: in theatre chorus; also the festival of Dionysus -Rome: pantomime/dance expression -India: formalized hand movements (e.g., Hindu dance, the oldest world dance) -Java: elaborate costumes, balance and moderation, and traditional dance -China: ceremonial dance with each character having specific hand movement, and martial (war) dancing -Japan: Kabuki (traced to primitive rituals; it involves stomping, elaborate costumes, is male only, and is still current)

Historic evolution (use of dance movement)

-A period of transition between ancient and modern Europe -Unique with a distinctive culture; out of feudal customs and traditions that included Greek and Roman classical culture, influences from the Arab world and the East, and tenets of Judeo-Christian belief, evolved a modern Europe and the foundations of Western civilization emerged

Historical interpretations of the Middle Ages

Allows an individual to maintain a stable internal environment, regardless of changes in the external environment Examples: -A person's body temperature remains at 37°C (98.6°F) even if the air outside is much cooler -Perspiration on a hot day is another example of your body maintaining homeostasis -Stress is a key factor in triggering body changes that protect the individual; for example, blood to the brain increases, heart rate increases, sweating increases, and the digestive system slows. After the stressful situation subsides, the body returns to a normal metabolic state

Homeostasis

-Formulating a specific hypothesis from any given general theory (formal operations) -This is the ability to form ideas about "what might be" -This is done by mentally forming a logical and systematic plan to work out the right solution after considering all the possible consequences Example: Tommy makes a general observation that short students are not selected for the school basketball team. Since Tommy is short, he deduces that he will not be selected.

Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning

...-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3... all the whole numbers together with their opposites

Integers

-An English philosopher -Believed that people made a contract with their government to protect natural writes -Wrote about the inalienable writes to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness -His political ideas had a dramatic impact on the development of democratic political thought in the late 18th century; influenced both the United States "Declaration of Independence" (1776) and the French "Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen" (1789) -Stood in direct contrast to absolutism, the prevailing doctrine of the time

John Locke

-Asks many why questions ("How many stars are in the sky?") -The child can understand metaphor ("Don't be a quacking duck") and can use 4- to 5- word declarative sentences ("I am not sleepy"), interrogative sentences ("Why can't I go?") and imperative sentences ("Turn off the TV!") -The child uses conjunctions, prepositions, and articles regularly, and understands syntax -The child makes errors in over-regularizations of transitive or intransitive verbs ("She singed a song") -At age 6, the average vocabulary is 2,500 words, but the child speaks about 8,000 to 14,000 words -Speech is more adult-like

Language development milestones: (5-7 years)

-Early vocalizations are spontaneous sounds of cooing (vowels) or crying -Then babbling sounds (phonemes) begin with sounds more like patterned speech with consonant-vowel strings ("da-da-da-da")

Language development milestones: Infant (0-12 months)

-First sentences (two words) are spoken -The toddler can understand grammatical relationships, but cannot yet express them -The toddler uses articles (the, a), prepositions (on, in), conjunctions (and, but) and the verb "to be" (am, are, is) -Word errors include underextending word meanings

Language development milestones: Toddler (18-24 months)

-Type of folk tale -Narratives that often include creation stories and explain tribal beginnings -May incorporate supernatural beings or quasi-historical figures (e.g. King Arthur, Lady Godiva) -Told and retold as if they are based on facts; always set in a specific place and time

Legends

kilometer (km) = 1,000 meters hectometer (hm) = 100 meters decameter (dam) = 10 meters meter (m) = 1 meter decimeter (dm) = 0.1 meter centimeter (cm) = 0.01 meter millimeter (mm) = 0.001 meter

Length (metric system)

-Organic molecules -Cells -Organs -Individuals -Species -Communities

Levels of life

-An equation whose points, when connected, form a line -Can be written in the form, "y = mx + b" Example: Rewriting 2x + y = 6 in the "y = mx + b" form, you get y = -2x + 6

Linear equation

-Jumping creates activity-specific muscle strength and agility -Jumping requires the body to leap with both feet and to land with both feet ---Arms can be used to create an upward momentum and then to create a downward motion that helps balance the landing ---Knees bend at the landing to act as shock absorbers ---The order of impact is usually the balls of the feet followed by heels ---Ask children to "jump and touch the ceiling" -Jumping incorporated into primary-grade activities helps children create patterns (e.g. jumping like a kangaroo, a frog, and a rabbit) -Jumping incorporated into upper-level grades can be used in combination with sports and athletic activities (e.g. warm-up activities, gymnastics, basketball, etc.)

Locomotor skills: Jumping

The degrees east or west of the prime meridian through Greenwich, England

Longitude

A segment that goes from one vertex of a triangle to the midpoint of the opposite side In △ABC, segment BD is a median from vertex B. Point D is the midpoint of segment AC, and so AD = CD.

Median

-Theatre buildings were not permitted; minstrels, traveling groups, and jugglers from Greek-Roman period; open stage areas -Church/liturgical dramas: written in Latin/Bible stories; intended to educate regarding religious events, not to entertain -Dramatic form to illustrate religious holidays to an illiterate populace; "Everyman"; allegory -Genres: Passion play, miracle play, and morality play with themes of religious loyalty -Theatre groups evolved into town guilds

Medieval Theatre (500-1300)

-Historical themes: spread of Christianity, development in Europe; the Crusades; the rise of universities; the influence of Islam; this was the longest period -Music styles/elements: ---The Church dominated society for most of the era (900 years); sacred music was the most prevalent (liturgical); Gregorian chant, named after Pope Gregory I, was a melody set to sacred Latin texts. This monophonic style music (one melodic line and no accompaniment) was the official music of the Roman Catholic church ---Musical notation originally consisted of just the pitch of the notes; notated rhythm was added at the end of the 12th century ---Polyphonic style (two or more melodic lines) appeared at the end of the 12th century, as did notation (system of writing music) and the chromatic scale (octaves of 12 notes) ---Most composers were anonymous ---Secular song developed by the end of the 12th century; popular songs were not bound by the traditions of the Church, and were performed by troubadours

Middle Ages/Medieval (500-1400)

-A land form that stretches above the surrounding land in a limited area, with a peak -Usually produced by the movement of lithospheric plates -The compressional forces, isostatic uplift, and intrusion of igneous matter forces surface rock upward, creating a land form higher than the surrounding features -The height of the feature makes it either a hill or, if higher and steeper, a mountain ---A mountain is generally steeper than a hill, but there is no universally accepted standard definition for the height of a mountain or a hill, although a mountain usually has an identifiable summit -The major mountains tend to occur in long linear arcs, indicating tectonic plate boundaries and activity -Two types of mountains are formed, depending on how the rock reacts to the tectonic forces: block mountains or fold mountains -Some isolated mountains were produced by volcanoes, including many apparently small islands that reach a great height above the ocean floor

Mountain

A large section of a lengthy composition

Movement

Change to an improper fraction and multiply; then change the answer, if in improper form, back to a mixed number and reduce if necessary. Example: 3 1/3 x 2 1/4 = 10/3 x 9/4 = 90/12 = 7 6/12 = 7 1/2`

Multiplying mixed numbers

Use the distributive property Example: (3x +5)(2x - 7) First distribute the 3x over the (2x - 7), and then distribute the +5 over the (2x - 7) 3x(2x - 7) + 5(2x - 7) 6x² - 21x + 10x - 35 6x² - 11x - 35 This also means that 6x² - 11x - 35 = (3x + 5)(2x - 7)

Multiplying monomials with polynomials and polynomials with polynomials

-The product or quotient of two numbers with the same sign will produce a positive answer -The product or quotient of two numbers with the opposite signs will produce a negative answer Example: (-3)(8)(-5)(-1)(-2) = 240

Multiplying or dividing signed numbers

The organization of sound in time Basic properties and elements that distinguish music from other sounds: -Dynamics -Harmony -Pitch -Rhythm -Tempo -Tone -Timbre

Music

-The language system of writing music so the reader can see what is being communicated -Similar to using written words to communicate thoughts and ideas Elements: -Staff -Clef -Measure and bar lines -Note values -Time signature/meter -Scale

Music notation

-Students should compare their listening and playing exercises -Students should be encouraged to verbalize their musical analysis

Musical analysis

-Evoke events of a time long past -Generally concern the adventures and misadventures of gods, giants, heroes, nymphs, satyrs, and larger-than-life villains, all entities that reside outside of ordinary human existence yet are entwined in our collective consciousness -Set in a time altogether different from our human, historical timeline and often occur at the beginning of creation or in some timeless past age -Usually related to a culture's religious beliefs and rituals -Sacred narrative in the sense that it holds religious or spiritual significance for those who tell it, and it contributes to and expresses their system of core thoughts and values

Myths

-Based on culture, imagination, literature, and personal life experiences -Can apply to theatre, film, television, or electronic media -Classroom activities can include reading and analyzing scripts, outlining dramatic structure, and working together in groups to plan scenarios

Scriptwriting

-Seasons are marked by changes in the amount of sunlight, which in turn often cause cycles of dormancy in plants and hibernation in animals -These effects vary with latitude and with proximity to bodies of water -For example, the South Pole is in the middle of the continent of Antarctica and is therefore a considerable distance from the moderating influence of the southern oceans -The North Pole is in the Arctic Ocean, and thus its temperature extremes are buffered by the water -The result is that the South Pole is consistently colder during the southern winter than the North Pole during the northern winter -The cycle of seasons in the polar and temperate zones of one hemisphere is opposite to that in the other; when it is summer in the Northern Hemisphere, it is winter in the Southern Hemisphere, and vice versa

Seasons in the temperate and polar regions

-Two high waters and two low waters each day -In most locations, tides are semidiurnal

Semidiurnal

-4 terrestrials: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Earth -4 gas giants: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune -At least 5 dwarf planets: Ceres, Pluto, Makemake, Haumea, Eris

Solar System

-A speech in which a character who is alone speaks his or her thoughts aloud (Hamlet's "To be, or not to be" and "O! What a rogue and peasant slave am I") -A monologue also has a single speaker, but the monologuist speaks to others who do not interrupt.

Soliloquy

-This extreme landscape of short, parallel mountain ranges and desert basins extends along the eastern border of California ---The northern section is part of a lava plateau ---The southern section is generally dry. The Mojave Desert is the major geographical feature in the south. -The Northwest and Southwest Great Basin, the Northwestern Sonoran Desert, and the Salton Sea Trough are significant areas in this region -Death Valley (in the Mojave Desert), the lowest point in the U.S., was formed by faulting (not erosion) -The system extends in to Nevada and Utah -Irrigation with water from the Colorado River has allowed large-scale farming in the Imperial and Coachella valleys

The Basin and Range

-The southern extreme of the Cascade Range is located in the northeastern corner of California. It extends 550 miles northward into Canada. -The area is separate from the Sierra Nevada and is about 25 miles wide -The Cascade Range mountains were formed exclusively by volcanic activity. Many, like Mt. Shasta (14,162 feet), are dormant or extinct volcanoes -Lassen Peak is the largest plug-dome (filled with magma) volcano in the world -The Modoc Plateau is a level tableland of volcanic origin

The Cascade Range and Modoc Plateau

-Scott, a slave, was "purchased," moved with his "owners" to a free state, and sued for his freedom. -The court ruled that 1) slaves and their descendants were not citizens and could not sue, 2) Since slaves were "property" they could not be taken away from their "owners" without due process -Failed to solve the slavery question -Overturned with the passage of the 14th Amendment

The Dred Scott decision

-Saw the development of city-states -East African civilization was based on international trade and seaport cities -Swahili culture developed its own language and thrived in the city-states -The Portuguese destroyed much of the East African trade after 1500

The East African Coast

-Beginning of awareness that text progresses from left to right -Children scribble and recognize distinctive visual clues in environmental print, such as letters in their names

The Emergent Reader: Developmental Expectation

Begin phonemic awareness: -Help to recognize print in environment -Help to make predictions in stories -Observe pretending to read -Help to recognize letter shapes

The Emergent Reader: Reading Instruction

The First Act of Supremacy (1534) marked the beginning of the English Reformation. -The king of England, Henry VIII, became the head of the church -The pope's refusal to annul the marriage of Henry VIII to Catherine of Aragon initiated the break (political rather than religious break with the Church) -Created the Anglican Church of England -Elizabeth I (1558-1603) firmly established Protestantism in England and secured the Anglican Church

The English Reformation

-The House of Burgesses (1619) was an early colonial attempt at representative self-government -The Mayflower Compact (1620) was the basis for government by the consent of the governed -The colonists demanded their rights as Englishmen

The English colonies began to develop self-government

4th to 8th grade (orthographic)

The Fluent Reader: Age

Systematic and explicit instruction, including: -Word-attack skills (multisyllabic words) -Decoding -Spelling and vocabulary -Fluency -Text comprehension (context skills) -Utilizing metacognition

The Fluent Reader: Reading Instruction

-Began as an attempt by the leaders of the industrial and commercial classes to end the injustices of the French monarchy -Rallying cry of the French Revolution, "Liberty, Equality and Fraternity," led to a Reign of Terror against the aristocracy -The fall of the Bastille on July 14 marks France's 4th of July -Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power at a time of renewed social unrest in France

The French Revolution

-1756-63 -A key turning point in England's domination over North America -The English victory ended the French threat/competition in America -The English victory encouraged colonial America to seek a more active voice in its own affairs -England faced an enormous war debt ---To force the colonies to help with the debt, the British enforced mercantile policies and levied taxes, actions that forced a showdown over political and economic freedom -Following the war, England became the greatest colonial, commercial, and naval power in the world

The French and Indian War

-Created a bicameral (two-house) Congress to balance the interests and influence of large and small states ---House of Representatives: representatives apportioned based on the size of their population ---Senate: all states granted two senators

The Great Compromise

-431-404 B.C. -Devastated Sparta, Athens, and their Greek city-state allies -Sparta was victorious but unable to unite the Greek city-states -Greek individualism was a catalyst in the collapse of the Greek city-state alliances

The Peloponnesian War

-Attempted to unify the entire Near East under one rule (500s B.C.) -Established an international government -Zoroastrianism, an ethical religion based on concepts of good and evil -Failed to conquer the Greeks; Persia was eventually conquered by Alexander the Great (334-331 B.C.)

The Persians

-c. 1350-1600 -The revival of intellectualism, literature, philosophy, and artistic achievement -Spread westward and into northern Europe -Continued the road started in the Middle Ages that would lead to modern Europe

The Renaissance

-This area extends from Santa Barbara to San Diego -The Transverse/Los Angeles ranges extend in an easterly (transverse) direction from the coast. (All other California ranges extend north and south.) -These ranges include the Santa Ynez, Santa Monica, San Gabriel, and San Bernadino mountains -The Los Angeles Basin is the state's largest coastal basin and was formed by the alluvial deposition of soil from the surrounding mountain ranges -The Penninsular ranges extend south from the San Bernadino Mountains in Baja California and from the Pacific Ocean east to the Salton Sea Trough -The faulted eastern sections of the Peninsular ranges are characterized by sharp drop-offs. It is a complex region of active fault zones. Significant faults include the San Jacinto (near Palm Springs) and the Elsinore.

The Transverse and Peninsular ranges

-The Japanese developed their own language and sophisticated system of writing -They developed literature and poetry -They developed the Shinto religion -They placed great emphasis on a love of nature, beauty, and good manners

The accomplishments of the early Japanese

-Discovery of gold by James W. Marshall in 1848 changed the political, social, and economic history of the state -"Gold fever" became a national phenomenon; the California settler population increased tremendously from 15,000 in 1847 to 92,000 in 1850, and 380,000 in 1860 -This population growth led to statehood (California was the 31st state) -Other consequences: ---Trade and commerce expanded, especially in the San Francisco and Sacramento areas ---Transportation systems developed to accommodate the mining and cattle frontiers ---The mistreatment of non-European peoples, including the Chinese and Indians, was commonplace

The discovery of gold

-The Renaissance of northern Europe emphasized the teachings of Christianity and placed less reliance on humanism -The French Renaissance reflected a democratic realism -The English Renaissance did not flower until the Elizabethan Age

The spread of the Renaissance throughout Europe

-Based on music, songs, dialogue, and dance -Audiences often experience it in the form of musical theatre productions -Well-known musical productions are ballet, jazz, and tap -Other productions include ethno-cultural, kabuki, Russian, and Celtic dance

Theatrical dance

-A way to measure rhythmic units -It is noted at the beginning of a composition and looks like a mathematical fraction -The top number denotes the number of beats in a measure and the bottom number denotes what type of note will receive the beat

Time signature/meter

A play with a serious content and an unhappy ending. (Shakespeare's Hamlet, Miller's Death of a Salesman.)

Tragedy

-December 26, 1776 -American commanders: George Washington, Nathanael Greene -British commander: Johann Rall -American Victory -Victorious surprise attack on Hessian forces (18th century German regiments in service with the British Empire) rallied American spirit and confidence in Washington's leadership

Trenton

-A three-sided polygon -It has three angles, or angular rotations, in its interior -The sum of the angles (or angular rotations) is always 180° -The symbol for triangle is △ -Named by naming its vertices or corners The diagram is △ABC.

Triangle

-A compound and portable inclined plane -A triangular-shaped tool used to separate two objects or portions of an object, lift an object, or hold an object in place -It functions by converting a force applied to its blunt end into forces perpendicular (normal) to its inclined surfaces -The mechanical advantage of a wedge is given by the ratio of the length of its slope to its width -Although a short wedge with a wide angle may do a job faster, it requires more force than a long wedge with a narrow angle

Wedge

-Gas giants Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune have diameters far larger than Earth's and have far greater masses -An individual weighing 200 lbs on Earth would weigh more on a larger planet -Weight is a function of gravity

Weight and mass

Florida purchased from Spain

Westward Expansion: 1821

-Michigan Territory: Michigan added to the Union -Louisiana Territory: Arkansas, Iowa, and Wisconsin added to the Union -Pacific Coast: California added to the Union

Westward Expansion: 1850

-A measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution -The pH scale is not an absolute scale; it is relative to a set of standard solutions whose pH is established by international agreement -pH measurements are important for medicine, biology, chemistry, food science, environmental science, oceanography, and many other applications

pH

is greater than or equal to

≥

is perpendicular to

⊥

-State flower: California golden poppy ---The profusion of the California golden poppy and its lore in California history resulted in its being named the state flower in 1903 -State bird: California valley quail ---Became the official state bird in 1931; selected because it is considered an indigenous game bird -State tree: California redwood (coast redwood and giant sequoia) ---Almost entirely confined to forests of California -State freshwater fish: California golden trout ---One of the four native trout species of the rugged Kern River system

California state insignia

-An efficient cardio-respiratory system may be the most important component of fitness -Cardio-respiratory endurance is the ability of the heart, blood vessels, and respiratory system to sustain work by delivering oxygen and nutrients to the tissues of the body over a period of time -To develop this endurance, activities must be aerobic -During aerobic activity, there is an integrated functional capacity of the heart and lungs, the vascular system, and the muscles to expend energy as the oxygen in the body is given maximum oxygen uptake -If a child is having difficulty during an aerobic fitness activity, the teacher should stop the activity when the child is out of breath ---This is a sign that the aerobic activity is causing the cardio-respiratory system to reach maximum oxygen uptake -Aerobic activity should include a 20-minute activity at your target heart rate

Concepts of physical fitness: Cardio-Respiratory (Aerobic)

-Even young children can experience elements of music through conducting speech chants, involving changes in tempo, dynamics, pitch, and so forth -Conducting fosters sensitivity to musical expression

Conducting

-Take up about 1/3 of the earth's land surface -Usually have a large diurnal (day) and seasonal temperature range, with high daytime temperatures, and low nighttime temperatures (due to extremely low humidity) -The temperature in the daytime can reach 45°C/113° or higher in the summer, and dip to 0°C/32° or lower in the winter -Water acts to trap infrared radiation from both the sun and the ground, and dry desert air is incapable of blocking sunlight during the day or trapping heat during the night -Thus, during daylight, most of the sun's heat reaches the ground and as soon as the sun sets, the desert cools quickly by radiating its heat into space -Many deserts are formed by rain shadows

Deserts

How long does it take to perform the activity? -The duration of the activity is dependent on the intensity and type of activity -The minimum of aerobic activity should be 8 to 10 minutes, but the ideal aerobic time should be at least 20 minutes during a 1-hour activity

FITT Guidelines: Time

-Type of folk tale -Presented as entirely fictional pieces -Often begin with a formulaic opening line, such as "Once upon a time..." or "In a certain country there once lived..." -Recurring plots: supernatural adventures and mishaps of youngest daughters, misadventures of transformed princes, encounters with mermaids, wood fairies, and elves (e.g. Cinderella, Rumpelstiltskin, Snow White, Sleeping Beauty, Hansel and Gretel)

Fairy tales

-All folk dance is a form of cultural dance -Folk dance originated from medieval times when townspeople danced to celebrate -Medieval "carolers" were the first folk dancers and could be found throughout England and other parts of Europe -Although there are many dances that originated in Europe, authentic folk dancing in its purest form must include these four factors: ---Dance movements must predate the 19th century ---Dance is performed by peasants or royalty ---The choreography is derived from tradition ---There is no teacher -Variations on folk dances are found in dance forms of today, including square dancing and barn dancing

Folk dance

-Determine appropriate age-related expectations for a safe, enjoyable classroom activity -Determine the physical abilities, as well as gender-specific and special needs of students -Provide students with research and learning opportunities for cross-disciplines -Begin with a warm-up and end with a cool-down; exercises should include steps to be used in the dance activity -Separate the dance into the steps. Begin by teaching the steps, describing and demonstrating each separately. Steps are done slowly at first, using counts, and then at the proper tempo. -Teach one part of the basic step pattern at a time; when two parts have been learned, combine them to establish continuity of the dance -Explain the floor pattern. Have the dancers walk through the floor pattern. Then combine the steps with the floor pattern, first without music, and then with music (remember that not all dances have a set floor pattern). -Use key words and counts to cue the steps and directional changes, and to alert students (e.g., "ready"); this helps students keep the main rhythmic pattern and encourages them to gain a sense of the whole -Encourage vigorous activity so that students become involved in the experience and have little time to worry about things such as who their partner is -Encourage opportunities for different dance experiences such as solo, line, circle, scatter, or group formations of three and four. This dispels the idea that one must have a partner to dance. Restrict choice when partners are needed (e.g., ask students to dance with the person standing opposite, or the person closest). Encourage frequent and rapid change of partner. -Provide an opportunity for students to refine their skill level; once the whole dance has been learned, repeat several times to increase fluency and enjoyment -If the dance is to be performed in a formal or public setting, allow opportunities for all students to perform, not just the most able dancers -Provide opportunities for interpretation of dance -Provide a classroom dance program that includes different styles of dance from a cultural and historical context

Framework for dance activity instruction

-The start of this period begins with puberty -It is a time of growth spurts for both boys and girls -Around age 12, girls tend to be taller than boys and weigh almost 3 lbs more -Around age 13-14, girls lose their edge on growth, and boys exceed girls in height and weight -By age 18, boys are about 4 inches taller and 20 lbs heavier -Acceleration of large motor physical strength in boys -Boys tend to be clumsy at first due to the fast growth of their arms and legs, but quickly acquire an ease of movement -Participation in athletics improves physical strength and coordination -If the adolescent is successful at athletics, his self-esteem can be highly boosted since this brings him approval from his peers -Teens show a considerable interest in body image -Since body image is so important to teens, some teens may struggle with eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa (intense fear of gaining weight) or bulimia nervosa (binge-and-purge eating pattern)

Growth and development: Adolescence (12-18 years)

Take in organic compounds from the environment

Heterotrophs

-The rugged topography of mountains and deserts isolated California's indigenous peoples from the cultures that developed on the Great Plains to the east and Mexico to the south -The landscape made extended travel on foot within the region extremely difficult as well; thus, regional relations between tribal groups were limited, creating a diverse patchwork of isolated and distinct tribal groupings

How geographic factors isolated many tribes

-375,000 "Okies" and "Arkies" migrated out of the Dust Bowl Midwest to California ---142 agricultural workers for every 100 jobs by 1934 ---Wages fell to $0.15 per hours in Imperial and San Joaquin fields -Mexican repatriation ---Competition for agricultural jobs made Mexican workers a target ---Mexican nationals and Mexican Americans deported or forcibly repatriated -Film industry providing a relatively inexpensive ($0.15 per ticket) escape from reality, increasing the popularity of Hollywood films -Falling prices and rising surpluses forced production cuts in oil industry

Impact of the Depression in California

(Mnemonic: Fat babies love to piss, ****, yell.) -Fort Ticonderoga -Bunker Hill -Long Island -Trenton -Princeton -Saratoga -Yorktown

Important Battles of the Revolution

Resistance to plastic (permanent) deformation due to a constant load from a sharp object

Indentation hardness

-A continuous mark that can change direction, length, and width -Lines joined together form a shape -Line can also create an outline, silhouette, or contour -Artists often use line to define the edges of a form to lead your eye in a certain direction -Lines can be real or implied and their possibilities are endless (e.g., straight, curved, jagged, diagonal, horizontal, vertical, wavy, parallel, perpendicular, zigzag, or dashed) ---Horizontal lines can suggest a state of rest, continuity, and stability since objects are parallel to the earth are often at rest ---Horizontal lines can also give a sense of space ---Vertical lines communicate a sense of strength, rigidity, or height, and artists often use vertical lines to suggest spirituality, or reaching toward the sky ---Diagonal lines often communicate an opposition or movement, while curved lines communicate a sensual or softening quality

Line

-The actual definition of the word. -Not figurative; accurate to the letter; matter of fact or concrete. "Winter's end" is the end of winter.

Literal Language

-Non-systematic phonics instruction -Emphasize reading and writing -Phonics instruction is embedded in these activities, but letter-sound relationships are taught incidentally, usually based on key letters that appear in student reading materials

Literature-Based Programs

The study of meaningful units of language and how their patterns of distribution to the forms and structure of words

Morphology

The multiplicative inverse of a number (also known as the reciprocal of the number) is a value that, when multiplied with any non-zero number, equals 1. Any non-zero number multiplied with its multiplicative inverse equals 1. The multiplicative inverse of a (a ≠ 0) is 1/a For any number a (a ≠ 0), a x 1/a = 1 Example: 4/5 x 5/4 = 1

Multiplicative inverse

-A fictional narrative in prose of considerable length -Shorter works are called novellas; even shorter works are called short stories -Use the same basic literary conventions as do short stories, but they expand them by presenting more complicated plots, adding subplots, creating more nuanced characters, and deepening the development of ideas -After children have mastered the mechanics of reading, between ages 9 and 12, they are prepared to sustain the more difficult challenge of reading a novel -Styles include picaresque, epistolary, gothic, romantic, realist, and historical

Novel

-Parts of spoken language that are smaller than syllables but larger than phonemes -Onset is the initial consonant(s) sound of a syllable (the b- of bag; the sw- of swim) -Rime is the part of the syllable that contains the vowel and all that follows it (the -ag of bag; the -im of swim)

Onset and Rime

-A drama, either tragic or comic, that sung to an orchestral accompaniment -Often based on biblical stories -Typically a large-scale composition with vocal soloists, a chorus, and orchestra

Opera

The interrelated actions of a play or a novel that move to a climax and a final resolution.

Plot

-The profile of the northern part of the state contrasts with that of the southern -Rainfall varies throughout the north from 15 to 50 inches per year -At the extreme end of the scale, the redwood forests of the northern coast can receive more than 100 inches of rain -California's high mountain ranges, including the Sierra Nevada, the Cascades, and the Trinity Apls, receive snow during the winter months -Here resorts like Lake Tahoe and Mount Shasta can receive more than 10 feet of snow per year—and often more in a given winter seasons

Rain and snow

-After a rainstorm, the air is full of tiny drops of water -Each drop acts as a prism, splitting the light into the colors of the spectrum -Violet is the shortest wavelength; red is the longest

Rainbow

P = 2b + 2h P = 2(b + h) A = bh

Rectangle

SA = 2(lw + lh + wh) SA = (Base-per)h + 2(Base-area) V = lwh V = (Base-area)h

Rectangular Prism

-1764 -Import duties on sugar and other items were imposed. -Colonial reaction: ---Colonists raised the issue of "taxation without representation" (colonists had to pay taxes but were not given representation in English Parliament). ---Boston merchants started a boycott of British luxury goods.

Sugar Act

A synthesis of the important ideas in a text

Summary

-Classified as warm-water or cold-water currents -Surface ocean temperature is a major determiner of coastal climate -The Gulf-Stream is a warm-water current that carries warm water from the Tropics to the Arctic regions of the North Atlantic Ocean -This accounts for higher temperatures and higher humidity on the Eastern Seaboard during the summer -The cold-water current that flows north to south off the California coast keeps the West Coast fairly cool during the summer -Cold-water currents create cooler temperatures in areas that would otherwise be much warmer

Surface ocean currents

-The classical economists advanced the theory of laissez faire -Thomas Malthus (1776-1834) theorized that population growth would far outstrip food production -The revolutionary socialism of Karl Marx advocated a violent overthrow of the present economic system ---History was seen as a class struggle between the exploiters (bourgeoisie) and the exploited (proletariat) ---"The Communist Manifesto" (1848), written by Marx and Friedrich Engels, advanced the theories of modern scientific socialism

The intellectual response to the Industrial Revolution

-Lever -Pulley -Inclined plane -Screw -Wedge -Wheel and axle

The six classical simple machines

-Fauvism (early 20th century—"Wild Animals"): Influenced by technology of the early 20th century; expansion of color—right from the tube in assertive brush strokes; discord of color; non-Western themes (e.g., Matisse) -Cubism (early 20th century): traditional subject matter portrayed by overlapping geometric forms (reduced to cubes); fragmentation of form; influenced by African tribal arts: masks and sculpture; move toward abstract art (exploration of space and color); multiple images of one subject on a two dimensional surface. ---Examples: Picasso; Braque; development of collages; "found" sculpture -Surrealism (1920s): metaphysical painting; evolved from Dada art (reaction against commonplace and WWI); workings of the subconscious mind (Freud) through fantastic imagery ---Examples: Salvador Dali; Chagall—distorted everyday objects -Abstract Impressionism (1950s): "dribbles, splatters, splashes"; everyday objects to apply art (e.g., brooms); influenced by Navajo sand paintings ---Examples: Jackson Pollock, de Kooning, and Kandinsky -"Pop" Art/Popular Art: "Why is it art?"; reaction against abstract painting (soup cans; comics); Warhol; Lichtenstein (iconic art); acrylics -American Regional Art (from 1930s/rural art): everyday life; expanded on landscape painting of the 1870s ---Example: Grant Wood ("American Gothic")

20th Century

-Social upheaval from World Wars I and II -Early 20th century: new movements such as realism, naturalism, symbolism, and impressionism (meaning of the average man; actors portrayed likeness to life; ordinary life on stage) -Commercial theatres (Ziegfeld Follies to musical Oklahoma!, opera Porgy and Bess, and musical The Phantom of the Opera) -Serious drama (playwrights Eugene O'Neill, Arthur Miller, and Tennessee Williams) -Comedy (playwright and screenwriter Neil Simon) -Actor's Studio (Elia Kazan and Lee Strasberg) -Experimental theatre (against naturalism) -Community theatre and ensemble theatre (group)

20th Century

75/100 = .75 = 75%

3/4 =

8/10 = .8 = .80 = 80%

4/5 =

-Domestic reforms resulted in a more efficient government. -The Napoleonic Code: ---No privileges/tax exemptions based on lineage ---Government promotion was based on ability ---Modernized French law (equality before the law)

Napoleon and the First Empire: domestic reforms

Children adjust to new information about their environment in order to function more effectively Fundamental concepts: -Assimilation -Accommodation

Adaptation

Describe actions (verbs); often end in -ly. X - The mechanic repaired my engine and installed a new clutch very quick. O - The mechanic repaired my engine and installed a new clutch very quickly.

Adverbs

A story in which people, things, and events have another meaning. (Orwell's Animal Farm)

Allegory

From the musical term, this refers to quick or lively movements

Allegro

The repetition of usually initial consonant sounds in two or more words or syllables.

Alliteration

-Amphitheatres (open air; on the sides of mountains; semicircular; orchestra [area in front of the stage]; chorus/dance and music; auditorium; simple scenery) -Playwrights: Sophocles (tragedy: heroes glorified but with a tragic flaw, influence of gods) and Euripides -Violence took place off stage (true through to the Elizabethan age) -Thespis was the first actor (source of "thespians") -Dionysus Festivals (tragedies/comedies/satire); plots came from legends -Influence of central actors and dialogue; masks were used to show age and emotion -Women were barred from acting but could be spectators -Greek tragedy was not associated with theatre staging today (it was part of a trilogy)

Ancient Greek Theatre (600-400 B.C.)

-Type of folk tale -Abound in every culture -In most cases, the animal characters are clearly anthropomorphic and display human personalities

Animal folk tales

-Most children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) show symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity, but there are some children who are inattentive and do not show signs of hyperactivity; these children have Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) -Children with a hyperactive or attention disability may consistently show one or more of the following behaviors: ---Difficulty paying attention ---Easily distracted ---Show hyperactivity ---Become frustrated easily ---Difficulty controlling muscle or motor activity (constantly moving) ---Difficulty staying on task, succumbing to whatever attracts their attention ---Show inappropriate over-activity -Teachers will often observe these children speaking out loud, forgetting responsibilities, and giving up easily when they don't see a resolution to a problem -More boys than girls are diagnosed with this disability -Severe ADHD or ADD is treated by a physician who may prescribe a psychotropic drug such as Ritalin, Concerta, or Adderall

Attention and Hyperactivity Disorders

-An inequitable class structure was the basic cause of the revolution -A disorganized legal system and no representative assembly added to the problems of the government -Enlightenment philosophy influenced the middle class -The bankruptcy of the French treasury was the immediate cause of the revolution -The "Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen" (influenced by Locke's ideas) defined enlightenment concepts of national law and the sovereignty of the people

Background to the French Revolution

A round rail attached to the wall horizontally, about 3 1/2 feet above the floor, for dancers to hold during the first half of technique class; it is also used for stretching the legs by placing the feet or legs on it

Barre

-The entire movement of chemicals in an ecosystem -Includes the carbon and nitrogen cycle ---Matter is incorporated into living organisms by the primary producers ---Photosynthetic plants fix carbon from carbon dioxide, and nitrogen from atmospheric nitrogen or nitrates present in the soil, to produce amino acids ---Much of the carbon and nitrogen contained in ecosystems is created by such plants and is then consumed by and incorporated into secondary and tertiary consumers ---Nutrients are usually returned to the ecosystem through decomposition

Biogeochemical cycle

Instruction in concepts of balance in the body Examples: -"Balance on one foot" -"Balance on your hands while stretching your body" -"Form a tripod with your body"

Body awareness exercises: Balance

Instruction in the concepts of moving over, under, around, and through, and leading with certain body parts Examples: -"Make a bridge with a partner and then have a third person go under the bridge" -"Lead with your head when walking"

Body awareness exercises: Exploring

Instruction in the concepts of speed, contrast, force and relaxation Examples: -"How fast or how slow can you move?" -"Tense one part of your body and then relax another part of your body"

Body awareness exercises: Quality

-Moving to music is a learned skill that promotes acuity of perceptions -A wide range of music and modes should be used

Body movement

-Southern California's climate characterized as Mediterranean and is unique in the United States -The state has many diverse microclimates, though generally the coastal climate is mild and the interior is much more extreme -The interior basins have the most extreme temperatures

California climate

-Fatally exposed the Indians to European diseases such as typhus and smallpox -High infant mortality rate among the mission Indians -Destroyed native culture -Local Indian populations provided the forced labor to build the missions, ofter under brutalizing conditions

California missions: negative outcomes

-Northern California tribes: Yurok, Hupa, Modoc, Pomo -Central California tribes: Maidu, Miwok -Coastal tribes: coastal Miwok, Esselen, Chumash -Desert tribes: Mojave, Serrano -Sierra Nevada tribes: Miwok, Mono Majority of native Californians lived in or near the Central Valley and the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada Mountains

California tribes

Featherlike clouds that indicate fair weather

Cirrus clouds

-Historical themes: Industrial Revolution, Age of Reason and Enlightenment, Age of Revolution, revolutionary music (such as the French "Marseillaise") -Orchestra gained in importance; increasing use of flutes and oboes; string and wind sections developed; by the 1800s, trombones were introduced; refinement of sonata (instrumental music with a soloist and standard structure for opening movement); development of the piano; Rococo style (highly ornamented); elegance and courtly grace (e.g., minuet developed as a dance style) -Classical style: homophony (a single melodic line and an accompaniment); simpler textures and melodies; expansion of textures, melodies, and variation. String quartet (two violins viola, and cello); Haydn "the father" of the string quartet; orchestral symphony (origins in opera overture, four movements); opera, concerto (composition for solo instrument) -Creative impulses of giants Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven

Classical Era (1750-1820)

-Refers to the long-term weather patterns of a large geographical area and takes into account temperature, humidity, and precipitation -Latitude is the best determiner of climate, as it is consistently and directly correlated with temperature -The equator, at zero degrees latitude, generally has a tropical climate (warm and wet); at the extreme northern and southern latitudes (polar regions), the climate is very cold and dry -Rain shadows, as well as water currents, elevation and so forth, affect climate, but latitude is the primary factor

Climate

ab = ba Example: (2)(3) = (3)(2) 6 = 6 Note: Division does not have the communicative property. 10 ÷ 2 ≠ 2 ÷ 10 5 ≠ 1/5

Communicative property for multiplication

-Attempted to stem the tide -The empire split into the Western and Eastern Roman Empires -Barbarian invasions by Germanic and Asiatic tribes (the Goths, Vandals, and Huns) devastated Rome, and it fell in A.D. 476 -The Eastern Roman Empire at Constantinople (formerly Byzantium) remained intact; survived until 1453 (foundation of the Byzantine Empire)

Constantine

SA = 6a² V = a³

Cube

-When the electrons flow in one direction, the flowing electricity is referred to as current -An electric current is simply a flow of electrons through a wire

Current

-Also called enlightened absolutism -Grew out of the earlier absolutism of Louis XIV (France) and Peter the Great (Russia) -Advocated limited responsibility to God and church -A form of absolutism in which rulers were influenced by the Enlightenment

Enlightened despotism

-The breaking down of chemicals in the body into a form that can be absorbed -It is also the process by which the body breaks down chemicals into smaller components that can be absorbed by the blood stream ---Carbohydrates are converted to various sugars by the action of several enzymes, including ptyalin from saliva ---Fats are transformed to glycerol and fatty aids by the combined action of bile from the liver and the enzyme lipase from the pancreas ---Proteins are broken apart to their constituent amino acids ---The final products of digestion—sugars, glycerol, fatty acids, and amino acids—are absorbed into the bloodstream through the millions of projections (villi) lining the small intestine ---Once in the blood, these molecules are metabolized in the various body tissues ---------- -In mammals, preparation for digestion begins when saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach -Mechanical and chemical digestion begins in the mouth where food is chewed and mixed with saliva to break down starches -The stomach continues to break down food mechanically and chemically by churning and mixing the food with enzymes -After being processed in the stomach, food is passed to the small intestine -The majority of digestion and absorption occurs in the small intestine -Absorption occurs in the stomach and gastrointestinal tract, and the process finishes with defecation ---------- -Works with the circulatory system to provide the nutrients the system needs to keep the heart pumping

Digestion

-The infant shows insecurity and shows signs of being disoriented (e.ge., child looks dazed, confused, and sometimes fearful upon the parent's return) -Children who experience disorganized-disoriented attachment often feel confused or misunderstood, feel that others are unreliable, and are often fearful about new situations

Disorganized-Disoriented Attachment

The portion of the proscenium stage that is closest to the audience

Downstage

-Revolutionary aspects of Ballets Russes (Russia): stretched the boundaries of classical ballet; new movements ("turnout") -Revolutionary aspects of early modern dance: appreciated the qualities of the individual; primitive expression and emotion; "new freedom" of movement; choreography of Isadora Duncan and Martha Graham and their harsh break from restrictive classical ballet and tutu; broadening the minds of the public ---Explosion of modern dance in the early 20th century ---It was during this period that ragtime jazz emerged, and the "flapper" era influenced fast-moving dances like the Charleston

Early 20th Century

-Borrowed from China -Archaeology has revealed Japan's ancient past -Japanese culture developed during the Heian Era (794-1156) -Poetic form such as the Haiku developed, and literature spread

Early Japanese civilization

-Greco-Roman influence; influence of religion; sacred art; spatially flat; illustrated book of Kells -Romanesque architectural style: heavy walls, round, ribbed arches; transept and nave; grand

Early Middle Ages (500-1000)

-Teachers help students become aware of space, basic movement, effort, and cooperative activities -Students are expected to make smooth transitions between sequential locomotor skills -Activities should be noncompetitive

Early grades

1. The importance of social and multicultural education should be emphasized in the classroom 2. Classroom teaching should emphasize inclusion, providing an environment for all students to think and learn. Isolating a child inhibits his ability to develop 3. When assessing a child, teachers should understand the difference between what a child can do on his own and what the child can do with some help (zone of proximal development) 4. Teachers should recognize that children can often perform, with an adult's or older peer's help, a task that they may have otherwise been incapable of completing on their own (scaffolding) 5. Teachers should be organizing, not dictating, a child's development using guided practice. Teachers initially assume responsibility for problem solving, but gradually allow the responsibility to transfer back to the child 6. Parents play a key role as significant contributors in the child's intellectual development

Educational implications of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory

-Include film, broadcast media, and all aspects of the Internet -Difference between a general-use Internet search site (i.e. Wikipedia, which may be useful to a certain extent but inappropriate for serious research) and highly reputable sites that are considered appropriate for serious research

Electronic and Internet Resources

-Quality of energy: sustained (smooth), suspended (light), swing (under-curve), sway (over-curve), collapsed (loose), percussive (sharp), or vibrate (shudder) -Degree of energy: strong, weak, heavy, light, dynamic, static, flowing, or tense

Elements of dance: Force

-Direction: forward, backward, up, down, sideways (horizontal or vertical), diagonal, straight, circle, out, in, zigzag, or spiral -Form and shape: angular, rounded, twisted, bent, crooked, symmetrical, or asymmetrical -Level: high, medium, or low -Range: wide, narrow, big, or little -Pathway: floor, elevated, or air patterns -Focus: gaze, floor, or away

Elements of dance: Levels

-Locomotor (traveling through space) -The 8 basic steps: walking, running, leaping, jumping, hopping, galloping, skipping, and sliding (Chasse) -Nonlocomotor (staying in one place "on spot"): stretching, pushing, twisting, bending, kicking, sinking, or curling -Combined locomotor (often traditional folk steps): two-step, paddle, grapevine, step-hop, chug, and spinning -Individual, group, or class (solo, duet, or ensemble) -Space between dancers (side-by-side, supported, far, or near) -Interactions between dancers (leader, follower, mirror, unison, or parting)

Elements of dance: Space

-Acting -Theatre -Drama -Improvisation -Scriptwriting -Technical support tools -Stage

Elements of theatre

The ability to get up into the air and remain there long enough to perform various movements or poses

Elevation

-Practice can be spaced out over time (distributed practice) or completed in one instructional period (mass practice) -Distributed practice generally leads to more effective learning, especially in the early stages -Therefore, students practice a number of different skills during each class period -Practice can involve the entire skill (whole practice), or the skill can be broken down into small unites (part practice) ---Example: The triple jump involves a hop, a skip, and a jump. Whole practice would involve performing the hop, skip, and jump together. Part practice would involve practicing the hop, then practicing the skip, and then practicing the jump.

Encourage practice

-Erickson helped to transform Freud's traditional psychosexual perspectives on human development -Early childhood experiences helped to permanently shape personality -Personality develops through a series of conflicts that are influenced by society during age-related time periods -8 stages of age-specific crises that we pass through in order to create equilibrium between society and ourselves -Each stage centers on a unique developmental task that must be confronted and negotiated -Children move to the next developmental crises, no matter what the outcome, even when the outcome is not favorable and may lead to later adjustment problems -The crisis is considered a turning point in a child's life when successfully mastered

Erickson's Psychosocial Stages of Development

-Erosion in many places is increased by human land use -Poor land-use practices include deforestation, overgrazing, unmanaged construction activity, and road building -Land that is used for the production of agricultural crops generally experiences a significantly greater rate of erosion than that of land under natural vegetation -This is particularly true if tillage is used, which reduces vegetation cover on the surface of the soil and disturbs both soil structure and plant roots that would otherwise hold the soil in place -Improved land-use practices can limit erosion by using techniques such as terrace building, conservation tillage practices, and tree planting -A certain amount of erosion is natural and healthy for the ecosystem, but excessive erosion can cause damage by excessive loss of soil

Erosion and land use

Two numbers multiplied under a radical (square root) sign equal the product of the two square roots, and likewise with division. Example: √(4)(25) = √4 x √25 = 2 x 5 = 10 or √(4)(25) = √100 = 10

Square root rules: multiplication and division

-1609: Hudson, New Netherlands (New York)

Europeans in the New World: Netherlands

-1500: Cabral, Brazil

Europeans in the New World: Portugal

Insert the value(s) given for the unknown(s) and do the arithmetic, making sure to follow the rules for the order of operations. Example: Evaluate 2x² - 4y + 11 if x = 3 and y = -5. 2(3)² - 4(-5)+ 11 2(9) - (-20) + 11 18 + 20 + 11 38 + 11 49

Evaluating expressions

-The transformation of water from liquid to gas phases as it moves from the ground or bodies of water into the overlying atmosphere -The source of energy for evaporation is primarily through solar radiation -Evaporation often implicitly includes transpiration from plants, although together they are specifically referred to as evapotranspiration

Evaporation

-Hollywood (entertainment) -Southern California (aerospace) -Central Valley (agriculture) -Silicon Valley (computers/high technology) -Napa Valley, Sonoma Valley, Santa Barbara, and Paso Robles (wine)

Five primary economic regions

-Trade, transportation, and utilities -Government -Professional and business services -Education and health services -Leisure and hospitality

Five primary sectors for employment

-The methods involved in telling a story; the procedures used by a writer of stories or accounts. -A general term that asks you to discuss the procedures used in the telling of a story. -Examples of techniques used are point of view, manipulation of time, dialogue, or interior monologue.

Narrative techniques

-May 10, 1775 -American commanders: Ethan Allen, Benedict Arnold -British commander: William Delaplace -American victory -Americans seized the fort's 100 canons, which were badly needed by colonial forces

Fort Ticonderoga

-A single play that typically fulfills the expectation for a complete theatrical experience -In the Western tradition, this means one play of 3 to 5 acts, usually filling 2 to 4 hours

Full-length play

The match between a child's temperament ad environmental demands the child must deal with (e.g., a 4-year-old "difficult" child who is expected to sit still for a five-hour plane ride)

Goodness-of-fit

1. A set phrase with a specific non-literal meaning. ---raining cats and dogs, kick the bucket, etc. 2. A conventional construction or usage that follows no specific grammatical rule but MUST be worded a certain way; expressions that "sound right" to native English speakers because they are so commonly used and are correct simply because they are so widely accepted. ---"addicted to" as opposed to "addicted of;" "disagree with" as opposed to "disagree from"

Idioms

Upper arm bone

Humerus

Industrial growth prompted new wave of migration and population boom -1940-1950 period saw the greatest percentage population increase -Demographic impact of post-WWII years is comparable to the impact of the Gold Rush in 1849 (Gold Rush and war years were periods of extraordinary population growth) -1940: population approx. 7 million; California ranked 5th most populous state -1942: Bracero Program initiated in California farm fields, started new wave of Mexican immigration (program lasted until 1964) -1950: population approx. 10.5 million; 50% incrase from 1940; Cali became 2nd largest state in population -1960: population approx. 15.7 million; Cali surpasses NY as most populous state

Impact of World War II on California: Demographic

-Influenced by science (principles of harmony; contrast of colors; reaction of eye in viewing composition); concern for light and color on object -Experience of the fleeting moment: new techniques allowed for painting outside; rejected themes of the French Salon (not grand subjects but daily life); emphasis on primary colors and small brush strokes; side-by-side placement of primary colors (optimal mixing); little white or black. -Manet; Monet; Renoir; Cassatt; Degas -Sculpture: Rodin—rebel against the perfect body type ("David"); rough-hewn Neo-Impressionism (Pointillism); tiny dots of primary colors to produce secondary colors; colors placed in scientifically measured dots (e.g., Georges Seurat)

Impressionism (1860s-1900): Origin of Modern Art

-Mechanization and the factory system were introduced -The growth of labor unions resulted from problems caused by industrialization -Social, economic, and political changed became evident -The rise of cities paralleled the industrial growth of America -The need for government intervention increased ---The Sherman (1890) and Clayton (1914) Antitrust Acts restricted the power of giant corporations ---Workmen's compensation laws, child labor laws, and regulations on working conditions and minimum wages were part of the congressional reform movement to improve the plight of the working man -The need for conservation of natural resources was a result of the continued industrial growth of America

Industrialization reflected changing attitudes and conditions

-What dominant object stands out as you first look at the composition? -What is your first emotional response to the composition? What is the mood? -What do you believe the artist is trying to convey? -What is the historical, cultural, or social context? What is the time, style, and place of composition? Apply these answers to the the elements and principles of art: -How are the lines in the composition arranged (horizontally, vertically, or diagonally)? -How is color used to show contrast, highlight an area, or create a mood? -What are the spatial relationships? Are objects far or near? -Where are the light and dark areas in the composition? How does light enhance directionality? Does it "lead" the viewer? -What types of shapes are used? Geometric? How do the various shapes affect the composition as a whole? -What textures are used in the pictures? What feelings do the textures convey? -Does the composition include depth, linear perspective, or atmospheric perspective? -Is the composition balanced (symmetrical or asymmetrical)? How is the balance achieved? -What elements are repeated? Do the various elements contrast with or complement each other?

Interpreting works of art

-Arabs preserved the cultures of the peoples they conquered -Religious pilgrimages led to the spread of new ideas -The caliphs improved farming methods and crop yields -Military expansion also served as a vehicle for cultural exchane between the Arab and western worlds

Islamic civilization: government and religion

-Trade and commerce led to a high standard of living in cities -Muslim trade helped spread Islamic culture to foreign lands -Many factors helped trade expand, including no taxation and strong banking practices -Ibn Battuta (Islamic scholar, A.D. 1305-1368) spread Islamic culture by traveling widely

Islamic civilization: trade and cultural expansion

-Children with LDs are often children with average to above-average intelligence who exhibit emotional and/or physical maladaptive behavior -In observing children with learning disabilities, teachers frequently view a discrepancy between a child's measured intelligence and the child's performance in the classroom -Typically, LD children have a neurological impairment and the brain has difficulty processing information when it receives stimuli -Many children may not receive adequate diagnosis and treatment for LD because their behavior is often misunderstood or misdiagnosed -Children do not outgrow LD; rather, they develop a variety of coping strategies to better help them deal with their disability -Stress can result in further distress for the child and can magnify his or her symptoms

Learning disabilities

-Basic movement skills that are performed in different directions and at different speeds -Dynamic movements that propel the body upward, forward, or backward -Foundation of gross motor coordination, involving large and small muscle movements -Jumping -Skipping -Galloping -Sliding

Locomotor skills

-1775 -First military engagements of the American Revolutionary War -British troops searched out militia weapons depots to destroy them. -Colonial reaction: ---Armed "minutemen" faced the British on Lexington Green; eight Americans died, and 10 were wounded. ---At Concord, the "Continental Congress" met and called for volunteers. ---George Washington was appointed commander of the colonial army.

Lexington and Concord (the Battles of)

-A water-soluble mixture of different dyes extracted from lichens -It is often absorbed onto filter paper -The resulting piece of paper or solution with water becomes a pH indicator (one of the oldest), used to test materials for acidity -Turns red under acidic conditions, and turns blue under basic (i.e., alkaline) conditions -Other indicators of the presence of an acid are that when acids react with metals, hydrogen gas is released causing bases to feel soapy when touched

Litmus

-Sliding is accomplished by movement on one side of the body ---It is a one-count movement; as the leading foot steps to the side, the other foot quickly follows -Sliding is done on the balls of the feet while shifting weight from the leading foot to the trailing foot -Teachers should have the children change direction so both sides of the body can practice -Sliding should be performed in a smooth and controlled manner, without bouncing

Locomotor skills: Sliding

-Darkens the moon as the earth passes between it and the sun, casting a shadow on the moon -An eclipse of the moon may be seen from anywhere the moon is visible, about half of the earth

Lunar eclipse

(Mnemonic: Fun farmers always grow vegetables, specifically beets.) -Fort Sumter -First Battle of Bull Run -Antietam -Gettysburg -Vicksburg -Sherman's March to the Sea -Battle of Appomattox Courthouse

Major battles of the Civil War

-1803 -Situation: President Adams appointed Marbury justice of the peace just before his term ended. He signed the commission, but it was never delivered. Jefferson, the next president, refused to honor the commission because it wasn't delivered by the end of Adams's term. Marbury petitioned directly to the Supreme Court to force Secretary of State Madison to deliver the documents. The Supreme Court only had original jurisdiction over certain matters. The issue was whether or not this included issuing a writ of mandamus (an order from a superior court to a lower court/government officer to do something, which is what Marbury wanted). Jefferson said it didn't. Marbury said it did, basing his claim on the Judiciary Act of 1789 (passed by Congress). -Questions: Does Article III of the Constitution create a "floor" for original jurisdiction, which Congress can add to, or does it create an exhaustive list that Congress can't modify at all? If Article III's original jurisdiction is an exhaustive list, but Congress tries to modify it anyway, who wins that conflict, Congress or the Constitution? Who decides who wins? -Decision: Marbury had the right to his commission, but the court did not have the power to force Madison to deliver the commission. -Significance: Raised the important question of what happens when an Act of Congress conflicts with the Constitution. Chief Justice Marshall answered that Acts of Congress that conflict with the Constitution are not law (unconstitutional) and the Courts are bound instead to follow the Constitution, affirming the principle of judicial review.

Marbury v. Madison

-The amount of matter in a chemical substance -In everyday usage, mass is commonly confused with weight

Mass

-1819 -Situation: Congress had chartered a national bank. The state of Maryland opposed the concept of a national bank and placed high taxes on the bank. The bank's officer refused to pay the tax, and Maryland sued the national government for payment. -Questions: Did Congress have the authority to establish a national bank? If Congress had such authority, did a state have the authority to tax a federal institution? -Decision: A national bank is constitutional. The court also stated that a state does not have the authority to tax a federal institution. -Significance: Established the concept of implied powers or powers not directly stated in the Constitution. The court stated that Congress has the authority to make all laws that are necessary and proper. This decision strengthened the national government and limited the power of the states.

McCulloch v. Maryland

-Cell division -Division of the parent cell's genome into two daughter cells -The genome is composed of a number of chromosomes that contain genetic information vital for proper cell function -Because each resultant daughter cell should be genetically identical to the parent cell, the parent cell must take a copy of each chromosome before mitosis -This occurs during S phase, the interphase period that precedes the miotic phase in the cell cycle where preparation for mitosis occurs -Each new chromosome now contains two identical copies of itself, called sister chromatids, attached together in a specialized region of the chromosome known as the centromere

Mitosis

-Made by combining two or more different materials without a chemical reaction occurring (the objects do not bond together) -They are the product of a mechanical blending or mixing of chemical substances -Each ingredient substance retains its own chemical properties and makeup (for example, a mixture of salt and pepper would still be identifiable as -While there are no physical changes in a mixture, the chemical properties of a mixture, such as its melting point, may differ from those of its components -Mixtures can usually be separated into their original components by mechanical means -Either homogeneous or heterogeneous

Mixture

-The value repeated most often -In order to have a mode, some score had to be repeated Example: 2, 2, 3, 5, 2, 6, 2, 6, 7, 9, 11 Mode = 2

Mode

-Evolution in the musical world, rebellion; unique sounds; difficult to quantify; nationalism; folk idiom was prevalent (e.g., in Liszt's Hungarian Rhapsody, Coplan's Appalachian Spring); widening gap between "art" and popular music (Beatles) -Technology allowed for mass appeal and a new direction in music making (sound recordings, electronically created sounds, computer music, and composing) -Polytonality (playing two keys at once) -Puccini (Italian) and his operas Madama Butterfly and La Bohème; Debussy and Impressionism; Stravinsky, post-Romanticism, and his ballet The Rite of Spring; Rachmaninoff, Prokofiev, an Shostakovich (Russian) -Influence of blues (sorrowful black folk music) and jazz (roots in African rhythms and harmonies with modern instrumentation, improvisation, and syncopation) -Rock 'n' roll, R&B (rhythm and blues), country, folk (cultural link, passed on by word of mouth), and hip-hop

Modern Era (1900s)

When an object is in motion, it will remain in motion until there is an outside force that acts upon it Example: When a basketball is thrown toward a basket, there can be few outcomes. If the ball is thrown using very little strength, the effects of gravity (an outside force) will overcome the velocity of the ball and it will fall short of the basket. If the ball is throw with too much strength, the ball will overcome the effects of gravity and hit the back board (another outside source) and change its direction.

Newton's first law

-The law of inertia -Without outside forces (such as gravity or friction), an object at rest will remain at rest, while an object in motion will never stop or deviate from its course

Newton's first law of motion

-If one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts an equal force on the first object but in the opposite direction -For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction Example: When a baseball player uses a bat to hit a pitched ball, the force with which the bat hits the ball (and angle) causes the ball to move in an equal and opposite force and direction.

Newton's third law

-Recognition that objects and events continue to exist even when they are not visible Example: In the absence of object permanence, an infant will not search for the object when the object is hidden—"out of sight, out of mind" -Piaget believed this ability could not be mastered until about 8 months old, but more recent studies have shown that infants as young as three months old appeared to know that objects did not disappear when out of sight

Object Permanence

-Catching involves using the hands to stop and control a moving object -During the early stages of learning, it is more difficult for children to learn to catch than to throw because tracking the object requires mature hand-eye coordination -Children often fear being hit by the object, so early instruction can begin with beach balls, balloons, and fleece balls -As children develop gross and fine motor abilities, instruction should include reducing the size of the object to catch ---This helps children develop perceptual abilities -Instruction should include practice in catching balls that bounce up from the floor to teach rebound angles

Object manipulation skills: Catching

-Striking takes place when an object is hit with an implement such as a bat, a racket, or the hand -Striking involves movement of the body to create the force necessary for the maximum speed of the object -Instruction should include practice on stationary objects in primary grades before children can progress to moving objects ---Example: T-ball, in which the ball is placed on a "T" stand and struck

Object manipulation skills: Striking

-The breakdown of the ozone layer is primarily the result of an increase in chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the atmosphere -CFCs are found in products used for refrigeration, air conditioning, insulation, or any products that use Freon -Ozone depletion was detected over Antarctica -An increase in UV radiation, which the ozone layer blocks, could alter the genetic makeup of phytoplankton (the tiny organisms at the beginning of the food change) -That same increase in UV could lead to an increase in skin cancer -Ozone depletion is not directly related to the greenhouse effect

Ozone depletion

-A "passing" position in which the foot passes by the knee of the supporting leg -When this position is held, as in pirouettes, with the foot of the working leg resting against the knee of the supporting leg, it is known as retiré

Passé

-The smallest unit of sound/part of spoken language that makes a difference in the meaning of words -English has about 41 -Sometimes represented by more than one letter Examples: "oh" (/o/), "if" (/i/ /f/), "stop" (/s/ /t/ /o/ /p/), "check" (/ch/ /e/ /k/)

Phoneme

-A broad term that includes phonemic awareness -It includes identifying and manipulating larger parts of spoken language, such as words, syllables, and onsets and rimes, as well as phonemes -It also encompasses awareness of other aspects of sound, such as rhyming, alliteration and intonation

Phonological Awareness

Initiate the clotting necessary to stop bleeding after a wound

Platelets

-Refers to hearing a note and being able to reproduce it either vocally or with an instrument -Vocal cords and musical instruments produce vibrations in the air; as the frequency of these vibrations change, the pitch changes -The faster the vibration, the higher the pitch -The slower the vibration, the lower the pitch -Intonation refers to whether the pitch of a particular note is played in tune, sharp (higher), or flat (lower)

Pitch

-Encompasses works written in verse, perhaps with a meter and rhyme scheme, and uses written language in a pattern that is sung, chanted, or spoken to emphasize the relationships between words and ideas on the basis of sound as well as meaning. -This pattern is frequently associated with a rhythm or meter, and may be supplemented by rhyme or alliteration of both. -A more condensed and refined medium than is prose or everyday speech; it often includes variations in syntax and more frequent and elaborate use of figures of speech, principally metaphor and simile -All human cultures have their own, although it is used for a wide variety of purposes -Generally employed in statements and writings that call for heightened intensity of emotion, for dignity of expression, or for subtlety of contemplation -Valued for combining the aural pleasures of sound with the tempting freshness of ideas, whether these ideas are solemn or comical -3 major categories: narrative, dramatic, lyric

Poetry

-A closed figure formed with line segments which are called the sides -Poly means "many" and gon means "sides"; thus, polygon means "a many-sided figure"

Polygon

An algebraic expression that consists of two or more terms separated with either addition or subtraction Examples: x + y (a polynomial with two terms) x² + 3x - 4 (a polynomial with three terms)

Polynomial

All members of a given species that live in a defined geographic area

Population

-1763 -Banned settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains to the colonists. -Colonial reaction: ---Viewed as an attempt by the British to deny the right to own land where they pleased ---Most colonists ignored the act.

Proclamation Act

-A statement that says that two expressions written in fraction form are equal to one another. -Proportions are quickly solved using a cross multiplying technique Example: Solve for x. 3/x = 5/7 5x = 21 x = 21/5 or 4 1/5

Proportion

-Body awareness -The sense of being aware of movement in different parts of the body -Helps children maintain a sense of personal boundaries, develop patterns of movement through space, understand the concept of shape, and sustain a sense of balance

Proprioception

-The major architectural feature of Western theatres since the Renaissance, the proscenium arch is essentially an opening in the wall between two rooms -In one room (the stagehouse), the actors perform; in the other room (the auditorium), the audience is located -The arch itself can range from extremely elaborate and intrusive to nearly undetectable

Proscenium arch

-Easy text: readers show that no more than 1 in 20 words are difficult (95% success) -Challenging text: readers show that no more than 1 in 10 words are difficult (90% success) -Difficult text: readers show that more than 1 in 10 words are difficult (less than 90% success)

Reading Difficulty Assessment

All the rational and irrational numbers

Real numbers

-Individual conviction in one's beliefs (solidarity) had grown during the Roman persecution period -The efficiency and organization of the early church administration -Doctrines that stressed equality and immortality -Teachings and doctrines developed by "Church Fathers" such as Augustine were granted a foothold in both the western and eastern worlds -The conversion of Constantine to Christianity (A.D. 313) -The establishment of Christianity as the official Roman religion (A.D. 380) -The establishment of the supremacy of the pope at the time imperial Rome was disintegrating

Reasons for the spread of Christianity (the Roman period)

Height of the bounce of an object dropped o the material, related to elasticity

Rebound hardness

-Sustaining economic growth -Providing adequate public services and education to a huge population -Urban issues of poverty and violence -Rising numbers of immigrants, both legal and illegal -How to access and efficiently use its shrinking resources, particularly water

Recent issues faced by California officials and citizens

-1865-77 -Attempted to reunite the nation -Following the Civil War, the economic, political, social, and military reconstruction of the South was necessary -The president and Congress differed on how to reconstruct the South ---The presidential plan emphasized tolerance for the defeated South ---The congressional (Radical) plan emphasized the use of military force in treating the South like a conquered territory

Reconstruction

Fraction must be reduced to its lowest terms. This is done by finding the greatest common factor (GCF) for both the numerator and denominator and then dividing both the numerator and denominator by that value. Example: Reduce 24/36 Factors of 24: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 Factors of 36: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36 GCF = 12; divide numerator and denominator by 12 and you get 2/3

Reducing fractions

-Most prevalent religion was Protestant -A single, established church was not practical in America -The decline of Puritanism led to greater religious tolerance -Georgia was not founded with religious freedom as a cornerstone; it was founded by James Oglethorpe, who brought debtors and former prisoners to Georgia to provide a population base to protect Georgia from Spanish territorial expansion -Other colonies were established to provide for religious freedom: Maryland (Catholic), Rhode Island (extensive freedom for all religions), Pennsylvania (Quakers), Massachusetts (Puritan), and Delaware (Quakers) ---With the exception of Rhode Island, religious freedom only extended to the dominant religion of the colony

Religion in the colonies

-Works of Greeks and Romans reconnected Europeans with their ancient heritage -Emphasis on "humanism" ---Progress through rational thought ---Universal nature of the human condition -Secularism ---Writings of the Greek and Roman philosophers and commentaries on their works ---Free politics and governance from Church control -Realism and formalism ---Art that emphasized the lives of everyday people realistic rather than idealized depictions ---Architecture based on Greek and Roman forms

Renaissance—Rebirth of Classical Greek and Roman Culture

-Energy generated from natural sources (such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat) which are renewable (naturally replenished) -In 2006, about 18% of global energy consumption came from renewable sources, with 13% coming from traditional biomass materials, such as wood burning -Hydroelectricity was the next largest renewable source, providing 3%, followed by solar hot water/heating which contributed 1.3% -Modern technologies, such as geothermal energy, wind power, solar power, and ocean energy, together provided 0.8% of final energy consumption

Renewable energy

-Characteristic comedy of the period known as the English Restoration (1660-1700) -Restoration comedy is known for its glittering language, salacious plots, and frequently debauched characters

Restoration comedy

-The devices used in effective or persuasive language. -Most common examples include contrast, repetitions, paradox, understatement, sarcasm, and rhetorical question.

Rhetorical techniques

Has one of its angles with a measure equal to 90°

Right triangle

-Mesopotamia (Tigris and Euphrates rivers; southwest Asia/modern-day Iraq) - floods were unpredictable and destructive; flat plains invited invasion -Egypt (banks of Nile River, Mediterranean and Red Seas; Northeastern Africa) -India (Indus and Ganges rivers, Arabian Sea; southern Asia) -China (Yellow River)

River Valley Civilizations

-Law (greatest contribution): rule of law/equality before the law, civil and contract law codes -Engineering and architecture: concrete, arch, roads (200,000 miles of roads), aqueducts and cisterns, monumental buildings (the Colosseum) -Culture: history, literature (Virgil's Aeneid, Ovid's Metamorphoses), rhetoric (the art and study of the use of language with persuasive effect) -Continued the Greek tradition in literature, art, sculpture, and the humanities

Roman contributions to the western world

-Historical themes: Rise of European nationalism; new social orders; intense emotion in arts (paintings of Delacroix and Goya); Poe in literature; "Romanticism" derived from concepts of heroes, love, and chivalry associated with the Middle Ages; visual arts, poetry, drama, and nature as themes -Artistic experimentation by composers Chopin, Liszt, Berlioz, Mendelssohn, and Schumann; style was expressive, melody prominent, and folk music was used to express cultural identity -Opera: Verdi (Italy), Wagner (Germany); themes from literature and folk tales; very popular -Genres: Symphonic poem (orchestral work that portrayed a story) and concert overture (e.g., Rossini's William Tell). Emphasis was on the sonata and symphony, and included the introduction of dissonance to create emotion; featuring virtuoso performers

Romantic Period (1820-1900)

A number in scientific notation is written as a rational number from 1 to 9, and then multiplied by a power of 10 -For original values larger than 1, the exponent on the 10 will be positive -For original values between 0 and 1, the exponent on the 10 will be negative Examples: 2,100,000 = 2.1 x 10^6 Place the decimal point to the right of the first non-zero digit reading from left to right and then count how many places it was moved to get there.

Scientific notation

A child's ability to arrange objects in logical progression (concrete operations) Example: A child arranges sticks in order from smallest to largest

Seriation

-Shape and form help to define objects on a piece of art -Shapes are often defined by a continuous line that meets to create a closed shape -Artists use contour line to create dimension -Shapes have two dimensions, height and width; and form has three dimensions, height, weight, and depth -Geometric shapes (e.g., circles, squares, etc.) have uniform measures, but natural, organic shapes are related to things that appear in the natural world (e.g., plants and animals) -Repeated shapes and forms create patterns Example: This painting of a woman bathing a child by Mary Cassatt (1893), The Bath, is a good example of the use of form. Inspired by the work of Edgar Degas and Japanese prints, this artist uses bold circular contour shapes of figures, a basin, and a pitcher. Notice the rounded, natural forms created to illustrate clear, crisp, lively patterns.

Shape (form and contour)

-The chromosomes align themselves in a line spanning the cell -Microtubules, essentially miniature strings, play out from opposite ends of the cell and shorten, pulling apart the sister chromatids of each new chromosome -As the cell elongates, corresponding sister chromosomes are pulled toward opposite ends and a new nuclear envelope forms around the separated sister chromosomes -Eventually, the mother cell will be split in half, giving rise to two daughter cells, each with an equivalent and complete copy of the original genome

Sister chromatids

-Refers to dances in which socializing is the main focus; therefore, a dance partner is essential -The popularity of competitive social dancing has helped many of these dance styles become household names -Social dance styles include hip-hop, line dance, ballroom, waltz, foxtrot, tango, rumba, jive, and swing

Social dance

Developing social interaction among students including communication, cooperation, encouraging and praising others, practicing respectful criticism, and accepting individual differences

Social interaction

-The materials left over after the rock breaks down combine with organic material to create soil -The mineral content of the soil is determined by the parent material; thus, a soil derived from a single rock type can often be deficient in one or more minerals for good fertility, while a soil weathered from a mix of rock types often makes more fertile soil

Soil

A quadratic equation is an equation that could be written as Ax² + Bx + C = 0. To solve a quadratic equation: -Put all terms on one side of the equal sign, leaving zero on the other side -Factor -Set each factor equal to zero -Solve each of these equations Example: Solve for x. x² - 6x = 16 x² - 6x - 16 = 0 (x - 8)(x + 2) = 0 x - 8 = 0 --> x = 8 or x + 2 = 0 --> x = -2 Check by inserting your answer in the original equation.

Solving quadratic equations

-Although space can refer to real three-dimensional space, artists refer to space within the boundaries of the composition -Space helps the composition look like it has form and gives the artwork a feeling of depth -Artists use both positive and negative space to influence how an object might appear -Negative space is the space between or around the object

Space

-The Reconquista reestablished Christian control over Muslim Spain in 1492, Portugal in 1250 ---The Spanish state was marked by strong, absolutist rule ---The monarch instituted inquisitions and also expelled the Jews

Spain and Portugal during the later Middle Ages

Basic trust vs. mistrust -Gaining a sense of trust during infancy helps to set the stage for a lifelong expectation of feeling safe and secure in the world -The infant can count on others to satisfy his or her needs, while feeling loved and cared for -This basic experience of interacting with an attentive caregiver gives the infant a lifelong feeling of security and predictability -The absence of trust can result in leaving the infant feeling suspicious, guarded, and withdrawn from relationships

Stage 1 (1 1/2 years)

-Bodies similar to the sun but immensely distant -Closest stars are 4 light-years away -Speed of light is 186,000 miles/second -Distance to closest stars can be calculated by measuring the parallax, a slight shift in apparent position against the background of more distant stars as the earth travels around the sun -Stars with the highest surface temperature appear blue, while stars with the lowest surface temperature appear red

Stars

You may have to borrow from the whole number, just like you sometimes borrow from the next column when subtracting ordinary numbers. Example: 4 1/6 - 2 5/6 = ? 4 1/6 - 2 5/6 = 3 7/6 - 2 5/6 = 1 2/6 = 1 1/3 To subtract a mixed number from a whole number, you have to borrow from the whole number. Example: 6 - 3 1/5 = ? 6 - 3 1/5 = 5 5/5 - 3 1/5 = 2 4/5

Subtracting mixed numbers

Subtract = add the opposite; change the sign of the number being subtracted, and then proceed as an addition problem Example: 12 - (-4) = 12 + 4 = 16

Subtracting signed numbers

-Cause pressure differences -A hot surface heats the air above it and the air expands, lowering the air pressure and its density -The resulting horizontal pressure gradient accelerates the air from high to low pressure, creating wind, and the earth's rotation then causes the curvature of the flow through the Coriolis effect -The atmosphere is a chaotic system, and so small changes to one part of the system can grow to have large effects on the system as a whole -This makes it difficult to accurately predict weather more than a few days in advance

Surface temperature differences

-A form of reasoning in which two statements are made and a conclusion is drawn from them. -Begins with a major premise ("All tragedies end unhappily") followed by a minor premise ("Hamlet is a tragedy") and a conclusion ("Therefore, Hamlet ends unhappily.")

Syllogism

-SELECT THE MATERIALS ---List the specific materials to be used in the experiment ---This allows for replication of the experiment -SET UP THE PROCEDURE ---State the specific plan on how to test the hypothesis ---Create a written, step-by-step procedure -Determine the variables (any factor that can change in an experiment) ---Independent variable (manipulated variable): this is the one factor that will be intentionally changed during the experiment. Examples include changing the amount of salt that is added to water to determine its freezing point; introducing different soil types in germinating seeds; and changing the pendulum length to determine frequency ---Dependent variable (responding variable): This is the variable that changes as a result of the manipulated variable. The dependent variable is observed and measured. Examples include determining how long various saltwater solutions take to freeze, and determining the number of cycles a pendulum swings if the weight of the bob changes ---Variables that are controlled: These are the factors that are kept exactly the same in an experiment. In an experiment on plant growth, the variables could include amount of sunlight, type of soil, amount of water, and type of plant. Only one factor at a time is changed, while all other factors are kept constant. -COLLECT DATA (RESULTS) ---Analyze the data to look for patterns or trends ---Record measurements and observations during the experiment ---Present data in a graph, table, or another form

Test experiment

-Renaissance secularism created tension between princely kingdoms and the authority of the Church -There also emerged within the Church questions about its worldly rather than spiritual interest in acquiring power and wealth -This internal struggle led to a rift in the Church, the rise of Protestant faiths, and more than a century of religious warfare

The (Protestant) Reformation

-Warrior nation; created an empire based on military superiority, conquest, and terrorism (911-550 B.C.) -Empire origniated in the highland region of the upper Tigris rRiver but grew to encompass the entire area of the Fertile Crescent -Military techniques included siege warfare, intimidation, and the use of iron weapons -Created a centralized government, a postal service, an extensive library, and a system of highways

The Assyrians

-Established the first lasting monotheism -Saul established the first kingdom in Palestine (c. 1030-1010 B.C.) -After the death of Solomon (922 B.C.), the Hebrews were divided into two kingdoms (Israel and Judah) -Disunity and conquest resulted in the destruction of Israel (722 B.C.) and Judah (586 B.C.) -The revolt of the Israelites against Rome resulted in the destruction of Jerusalem (A.D. 70) and the forced dispersal of the Jews from Palestine (Jewish Diaspora, c. A.D. 132-135)

The Israelites

-A.D. 250-900 -Yucatan peninsula -Achieved a complex civilization -Maya cities were trade and religious centers -The Mayas excelled in many fields, including mathematics, science, astronomy, and engineering (pyramid building) -Only known written language of pre-Columbian Americas -Sophisticated art -Monumental architecture (Tikal, Palenque)

The Mayas

-The Ming (native Chinese) ousted the Mongols -Ming (1368-1644) rulers limited contact with the West -The Manchus (1644-1911) overran China and followed a policy of isolationism, weakening China

The Ming and Manchu Dynasties

-Charles Darwin's groundbreaking 1859 book that described natural selection -The concept of natural selection was originally developed in the absence of a valid theory of inheritance -At the time of Darwin's writing, nothing was known of modern genetics

The Origin of Species

-The foothills at the base of the Appalachian mountains -In the eastern region of the United States

The Piedmont

Extends along the coast from New Jersey to Texas and is generally low land

The southeastern Coastal Plain

-Transferring of heat by emission and dissemination of waves or particles -Generated when heat from the movement of charged particles within atoms is converted to electromagnetic radiation -Electromagnetic radiation emitted from the surface of an object, which is due to the object's temperature -When infrared radiation is absorbed by an object, it is changed to heat Examples: -Infrared radiation from a common household radiator or electric heater -The light emitted by a glowing incandescent light bulb

Thermal radiation

-The physical configuration of audience and performers in which at least some part of the stage extends into, and is surrounded by, the audience -In thrust staging, the audience surrounds the acting area to no more than 270 degrees; beyond that, the configuration is called arena staging

Thrust staging

-The unique tonal quality of a musical sound -The tone "color" -It could be described as bright, shrill, brittle, or light; or it could be dull, harsh, forceful, or dark -Not only does each type of instrument have a distinct tone, but each instrument can also have a different tone from other similar instruments -Timbre makes one instrument sound different from another -For this reason, timbre has a great effect upon the mood of the music -For example, all violins have the same tone qualities, as do all clarinets and all trumpets, yet each instrument, due mainly to its manufacturer, has a different timbre or tone quality

Timbre

-The learning of one skill can have a positive or negative effect on the learning of another skill -When the impact is positive, it is called a "positive transfer of learning" -When the impact is negative, it is called a "negative transfer of learning" -Providing students with information about the ways in which skills are similar helps them positively transfer the appropriate learning from the first learned skill to the second ---Example: The overhead movement pattern is used in the overhand volleyball serve, tennis serve, and badminton smash. When learning the tennis serve, after having learned the volleyball serve, students should be alerted to the similarities between the two serves. -Differences between skills are brought to the attention of the students to minimize the potential interference of the first skill in the learning of the second skill ---Example: At the elementary level, students are alerted to the differences between galloping and skipping at the time when the second skill is taught.

Transfer learning

-The ability to draw conclusions about a relationship between two objects by knowing the relationship to a third object (concrete operations) -If A = B and B = C, then A and C are equal Example: If you know that Danielle is taller than Ghazaleh, and Ghazaleh is taller than Maria, then Danielle must be taller than Maria

Transitive Interference

If one side of a triangle is extended, the exterior angle formed by that extension is equal to the sum of the other two interior angles

Triangle rules: exterior angle

The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle must be larger than the length of the third side In the diagram of △ABC: AB + BC > AC AB + AC > BC AC + BC > AB

Triangle rules: sides

-Subsistence agricultural implements: mortar ad pestle, metate, grinding slab, and digging sticks -Receptacles: baskets (most famous), pottery, wood, and stone bowls -Musical instruments: drum, rattle, flute, rasp, and bow -Money: clam disks and olivella shells

Tribes' similar material belongings

-Assumed leadership of the Muslim world -The Seljuks fought with the crusaders and regained lost land -Mongols invaded the eastern Muslim Empire -The Ottoman Empire expanded territory and lasted for many centuries -Constantinople was the center of the Ottoman Empire -By the middle of the 16th century, the Ottomans controlled not only Turkey but most of southeastern Europe, the Crimea, Iran, and a majority of the Middle East -By the 19th century, he Ottoman Empire was contemptuously referred to as the "Sick Man of Europe" and depended on English intervention, especially directed against Russia, for its political survival

Turks

-The fundamental movement skills developed earlier are applied as activity-specific motor skills in a wide variety of settings -Classroom objectives are to increase competency in building motor control, motor skills, and movement patterns already established and refined in earlier grades -Students are expected to demonstrate more complex skills combining locomotor and manipulation skills (e.g. dribbling a basketball) -Activities should be related to sports

Upper elementary and middle grades

-Used to measure verbal and performance abilities, including verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, working memory, and processing speed -Each subtest is scored separately to help pinpoint strengths and weaknesses ---Example: If a child does well on performance subtests, but is weak on verbal subtests, this may indicate a language disability -The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale is frequently administered to adults

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV)

-Describes the lightness or darkness of color -Its range is from white to black, and the value of a color is changed by adding either white or black -Artists use value to create mood Example: Dark colors in a composition can suggest melancholy, gloom, mystery, or foreboding

Value

The rate of change of position with time v = △d/△t (velocity = change of distance/change of time) Example: An automobile that is 100 miles farther along a highway at 3 p.m. than at 1 p.m. has an average velocity during the interval of: 100 miles/2 hours = 50 miles/hour

Velocity

-Takes approx. seven and a half earth months for Venus to revolve around the sun -Takes approx. eight earth months to rotate on its axis -Therefore, a day on Venus is longer than a year -Similar in size to Earth -One of the few planets that rotate from east to west -Similar in size to Earth -Atmosphere is primarily composed of carbon dioxide -This thick atmosphere traps heat due to the greenhouse effect -The Magellan probe reached Venus in 1990 and provided detailed images of the planet

Venus

-In Roman theatre, the vomitoria were the tunnels that allowed the audience to enter and exit the large theatres with ease -In contemporary theatres, the vomitoria ("voms" for short) are the tunnels that allow the actors to reach the downstage portions of a thrust stage by passing through the audience

Vomitoria

Addition: sum, plus, is increased by, more than (example: 3 more than 7 is what?) Subtraction: difference, minus, is decreased by, less than (example: 3 less than 7 is what?) Multiplication: product, times, of, at (examples: 2/3 of 5 is what? 3 at 5 cents cost how much?) Division: quotient, ratio, is a part of, goes into (examples: 3 is what part of 15? 4 goes into 28 how many times?)

Words that signal an operation

-Social-economic differences between North and South -States' Rights vs. Federal Authority -Expansion of slavery

Causes of the Civil War

-Formal dancing spread to the Continent; expansion of professional dancing masters; professional choreography at the Paris Opera (opera and dance); costuming; introduction of the waltz (1-2-3) rhythm; court dance -Ballet developed throughout Europe; this led to virtuoso dancing, expressive capacity of the body, pointe footwork and the heel-less shoe -Era of Romanticism (early 1800s): the continued evolution of ballet; emphasis on emotions and fantasy; true pointe work; evolution of "lightness in flight";, this differed from other dance forms in placement and alignment of the body, as well as in training -Focus on the ballerina; the male dancer was secondary

18th and 19th Centuries

4/10 = .4 = .40 = 40%

2/5 =

3.5 = 3.50 = 350%

3 1/2 =

Occurs when children take existing schemes and adjust them to fit their experience Example: A preschool child plays with the keys on a piano to hear the different sounds of musical notes. When he tries this with an electric keyboard, he quickly learns that the keyboard must be turned on before it can be played. He must accommodate this new information to fit the experience.

Accommodation

Must be like terms (like terms have exactly the same variables with exactly the same exponents on them) Example: 5x and 7x are like terms, but 5x and 7x² are not like terms Example: Simplify the following: 17a + 7b - 12a - 10b Rewrite with like terms near each other 17a - 12a + 7b - 10b 5a - 3b

Adding and subtracting monomials

-When adding two numbers with the same sign (either both positive or both negative), add the pure number portions (absolute values) and keep the sign that is on the numbers Example: (-8) + (-3) = -11 -When adding two numbers with different signs (one positive and the other negative), subtract the absolute values and keep the sign on the number with the larger absolute value. Example: -59 + (72) = 13

Adding signed numbers

-Characterized by similar temperatures and moisture levels -On maps, the characteristics of an air mass are represented by two letters -The lowercase letter represents moisture, and the uppercase letter represents temperature -Maritime air forms over water and is associated with wet air -Continental air forms over land and is associated with dry air -Polar air forms south of the Arctic and is cold -Tropical air forms over the Tropics and is warm -mT = maritime tropical (wet, warm air) -mP = maritime polar (wet, cold air) -cT = continental tropical (dry, warm air) -cP = continental polar (dry, cold air)

Air mass

A reference in a work of literature to something outside the work, especially to a well-known historical or literary event, person, or work. (In Hamlet, when Horatio says, "ere the mightiest Julius fell," the allusion is to the death of Julius Caesar.)

Allusion

-A segment that goes from a vertex of the triangle and makes a 90° angle with the opposite side, known as the base -Sometimes, the opposite side needs to be extended in order to accomplish this In △ABC, segment AD is the altitude from vertex A. In this case, the base, segment BC, needs to be extended in order for the segment AD to be able to make a 90° angle with the opposite side. In △QRS, segment RT is the altitude from vertex R. Segment RT makes a 90° angle with the base, segment QS.

Altitude/height

-Developed over many centuries -The first American Indians originated from Asia -Agriculture changed some Indian culture from a nomadic existence to farming communities

American Indian culture

A comparison of similar traits between dissimilar things in order to highlight a point of similarity. "We scored a touchdown on the educational assistance plan."

Analogy

-Understand the meaning of all the words in the poem, especially words you think you know but which don't seem to fit in the context of the poem. -Understand the grammar of the poem. -Beware of skewed word order (i.e. a direct object before the subject and verb: "His sounding lyre the poet struck" means the poet played his harp, not that he was hit by a musical instrument.)

Analyzing Poetry: Is the meaning clear?

Think about: -The parts/structural divisions of the poem and how they are related to each other -The punctuation -Repetitions (i.e. parallel syntax or the use of a simile in each sentence) -The logic of the poem. Does it ask questions and then answer them? Develop an argument? Use a series of analogies to prove a point?

Analyzing Poetry: What is the structure of the poem?

-Can mean the mood or atmosphere of a work or a manner of speaking, but its most common use as a term of literary analysis is to denote the inferred attitude of an author -Author's attitude may be different from that of the speaker (usually the case in ironic works)

Analyzing Poetry: What is the tone of the poem?

-Lineage was the basis of tribal organization -Religion, politics, and law became the focus of African culture -Art and sculpture were emphasized

Ancient Africans' advances in their societies and cultures

A ray from the vertex of an angle that divides the angle into two equal pieces In the diagram, ray AB is the angle bisector of ∠CAD. Therefore, ∠1 = ∠2.

Angle bisector

-Cannot perform photosynthesis and therefore derive their food from other organisms -Herbivores eat plants directly -Carnivores prey on other animals, but this food chain, too, ends in plants

Animals

-Refers to children believing that non-living objects have lifelike qualities -It can be demonstrated in imaginary friends, etc. (preoperational, ages 2-4) Example: When it begins to rain, a child might exclaim, "The sky is pouring water on me."

Animism

-In traditional dramatic theory, an element, usually a character, that resists the protagonist -Conflict results from the efforts of the protagonist to achieve his or her objectives in spite of the obstacles introduced by the antagonist

Antagonist

-1862 -Union commander: Gen. George McClellan -Confederate commander: Gen. Robert E. Lee -The first battle fought on Northern soil -McClellan beat back Lee's invasion on the bloodiest single day in the war -Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation (declared freedom of slaves in states not under Union control unless the rebel states returned to the Union by Jan. 1, 1963, which none did... 50,000 slaves freed right away, and more as the Union advanced; now black soldiers could fight for the Union)

Antietam

-The infant readily separates from the parent and actively avoids the parent upon reunion (e.g., child moves away, looks away, or ignores the parent upon the parent's return) -Children who are anxious-avoidant tend to have difficulty trusting, avoid playing with other children, and become anxious if someone tries to get too close

Anxious-Avoidant Attachment

-The infant becomes anxious before the caregiver leaves and is upset during the caregiver's absence (e.g., child cannot separate to explore or play; the child may hit, cry, or kick upon the parent's return) -Children who are anxious-resistant might feel skeptical about trying new things, feel that others can't be trusted, feel angry much of the time, and push away those why try to get close

Anxious-Resistant Attachment

-The Muslim empire was ruled by Arab caliphs -Arabs conquered much of the Byzantine and Persian empires (including North Africa) and Spain -The Battle of Tours (A.D. 732) resulted in the Franks halting Muslim expansion in Europe -Muslim Spain lasted from A.D. 711-1031 The Umayyad dynasty increased Arab lands (A.D. 661-750)

Arabs

a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c Example: 8 + (4 + 2) = (8 + 4) + 2 8 + 6 = 12 + 2 14 = 14 Note: Subtraction does not have the associative property. 8 - (4 - 2) ≠ (8 - 4) - 2 8 - 2 ≠ 4 - 2 6 ≠ 2

Associative property for addition

a(bc) = (ab)c Example: 8 x (4 x 2) = (8 x 4) x 2 8 x 8 = 32 x 2 64 = 64 Note: Division does not have the associative property. 8 ÷ (4 ÷ 2) ≠ (8 ÷ 4) ÷ 2 8 ÷ 2 ≠ 2 ÷ 2 4 ≠ 1

Associative property for multiplication

-Sometimes called minor planets or planetoids -Bodies—primarily of the inner Solar System—that are smaller than planets but larger than meteoroids, excluding comets -The distinction between asteroids and comets is made by visual appearance; when discovered, comets show a perceptible coma while asteroids do not

Asteroids

-The number of protons of that element -No two elements have the same atomic number -Elements in the periodic table are arranged in order of increasing atomic number

Atomic number

A pose modeled after the statue of the winged Mercury by Giovanni Bologna in which the working leg is extended behind the body with the knee bent; it can also be held in front of the body

Attitude

A speaker's authors, or character's disposition toward or opinion of a subject. (Hamlet's attitude toward Gertrude is a mixture of affection and revulsion, changing from one to the other within a single scene.)

Attitude

-Hearing the sounds of music -Children engage in attentive listening and further develop aural acuity -This means that children must be able to hear and reproduce the tones of music in their minds when no sound is actually being produced

Auditory skills

-Children who have an auditory-perceptual disability may find it difficult to distinguish between the differences in sounds -Teachers will often observe these children as appearing to be lost or confused when called upon in the classroom -Teachers frequently comment that these children are not paying attention in the classroom, when in reality, they may be struggling to hear what is being said -Sometimes even subtle disabilities in hearing may prevent the child from understanding the full content of classroom material

Auditory-Perceptual Disability (Hearing Difficulty)

-Represented by periods of: ---Rapid growth from infancy to early childhood ---Slow, steady growth in middle childhood ---Rapid growth spurts during puberty ---Gradual, measured, slow growth during adolescence -Changes in body proportions have an important influence on how movement skills and fitness activities are preformed ---Example: The rapid changes in the length of a child's legs can affect movement activities that require running.

Average physical changes that occur in children

-Children can learn from operating in the environment -When children operate in the environment, their behavior response produces a consequence of either a reinforced reward or punishment -This associative learning process helps children to associate their actions with a positive or negative consequence -Behavior that is reinforced (rewarded) will tend to be strengthened -Conversely, behavior that is not reinforced will tend to be eliminated or extinguished

B.F. Skinner's Operant Conditioning

-Balance is a sense of visual stability in a composition -It is the harmonious arrangement of elements in order to create a feeling of equilibrium -When a composition is symmetrical, it gives the feeling that weight is equally distributed ---This is called formal balance since this is a classical appearance of formality -When a composition is asymmetrical, there is a visual emphasis, or pull, to one side of the composition ---This is sometimes called informal balance Example: Think about a seesaw or scales. When the seesaw is equally weighted, it is symmetrical. When the seesaw is not weighted equally, it is asymmetrical.

Balance: symmetrical and asymmetrical

-Foundations in Italy and Germany but with regional differences (e.g. Rembrandt); influenced by Scientific Revolution (Newton, Galileo); Age of Enlightenment; Counter0Reformation (against Protestantism—paintings of faith/martyrdom); Age of Absolute Monarchs (Louis XIV) -Characteristics (diversified stylistically but often very grand): complex style; appeal to senses/spectator involvement/drama; strong emotion; emphasis on depth/space; genre scenes (landscapes without people); movement with grandeur -Rococo (1750s-1800s): Influenced by the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution (drastic societal changes); Salons; carefree lifestyle/high fashion; moved away from Baroque heroic subjects and dark color; moved to more delicate/pale colors; theme of romantic love -Revolt against Rococo: movement toward naturalism and Romanticism (1850s) (beauty of nature—senses over intellect); love of ruins and exotic cultures; new sense of nationalism; uniqueness, not conformity (e.g., Goya)

Baroque (1600-1750)

-Auditory skills -Translative skills -Creative skills -Performance skills ---Singing ---Playing instruments ---Body movement ---Conducting ---Musical analysis

Classroom expectations for music education

-Historical themes: importance of scientific investigation; New World exploration and empire; ornate and extravagant; painters included Rubens, Rembrandt, and El Greco; composers included Monteverdi, Handel, and Bach -Musical styles/elements: heavily ornate style; counterpoint (technique of combining several melodic lines into a meaningful whole); melodic line; emphasis on contrast and volume; imitative polyphony (many-sounding melodic lines are presented by one voice or instrument and then restated immediately by another); homophonic style (chords under a melodic line), also theme and variation (recurring patterns). Secular music advances; "court" composers; keyboard music for the harpsicord and organ -Developments: opera (staged dramatic vocal music and entertainment), orchestra, ballet, and sonata (solo instrument with accompaniment)

Baroque Era (1600-1750)

-Battle of Lake Erie (1813): Naval battles led by Capt. Oliver Perry claimed Lake Erie for the United States -Battle of Baltimore (1814): British forces advanced through Washington, D.C. and burned the Capital. Britain failed to capture Fort McHenry, later immortalized in the Star Spangled banner. -Battle of New Orleans (1815): The final major battle of the war; due to slow communication, it was fought after the war was already ended by the Treaty of Ghent. Andrew Jackson defeated an invading British Army intent on seizing New Orleans and the vast territory the United States had acquired with the Louisiana Purchase; became an American Hero.

Battles of the War of 1812

Instruction in concepts of how the body can form different shapes Examples: -"Allow your body to form different shapes, wide or tall" -"Stand like a pole"

Body awareness exercises: Shape

Includes locomotor (moving from one place to another) and axial (contained movement around an axis of the body)

Body movement

-The commercial model that dominated the American theatre from the end of the 19th century until shortly after World War II -Named for the New York boulevard that runs through the Manhattan theatre district, this kind of theatre is essentially a profit-making enterprise in which shares of a production are sold to investors with the expectation that, after meeting the initial expenses of production, they will receive a substantial return on their investment -To enhance these profits, Broadway theatre aspires to very long runs of a single play, frequently using star performers appearing in vehicles with the widest possible audience appeal

Broadway theatre

The larva transforms into a pupa (or chrysalis) by anchoring itself to a substrate and molting for the last time

Butterfly life cycle: pupa

-1850: Foreign Miners' Tax imposed by California legislature; $20 monthly tax on foreign miners -1854: California Supreme Court excluded all nonwhite races from testifying against a white person (case involved Chinese witness testifying in a murder trial) -1879: California constitution denied voting rights to any "native of China" (repealed 1926) -1882: Chinese Exclusion Act passed by Congress -1884: San Francisco school board adopted "separate but equal" doctrine and segregated Chinese schoolchildren from all others

California and Immigrant Relations (1850-1880s)

Evidences faulting, folding, alluvial and sedimentary deposition, and volcanic activity

California geology

-Built in areas with high concentration of native population -Church, workshops, kitchens, living quarters, and storerooms constructed from materials on hand -Cultivation of cereal grains, grapes, fruit trees, and olives; raising of livestock

California missions: organization

-Convert Native Americans to Christianity and teach them the Spanish way of life (both the sword and the cross were used to subdue Indians) -Provide agricultural land and food staples for the emerging Spanish population -Create permanent and self-sufficient Spanish settlements in Alta California ---With the hope of attracting Spanish settlers to California and discouraging English and Russian colonization of California -Defend Spanish empire to the south in Mexico

California missions: purpose

-1902: Los Angeles introduced the initiative, referendum, and recall to city charter -1909: State legislature approved the Direct Primary, taking choice of nominees from office out of hands of political machines -1910: Progressive governor Hiram Johnson election along with a progressive legislature -1911: 23 amendments added to the California constitution, including women's suffrage; initiative, referendum, and recall; workers' compensation law; railroad regulation; regulation of all public utilities; Alien Land Law, which prohibited aliens not eligible for citizenship (Japanese) from purchasing or leasing land in California

California's Progressive Reforms

-The primary chemical element in these compounds -Has a great affinity for bonding with other small atoms, including other carbon atoms -Its small size makes it capable of forming multiple bonds and makes it ideal as the basis of organic life -It is able to form small compounds containing three atoms (such as carbon dioxide), as well as large chains of many thousands of atoms that are able to store data (nucleic acids), holds cells together, and transmit information (protein)

Carbon

Symbol: C Protons: 6 Neutrons: 6 Mass: 12

Carbon

-During preschool, children cannot yet think logically about cause and effect -Children believe that their thoughts can cause actions, whether or not the experiences have a casual relationship -Children reason by transductive reasoning (preoperational) Example: A child is unkind toward her baby cousin, and shortly thereafter, the baby is accidentally hurt. The child believes that somehow she caused the accident for having "bad thoughts" about the baby.

Casual Reasoning/Casuality

Level 1 (age 3): Reality is defined by appearance -"When I move along, the clouds move along too." Level 2 (age 5): Child appeals to an all-powerful force -"God moves the clouds." Level 3 (age 7): Child appeals to causes in nature -"The sun moves the clouds." Level 4 (age 10): Child now approaches an adult explanation -"Clouds move because of wind currents."

Casual reasoning changes over time

-Can influence climate by sending tremendous volumes of dust, ash, and smoke into the atmosphere -The resulting dust layer would act as a shield, blocking out much of the sun's rays -This would result in lower global temperatures and a general cooling of the earth -Scientists theorize that massive volcanic eruptions on a global scale contributed to the earth's cooling, resulting in the onset of the Ice Age

Cataclysmic volcanic eruptions

-British violations of U.S. neutrality because of Britain's ongoing war with France -British seizure of American merchant vessels -British practice of "impressment" (stopping U.S. merchant ships and forcing American sailors into service for the British navy) -British support of American Indian tribes against American expansion -Conflict over frontier land -"War Hawks" (those who favored war) in Congress advocated pushing the British out of the frontier and even expelling them from Canada

Causes of the War of 1812

-The smallest amount of living matter, a bit of organic material that is the unit of structure and function for all organisms -Range in size from the smallest speck visible through an electron microscope to the yolk of the largest egg -Some tiny organisms like bacteria are one celled, but all larger organisms are composed of many cells arrayed in tissues -Although an isolated cell may be spherical, the cells packed together in plant or animal tissue have flattened walls -The essential subdivisions of a cell are the cell membrane, the cytoplasm, and the cell nucleus

Cell

-A membrane-enclosed organelle found in all eukaryotic cells -Contains most of a cell's genetic material, organized as multiple long and linear DNA molecules in complex with a large variety of proteins, such as histones, to form chromosomes -The genes within these chromosomes are the cell's nuclear genome -The function of the nucleus is to maintain the integrity of these genes and to control the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression

Cell nucleus

-Temperature scale -0°C is defined as the freeing point of water and 100°C is defined as the boiling point of water (at standard atmospheric pressure) placing the boiling and freezing points of water 100° apart

Celsius (°C)

-Brought water from Northern to Southern California -Series of dams and reservoirs first started during the Depression -Shasta Dam is the largest water reclamation project in the state

Central Valley Project

Multiply the whole number by the denominator, add the numerator, and then place that value over the denominator Example: 6 2/5 --> (5 x 6) + 2 = 32 --> 32/5

Changing a mixed number to an improper fraction

Divide the denominator into the numerator Examples: 24/3 --> 24 ÷ 3 = 8 19/5 --> 19 ÷ 5 = 3 4/5

Changing an improper fraction to a whole or mixed number

-Read it -Write it -Reduce it Example: .8 = eight-tenths = 8/10 = 4/5

Changing decimals to fractions

-Move the decimal point two places to the right -Insert a percent sign Example: .75 = 75%

Changing decimals to percents

-Multiply by 100 -Insert a percent sign Example: 2/5 --> 2/5 x 100 --> 200/5 --> 40%

Changing fractions to percents

The commercial revival led to the rise of towns. -A true middle class emerged -Economic activities in the towns were supervised by the guild system (merchant and craft guilds) -The Crusades led to the revival of international trade

Characteristics of medieval civilization during the late Middle Ages: commercial revival

-Executive: veto power over legislation; appointment of federal judges, ambassadors, and other government officials -Legislative: override presidential vetoes; approve presidential appointments; impeachment of president and federal judges -Judicial: legislative oversight; independence guaranteed through lifetime appointments

Checks and Balances

Show the number of molecules or formula units of the reactants and products Example: nitrous oxide is a colorless, odorless gas that causes mild hysteria when inhaled, hence the name laughing gas; it is prepared by heating ammonium nitrate crystals

Chemical reactions

-According to the U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect, child abuse can be classified in four categories: physical abuse, physical neglect, sexual abuse, and emotional maltreatment -Causes of child maltreatment include lack of parenting skills, economic stressors, lack of education, or adults repeating generational family abuse -A child's reaction to abuse varies greatly depending upon the child, the experience, its frequency, and what is done about it -Children must be allowed to work through whatever range of feelings they have surrounding the abuse, but the two most common feelings are anger and sadness

Child abuse and neglect

-A.D. 960-1279 -The Chinese Empire lost much territory after the fall of the Tang rulers -Advances in education, art, and science contributed to an improved way of life

Chinese civilization under the Sungs

-Began with the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth (compassion for the poor and downtrodden) -Emphasized the Holy Bible as the word of God, the sacraments as the instruments of God's grace, and the importance of a moral life for salvation -Paul of Tarsus (Paul the Apostle), an early Jewish convert to Christianity, was responsible for the spread of Christian theology and the resulting response from the Roman empire (opposition/resistance; Christianity firmly rooted in the collapsing world of Roman rule)

Christianity: basic doctrines

(Mnemonic: Very many nice men came running down North Street, not needing police guards.) 1. Virginia 2. Massachusetts 3. New Hampshire 4. Maryland 5. Connecticut 6. Rhode Island 7. Delaware 8. North Carolina 9. South Carolina 10. New Jersey 11. New York 12. Pennsylvania 13. Georgia

Chronological order of the colonies

-Understanding proper documentation and bibliographic citation is essential -Using a style manual, such as The Chicago Manual of Style or that of the Modern Language Association (MLA), is most helpful

Citing Sources

-Refers to the lexicon of dance as taught in the original academies -This is also used in reference to ballets as created during the Imperial Russian days, such as The Sleeping Beauty, The Nutcracker, and Swan Lake -This also refers to a style of performing that was developed over the years in France, Italy, Denmark, and Russia, or the kind of dancing that comes from that style

Classical

-Ancient Greece and Rome -Art encompassed: architecture (e.g., Parthenon, Coliseum, aqueducts, vaults, and domes); sculpture (ideal form, beauty); pottery (black on white, Greek and Roman life); painting (murals, portraiture); frescoes (pigments with water) -Key characteristics: physical beauty; mathematical; definite proportion; celebrated great events

Classical (400 B.C.-A.D. 400)

-Cool-down exercises are just as important as warm-up exercises -Current research indicates that cool-down activities (e.g. simple calisthenics, breathing exercises, and light walking) are as essential to preventing injuries as warm-up exercises

Classroom fitness activity: Cool-down exercises

Instructional components provide students with step-by-step instruction as stated in the components of fitness, the FITT model, and the guidelines for developing a lesson

Classroom fitness activity: Instructional components

-Physical activity provides students with a targeted activity (e.g. dribbling a basketball) along with modeling of the activity and verbal cues -K-3: Activities should be non-competitive -4-9: Activities should be related to sports -All activities should be: ---Safe ---Enjoyable (promoting self-image) ---Inclusive ---Developmentally appropriate

Classroom fitness activity: Physical activity

The point of highest interest in a novel, short story, or play in terms of the conflict, the point with the most action, or the turning point for the protagonist.

Climax

-Most institutions collapse when the purpose in establishing them is no longer relevant -When the last mission was established in Sonoma in 1823, the move to secularize the missions was in full swing -The Mexican Revolution of 1821 ended centuries of Spanish domination over Alta California -During the Mexican period, there was a dramatic decline in the importance of the missions -Converting the Indians to Christianity was no longer relevant, and the development of farming communities (pueblos) eliminated the agricultural purpose for maintaining the mission system -By 1834, the secularization/privatization of the missions was complete

Collapse of the mission system

-Usually translated to mean "as follows"; should never be used after "is," "are," "was" or "were" when presenting a series. -To introduce a formal appositive, list, summary, quotation, example or other explanatory material whether or not the words as followed or the following are used. ---The following attended (or, Those who attended are as follows): Bob, Mary, Jack, and Sue. ---Patrick Henry's words were the rallying cry of the revolt: "Give me liberty or give me death!"

Colon

-Visible light reflected off objects -Artists use color to imitate the colors of reflected and refracted light -Can be used in a composition to create a symbolic representation of mood and emotion Example: The colors red, orange, and yellow are warm colors. When gazing at a composition with warm colors, people often feel their body temperature rise since these warm colors are symbolic of the sun, heat, and fire. The opposite is true for the colors green, blue, and purple, which suggest cooler colors. People tend to have relaxed, calm, and peaceful feelings with cool colors. Three main qualities: -Hue -Value -Intensity

Color

-A small Solar System body that orbits the Sun -When close enough to the sun, exhibits a visible coma (atmosphere) or a tail, both primarily from the effects of solar radiation upon the comet's nucleus -Comet nuclei are loose collections of ice, dust, and small rocky particles, measuring a few kilometers or tens of kilometers across -Have a variety of different orbital periods, ranging from a few years, to hundreds of thousands of years, while some are believed to pass through the inner Solar System only once before being thrown out into interstellar space

Comet

Separates certain parts of sentences. -Used before a coordinating conjunction in a compound sentence ---I felt happy about my new job, but the pay was not quite enough. -Used to set off interrupting or introductory words or phrases. ---Safe in the house, we watched the rain fall outside. -Used to separate a series of words or word groups. ---Diet, exercise, and rest all contribute to good health. -Used to set off nonrestrictive clauses and phrases ---Harold, who dislikes school, is failing English. -Used to set off appositives ---Mr. Johnson, a teacher, ran for chairman of the school board.

Comma

-One recurring truth of mythology is that whatever happens among the gods and other mythical beings is in some way a reflection of human events on earth. -Many themes and motifs recur in the myths of various cultures and ages. -A common theme in many cultures explains the creation of the world; these range from a god fashioning the earth from abstract chaos to a specific animal creating it from a handful of mud. -Other myths of cyclical destruction and creation are paralleled by myths of seasonal death and rebirth. -Another common theme is the idea of a long-lost golden age of seeming perfection from which humanity has degenerated (i.e. The Garden of Eden) -The motif of a gigantic flood is extremely widespread; it is one element of a group of myths that concern the destruction and re-creation of the world or a particular society. -Other recurring myths explain the origin of fire or it's retrieval from some being that refuses to share it, the expectation of transcendent changes in the millennium to come, or the complex relationships between the living and the dead.

Common Themes in Literature

A fraction whose numerator is smaller than its denominator; has a value less than 1. Example: 3/5

Common fraction

The order in which addition or multiplication is done does not affect the answer

Communicative property

a + b = b + a Example: 2 + 3 = 3 + 2 5 = 5 Note: Subtraction does not have the communicative property. 3 - 2 ≠ 2 - 3 1 ≠ -1

Communicative property for addition

-In the broadest sense, all of the people associated with producing a play, including the designers, technicians, directors, stage managers, and actors -In the narrowest sense, the concept of "the company" is confined to the actors alone

Company

-Pairs of colors that sit opposite one another on the color wheel and do not share any common characteristics -Example: Purple is directly opposite from yellow, making them complementary colors -If mixed together, they produce a neutral color such as gray -Artists use complementary colors to create contrast that can be interpreted as vibrant and stimulating

Complementary colors

A natural number greater than 1 that is not a prime number (an alternate definition is a natural number that has exactly two different divisors) The first seven composite numbers are 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, and 14

Composite number

Raising the leg to a straightened position with the foot very high above the ground; the ability to lift and hold the leg in position of the ground

Extension

-Frequency -Intensity -Time -Type of activity

FITT Guidelines

Formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in a fixed ratio Example: water -Made up of molecules with the composition H20 and the structure (arrangement) shown in the picture -The straight lines denote bonds -One water molecule is built from two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen Example: table salt -A compound composed of one atom of sodium and one atom of chlorine (NaCl, sodium chloride)

Compounds

-Population explosion resulting from the Gold Rush transformed California, politically, socially, and economically -In less than 2 years, California had enough citizens to apply for statehood -National question was whether California would be a slave or free state -At the time, the Senate was equally divided between slave and free states at 15 each. As long as this balance remained, the South could block any antislavery legislation from passing Congress. -California became a free state and the balance was upset, shifting to the North. In effect, antislavery legislation could pass through Congress. -Fearing a loss of political power, the South threatened to leave the Union -The Compromise of 1850 averted a constitutional crisis when the South accepted California statehood in return for the Fugitive Slave Law, which made it illegal to harbor runaway slaves -The Compromise of 1850 was only a temporary fix. The issue of slavery would continue to to dominate national politics. -California statehood became a background issue to the Civil War

Compromise of 1850

-Muscular strength -Endurance -Flexibility -Body composition -Cardio-Respiratory (Aerobic)

Concepts of physical fitness

-Body composition is the proportion of body fat to lean body mass -It is the amount of fat in relation to the percentage of non-fat in the total body mass -It is measured by the thickness of selected skin folds

Concepts of physical fitness: Body composition

-His plan came in direct conflict with the agricultural interests of the South -The southern states were against expanding the power of the federal government at the expense of the rights of the states -His plan for a protective tariff designed to protect domestic industries against foreign competition especially angered the South -The industrial sector of the country was primarily in the North, and Hamilton's plan to protect the American manufacturer seemed to offer little in the way of direct benefit to the South -Led directly to the rise of political parties in the new nation, with the Federalists favoring a strong central government and the Anti-Federalists favoring strong state governments

Conflicts with Hamilton's financial plan

-Concern from both Federalists and Jeffersonians about whether the purchase was unconstitutional -Napoleon did not have the right to sell the land (Louisiana was Spain's before it was France's, and Spain specified in the Treaty of San Ildefonso that the land was not to be sold) -Concern with whether the French, Spanish, and free blacks living there should be made citizens -Concern from Federalists that the farmers of the west would clash politically with/threaten the power of the merchants and bankers of the east coast states -Concern that an increase in slave holding states created out of the new territory would exacerbate divisions between north and south

Conflicts with the Louisiana Purchase

-His teachings influenced Chinese culture -Wanted to improve society -Taught that certain virtues are guidelines to happy life

Confucius

The implications of a word or phrase, as opposed to its exact meaning (denotation).

Connotation

-The meaning conveyed by connotative symbols, symbols that are vague in terms of strict definition, but rich in poetic meaning -Much connotative meaning evokes an emotional rather than intellectual response

Connotative meaning

The combination of tones that produces a quality of relaxation

Consonance

-Gives the reader and writer a sense of appropriateness for different writing situations (for example, one follows different writing conventions when writing a letter to the editor, an essay, a diary entry, a descriptive piece, or a letter of complaint) -Often dictates the appropriate tone, as well as vocabulary, organization, etc.

Context

-What is portrayed in theatre; namely, the interaction of at least one character with some aspect of his or her environment -Since the portrayed interaction is normally with another person (or an aspect of the natural environment endowed with human qualities), the content of theatre is a character-character interaction

Context

-Theory that the earth's continents were originally united as a supercontinent, Pangaea -Established by Alfred Wegener in the early 1900s Examples to support Wegener's theory: -Paleontology: Fossil evidence indicates the similarity of fossils on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean -Continental "jigsaw puzzle": The outlines of the continents seem to fit together—for example, the eastern coast of South America and the western coast of Africa -Paleoclimatology (study of ancient climates): Ancient coral reefs (associated with warm water) are found in areas that could not currently support such growth -Sea-floor spreading: ---The discovery of tectonic plate movement and sea-floor spreading provided proof for Wegner's theory ---The oceanic floor is not stationary ---The plates move because of incredible amounts of released energy ---During sea-floor spreading, new oceanic crust forms ---The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example ---In response to ocean-floor movement, the ocean floor expands in opposite directions ---Continents spread apart and away from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Continental drift

Multiplication outside parentheses distributing over either addition or subtraction inside parentheses does not affect the answer a(b + c) = ab + ac a(b - c) = ab - ac Examples: 7 (3 + 9) = 7(3) + 7 (9) 7 (12) = 21 + 63 84 = 84 5 (12-3) = 5(12) - 5(3) 5(9) = 60 - 15 45 = 45 Note: You cannot use the distributive property with only one operation. 3 (4 x 5) ≠ 3(4) x 3(5) 3 (20) ≠ 12 x 15 60 ≠ 180

Distributive property

-Transferring of heat by the circulating motion of particles (in liquid or gas) -Occurs when hot air is less dense than cool air and therefore rises -When the heat moves in a circular pattern, convection currents are formed -Heat can be transferred by the circulation of fluids due to buoyancy from changes in density Examples: -The upward flow of air due to a fire or hot object -The circulation of water in a pot that is heated from below -For a visual experience of natural convection, a glass full of hot water with red food dye may be placed in a fish tank with cold, clear, water. The convection currents of the red liquid will be seen to rise and fall and then eventually settle, illustrating the process as heat gradients are dissipated.

Convection

-The temporary "rules" of the performance -The conventions of the theatre are specific to particular cultures, styles of theatre, and even individual productions

Conventions

-Occur when two plates push together -Such faults are strong and relatively deep -Where the strongest earthquakes occur Example: mountain building in the Himalayas and the Andes

Convergent plate movements

-Join parts of a sentence (words, phrases and clauses) that are grammatically equal or similar -FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)

Coordinating Conjunctions

-1792 -Made it possible to meet increased demand for cotton by mechanizing the process for separating seeds from cotton fiber

Cotton gin

-A form of entertainment in which students improvise scenes for their own growth and edification, not that of an audience -In some cases, the aim of creative drama is to learn subjects other than theatre (history, psychology, literature, and so on)l in others, it is to learn about theatre itself

Creative drama

Dance movement that is primary and nonfunctional, with an emphasis on body mastery for expressive and communicative purposes

Creative movement

-Often carry important historical significance from ancient civilizations Examples: -Chinese ribbon dance -Polish polonaise -India's Kathakali or Bharatanatyam dance -Clogging, traditionally from Wales, which involves double taps on both the heel and ball of the foot -Irish dancing (demonstrated by popular performances of the production Riverdance) -Popular historical dances that are often used today: ---Pavane ---Galliard (from the Renaissance period) ---The minuet ---Charleston ---Twist ---Disco ---Hip-hop ---Lambada

Cultural dances

-Length (in., ft., yd, mi.) -Area (sq. in., sq. ft., sq. yd., acre, sq. mi.) -Weight (oz., lb., T) -Capacity (cups, pt., qt., gal., pecks, bushels) -Time (seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, years, decades, centuries)

Customary/English system of units

SA = (Base-per)h + 2(Base-area) SA = 2πrh + 2πr² SA = 2πr(h + r) V = (Base-area)h V = πr²h

Cylinder

-The main material within a cell -Varies in consistency from a fluid to a semisolid -Embedded in the cytoplasm are functional bodies: ---The centrosome (participates in cell division) ---Ribosomes (for constructing proteins) ---Mitochondria (conduct metabolism) ---Golgi bodies (involved in secretion) ---Vacuoles (used in digestion) ---Plastids (in plant cells, bodies with chlorophyll that carry out photosynthesis)

Cytoplasm

Numbers to the left of the decimal point are whole numbers; numbers to the right of the decimal point are fractions with denominators of only 10, 100, 1,000, 10,000, etc. Example: 0.6 = 6/10 = 3/5

Decimals

-There were three periods of feudal government—Kamakura, Ashikaga, and Tokugawa -The Shogun was the actual ruler; the emperors were figureheads -Nobles struggled for power during the Ashikaga Shogunate (1394-1573) -The arts flourished -Central government grew strong during the Tokugawa Era (1603-1868) -The old Samurai class and feudal way of life declined, resulting in major political and social changes

Development of feudalism and a samurai warrior-class

Word choice; any word/detail that is important to the meaning and effect of the writing.

Diction

-The motive force behind land breezes and sea/lake breezes, also known as on- or off-shore winds -Land absorbs and radiates heat faster than water, but water releases heat over a longer period of time -The result is that, in locations where sea and land meet, heat absorbed over the day will be radiated more quickly by the land at night, cooling the air -Over the sea, heat is still being released into the air at night, and rises -This convective motion draws the cool land air in to replace the rising air, resulting in a land breeze in the late night and early morning -During the day, the roles are reversed -Warm air over the land rises, pulling cool air in from the sea to replace it, giving a sea breeze during the afternoon and evening

Differential heating

In the modern theatre, the major interpretive figure, whose job it is to bring to life the vision of the playwright or otherwise provide artistic meaning to the theatre experience

Director

-Designed to separate substances in a liquid through vaporization -Usually carried out in an apparatus called a still, which requires a boiler, a condenser, and a receiver Example: Purify ocean water -Heat the ocean water until it reaches its boiling point -As the ocean water boils, it begins to evaporate and change from a liquid to a gas, in the form of water vapor -The gas goes through tubing to a collector container -The container sits in ice, which accelerates the condensation from water vapor back to liquid (or from a gas to a liquid) -The condensed water is pure water -Salt and other impurities remain as a residue in the original pan -Salt has a higher boiling point than water and therefore doesn't evaporate with the water

Distillation

-Occur when two plates pull away from each other -Such faults are generally weak and shallow Example: the Mid-Atlantic Range in the Atlantic Ocean

Divergent plate movements

-The same as dividing other numbers, except that if the divisor (the number you're dividing by) has a decimal, move it to the right as many places as necessary until it is a whole number -Move the decimal point in the dividend (the number being divided into) into the same number of places -Sometimes you may have to add zeroes to the dividend (the number inside the division sign) Example: 5 ÷ 1.25 = 500 ÷ 125

Dividing decimals

-The Abbasids overthrew the Umayyads—the capital moved from Damascus (Syria) to Baghdad -Iberian and North African Muslims broke with Baghdad's control

Division of the Muslim Empire

-High tariffs passed in 1832 led to the Nullification Crisis of that year -Vice president John C. Calhoun supported South Carolina's nullification legislation that allowed a state to nullify an act of Congress -South Carolina said that the federal government could not collect the tariff -Compromise of 1833 lowered the tariff -President Jackson still threatened to send in Federal troops to stop nullification -South Carolina repealed the Ordinance of Nullification -This issue intensified the sectional issue that would lead to the Civil War

Doctrine of Nullification

-The work of a drama critic -It consists of commentary on a play or script intended to enrich the experience of seeing the play or reading the script by others -Dramatic criticism can appear in written form in periodicals, as media presentations, or in public talks

Dramatic criticism

-The result of forces within the earth, where temperature and pressure differences lead to instability -The stress is particularly severe in orogenic zones, which are characterized by volcanism, metamorphism, deformation, and uplift ---Two styles of rock deformation are faulting and folding ---Edge-of-continent deformation is attributed to plate tectonics

Earth movements

-A branch of biology -Each living organism has an ongoing and continual relationship with every other element that makes up its environment

Ecology

-The gross domestic product (GDP) ranks California number one in the nation -The California GDP ranks it among the top 10 COUNTRIES in the world -Vast natural resources (oil, timber, minerals, etc.) and abundant fertile land allow for future growth -Cali leads the nation in manufacturing and agricultural production -The higher education system (junior colleges, state colleges, and universities) is among the finest in the nation

Economic advantages of California

-Fourth step of the writing process -Clean up diction and syntax (i.e. combine some sentences for effect and reword sentences for clarity) -Purpose: to check the flow of ideas and precision of presentation

Editing

1. Piaget's theory of cognitive development provides an alternative to behavior theorists' belief that children are merely passive learners. Children actively move through operational stages. 2. Piaget quantified the conceptual-learning process, suggesting that there are predictable and orderly developmental accomplishments. Children can be tested at each stage to verify their level of cognitive understanding. 3. Piaget suggested that a child's mind seeks a state of equilibrium. At each stage, children form a new way to operate and adapt to the world. 4. By understanding Piaget's stages of cognitive development, teachers can avoid presenting material in the classroom that is beyond the child's cognitive ability.

Educational implications of Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

1. Although infant attachment is not the only path to social competence in children, teachers should recognize the importance of secure attachment as a key role in observable secure relationships 2. Teachers should be aware that cultural diversity is an important variable in the effects of social competency among children 3. Teachers should recognize that the emotional bond between the child and his parent may be unconsciously transferred to the relationship between the teacher and the child 4. Children who can securely self-regulate and who believe they can achieve have a greater ability to successfully face difficulties and master academic learning material

Educational implications of attachment

1. Teachers can be assured that through repetition (and based upon the child's experience), learning is predictable 2. Teachers can help children be successful by making their world more orderly and predictable 3. Teachers will recognize that a child's learned experiences can account for later behavior patterns

Educational implications of classical conditioning

1. Teachers must be aware that the process of language development is multifaceted, including physical sounds, cognitive thought, and social interactions 2. Teachers should recognize that language cognitively, linguistically, and emotionally begins at home. Parents play an active role in teaching language to children. Adults teach language to children through infant-directed speech, recasting, echoing, expanding, and labeling 3. Teachers should recognize that children will acquire the use of English even when their native language is the only language spoken at home 4. Since the work of Vygotsky supports the notion that language is essential to the development of thinking, teachers should support appropriate private speech in order to help children self-regulate and access a higher level of functioning

Educational implications of language development

1. Teachers must recognize that children internalize what is right and wrong based upon their basic values and sense of self 2. Teachers must recognize the sequential foundation upon which higher moral principles are based 3. Teachers must recognize that children respond differently to various moral dilemmas depending upon age, education, and socioeconomic influences

Educational implications of moral development

1. Teachers can use behavior modification in the classroom as a learning tool (altering the environment or situation to produce a more favorable outcome) 2. Teachers can reinforce positive behavior to produce subsequent desirable behaviors (e.g., positive feedback, praise, or gold stars) and not reinforce undesirable behaviors

Educational implications of operant conditioning

1. Teachers must encourage play since much of the child's cognitive advances in learning take place during play 2. Teachers must be aware of age-appropriate forms of play for classroom activities and encourage imaginative play whenever appropriate 3. Teachers can use play to help children release physical energy 4. Teachers should be aware that play helps children to build social interactions among peers

Educational implications of play

Any exponent means to multiply by itself that many times Example: 5³ = 5 x 5 x 5 = 125 x¹ = x and x^0 = 1 when x is any number other than 0

Exponent

1. Teachers can better manage the classroom by knowing the different temperaments (the introverted child, the conversationalist, the class clown, etc.) 2. By understanding that temperament is different for each child, teachers can plan individualized approaches specific to each child 3. Teachers can help children feel validated by affirming their temperament attributes. This helps children to look at themselves positively 4. Teachers should be aware that environmental manipulations, such as culture, influence temperament

Educational implications of temperament

-The medieval political unity of Europe was replaced by the spirit of modern nationalism -The authority of the state was strengthened -The middle class was strengthened -Calvinism gave capitalism its psychological base -Religious wars reflected the fervor of the times

Effects of the Reformation

Until about age 5, young children cannot differentiate between their own perspectives and feelings and someone else's (preoperational). Example: While speaking on the phone with her father, a child says, "See my new shoes."

Egocentrism

-Officially defined as sustained sea surface temperature anomalies of magnitude greater than 0.5°C across the central tropical Pacific Ocean -El Niño is characterized by unusually warm ocean temperatures in the eastern equatorial Pacific ---El Niño's warm current of nutrient-poor tropical water, heated by its eastward passage in the Equatorial Current, replaces the cold, nutrient-rich surface water of the Humboldt Current, also known as the Peru Current, which supports great populations of fish -La Niña is characterized by unusually warm ocean temperatures in the same area ---Atlanta tropical cyclone activity is generally enhanced during La Niña -The La Niña condition often follows the El Niño, especially when the latter is strong

El Niño and La Niña

-The path or circuit an electric current flows -Electricity requires a complete path for the electrons to flow -If the path is broken and there are not alternative paths for the electrons to follow, the electrons will not move -Electric circuits make it possible for electric energy to operate a vast range of technology

Electric circuit

-An electric current also generates a magnetic field, demonstrating an intimate connection between electricity and magnetism -Recent work has united these phenomena, as well as light, into electromagnetic radiation

Electromagnetic radiation

-Space -Time -Levels (dynamics) -Force (energy)

Elements of dance

-Rhythm: countable patterns -Tempo: fast or slow speed -Beat: even or uneven -Meter: 2/4 time, 3/4 time, etc. -Syncopation: a rhythmic pattern produced when a deliberate pattern is upset -Rhapsodic rhythms: non-metric (e.g., breath, water, or wind)

Elements of dance: Time

-Draws your eye to a visual focal point -Artists use emphasis to help an object stand out and grab your attention -It is the center of interest

Emphasis

-"Effective teaching behaviors" refers to the decisions that teachers make regarding the use of time and their interaction with students -Physical education teachers use research-based, effective teaching behaviors to support student learning; these include the following: ---Planning for every lesson ---Using time effectively ---Providing effective practice ---Providing positive specific or corrective feedback ---Keeping students engaged in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity at least 50% of the instructional time ---Keeping students engaged in academic learning ---Improving speed and accuracy ---Applying motor learning concepts to instructional practices

Employ effective teaching behaviors

-The ability to perform work -Energy transformations result when a change of form takes place -All forms of energy can be converted into other forms

Energy

-A tradition of free public education was started in the villages of New England. -Religious tolerance supplanted an early religious dogmatism first established by the Puritans in Massachusetts. -A conscious choice was made to leave the idea of hereditary aristocracy behind in Europe. -Class distinctions were less rigid than in England, and a strong middle class emerged -This society of mobile rather than fixed social classes existed with movement through the ranks neither legally guaranteed nor barred to anyone, with the exception of slaves

England and the colonies: differences

-America's new settlers transplanted long-standing traditions of England's government, with the first important steps taken by the earliest colonies of Plymouth (Massachusetts) and Virginia. -All of England's colonies based their goverming systems on concepts of limited government, representation, and the rights of Englishmen guaranteed in a Bill of Rights.

England and the colonies: similarities

-The form of physical relationship between audience and performers in which there is little or no clear definition between the space dedicated to each -The conventions of environmental staging dictate that audience and performers use the same space during the course of the experience

Environmental staging

-Has all three of its sides of equal length, which in turn make each of the three angles equal in measure -Therefore, each angle in an equilateral triangle has a measure of 60° since the sum of the angles in any triangle is 180°

Equilateral triangle

-Development is motivated by the search for a stable balance toward effective adaptations -This balanced state is called equilibrium and has three phases: ---1. Children begin in a state of balance ---2. Thought changes and conflict emerges ---3. Through the process of assimilation and accommodation, a more sophisticated mode of thought surfaces

Equilibrium

-A safe environment has two components -The first refers to the actual physical environment ---This includes equipment safety and that the class size is conducive to providing a safe activity ---That communication systems are in place in case of an emergency (located in the main office or health office) ---That proper instruction exists for students to use equipment ---That there is sufficient supervision at all times -The second component refers to the psychological subjective environment of the students ---All activities should ensure that students feel physically, emotionally, and socially safe during the instructional process

Establish a safe environment

-1492: Columbus, West Indies and Bahamas -1513: Balboa, Panama -1519: Cortes, Mexico -1532: Pizarro, Peru

Europeans in the New World: Spain

The introduction of setting, main characters, and conflict.

Exposition

How difficult is the activity level (mild to moderate)? -Intensity gives an indication of how difficult the activity might be -This principle is important to monitor so that instruction can be increased or decreased, depending on the intensity of the activity -Always monitor cardio-respiratory exertion

FITT Guidelines: Intensity

-Check to see if you can monomial factor (factor out common terms). Then, if A = 1 (the first term is simply x²), use double parentheses and factor the first term. Place these factors in the left sides of the parenthesis. For example, (x )(x ) -Factor the last term, and place the factors in the right side of the parentheses To decide on the signs of the numbers, do the following. If the sign of the last term is negative: -Find two numbers whose product is the last term and whose difference is the coefficient (number in front) of the middle term -Give the larger of the two numbers the sign of the middle term, and give the opposite sign to the other factor If the sign of the last term is positive: -Find two numbers whose product is the last term and whose sum is the coefficient of the middle term -Give both factors the sign of the middle term If A ≠ 1 (if the first term has a coefficient different than 1 — for example, 4x² + 5x + 1), then additional trial and error will be necessary

Factoring polynomials that have three terms: Ax² + Bx + C

-Find the square root of the first term and the square root of the second term -Express your answer as the product of the sum of the quantities from step 1 times the difference of those quantities Example: x² - 144 x² - 144 = (x + 12)(x - 12)

Factoring the difference between two squares

-Japanese were imported in large numbers to work in agriculture. They displaced Anglo workers and resentment grew. -Asians were restricted from naturalization at the turn of the century. -The San Francisco Board of Education segregated Caucasians and Asians in 1905 -This resentment led to an international "Gentlemen's Agreement" in 1907 ---Japanese immigration to the United States was voluntarily restricted (but the measure was ineffective in reducing tension) ---Integrated schools were permitted ---Agitation against Asians continued

Fears of the "yellow peril" were raised again

-A system based on a written constitution in which state and federal governments have distinct functions --The national government is sovereign (independent) in such matters as interstate commerce, declaring war, and making treaties ---Unless there is a constitutional conflict, state governments are generally sovereign in matters of local control such as passing local and state laws -10th Amendment to the Constitution states that powers not granted to the federal government by the Constitution exclusively, or denied to the states, are "reserved" to the states

Federalism

Federalists: -Pro-England -Conservative -Constitutional monarchy Democratic-Republicans: -Pro-France -Revolutionary -Republicanism

Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans: Foreign Policy

Federalists: -Expansion and growth -Banking -Investment in business -Manufacturing Democratic-Republicans: -Focus on yeoman farmers (the 18th and early 19th century's middle class) as the foundation of republicanism (sovereignty of the people)

Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans: Foundations of the Nation

-Hierarchical and interdependent ---Church ---Lords/nobles ---Vassals/lesser lords ---Knights ---Peasants (free and serfs) -Grants of land given by lords in exchange for oaths of loyalty -Private armies of vassals and their knights protected lords and their lands -Peasants owed labor and obedience -All owed loyalty and obedience to the Church

Feudalism: political

-1861 -Union commander: Gen. Irvin McDowell -Confederate commander: Gen. Joseph Johnston -Union forces expected a quick victory and a short war overall; defeated by Confederates; the war would go on

First Battle of Bull Run

Can multiply force or distance depending on the location of the fulcrum End: Output force Middle: Fulcrum Other end: Input force Examples: seesaws, scissors, pliers

First-class lever

-A manipulation of time in the plot in which a scene from earlier in the story is shown after those that occur later -Rather rare in traditional playwriting, flashbacks are common in films

Flashback

-A technique in which the narrative moves to a time prior to that of the main story -Can make a story more interesting by giving it depth

Flashback

-A gas-discharge lamp that uses electricity to excite mercury vapor -The excited mercury atoms produce short-wave ultraviolet light that then causes a phosphor to fluoresce, producing visible light -Unlike incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps always require a ballast to regulate the flow of power through the lamp -However, a fluorescent lamp converts electrical power into useful light more efficiently than an incandescent lamp; lower energy costs offset the higher initial cost of the lamp -Compared with incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps use less power for the same amount of light, generally last longer, but are bulkier, more complex, and more expensive than a comparable incandescent lamp

Fluorescent lamp/fluorescent tube

-Most important and only reliable food for the majority of California Indians, including Indians of the foothills, was acorn nuts (the nuts of oak trees) -Almost all California Indians depended on acorn meal because oaks grew in most parts of California -After pounding the acorn kernel into a powder, Indians used water to leach the acorn's bitter tannic acid. The resulting meal could be boiled into a mush, baked into cakes, or stored -Coastal and river Indians ate fish -Few Indians included large game animals as a regular part of their diet -Seeds and berries were a part of the Indians' diet because grasses and wild oats covered many hills and valleys -Yucca plants were used as both a food and a basket source

Food of California Indians

-Traces of ancient life preserved in the strata as shells, footprints, and the like -Soft plant and animal tissues decompose quickly in the presence of decay bacteria, which exist wherever oxygen exists -Therefore, softtissue would most likely avoid decomposition and survive as a fossil in the most oxygen-free environment, such as lake-bottom mud -Because life has evolved (changed) continually through geological history, the fossils in older strata differ from those found in more recent deposits Example: The earliest fossil-rich beds have many trilobites, early crab-like creatures that have been extinct for hundreds of millions of years; discovery of fossil trilobites in a formation permits assignment of that bed to an early period

Fossils

-Extremely unlikely that France, with an absolute monarch in King Louis XIV, would have embraced the ideals of the Declaration of Independence (which declared that the people had inalienable rights, governments were set up to serve the people, and unjust governments that usurped the power of the people should be overthrown) -France saw the American Revolution as a means to weaken the military and political power of the English (a weaker England wold in turn result in a stronger France) -France still resented the loss of Canada to the English as a result of the Seven Years' War (1756-63)

France's reasons for aiding the English colonies during the American Revolution

Poetry that is not rhymed and does not have a regular metrical pattern but is still more rhythmic than most prose.

Free Verse

The number of waves produced in a given time

Frequency

Lakes, ponds, and rivers

Freshwater ecosystems

The resistance of motion of two moving objects Example: When children play kickball on grass, the ball may move more slowly than when they play kickball on asphalt. There is more resistance because of the friction of the coarse, grassy surface.

Friction

-At the end of the tadpole stage, frogs undergo metamorphosis and they transition into adult form -Metamorphosis involves a dramatic transformation of morphology and physiology, as tadpoles develop hind legs, then front legs, lose their gills, and develop front lungs

Frog life cycle: froglet

-Children often play games during elementary school -These games often include rules and are competitive and pleasurable -Preschool children play games, but their games are more in terms of taking turns -Games play/games with rules play involves a given set of rules and declines around age 12, but can be engaged in throughout life -It is usually replaced by practice play and organized sports as children approach adolescence

Games with rules play

-Children possess different intelligences with multiple dimensions -Children have many different cognitive strengths, as well as contrasting cognitive styles -Intelligence has roots in evolutionary history, and we are much like our ancestors who had a variety of intellectual strengths to cope with environmental challenges 1. Linguistic-Verbal Ability: The ability to think in words and to use language to express meaning (poets, authors, journalists, and speakers) 2. Logical-Mathematical Ability: The ability to carry out mathematical operations (scientists, engineers, and accountants) 3. Spatial Ability: The ability to think three-dimensionally (architects, artists, and engineers) 4. Bodily-Kinesthetic Ability: The ability to solve problems using the body and physical skill (surgeons, craftspeople, dancers, and athletes) 5. Musical Ability: Having a sensitivity to pitch, melody, rhythm, and tone (composers, musicians, and sensitive listeners) 6. Interpersonal Ability: The ability to understand others, a people person who has good conversation skills and knows how to interact with others (teachers, mental health professionals, salespeople, and politicians) 7. Intrapersonal Ability: The ability to understand oneself and effectively direct one's life (theologians and psychologists) 8. Natural Ability: The ability to observe patterns in nature and understand natural and human-made systems (farmers, botanists, ecologists, and landscapers)

Gardener's Multiple Intelligence

-Boys and girls do not grow at the same rate -The peak growth spurt for boys usually spans the ages of 13 through 15 and can be as much as 3 1/2 inches per year -The peak growth spurt for girls usually spans the ages of 11 through 13 and can be as much as 3 inches per year -Coinciding with these growth spurt years, the young adolescents experience puberty and additional physical changes -The boys will develop broader shoulders than girls and the girls will develop broader hips than boys -These and other changes affect body mechanics -It can be both frustrating and difficult for boys and girls as their bodies learn to adapt to their new size and shape

Gender differences

-Spoke a great diversity of dialects -Represented the largest concentration of Indians in North America (150,000 to 300,000; entire Indian population in the continental U.S. < 1 million) -Dwellings reflected the groups' climactic and geographic locations: frame and plank houses in the north, brush shelters in the southern deserts, and earth houses along the coastal areas -Groups were not generally warlike, and weapons were not sophisticated (in comparison to those of the Plains Indians) -Majority were hunter/gatherers; acorns were used extensively as a food source where oak trees were plentiful. This involved drying, storing, cracking, and leaching -Transportation reflected geographic factors: Balsa and raft-type boats were used in the south, and plank canoes were used in the north

General characteristics of California Indians prior to European contact

The science that describes and interprets the earth Fields: -Geomorphology (land forms) -Petrology (rocks) -Stratigraphy (layered rocks) -Paleontology (fossils)

Geology

A leap from one leg to the other in which the working leg is kicked or thrown away from the body and into the air; the pose achieved in the air differs, a does the direction the leap takes

Grand jeté

-A natural phenomenon by which objects with mass attract one another -Compels dispersed matter to coalesce, and thus it accounts for the very existence of the earth, the sun, and most of the macroscopic objects in the universe -Responsible for keeping the earth and the other planets in their orbits around the sun, for keeping the moon in its orbit around the earth, for the formation of tides, for convection (by which hot fluids rise), for heating the interiors of forming stars and planets to very high temperatures, and for various other phenomena that we observe

Gravitation

-The terms gravitation and gravity are mostly interchangeable in everyday use -Gravity refers specifically to the gravitational force exerted by the earth on objects in its vicinity

Gravity

-Many children grow about 2 inches per year until age 11 -Significant changes take place during this period in the difference in growth between boys and girls -Around age 6, girls are typically shorter and weight less than boys, but from age 10-12, both boys and girls are about the same size -During this period, there are also vast differences between boys and girls regarding their ability to use fine and gross motor skills -Boys' leg and arm muscle coordination is stronger, helping them to jump farther, run faster, catch, throw, and kick balls farther -This is a period that children begin handwriting instead of printing -Girls tend to have an edge in fine motor abilities, being able to have more coordinated hand-manipulation skills

Growth and development: Middle childhood (7-11 years old)

-Designed to protect the emerging industrial economy of the new nation; placed the national government on a sound financial basis (before, the nation's unstable financial foundations lacked a central vision and structures to guide the economic future) -Called for using the power of the federal government to strengthen the manufacturing interests of the country ---The national government paid back the state, national, and foreign debts to demonstrate the credibility of the new government ---The national government encouraged American business expansion by passing excise taxes and a tariff ---The national government raised revenue by initiating a tax on domestic whiskey ---The national government authorized the use of coins and paper money to encourage the growth of commerce ---The national government encouraged the development of a national bank to facilitate the expansion of business -Led to the development of political parties

Hamilton's financial plan

-Precipitation -Canopy interception -Snowmelt -Runoff -Percolation -Subsurface flow -Evaporation -Sublimation -Condensation

Hydrologic concepts

-Sun heats water in the oceans -Water evaporates as vapor into the air -Ice and snow can sublimate directly into water vapor -Evapotranspiration: water transpired from plants and evaporated from the soil -Rising air currents take the vapor up into the atmopshere where cooler temperatures cause it to condense into clouds -Air currents move clouds around the globe and cloud particles collide, grow, and fall out of the sky as precipitation -Some precipitation falls as snow and can accumulate as ice caps and glaciers, which can store water for thousands of years -Snow packs can thaw and melt, and the ensuing water flows overland as snowmelt -Most precipitation falls back into the oceans or onto land, where the precipitation flows over the ground as surface runoff -A portion of runoff enters rivers, with stream flow moving water towards the oceans -Runoff and groundwater are stored as freshwater in lakes -Not all runoff flows into rivers; much of it infiltrates into the ground through percolation -Some water infiltrates deep into the ground and replenishes aquifers, which store huge amounts of freshwater for long periods of time -Some infiltration stays close to the land surface and can seep back into surface-water bodies (and the ocean) as groundwater discharge -Some groundwater finds openings in the land surface and emerges as freshwater springs -Over time, the water reenters the ocean, where the water cycle started

Hydrologic cycle

A value that, when added to another number or multiplied with another number, does not change the value of that number

Identity number

0. Any number added to 0 gives that number 0 + a = a + 0 = a Example of using the additive identity: 0 + 3 = 3 + 0 = 3 0 + 3 = 3

Identity number for addition

1. Any number multiplied by 1 gives that number. 1(a) = a(1) = 1 Example of using the multiplicative identity: 1(3) = 3(1) = 3 1(3) = 3

Identity number for multiplication

-Classified according to composition and texture -Form when magma or lava cools and solidifies -Depending on the rate of cooling, some igneous rocks can contain visible crystals, while others can appear glassy -Temperature, pressure, and composition explain the three ways magma can form since they affect the melting point of rock -Igneous rock that cools beneath the earth's surface is called intrusive -Examples of intrusive rock formations include plutons, dikes, and batholiths -Igneous rock that forms on the earth's surface is called extrusive -Examples of extrusive rocks include obsidian, basalt, and pumice

Igneous rocks

-Most widely recognized model for moral decision-making -Kohlberg describes moral development as sequential stages that individuals pass through while gradually becoming mature in their moral reasoning -These stages progress from concrete to abstract

Lawrence Kohlberg and Moral Development

-Reflected the new secular trends -Humanism stressed the importance of the individual -Machiavelli's "The Prince" stressed that "the ends justify the means" as a political philosophy -The influence of the "classical" arts was strong, and a new emphasis was placed on science

Literature and Philosophy

-Skipping is a series of step-hops completed with alternate feet -Primary school children love to skip ---To help them learn to skip, have them take a small step and a small hop on the same foot and then ask them to shift to the other foot ---Set a goal of smoothness and rhythm, rather than speed and distance

Locomotor skills: Skipping

A fraction whose numerator is the same or more than the denominator; has a value equal to 1 or more than 1. Examples: 6/6 and 5/4

Improper fraction

-In traditional dramatic structure, the first incident in the chain of events called rising action -It is the inciting incident that throws the world of the play into disequilibrium (destroying stasis); the remainder of the play is an attempt to reestablish that balance -The inciting incident may be deceptively simple: the arrival of a new person in the community, the delivery of a letter, a piece of news emerging in casual conversation, and the like

Inciting incident

-Urban culture -Planned cities (i.e. citywide sanitation systems) -Metallurgy (gold, copper, bronze, tin) -Measurement (weight, time, length, mass)

India: developments

-A trait that is inferred on the basis of observable behavior -An individual's general mental abilities ("g" factor), including: reasoning, problem solving, knowledge, memory, and successful adaptation to the environment -Educators and psychologists face controversy over the fairness of intelligence testing to determine mental abilities, performance ranking, and academic potential

Intelligence

Traditional IQ tests -Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales (SB-5) for ages 2 to 85 -Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) for ages 6 to 16 Multiple intelligence tests -Gardner's Multiple Intelligence -Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Intelligence testing perspectives

Describes the brilliance or dullness of color Example: Brighter colors in a composition are often associated with stronger emotions and heightened energy, while subtler, dull colors are associated with a weaker, anesthetized state of energy

Intensity

-Intent -Structure -Effectiveness -Worth

Interpreting theatre

1. Involves the degree to which a dramatic work succeeds 2. Includes the evaluation of the work's success in such things as entertaining, informing, illuminating, persuading, inspiring, amusing, engaging, shocking, and instilling awe

Interpreting theatre: Effectiveness

1. Involves the interaction of all elements 2. Includes, but is not limited to, design, rhythm, climax, conflict, balance, and sequence

Interpreting theatre: Structure

-Evident in a written work that explains, explores, or considers the significance of an event, a work of art, etc. -Requires the writer to think critically and then present the results of his or her thinking -Examples: research papers, critiques, summaries, and analyses

Interpretive Writing

-Two or more lines that cross each other at a point -That point would be on each of those lines

Intersecting lines

-Manufacturing: flying shuttle -Birth of the factory system: spinning jenny, water frame, spinning mule, watt steam engine, power loom, cotton gin -Iron-making: coke smelting, grooved rollers -Transportation: steam locomotive, steamboat

Inventions of the Industrial Revolution

-A figure of speech in which intent and actual meaning differ, characteristically praise for blame and blame for praise; the use of words to suggest the opposite of their intended meaning. -A pattern of words that turns away from direct statement of its own obvious meaning. -In verbal irony, the discrepancy is between statement and meaning: (parent to teenager) "Oh, your room is really clean." -Sometimes, irony may simply understate: "Men have died from time to time..."

Irony

Stimulated new states of West Africa and spread Islamic culture and religion

Islam in Africa

-Growth of contemporary dance, post-modernism in the 1960s; movement toward simplicity and a less sophisticated technique; "No" manifesto, a frequent rejection of costumes and stories -Other directions post-1960s: more eclectic; ballet and ethnic used in the same performance; all-male groups; intense theatrical effects in lighting, costume, and sets -Martha Graham and psychodrama: intense movement often depicting pain, fear, and love; dance forms "sculptured" by human body positions; contraction and release of the torso, "fall and recover"; angular gestures; schools and dance companies -George Balanchine (director of the New York City Ballet) and modern American ballet; Broadway and Hollywood shows; a new style of moving with emphasis on speed and mobility; lean body types; importance of the female dancer -Social dance and mass culture: Rock 'n' roll; MTV; hip-hop; ballroom dancing (tango)

Late 20th Century

-Gothic art: religious—the Church was almost the sole patron of the arts; spatially flat; shape of human body was used to communicate emotions; manuscript illumination -Gothic architectural style (1200); influenced by Christianity; Age of Chivalry; rapid growth of commerce; led to the proliferation of majestic cathedrals (Chartres; Notre Dame; Cologne); gothic window (stained glass); flying buttress (higher, lighter)—towering monuments to God -Frescoes; tempera painting (1400s), with egg tempera as binder; illuminated manuscripts; vegetable oils

Later Middle Ages (1000-4000)

-Displayed by permanent magnets and around electric currents -The north pole of one magnet attracts the south pole of another, but like poles repel each other -Either pole can attract unmagnetized iron objects -Iron filings spread out on a piece of paper above a bar magnet become arranged in a pattern that maps a magnetic field in the space around the magnet -The earth's magnetic field orients the iron needles of navigational compasses -An electric current also generates a magnetic field, demonstrating an intimate connection between electricity and magnetism

Magnetism

-Child abuse is a state crime (not a federal crime) -In 1963, California became the first state to require by law the reporting of child abuse -According to the California Child Abuse and Neglect Reporting Law, teachers are mandated reporters of child abuse -California does not require that the teacher be absolutely certain of the abuse, only that the teacher has sufficient suspicions that there is cause to believe or suspect abuse -Such suspicions must be orally reported within 24-72 hours, followed by a detailed written report Under California law, abuse includes: 1. If a child is physically injured other than by accidental means 2. If a child is subjected to willful cruelty or unjustifiable punishment 3. If a child is abused or exploited sexually 4. If a child is neglected by a parent or caretaker who fails to provide adequate food, clothing, shelter, medical care, or supervision

Mandatory child abuse reporting law

-1483-1546, Northern Germany -Rejection of hierarchical priesthood and papal authority -Questioned the right of the pope to grant indulgences (full or partial remission of temporal punishment due for sins which have already been forgiven) -Salvation through faith rather than sacraments -Luther's "Ninety-five Theses" served as a catalyst in starting the Reformation -Luther's excommunication initiated the Reformation; Lutheranism developed its own following -Lutheranism decentralized religious authority; allowed for a state church system controlled by individual local German princes

Martin Luther

-Often danced on May Day in various European nations such as Germany and Sweden, the Maypole dance is taught in American schools today -The maypole itself is a tall pole decorated with floral garlands, flags, and streamers -Ribbons are attached to a pole, so that children can hold a ribbon as they dance

Maypole dance

-A process of reductional division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half -In animals, meisois always results in the formation of gametes, while in other organisms it can give rise to spores -Essential for sexual reproduction and therefore occurs in all eukaryotes (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) that reproduce sexually -Does not occur in archaea or bacteria, which reproduce through asexual processes such as binary fission -Uses many of the same biochemical mechanisms employed during mitosis to accomplish the redistribution of chromosomes -Pairing and genetic recombination between homologous chromosomes

Meiosis (overview)

-Children who are educationally delayed are defined as having subnormal cognitive functioning at an IQ level of 70 or below -The impairment may range anywhere from mild (IQ at 55-70) or severe (IQ below 25) -Mentally retarded children show maladaptive behavior in learning, social adjustment, and maturation -Causes: genetic abnormalities, mother's abuse of alcohol or drugs during pregnancy (teratogens), environmental deprivation (lack of nutrition to the fetus), or trauma to the fetus during childbirth -Mental retardation affects 1-2% of the population, and most fall into the mild range of retardation -With the help of intervention programs, children who are educationally delayed can function fairly well in society -Children show significant improvement with early diagnosis and guidance from a supportive educational environment

Mental Retardation (Educationally Delayed)

-Metals account for the vast majority of the elements in the periodic table -Show a wide range of chemical and physical properties -Most metals are good conductors of heat and electricity, and some, like iron and cobalt, are magnetic -Many metals in the periodic table are alkali metals, such as sodium and potassium; these metals are very reactive

Metals in the periodic table

-Have undergone tremendous change from intense pressure and temperature -All examples of the rock cycle can change into metamorphic rock -Generally forms deep in the mantle as one type of rock changes into another -The mineral composition of the rock changes when the minerals in the rock recrystallize -Due to intense pressure, metamorphic rocks can show signs of bending and distortion -Examples of metamorphic rocks include schist, marble, gneiss, and slate -Usually classified according to texture and by chemical and mineral assemblage -Make up a large part of the earth's crust

Metamorphic rocks

-A figure of speech in which something is described as though it were something else. -A figurative use of language in which a comparison is expressed without the use of a comparative term "as," "like," or "than." "The black bat night" rather than "Night is like a black bat." Romeo: "It is the east, and Juliet is the sun." Compares her window to the east and Juliet to the sun.

Metaphor

milli = 1/1000 centi = 1/100 deci = 1/10 basic unit (meter, liter, gram) = 1 deca = 10 hecto = 100 kilo = 1000

Metric system prefixes

-1821-1846 -After Mexican independence from Spain in 1822, California residents exerted increased control in local political matters -California was a territory of the Republic of Mexico -Mexican authority never strong. Mexico allowed trade with foreigners and issued land grants to individual Mexican citizens. -Missions secularized and lands sold to powerful local families (Californios). -Ranchos owned by Californios—the dominant institutions. Land-grant system and ranchos fueled independent action. -Mexican rule marked by feuds among the ranchos and with Mexican government. By 1845, the Californios expelled the last of the Mexican governors. -Encroachment of non-Mexicans into California increased. American trappers (including Jedediah Smith), explorers (including Kit Carson, Joseph Walker), and a variety of wagon masters opened California to American settlement.

Mexican rule in California

kiloleter (kl or kL) = 1,000 liters hectoliter (hl or hL) = 100 liters decaliter (dal or daL) = 10 liters liter (l or L) = 1 liter deciliter (dl or dL) = 0.1 liter centiliter (cl or cL) = 0.01 liter milliliter (ml or mL) = 0.001 liter

Volume (metric system)

-Born in the 20th century as a result of dancers resisting the rigid structure of classical ballet dance -Modern dance choreography is based upon the subjective interpretation of internalized feelings, emotions, and moods -Unlike formal ballet, modern dance is often unstructured and makes deliberate use of gravity and body weight to enhance movement -Since modern dance encourages free-style dance, teachers should utilize this style of dance in an effort to provide dance opportunities for all ability levels in the classroom -It also encourages students to express feelings and emotions through movement

Modern dance

Type of creative dance involving specialized movement techniques; emphasis is on expression and communication

Modern dance

-A.D. 570-632 -Emerged from the deserts of Arabia; appeared as a messenger of God (Allah) and a prophet of Allah's monotheistic faith -According to Islamic traditions, Mohammed was last in a line of prophets that traced back to Abraham and included Jesus -Working to unite the disparate tribes of Arabia under the articles of a single faith, Mohammed managed to conquer and bring most of the Arabian Peninsula under his control by the time of his death in A.D. 632 -Under his successors, the conquest of surrounding regions in the name of Islam brought the lands of Mesopotamia, Persia, and all of North Africa and southwestern Asia into the Muslim fold, creating a vast Islamic empire

Mohammed

-In lighting, the use of elements of stage lighting to evoke or support particular emotional states in the audience of a play -As an element of theatre, this is the place on the humorous-serious scale that a play is expected to occupy

Mood

-Travels around the earth each month -Distance from the earth averages 237,000 miles -Has rugged topography formed billions of years ago by volcanic eruptions and meteorite impacts -Mass is 1/6th that of Earth

Moon

An internalized set of subjective rules influencing the feelings, thoughts, and behavior of an individual in deciding what is right and what is wrong

Morality

Sequences, motifs, and phrases developed as the choreographed dance

Movement materials

-The traditional element of theatre plotting in which more than one story line is presented, usually simultaneously -Frequently, the plots are kept separate until late in the play, at which point they intersect in some ingenious way -Multiple plots work best when each separate plot is somehow a treatment of the same theme or in some way shares an important theatrical element with the others

Multiple plots

-Multiply as usual -Count the total number of digits above the line which are to the right of all decimal points -Place your decimal point in your answer so there is the same number of digits to the right of it as there was above the line Example: 40.012 (3 digits) x 3.1 (1 digit) = 124.0372 (4 digits)

Multiplying decimals

Multiply the numerators, multiply the denominators, and reduce to lowest terms if possible Example: 2/3 x 5/12 = 10/36 = 5/18

Multiplying fractions

When an expression has a positive integer exponent, it indicates repeated multiplication (Multiply numbers and add exponents on like term variables) Example: (7x²)(-5x³) (7 · -5)(x² · x³) -35x^5

Multiplying monomials

-Institutions: hospitals, medical schools, libraries, universities -Agriculture: cash crops, crop rotation -Mathematics: algebra, algorithms, Arabic numerals, decimal point -Globalization: exploration, work of scholars, trade (Atlantic, Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, China Sea) -Science: methodology, theory and experimentation, astrolabe (astronomical instrument used to locate and predict the positions of the sun, moon, planet and stars), alchemy -Arts: calligraphy, illuminated manuscripts, glazed pottery, Persian and Arabian mythology -Medicine: forceps, bone saw, scalpel, surgical needle -Technology: mechanical clocks, pointed arch, stained glass, windmill -Poetry, philosophy, literature

Muslim contributions

-Military and political leader during the later stages of the French Revolution -Emperor of the French from 1804-1815 -His legal reform, the Napoleonic Code, has been a major influence on many civil law jurisdictions worldwide -Best remembered for the wars he led against a series of coalitions, the Napoleonic Wars, during which he established hegemony over much of Europe and sought to spread revolutionary ideals

Napoleon and the First Empire

-A work that tells a story, usually in roughly chronological order -Fiction or non-fiction -Events are presented in a story-like fashion that builds to a scene of climactic action -Examples: stories, poems, plays, fables, myths, and biographies

Narrative Writing

1, 2, 3, 4,... the numbers you would naturally count by 0 is not a natural number.

Natural numbers

-The process by which favorable and heritable traits become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable heritable traits become less common -The mechanism by which evolution may take place within a given population of organisms -One of the cornerstones of modern biology -Was introduced by Charles Darwin in "The Origin of Species"

Natural selection

-Plays of the neoclassic period, or plays modeled after them, in which Renaissance writers attempted to recapture the glory of theatre in ancient Greece and Rome -Particularly in 17th- and 18th-century France, this effort was aided by the application of certain rules of playwriting, such as the unities (action, place, time), the enforced use of rigid verse forms, and the general concern for "decorum" on the stage

Neoclassic drama

-Dominated the culture of the 18th century -There was an attempt to revive the classic style and form of ancient Greece and Rome -In literature, the novel was the outcome; in architecture, the Rococo style was dominant -In music, Haydn and Mozart emphasized the Classical era's formal symmetrical structures, simple rhythms, and tuneful melodies. Beethoven influenced both the Classical and Romantic periods.

Neoclassicism

-A nerve cell with short dendrites that carry electrical impulses to the body, and a long axon, the outgoing fiber along which the impulse is transmitted further -Sensory neurons conduct signals from the sense organs to the central nervous system, the spinal cord, and the brain -Motor neurons transmit signals from the central nervous system to muscles

Neuron

-The relationship between an object's mass, acceleration, and applied force -Continuity of movement is responsible for producing the maximum force and velocity Example: To illustrate this concept of force, teachers can have upper-grade students sit in a chair while trying to throw a basketball into a hoop. Students should recognize their inability to follow through with motion. They should then ask the students to throw the basketball when standing up. The force of the entire body in motion should produce an accelerated velocity that results in a force-producing movement to achieve the desired result of the ball reaching the basketball hoop.

Newton's second law

-Astronomer -Challenged the Church doctrine of a geocentric (earth-centered) theory of the universe (Ptolemy's theory; was the prevailing thought for more than 1,000 years) -Believed that the sun was the center of the solar system, and the earth moved around it -Proposed and published his heliocentric (sun-centered) theory -Theories were rejected by the Catholic Church

Nicolaus Copernicus

-Often referred to as static movements -Passive movements performed while standing in place -Important skills that lead to effective body management such as body control, flexibility, and balance -The range of movement is around the body's joints and surrounding muscles -These movements are often used in activity warm-up exercises -Stretching -Twisting -Pushing

Nonlocomotor skills

-Pushing is a controlled, forceful action performed against an object ---It moves the body away from the object while applying force -Pushing should exert force with steady, even, and controlled effort ---The student accomplishes this action by broadening and supporting the base of the body while placing the body in a forward stride position -The line of force is directed toward a specific target -Teachers should instruct students to maintain a reasonable alignment in their back as the body builds up force for the push

Nonlocomotor skills: Pushing

-The most valuable of all nonlocomotor movements -Its movement carries body parts away from the body's center core and moves joints and muscles through a range of movements -All physical education activities should begin with a stretching warm-up exercise -Teachers should understand that some discomfort is normal, but stretching is necessary for maintaining and increasing flexibility -Ask children to stretch as far as is comfortably possible while keeping their movement smooth

Nonlocomotor skills: Stretching

-Energy taken from finite resources that will eventually dwindle, becoming too expensive or too environmentally damaging to retrieve -Fossil fuels include coal, petroleum, and natural gas -Fossil fuels are limited and nonrenewable and contribute to global warming -When fossil fuels are burned, they release trapped energy in the form of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere -Carbon dioxide and methane are major greenhouse gases -The burning of coal also contributes to the formation of acid rain

Nonrenewable energy

-Based on the inevitability of the South having to fight a defensive war -Primary objective: capture the capital (political symbol of the south) ---South was relying on recognition from France and England to further its objective of secession (France and Eng remained officially neutral throughout the war) ---If the Southern capital fell, the North was certain the foreign countries would see the South as an unsustainable political entity ---The North also hoped that capturing Richmond would force the South to surrender quickly ---Took 4 years (failed attempts: Bull Run in 1861 and Peninsular Campaign in 1862, after which the North abandoned its plan for the immediate capture of Richmond) -Blockade the South's Atlantic seaports, cut off trade, and economically strangle the South -Divide the South at the Mississippi River; controlling the river would geographically split the Confederacy east and west, forcing the South to fight a two-front war and and limiting the supply avenues open to the South (river came under Union control with the fall of Vicksburg in 1863)

Northern military strategy

-Kicking is a striking action performed by the feet -Types of kicking: ---Punt kicking is described as the ball being dropped from the hands and kicked before it touches the ground ---Place kicking is described as placing the ball on the ground and kicking it from the stationary position ---Soccer kicking is a form of kicking that requires an extension of the hip to increase the range of motion -Instruction should include reducing the size of the projectile object as skill levels develop

Object manipulation skills: Kicking

After the discovery of oil in Los Angeles County and throughout the Los Angeles basin in the 1920s, oil became the most profitable economic venture in Southern California

Oil production

-The war was being fought because of the expansionist goals of the West -The war was unpopular in the Northeast, which viewed the war as a land grab by western war hawks who wanted to obtain Canada for the United States -The war intensified the sectional interests developing in the country following the Revolutionary War -The Federalist opposition to the War of 1812 harmed its credibility as a political party and led to its demise

Opposition to the War of 1812

In optics, refraction occurs when light waves travel from a medium with a given refractive index to a medium with another index Example: A ray of light will refract as it enters and leaves glass, assuming there is a change in the refractive index. Understanding this concept led to the invention of lenses and the refracting telescope.

Optics

Mnemonic: Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally 1. Parentheses: simplify (if possible) all expressions in parentheses 2. Exponents: apply exponents to their appropriate bases 3. Multiplication or division: do the multiplication or division in the order it appears as you read the problem left to right 4. Addition or subtraction: do the addition or subtraction in the order it appears as you read the problem left to right Example: 10 - 3 x 6 + 10² + (6 + 12) ÷ (4-7) 10 - 3 x 6 + 10² + (18) ÷ (-3) 10 - 3 x 6 + 100 + (18) ÷ (-3) 10 - 18 + 100 + (-6) -8 + 100 + (-6) 92 + (-6) 86

Order of operations

-Complex chemical systems, organized in ways that promote reproduction and some measure of sustainability or survival -It is generally the phenomena of entire organisms that determine their fitness to an environment and therefore the survivability of their DNA-based genes -Owe their origin, metabolism, and many other internal functions to chemical phenomena, especially the chemistry of large organic molecules -Semi-closed chemical systems -Although they are individual units of life, they are not closed to the environment around them -To operate, they constantly take in and release energy -Are either autotrophs or heterotrophs

Organisms

-The most formal and traditional form of organizing (prewriting) -Clearly organizes each idea, which examples or ideas will be discussed, and the order in which they will all be presented -Visually displays the difference between main ideas (identified by roman numerals), supporting ideas (identified by capital letters), and minor points (identified by numbers)

Outlining

-In flowering plants, the ovule is located within the actual flower, the part of the carpel known as the ovary, which ultimately becomes the fruit -Depending on the plant, flowers may have one or multiple ovules per ovary -The ovule is attached to the placental wall of the ovary through a structure known as the funiculus (the plant equivalent of an umbilical cord)

Ovule in flowering plants

A combination of opposites; the union of contradictory terms. (Romeo's line "feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health" contains four examples of the device.)

Oxymoron

-An area of frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions associated with the plate boundaries surrounding the Pacific Ocean -In a 40,000 km horseshoe shape, it is associated with a nearly continuous series of oceanic trenches, volcanic arcs, and volcanic belts and/or plate movements -Accounts for the majority of earthquakes and volcanoes worldwide -Has 452 volcanoes and is home to over 75% of the world's active and dormant volcanoes -90% of the world's earthquakes and 80% of the world's largest earthquakes occur along the Ring of Fire -The Ring of Fire is a direct result and consequent of plate tectonics and the movement and collisions of crustal plates

Pacific Ring of Fire

An allegorical story designed to suggest a principle, illustrate a moral, or answer a question.

Parable

A statement that seems to be self-contradicting but, in fact, is true. (The figure in a Donne sonnet that concludes "I shall never be chaste except you ravish me" is a good example of the device.)

Paradox

-The visual clue that holds ideas together for both readers and writers -Traditionally has a topic sentence that focuses the paragraph's purpose; also provides examples while exhibiting clear reasoning and logical analysis of ideas -In a multiparagraph each paragraph is usually classified into one of three areas: introduction, body paragraphs, or conclusion

Paragraphing

Prey on other living organisms

Parasites

-Used as grouping symbols -When possible, everything inside parentheses should be evaluated first before doing any other operations -If there are parentheses inside parentheses, start with the most inside parentheses first and work your way out Example: [4 - (11 - 15)] = [4 - (-4)] = 4 + 4 = 8

Parentheses

-An extinct genre of play, popular during the Italian Renaissance, which is set in a countryside populated by nymhps, satyrs, shepherds, shepherdesses, and wandering knights -Persistently upbeat in tone, the pastoral play existed chiefly to give courtiers a chance to indulge a taste for dressing up as peasants, singing, and dancing -The pastoral play may have been the Renaissance's attempt to recapture the Greek satyr play

Pastoral play

(change/starting point) x 100 = percentage change Example: What is the percentage decrease of a $500 item on sale for $400? Change: 500-400 = 100 (100/500) x 100 = 1/5 x 100 = 20% decrease

Percentage increase or decrease

The movement of rainwater as it filters through soil and rocks into the ground, becoming groundwater

Percolation

-Includes any instrument that produces a sound when it is being hit, shaken, rubbed, or scraped -Some instruments require tuning (e.g., timpani), while others are untuned (e.g., cymbals and castanets) -During a symphony, a percussionist often plays many different instruments during one composition -Includes tambourine, maracas, castanets, claves, xylophone, timpani, cymbals, gong, triangle, bass drum, chimes, celesta, bells, wood block, guiro, bongos, conga, cowbells, and snare drum -When utilized as part of an orchestra, the piano, harpsichord, and organ are sometimes included in the percussion family ---Often, when used as a solo instrument, they are referred to as the keyboard family

Percussion

-Linear perspective is a technique for representing three-dimensional objects on a flat surface -During the Renaissance, artists invented this technique based upon math principles in order to give paintings a realistic appearance -The technique shows that when converging lines meet at a single vanishing point, the human eye perceives objects at a distance -When our eyes focus on the vanishing point, all shapes and objects become smaller, giving us the illusion of depth and distance -Larger objects appear closer, and smaller objects appear more distant -The lines of buildings and objects are slanted to make them appear at a distance Example: In the Basilica di San Lorenzo (San Lorenzo Church) in Florence, Italy, notice that the design of this church was influenced by perspective. Notice the vanishing point at the end of the alter.

Perspective: linear

-A continuous drill would find gas, oil, and water in that order -The three substances occur in their order of density, with the lightest substance on top and the heaviest on the bottom -Gas is lighter than the two liquids, and so it is on the top -Oil floats on water, and so it is second -On the bottom is the most dense substance, water

Petroleum exploration

-Observable characteristics of an organism -Individuals with favorable phenotypes are more likely to survive and reproduce than those with less favorable phenotypes -The phenotype's genetic basis will increase in frequency over the following generations -Over time, this process may result in adaptations that specialize organisms for particular ecological niches and may eventually result in the emergence of new species

Phenotype

-Christianity and church dogma were questioned -The proper function of government was defined by Voltaire, Montesquieu, Locke, and Rousseau. Their ideas led to the philosophical bases for the American and French revolutions. -In economics, the doctrine of "laissez faire" (limited government intervention in business affairs) stood in opposition to regulated trade -Adam Smith wrote the "Wealth of Nations" (1776) and advocated manufacturing as the true source of a nation's wealth (the laws of the market place and not government regulations dictate national economies); considered the father of modern economics

Philosophy influenced by the Age of Reason

-The movement of a plant in reaction to a stimulus (a light source) -The plant bends toward the light source due to complex chemical changes

Phototropism

-Plural: phyla -Plants and animals are classified into phyla on the basis of their cells, tissues, organs, and overall organization -Each phylum is a major group of organisms

Phylum

-Involve one substance changing states (not one substance changing into another) -Typically reversible Example: water -Can change from a gas (water vapor) to a liquid (water) to a solid (ice), but the water molecules do not change -The particular state of water is determined by pressure and temperature -The dashed lines show the behavior of water at one atmosphere (sea level), freezing at 0°C (32°F), and boiling at 100°C (212°F) -At other pressures, the freezing and boiling temperatures for water differ from the familiar values

Physical changes

Stage 1 - Sensorimotor Period: Infancy -Age: birth-2 years -Characteristics: Infant's physical response to immediate surroundings Stage 2 - Preoperational Period: Early Childhood -Age: 2-7 years -Characteristics: Egocentric—Focus on symbolic thought and imagination Stage 3 - Concrete Operations Period: Middle Childhood -Age: 7-11 years -Characteristics: Mastery of conservation—Child begins to think logically Stage 4 - Formal Operations Period: Adolescence -Age: 12 years-adult -Characteristics: Thinking based on abstract principles

Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

Example: 210,987,654,321.23456 When the place value name ends with a "ths," it is an indication of being a fraction. Examples: 0.3 is read as "three tenths" and can be expressed in fraction form as 3/10. The value 5.23 is read as "5 and 23 hundredths" and can be expressed as the mixed number 5 23/100.

Place value

-Divided into two main types: large, low-density gas giants and smaller, rocky terrestrials -There are at least 341 identified planets, 8 of which are in the Solar System

Planets

-Large-scale movements of the earth's lithosphere -The theory encompasses the older concepts of continental drift (first half of 20th century) and seafloor spreading (1960s) -The outermost part of the earth's interior is made up of two layers: the lithosphere and the asthenosphere -Lithosphere is comprised of the crust and the rigid uppermost part of the mantle -Lithosphere is broken up into tectonic plates (7 major and many minor) -The lithospheric plates ride on the asthenosphere ---------- -Giant masses of solid rock that float upon the earth's mantle -These plates move in relation to one another at one of three types of plate boundaries: convergent/collision boundaries, divergent/spreading boundaries, and transform boundaries -Earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain-building, and oceanic trench formation occur along plate boundaries -The intensity of the earthquake depends on the type of tectonic motion that caused the initial earthquake -The lateral movement of the plates is typically at speeds of 50-100 mm annually

Plate tectonics

-Play is a social activity children engage in for it own sake; it is critical to cognitive advancement in children -Play can help children release physical energy, gain mastery over their bodies, acquire new motor skills, form better relationships among peers, try out new social rules, advance cognitive development, and practice and explore new competencies -Play therapy is a very successful form of childhood counseling treatment, since it allows children to feel less threatened while working out conflicts and expressing their unresolved feelings Types of play: -Functional play -Constructive play -Pretend or imaginative play (fantasy) -Rough-and-tumble play -Games with rules play

Play

Primary school children love to play and sing with movement in the simple sing-along dances of London Bridge, Hokey Pokey, Ring Around the Rosie, The Farmer in the Dell, B.I.N.G.O., Pop Goes the Weasel, and Skip to My Lou

Play and sing with movement

-Characteristics: paint indoors or outside; emotions through the use of color/swirling color/thick applications; complementary colors; new subject matter: away from the narrow spectrum of viewing (e.g., "Starry Night"; primitive art of the South Pacific) -Examples: van Gogh, Gauguin; Cézanne

Post-Impressionism (1880s-1900s)

-Good speakers face the audience squarely with a natural stance. -They do not shift their weight or stand askew; they do not lean informally to one side or the other, nor do they lean on a lectern or podium.

Posture

-The variety of ways by which water moves across the land -This includes both surface runoff and channel runoff -As it flows, the water may percolate into the ground, evaporate into the air, become stored in lakes or reservoirs, or be extracted for agricultural or other human uses

Runoff

-Abraham Lincoln/Andrew Johnson: "With malice toward none" -Amnesty plan—Southerners pardoned -Confederate states must ratify 13th Amendment (outlawing slavery), nullify state secession ordinances -South must repudiate all debts owed by the Union to the Confederate states -Provisional governors to protect rights of freedmen

Presidential Reconstruction

-The wind west of the Appalachians -An importance influence on climate: ---In the winter, cold air from the northwest produces freezing temperatures ---In the summer, warm, moist southwesterly winds cause hot, humid weather

Prevailing Westerlies

-First step of the writing process -Older term: Invention -The initial brainstorming step in which the writer gathers ideas and examples -Purpose: to organize one's thoughts and plan the order to present points, examples, arguments, etc. -Most popular methods include clustering/webbing, outlining and note taking.

Prewriting

-Herbivores/plant eaters -Can range in size from insects to elephants

Primary consumers

Include books, encyclopedias, professional journals, newspapers, magazines, and other periodicals.

Print Resources

-The comparison of the total number of favorable outcomes to the number of possible outcomes -Usually expressed in fraction form: total favorable outcomes / total possible outcomes -Can also be expressed as percents or decimal values

Probability

-Problems became clear during the "Critical Period" after the Revolutionary War (1781-1789) -Had to rely on requesting funds from the states -Did not bind the states together in a true union -No centralized control over trade ---Uniform tariffs could not be imposed ---States could impose their own trade restrictions against other states -13 different currencies continued to exist -No authority to borrow money inside or outside the United States -Lacked balance in Congress between large and small states ---All states given one vote, even though large states were expected to provide more financial support than small states -Unanimous approval was needed for changes or amendments -No executive authority to balance the power of Congress or to ensure that laws of Congress were carried out

Problems with the Articles of Confederation

-Hero/heroine -One of the main characters of a literary work -Usually in conflict with the antagonist (villain)

Protagonist

-A grooved wheel with a rope or other item wrapped around it -Pulleys are used to change the direction of an applied force, change the amount of force, transmit rotational motion, or realize a mechanical advantage in either a linear or a rotational system of motion -A pulley helps an individual lift an object by spreading the weight of the object over the length of the rope Example: -Raising and lowering window blinds -Diagram 1 represents a double pulley. As effort is applied (pulling power), the load (weight) is raised. In this system, the load moves only half the distance that the rope is pulled. However, the force raising the load is double the effort pulling the rope. In this system, the pulleys provide a 2-to-1 mechanical advantage. -Diagram 2 represents a multiple-pulley system. In this system, less strength is used to accomplish the same lifting height as in diagram 1. The workload does not change; however, less force, and consequently less effort, is needed. In this system, the load moves one-third the distance that the rope is pulled, and the pulleys provide a 3-to-1 mechanical advantage. -In both diagrams, the top pulley is only a change of direction and does not provide any type of mechanical advantage.

Pulley/block

-Any three sides of a right triangle -There are many Pythagorean triples with sides that are natural numbers -Common Pythagorean triples: 3-4-5, 5-12-13, 7-24-25, 8-15-17 -Any multiple of one of these will also form a Pythagorean triple (for example, if each side of a 3-4-5 triangle were doubled, it would form a 6-8-10 Pythagorean triple)

Pythagorean triples

Mountains blocking the path of precipitation to the desert

Rain shadow

-Economic prosperity was based on domination of the commercial trade routes controlled by Constantinople and a monopoly of the silk trade -The Byzantines made excellent use of diplomacy to avoid invasions, and they were geographically distant from the tribes who sacked Rome -Codification of Roman law by Justinian (A.D. 528-565) strengthened the bureaucracy -Constantinople was a fortress city with excellent defensible borders

Reasons for the Byzantine Empire's success

-Occurs when light travels only in straight lines -An object is visible because light is reflected from the object into our eyes -The change in direction of a wave front at an interface between two different media so that the wave front returns to the medium from which it originated -Law of reflection: For smooth surfaces, the angle at which light is incident on the surface equals the angle at which it is reflected Examples: -The reflection of light, sound, and water waves -A mirror is an excellent tool for reflecting light

Reflection

-Choreography played a significant role in many cultural events throughout history -The origins of dance show that dance was created and performed in celebrations, rituals, and rites of passage -Many cultures consider dance a universal spiritual language Example: Native Americans have expressed mourning the spirit in dance movement. They have also used dance as a ritual to prepare for battles and to celebrate joyful occasions.

Religious or ceremonial dance

-Flowering plants reproduce by sexual and asexual means and are the dominant plant form on land -Reproductive organs are called flowers -The anther produces male gametophytes, the sperm is produced is pollen grains, which attach to the stigma on top of a carpel, in which the female gametophytes (inside ovules) are located -After the pollen tube grows through the carpel's style, the sex cell nuclei from the pollen grain migrate into the ovule to fertilize the egg cell -The resulting zygote develops into an embryo -The ovary, which produced the female gametophyte(s), then grows into a fruit, which surrounds the seed(s) -Plants may either self-pollinate or cross-pollinate

Reproduction of flowering plants

-In living organisms, the function of the respiratory system is to allow for gas exchange -The space between the alveoli and the capillaries the anatomy or structure of the exchange system, and the precise physiological uses of the exchanged gases vary, depending on the organisms

Respiratory system

Heart rate taken while standing still (average of three heart rates taken before getting out of bed in the morning)

Resting Heart Rate (RHR)

-In 1642, Parliament closed theatres in England; these closings allowed French ascendancy in theatre mechanics -Theatre architecture: France introduced new technology for scenery and set changes; artificial lighting; theatres begin to be roofed in; drama moved indoors, and the stage was raised above the audience -Proscenium stage architecture/royal theatre (enclosed/arches); scene changes slid by on panels -Baroque period: French playwrights Racine and Molière influenced theatre -Women began to appear onstage in the roles of boys and young men

Restoration England: 1660s

-A dramatic increase in productivity and the rise of the factory system -Demographic changes (from rural to urban centers) -The division of society into defined classes (propertied and nonpropertied) -The development of modern capitalism

Results of the Industrial Revolution

-A portion of the stage constructed so that it rotates around a pivot -Such a stage can be used in a number of ways, the most frequent being to change settings; the downstage scenery rotates out of sight, revealing scenery that had previously been set upstage

Revolving stage

-The pattern of musical movement through time -What makes music move and flow -Measured in units of time and organized by sets or patterns that can be repeated -The way sounds beat within different lengths and accents that combine into patterns -Rhythm is a steady pulse (beat), but it can also have different kinds of beats (i.e., some stronger or longer) -The first beat of a bar is typically a strong beat -It is typified by a waltz in 3/4 time

Rhythm

-In traditional dramatic structure, the portion of the plot that begins with the inciting incident and continues until the climax -The incidents that make up rising action are expected to build in intensity and frequency, often alternating good and bad news, in such a way as to increase suspense

Rising action

The event or events that allow the protagonist to make his or her commitment to a course of action as the conflict intensifies; the complication of the plot.

Rising action

-A natural flow of water, usually freshwater, traveling toward an ocean, a lake, or another stream -In some cases, a river flows into the ground or dries up completely before reaching another body of water -Usually larger streams are called rivers, while smaller streams are called creeks, brooks, rivulets, rills, and many other terms -A component of the water cycle

River

-Few California rivers are navigable -Precipitation feeds California's most significant rivers, including the Trinity River in the far northern part of the state, the Colorado River, and the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, which converge into a geographically rare inverted delta in the northern Central Valley -Also notable is the largest alpine lake in the United States, Lake Tahoe, shared by California and Nevada

Rivers and lakes

-As the Western Roman Empire was under relentless attack from barbarian tribes, people looked to the Church for salvation -The Church became the preserver of civilization and its unifying force in both political and religious life -Church entered into feudal contracts and became an extensive landholder; at one point, the Church owned approx. 1/3 of the land -Europe was referred to as "Christendom" -Both the Christian Church and local nobles exercised their authority to form a new kind of society, creating the foundation for a politically reorganized Europe of competing nation-states

Role of the Church in the Early Middle Ages

-Latin versions of Greek plays; less influenced by religion -Introduction of subplot -Women were allowed minor parts -Spectacles of the Coliseum -Mass appeal/impressive theatres -Raised stage replaced the Greek semicircular amphitheatre; the stage was built at ground level with a raised seating area -By the later Roman period, Christians disapproved of low comedy and pagan rituals

Roman Theatre (300 B.C. - A.D. 500)

A period from about 1820 to 1870 in which ballet was characterized primarily by supernatural subject matter, long white tutus, dancing on the toes, and theatrical innovations that permitted the dimming of the house lights for theatrical illusion

Romantic Era

-Emperors repeatedly raised taxes to support the ever-increasing needs of the army -Created tremendous burdens on the population, with the common people being most affected -Continual economic crises resulted in a rise in poverty and unemployment -Trade and commerce, keystones in stabalizing the Roman economy, declined -The government reduced the value of the coins in circulation, which caused runaway inflation -With money worthless, business was hurt, crime increased, and political instability worsened

Rome's economic problems

-No formal system in place to choose Roman emperors; some chosen directly by the emperor, others were heirs to the throne, others were able to buy the throne -Informal and corrupt process of succession resulted in weak and ineffective rulers and many political assassinations -By the end of the fifth century, the emperors were so weak that they were the puppets of the military, often bribing the army to stay in power

Rome's political problems

-Begins at about the end of early childhood, but is most popular during middle childhood -Can be in the form of tag, chasing, wrestling, etc.

Rough-and-tumble play

-Landlocked, did not have a geographical outlet to the Mediterranean -The Ottoman Empire was centered in Turkey, whose borders include the Black Sea (north) and the Mediterranean Sea (south) -Historically, a characteristic of Russian foreign policy from the 17th century onward was to obtain permanent access to the Mediterranean -A port on the Black Sea would allow Russia to better control its own destiny -Britain and other European countries prevented the territorial expansion of Russia in the direction of Turkey (European objective was the to maintain the current balance of power) -The most notable attempt by Russia to upset the balance resulted in Russian defeat during the Crimean War (1853-56)

Russia and the Ottoman Empire

-1800s -Resulted in renewed Spanish efforts to colonize California -Russian fur interests in Alaska pushed southward -Russians established Fort Ross 80 miles north of San Francisco Bay in 1812 as a trading post -The American government also viewed Russian exploration of the California coast as a threat ---The Spanish reacted to potential Russian, British, and American presences by establishing presidios (military forts) and pueblos (small settlements) in valleys around San Francisco Bay

Russian excursions along the north American coast

-A form of Greek drama that coexisted with tragedy in the classical period -Little is known of the satyr play except that it seems to have been a burlesque of the same ideas presented in tragedies, ridiculing the gods and heroic legends, using the bawdiest language, dance, and song to do it

Satyr play

-The temporary support system from a teacher or older peer to support the child until the task can be mastered alone -Essential elements of scaffolding: ---The use of mediators for learning ---The emphasis of language and shared activity for learning ---Shared activity, which strongly improves the child's problem-solving abilities (e.g., a fifth grader helping a first grader read a book)

Scaffolding

Multiply force but do not change the direction of the input force End: Fulcrum Middle: Output force Other end: Input force Examples: wheelbarrows, baby strollers, bottle openers

Second-class lever

Thought to originate in the Kuiper Belt, or associated scattered discs, which lie beyond the orbit of Neptune

Short-period comets

-Factor the number into two numbers, one (or more) of which is a perfect square -Take the square root of the perfect square(s) -Leave the others under the √ Example: Simplify √75 √75 = √(25 x 3) = √25 x √3 = 5√3

Simplifying square roots

-Musical selections should be chosen based on the physical development of students' voices -Listening while singing should be encouraged to develop interpretive skills and understanding of the structure and elements of music

Singing

Slope values will be opposite reciprocals

Slope of perpendicular lines

-The slope of a line gives a number value that describes its steepness and the direction in which it slants -Positive slope, negative slope, zero slope, undefined/no slope -Slope is calculated by comparing the rise (the difference of the y-values) to the run (the difference of the x-values), when going from one point to another -The m in the y = mx + b Example: Using the points (-2,10) and (-1,8), we can calculate the slope the following way: Slope = rise/run = (10-8)/[-2 - (-1)] = 2/-1 = -2 Regardless of which two points were chosen, the slope value would be the same Line falls as it goes to the right, indicating that the slope is negative

Slope value

-Expanded Darwin's theory of evolution to include society as a whole -Darwin, in "On the Origin of Species" (1859), theorized that evolution is a continuous process in which successful species adapt to their environment in order to survive -The social Darwinists viewed society as a "struggle for existence"; only the "fittest" members of society would survive -The accumulation of wealth was considered a visible sign of a successful adaptation, and virtue and wealth became synonymous -For social Darwinism to succeed, it was thought that a free and open economic system was needed -Capitalism was regarded as the "natural environment" in which "survival of the fittest" could be tested -The social Darwinists also believed that some races were superior to others, that poverty indicated unfitness, and that a class-structured society was desirable

Social Darwinism

South: -Economy dependent on King Cotton and slave labor -Northern criticism viewed as an attack on Southerners' entire way of life North: -Economy more industrial than agricultural; based on free labor -Modernity and progress; no future for feudal Southern society

Social-economic differences between North and South

-Characterized by their ability to retain their shape -Relatively incompressible -Melt when heated and vaporize only slightly -All substances become solid if cooled sufficiently Examples: rocks, crystals, wood, feather, ice

Solids

-Communicative property -Associative property -Distributive property

Some properties/axioms of addition and multiplication

Typically, a multi-movement instrumental work for solo keyboard, or keyboard and another instrument, or small chamber ensemble

Sonata

-The structure of a song in which the first section of a simple ternary form is repeated—for example, AABA ---A simple ternary form is music in three sections, with the third generally an exact repetition of the first, ABA

Song form

A poem having 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, and a formal arrangement of rhymes.

Sonnet

-The Union strategy of isolating the South proved successful -The Union blockade economically strangled the South -The defeat at Gettysburg (1863) ended the Southern chances for foreign recognition -Economic and military weaknesses, along with a devastated South, led to Lee's surrender at Appomattox (1865)

Southern defeat

-Alta California was a colony of Spain. California not viewed as a reliable source of revenue -Spanish colonization didn't start until the late 18th century. Spanish presence never strong enough to enforce restrictions on trading with non-Spanish merchants. -Spanish colonization was built on three strategies: ---Missions: Self-supporting religious centers. 21 missions built between 1769-1823. ---Presidios (garrisons): Established to provide costal defense and protection to the pueblos and missions. ---Pueblos (towns): Developed to provide agriculture for the presidios and as population centers.

Spanish rule in California

-Athens and Sparta were the most important city-states in ancient Greece; both developed a unique culture and distinct political structure -Developed a totalitarian and militaristic state dependent on slave labor to sustain its agricultural system; state owned most of the land -Warrior state, dependent on a superior military (result of constant threat of rebellion) -Essential for Spartans to be subservient to the interests of the state in order to maintain power -The purpose of government was to keep up the military strength of the state -The rigid structure of Spartan society allowed the Spartans to rule even though Spartan citizens were outnumbered by noncitizens by about 10 to 1 -Large families discouraged -At birth, all Spartan males belonged to the state; by age seven, boys enrolled in military-style camps -Spartan way of life extended to mothers examining newborn children to determine of they were healthy; those that were not were left to die -After defeating the Persians, conflict between Athens and Sparta dominated Greek politics

Sparta

SA = 4πr² V = (4/3)πr³

Sphere

-1779 -A power-driven machine that produced fine, strong yarn

Spinning mule

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt -The toddler learns how to explore, experiment, make mistakes, and test limits in order to gain a sense of independence and self-reliance -Toddlers are into everything at this age, and many people refer to this period as the "terrible twos" -It is difficult to keep the toddler under control -If autonomy is inhibited or punishment is harshly inflicted, the toddler may feel a sense of shame -Shame leaves the toddler feeling a sense of dislike for himself -He may also be reticent to try new activities

Stage 2 (1 1/2-3 1/2 years)

-Development of symbolic thought and imagination is boundless -In striving to understand their world, around age 5, children begin to ask a multitude of "why" questions -Children can reason intuitively, and representational thought has emerged -Children continue to make errors in spoken language -There is a dramatic difference in the child's development as each year passes -Children love to hear stories, sing songs, and recite nursery rhymes -Independent and cooperative play become important during this stage -By about age 6, a child's language development (particularly the child's ability to be a better conversationalist) is dramatically different from that of a 2-year-old -Language increases rapidly as children learn many new words each day

Stage 2 - Preoperational Period: Early Childhood (2-7 years)

Autonomy vs. guilt -Building upon the successes from the previous stages, children at this age feel free to try out new activities and assume greater responsibility for their bodies and their behavior -This new balance of responsibility helps the preschooler have a positive view of self, gives confidence to his decision-making ability, and imparts a willingness to take risks -Unique aspirations surface, and children begin to show definite signs of emerging personalities -The absence of initiative may leave the child feeling a sense of guilt, sometimes about almost anything -The child may feel like anything he does may disappoint people around him

Stage 3 (3 1/2-6 years)

-Child has ability to solve simple problems while thinking about multiple dimensions of information -Children can now "think about thinking" (metacognition) -Children understand the world through trial and error -Children cannot yet think abstractly, but they do understand the distinction between appearance and reality if presented in terms of tangible objects -Child has clear sense of seriation, transitivity, reversibility, and conservation -Child has the ability to set his own values as he becomes more subjective in moral judgements

Stage 3 - Concrete Operations Period: Middle Childhood (7-11 years)

Industry vs. inferiority -Industry refers to children learning to work with others while developing skills and feeling a sense of achievement -Children who have successfully completed this stage feel a greater sense of competence in adult life -If successful at accomplishing a sense of industry, the children demonstrate the ability to organize and meet goals -If inferiority outweighs industry, low self-esteem may result -Sometimes these children may appear lazy or lack goals and motivation

Stage 4 (6-12 years)

-Mental transformations experienced during adolescence are logical and continue to progress beyond the skills developed during childhood -Adolescent has the ability to reason abstractly and solve complex problems, thus expanding possibilities for understanding the world -Adolescents now have the ability to perform hypothetical-deductive reasoning and can integrate what they have learned in the past to consider the many future possibilities

Stage 4 - Formal Operations Period: Adolescence (12 years-adult)

Identity vs. role confusion -The physical changes in adolescents awaken the search for self-identity, breaking dependent ties and providing a framework for adult life -Teens push to figure out who they really are, which helps them cement a solid sense of self -This sense of self is interpreted as unique from others and instills an identity that is communicated as an inner confidence and sense of one's place in the world -Experimenting with identities is common during this age -Failing to make this transition may result in confusion over life goals and self-identity

Stage 5 (12-18 years)

1. Interphase: The cell grows to its mature size. The cell is preparing to divide into two cells and make a copy of its DNA. 2. Prophase: The chromatin in the nucleus condenses condenses to form chromosomes. The centromere holds the two chromatids of a chromosome together. Spindle fibers form a bridge between the ends of the cell. 3. Metaphase: The chromosomes are lined up along the center of the cell. The chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers developed during prophase. The centromere holds the chromatids together. 4. Anaphase: The centromeres split and the two chromatids separate. The chromatids move to opposite ends of the spindle fiber. The cell is preparing for cell division and becomes stretched as the opposite ends pull apart. 5. Telophase: The chromosomes begin to stretch out in both regions at the end of the cell. A new nuclear membrane forms around each area of the chromosome. The cell is now ready for division into two daughter cells with identical chromosomes.

Stages of mitosis

-1765 -Imposed the first direct tax on the American colonies, requiring a tax on all printed materials. -Colonial reaction: ---"Sons of Liberty" (political group of American patriots formed to protect colonists' rights) used violence and intimidation against British stamp agents. ---The "Stamp Act Congress" (delegates from 9/13 colonies who met to discuss the Stamp Act) sent a petition to King George III. ---The boycott extended to include all British goods.

Stamp Act

-1765 -The British government declared total power to legislate any laws governing the American colonies. -Colonial reaction: ---Colonists celebrated the repeal of the Stamp Act. ---They relaxed the boycott but ignored the Declaratory Act.

Stamp Act Repealed; Declaratory Act Passed

-One based on the assumption that all members of a given group possess certain simple behavioral traits -Hence, a few swift strokes of character development (a dialect, a distinctive walk, a costume, and so on) suffice to communicate the stereotype to the audience -Contrasted with the "unique character," who shares nothing of consequence with any other person and whose life experiences have created a character that is, taken as a whole, entirely distinct from all others

Stereotyped character

-A visual display of the plot of a play or film in which each scene (or shot) is represented by a single picture or short description -The pictures or note cards are then arranged on a wall or bulletin board in such a way as to depict the flow of the plot

Storyboard

-The layers of sediment deposited in a quiet environment -Common sites of deposition are lakes, deltas at the mouths of rivers, beaches and sandbars along the coast, and (most important) the marine environment -Commonly very extensive laterally and relatively thin vertically, like a blanket -Law of original horizontality: most sediments were deposited in beds that were originally horizontal, and any tilting is due to later earth movements -Law of superposition: younger beds were originally deposited above older beds

Strata

-These curvy, wooden-shaped bodies are the largest family of the orchestra -Strings stretch over the body and neck of the instrument and attach to small ornamental heads where they are tuned by turning pegs -The violin, viola, cello, and double bass form a symphony orchestra's string section -The smaller instruments (violin and viola) make higher-pitched sounds, and the larger instruments (cello and double bass) produce low, rich sounds -They are usually played with a bow, but they may also be plucked (pizzicato) -Harp and guitar are two other string instruments that are not considered part of the string section of the orchestra; they are often plucked rather than bowed

Strings

Special body parts of an organism that help it to survive in its natural habitat (e.g. skin color, shape, and body covering)

Structural adaptations

-Ethnic and cultural dance ---Cultural dances ---Religious or ceremonial dance -Folk Dance ---Play and sing with movement ---Maypole dance -Modern Dance -Theatrical dance -Social dance

Styles of dance and movement

The child uses words and images (symbols) to form mental representations to remember objects without the objects being physically present Example: A child's dog is lost, so the child scribbles a picture of the dog; or the child pretends that a stuffed animal is the missing dog

Symbolic Function Substage

A rhythmic effect produced when the expected rhythmic pattern is deliberately upset

Syncopation

A loop through the rest of the body to provide oxygenated blood

Systemic circulation

-A collective set of inborn traits that help to construct a child's approach to the world -Based upon the child's mood, environment, activity, and threshold for reacting to stimulation Three basic groups: 1. The "easy" child is generally in a positive mood and adapts easily to new situations 2. The "difficult" child tends to cry frequently and is slow to accept change to new situations. This child has irregular daily routines 3. The "slow-to-warm-up" child shows slow adaptations to new situations, but slowly accepts new situations when repeatedly exposed

Temperament

-The pace of the beat -The speed at which a composer desires his musical composition to be performed -Measured by the number of beats per minute -A metronome is a machine that helps musicians adjust rates of speed (tempi) for faster or slower beats -The faster the tempo, the more beats per minute -Tempo is an important component to change the expressiveness of character and mood of the musical composition ---For example, if the tempo is fast, the mood of the music changes to reflect more energy, aggression, or vitality -Most marches are performed at a rate of 120 beats per minute Italian terms that define tempo: -Presto: very fast -Allegro: fast -Moderato: moderate -Adagio: slow -Largo: very slow

Tempo

-Used to describe the way a composition might actually feel, or the way it might appear to feel with our eyes -Texture depicted in three-dimensional art has a tactile quality that can be physically touched (e.g., sculpture and architecture) -Texture depicted in two-dimensional art gives you a "sense" of how an object might feel when touched, but you cannot physically touch the object ---Examples: Collage or other works of art where artists creatively use color, line, and shape to simulate the object

Texture

-European explorers in search of Asia (interested in exploiting a lucrative trade in spices) discovered a new continent. -The Age of Discovery resulted in renewed European rivalry. -Spain, France, England, Portugal and the Netherlands competed for land. North American control: ---Spain: Southwest of North America, Florida ---England: the Atlantic coast of North America below Canada ---France: the Mississippi River region, the Louisiana Territory, the Great Lakes, and Canada ---Netherlands: small area in the Hudson River Valley

The Age of Discovery

-The disintegration of traditional feudal loyalties, the rise of powerful monarchies, and the collapse of a single religious doctrine caused European intellectuals to think about new ways of unifying and governing nation-states -Their exploration of new ideas in the "Age of Reason" was encouraged by the exciting processes and discoveries of the scientific revolution

The Age of Reason/Enlightenment

-1775-1783 -Was fought to obtain independence -Problems of military effectiveness hindered the early colonial effort ---Colonial armies were not equipped enough ---There was widespread opposition to fixed military terms -Washington's leadership turned the tide of battle ---The Treaty of Alliance with France (1778) brought needed men, equipment, and money to the American cause ---The defeat of Cornwallis at Yorktown (1781) brought victory to the colonies

The American Revolution

-Jefferson, Madison -Later coalesced into the Democratic-Republican Party -Believed in the concept of limited federal power based on the farming interests of the country -Developed a political philosophy that believed in the worth of the individual

The Anti-Federalist Party

-In the eastern region of the United States -In the Northeast, they meat the ocean, forming a rough, rocky coast

The Appalachian Mountains

-A.D. 1325-1521 -Central Mexico -Conquered much of central Mexico -The Toltecs preceded the Aztecs -The Aztecs built a great city (Tenochtitlan) and ruled an empire -Religion and war dominated Aztec life -Rich mythological and religious traditions -Architecturally accomplished (city planning, Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan, temples and palaces) -Artistically advanced

The Aztecs

-Jesuits established five permanent settlements in Baja California in the early 1700s -Franciscan friars established 21 Spanish missions along the California coast from San Diego to Sonoma (one day's journey apart at completion), 1769-1823 -Linked by California's first transportation route, the El Camino Real -Father Serra is credited with the development of the mission system; his lasting contributions are controversial -Around 1830, the mission system began a secularization process. By 1836, most mission property was privately owned

The California missions

-Replaced the Franks as legitimate rulers -Pepin the Short (A.D. 747-768) was appointed by the pope as king and established the Papal States on former Byzantine lands -Charlemagne (A.D. 768-814) dominated the political structure of the early Middle Ages ---He was crowned "Emperor of the Romans" by Pope Leo in A.D. 800 and had a major impact on the history of Europe ---He revived the concept of the Holy Roman Empire and established authority over secular rulers -His empire included most of the former Roman Empire and additional Germanic lands between the Rhine and Elbe rivers ---The Carolingian Renaissance resulted in the establishment of a palace academy with a prescribed academic curriculum

The Carolingians

-Separates the Sierra Nevada and the Coast Range -Extends from the northwest to the southeast for 400 miles and is an average of 50 miles wide -The valley is a flat, sedimentary plain. The soil is fertile and makes the valley the major agricultural region of the state. -60% of California's farmland is located in the Central Valley -A majority of the state;s water supply is caught in the Central Valley as runoff from the Sierra Nevada -The Sacramento Delta, encompassing 1,200 square miles of waterways, is located where the Sacramento (south-flowing) and San Joaquin (north-flowing) rivers meet

The Central Valley

-Established the new Babylonian Empire under Nebuchadnezzar (605-538 B.C.) -Conquered Mesopotamia, Syria, and Palestine -Developed astrology, astronomy, advanced government bureaucracy, and architectural achievements such as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon

The Chaldeans

1861-1865 Capitals: -North: Washington, D.C. -South: Richmond, VA Advantages: -The North had an overall superiority in manpower, firepower, and economic resources (almost 5x the population of the south, an established army, substantially more miles of railroad, a stronger industrial base, and stronger financial institutions) - industrial rather than rural -The South had advantages in leadership and territory

The Civil War

-There are mountain ranges along the western coast of California, extending from the Klamath Mountains in the north (Oregon border region) to the southwestern section of the Sierra Nevada (Southern California) -The San Andreas Fault system divides this region along a north/south axis -The range is approx. 550 miles long -The plant diversity ranges from giant redwoods in the north to chaparral in the south -The mountains are a series of parallel ranges formed by sedimentary deposition uplifted by faulting and folding -The climate of the Coast Ranges varies from low-pressure areas that produce fog and rain in the northern sections to a Mediterranean-type condition in the south

The Coast Ranges

-A package of five bills passed which defused a four-year confrontation between the slave states of the South and the free states of the North regarding the status of territories acquired during the Mexican-American War. -The Compromise of 1850 failed to hold the nation together. California was admitted as a free state and a fugitive slave law was passed. -In the 1850s, slavery and sectionalism continued to threaten the Union.

The Compromise of 1850

-The Confederate States of America were formed -Seven states seceded from the Union before Lincoln took office and four more after the battle at Fort Sumter; other states and territories were claimed by CSA without formal secession and/or control -President: Jefferson Davis

The Confederate States of America

-The crest of the Rocky Mountains -Rivers that begin east of it flow toward the Atlantic Ocean -Western rivers flow toward the Pacific Ocean

The Continental Divide

-Also known as the Catholic Reformation -Attempted to halt the spread of Protestantism -The Jesuits (Society of Jesus) became the first official Catholic response to the Reformation; Jesuits also initiated missionary and educational endeavors -The Council of Trent (1545-63) defined the doctrines of Catholicism and reinforced papal authority

The Counter Reformation

-1776 -Written by Thomas Jefferson -Based on the ideas of English Enlightenment philosopher John Locke -In Locke's "Second Treatise of Civil Government" (1690), he set forth basic ideas embodied in the Declaration of Independence. His beliefs: ---People have certain natural rights including life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness ---Government is set by the consent of the governed ---It is the right of the people to overthrow unjust governments

The Declaration of Independence

-An updated version of Jefferson's Democratic-Republicans -1826-36 -Jacksonian democracy symbolized the rise of the "common man," as opposed to the old Hamiltonian view of an America dominated by financial elites -Championed the expansionist frontier western spirit ("manifest destiny" -journalist John O'Sullivan) -Key issues: war against the bank and the tariff -Jackson initiated the spoils system in which political enemies are replaced by political friends -Jackson pursued nationalistic policies -Pro-states' rights

The Democratic Party

-Immediate cause: continuous barbaric invasion -Internal factors included political instability, decreasing farm production, inflation, excessive taxation, and the decline of the military, including the use of mercenaries -The rise of Christianity divided the empire

The Fall of Rome

-Hamilton, Adams -Believed in the concept of a strong central government ruled by the manufacturing interests of the country -Favored the wealthy

The Federalist Party

-Conquered much of Asia Minor and Northern Mesopotamia (2000-1200 B.C.) -A major contribution included the invention of iron smelting, which revolutionized warfare

The Hittites

-A.D. 1200-1533 -Northwest coastal region and inland region of South America (Peru) -Controlled a vast empire in South America -The Tiahuanaco culture developed in the Andes Mountains and the Incas unified an extensive empire -The Incas developed a sophisticated record-keeping system and were highly skilled craftsmen -Engineering/architecture (Machu Picchu, stone construction without mortar, extensive road system linking empire together) -Art (gold and silver working, ceramics, textiles)

The Incas

-Developed in the interior of the continent -Grew from an iron-working settlement -Huge stone structures were constructed -Economy was based on the gold trade

The Kingdom of Zimbabwe

-Located in the northwestern corner of the states -They are an extension of the Coast Ranges -The mountains are rugged, steep, and in the 6,000- to 8,000-foot range -The area receives heavy precipitation, and dense forests cover the mountains

The Klamath Mountains

-c. 1000-1500

The Later Middle Ages

-1803 -The city of New Orleans controlled the Mississippi River through its location; other locations for ports had been tried and had not succeeded -New Orleans was already important for shipping agricultural goods to and from the parts of the United States west of the Appalachian Mountains -Jefferson sent Livingston and later Monroe to negotiate the purchase (were only interested in the port area but ended up buying all of the Louisiana Territory) -Doubled the size of the United States -Became the greatest real estate purchase in U.S. history

The Louisiana Purchase

-Occupied western Asia Minor (500s B.C.) -Their culture reached its zenith under King Croesus (Golden King) -Were responsible for the first coinage of money

The Lydians

-In 1215, King John was forced by the nobles to sing the Magna Carta -Limited the power of the king and increased the power of the nobles -Key provisions: King's authority limited by law, rights of the king's subjects declared (i.e. habeas corpus), respect for legal procedures -Modern influence: constitutionalism/importance of a written constitution, individual rights, due process of the law, concept of a representative government, taxation with representation, trial by jury -Would later be a significant influence on the American Constitution

The Magna Carta

-The Magna Carta was a significant influence on the American Constitution -Major points that were included in the Constitution: ---The importance of a written constitution ---The right to due process of law ---The protection against excessive bail ---Representative government ---Taxation with representation ---Trial by jury ...but NOT freedom of religion, which was inconsistent with feudal rule in the Middle Ages

The Magna Carta's role in American law

Drains the interior of the United States

The Mississippi River

-Became the first explorers, traders, and colonizers of the ancient world; their civilization reached its peak in 1000 B.C. -Greatest seafaring civilization in the ancient world -Developed extensive trade networks throughout the Mediterranean and set up distant trade networks and trading colonies such as Tyre and Sidon -Invented the first true alphabet -Dominated the Mediterranean commerce and exported manufactured glass and purple dye (royal purple)

The Phoenicians

-Attempted to protect the working class from the monopolistic control of big business, especially the railroad industry -Aim of the Progressives was to bring government closer to the people -The Progressive Party in California was nativist and strongly anti-Asian

The Progressive Movement in California

-Lasted five centuries -The Pax Romana (Roman peace) was two centuries without a major war (27 B.C.-A.D. 180) -By the end of the second century A.D., Rome was in economic and political decline, which weakened the empire

The Roman Empire

-Ravaged by economic and political decline and repeated civil wars -Caesar was assassinated in 44 B.C. -Augustus became the first emperor of the Roman Empire (27 B.C.)

The Roman Republic: decline

-Transformed society and changed the way people looked at the natural world -In doing so, science came into direct conflict with the teachings of the Church -Began in the 16th century -Important people: Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler, Isaac Newton

The Scientific Revolution

-About 400 miles long and follows the eastern border of the state, forming the eastern wall of the Central Valley -The mountains were formed through extensive uplifting and subsidence and are characterized as fault-block mountains. The backbone of the range is igneous rock. -They are the highest mountains in California, with many serrated peaks around 13,000 feet. Mount Whitney is located at the southern end. -The peaks have sharp drop-offs on the eastern side and have been a barrier to east/west transportation. The mountains have gentle slopes on the western side, which has trapped water to the benefit of Central Valley agriculture. -Sierra Nevada streams cut deep valleys. Gold was discovered in these streams where it was eroded from veins in the rocks. -The Sierra Nevada causes a rain-shadow effect: Clouds rise against the high mountain peaks, causing them to drop their moisture. This has created fertile valleys on the west side and a dry landscape on the east side. -Ice glaciers have created the current mountain profiles. Yosemite National Park's U-shaped valleys were carved by glacial action -Southern California is dependent upon the average, annual 70 inches of rain and snow that fall on the Sierra Nevada for its water supply

The Sierra Nevada (the Snowy Range)

-The first system of independent states -The first system of writing (cuneiform and hieroglyphics) -The first massive architectural achievements (ziggurat and pyramid) -The first lasting monotheism -The beginning of science, mathematics, and astronomy -The first codification of law

The ancient Near East: cultural contributions

-The hindbrain (cerebellum and medulla oblongata) operates unconsciously and automatically to regulate vital functions like circulation, respiration, excretion, and muscle tension -The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain; it receives information from the senses and makes conscious decisions

The brain

-Originated in India (1500 B.C.) as part of the teachings of Hinduism -Divided people into four distinct and inflexible social groups: priests and teachers; rulers and warriors; merchants and artisans; and peasants and servants (the lowest caste) -People who did not belong to any group were the untouchables -Members of one caste could not marry or even eat with members of another caste -No amount of success would allow a person to move from one caste to another -Outlawed in 1950

The caste system

-An organ system that moves nutrients, gases, and wastes to and from cells, helps fight diseases, and stabilizes body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis -Composed of the cardiovascular system, which distributes blood, and the lymphatic system, which distributes lymph -Humans and other vertebrates have a closed cardiovascular system, meaning the blood never leaves the network of arteries, veins, and capillaries -Works with the digestive system to provide the nutrients the system needs to keep the heart pumping -Includes pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation

The circulatory system

-1869 -Completed Manifest Destiny -The Central Pacific met the Union Pacific at Promontory, Utah. Immigrant labor was used: Chinese on the Central Pacific and Irish on the Union Pacific. -The Big Four (Hopkins, Crocker, Huntington, and Stanford) controlled the railroad industry and most of the California political scene

The completion of the transcontinental railroad

Has been inferred from its astronomical properties and seismic records of earthquake waves that have traveled through the interior of the earth -Center: 3000°C (temperature rises from the surface to the center) -Core: 31% of the earth's mass; iron and nickel metals, melted by the extremely high temperature of the center of the earth -Mantle: Largest zone of the planet (68%); crystalline silicates, rich in magnesium, calcium, and iron; very hot and mainly solid, but local melting to magma is the source of volcanic eruptions -Crust: Less than 1% of the earth; this relatively thin zone (5 to 25 miles) contains the only rocks we can study, even in the deepest mines or drill holes

The earth's structure

Resulted in large-scale unemployment, bank failures, and foreclosures

The economic collapse of 1930

-Upton Sinclair (a reform candidate) ran unsuccessfully for governor on a platform for political change -The Utopian society promoted economic and social reform -The Townsend Plan favored pensions for the aged and a graduated income tax

The economic downturn renewed the call for political reform

-The election in 1860 of Lincoln, a sectional candidate, made secession inevitable -Sectionalism is loyalty to the interests of one's own region or section of the country, rather than the nation as a whole... Lincoln and the north were anti-slavery, so the south, fearing that its "right" to own slaves would not be protected, seceded

The election of Lincoln

-The government system and basis for society in the Middle Ages -The system was based on land ownership; person who was allowed by a lord to use his land was called a vassal and the land was called a fief -There were no formal countries, but the fiefdom held economic and political power -Under feudalism, political authority was dominated by the land-owning nobility -In return for protection against invaders, vassals were expected to be loyal to the landowner -Manorialism was the agricultural organization and economic foundation of feudalism

The feudal system

-Colonies: Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut -Geography: mountainous, rolling hills, rocky soil, cold to harsh winters, short summer, ports on the Atlantic -Economy: shipbuilding, fisheries, commerce, lumbering, small-scale manufacturing

The geography and economy of the New England colonies

-Colonies: Pennsylvania, New York, Delaware, New Jersey -Geography: open fertile plains, mild to cold winters, long summers, ports on the Atlantic -Economy: large-scale corn and grain production, commerce, small-scale manufacturing

The geography and economy of the middle colonies

-Colonies: Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia -Geography: broad, fertile coastal plains, warm winters, long and hot summers -Economy: cash crop farming, tobacco, indigo, rice, no measurable manufacturing

The geography and economy of the southern colonies

-Used to arrange strata in a standard order -Used to measure the amount of radioactive decay in minerals and calculate the time at which the rock formed -The earth is believed to be about 5.6 billion years old -The fossiliferous strata record is only the last 11% of the earth's history -Human civilization has lasted only 10,000 years -The immensity of geological time is the major discovery of geology -There has been ample time for very slow processes to produce large consequences

The geological time scale

-Encouraged by western expansion -The settlement of the West was aided by the Homestead Act (1862) and the transcontinental railroad (1869) ----When President Lincoln signed the Pacific Railroad Act (1862), it called for building a railroad from Omaha, Nebraska to Sacramento, California -Western industries were based on mining, cattle, and grain -Farmers and ranchers settled the Great Plains

The industrial development of the United States

-Inventions promoted industrial growth -Raw materials and geographic factors contributed to regional economic diversity -The development of communication and transportation aided the industrial growth of America -New methods of production such as division of labor, standardized parts, the assembly line, and mass production fostered the expansion of industry -Expanding markets at home and abroad encouraged industrial expansion -The development of the steel, mining, electric, petroleum, textile, and food-processing industries characterized the period -65% of industrial expansion was in the Northeast due to availability of abundant natural resources, access to the Great Lakes and ports for foreign shipments, abundant supplies of power, and availability of cheap labor (while rail travel aided the industrialization of the Northeast, the transcontinental railroad did not affect this growth)

The industrial growth/expansion of the United States

-Followed the War of 1812 (1816-23) -The scope and authority of the Supreme Court were established during this period -The Era of Good Feelings characterized the political successes of the Anti-Federalist Party (Anti-Federalists dominant, President Monroe downplayed partisanship) -The Monroe Doctrine defined American interests in the Western Hemisphere (stated that further efforts by European countries to colonize land or interfere with states in the Americas would be viewed as acts of aggression requiring U.S. intervention) -The new nationalism led to the development of a new American culture -The removal of the British from the northwestern frontier encouraged westward expansion

The new nationalism

-Arranges all of the known elements from left to right and top to bottom in order of increasing atomic number, and they generally coincide with their increasing atomic mass -Elements with similar properties fall into the same vertical columns to form groups or families -Properties of elements change greatly across any one row (period) -In each element's square, the chemical symbol is in the middle, the atomic weight is usually directly below the symbol, the atomic number is usually shown at the top of the square -As of 2006, the table contains 117 chemical elements whose discoveries have been confirmed -94 are naturally found on the earth, and the rest are synthetic elements that have been produced artificially in particle accelerators

The periodic table of the elements

-Steadily increased -Burgeoning birthrate; large families of 10 or more were common -Steady immigration from abroad -Europeans and Africans were the major population groups ---Europe: immigrants from England and other countries of western Europe ---Africa: forced arrival of approx. one-half million slaves

The population of the colonies

Heat can be converted to motion, and motion can produce heat

Thermal energy

-1767 -A new series of taxes imposed on paper, tea, glass, lead and paint. -Colonial reaction: ---Boycott against British luxury items. ---Sam Adams of Boston issued the "Circular Letter" (pamphlet) to denounce taxation and coordinate reaction among the colonies.

Townshend Revenue Acts

-Children mentally connect specific experiences, whether or not there is a logical casual relationship (preoperational) -A child believes his thoughts will cause something to happen (see also Casual Reasoning) Example: Bill was mean to his little sister. His sister got sick. Bill reasoned that he made his sister sick.

Transductive Reasoning

-Heat tends to move from a high-temperature region to a low-temperature region -This heat transfer may occur by the mechanisms of conduction, radiation, and convection

Transfer of heat

-Reading and writing music -As children become familiar with reading and writing the language of music through notation, they develop cognitive associations of meaning -Their experience with sound helps children link visual symbols of music notation with sound -Learning is enhanced when teachers use learning in conjunction with singing and playing music ---For example, using memorization to understand time signatures would not produce the same benefits as if the students participated in playing or singing

Translative skills

P = a + b + c A = (bh)/2

Triangle

-Method of using the present to interpret the past -Processes occurring today are observed carefully and their effects are measured -Then, geologists assume that similar effects in ancient rocks were caused by processes similar to those of the present Example: Glaciation in early eras is indicated by ancient deposits with features very similar to those produced by present-day glaciers.

Uniformitarianism

-An opening, or rupture, in a planet's surface or crust, which allows hot molten rock, ash, and gases to escape from below the surface -Volcanic activity involving the extrusion of rock tends to form mountains or features like mountains over a period of time -Volcanoes are generally found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging -A mid-oceanic ridge, such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, has examples of volcanoes caused by divergent tectonic plates pulling apart -The Pacific Ring of Fire has examples of volcanoes caused by convergent tectonic plates coming together -By contrast, volcanoes are not usually created where two tectonic plates slide past one another -Volcanoes can also form where there is stretching and thinning of the earth's crust -Can be caused by "mantle plumes"; these so-called hotspots, as in Hawaii, can occur far from plate boundaries -Hotspot volcanoes are also found elsewhere in the Solar System, especially on rocky planets and moons -Volcanoes are also found in subduction zones, where the denser oceanic plates are forced under continental plates; this adds massive volumes of water to the mantle, allowing magma to melt more readily and rise to the surface to form volcanoes

Volcano

-In the category of a first-class lever -In its simplest form it consists of a rod attached to a wheel so that their movements are coupled when one of the parts is turned -The wheel and axle is used either as a force multiplier (such as a doorknob, steering wheel or fishing reel) or as a distance multiplier (such as on a bicycle or the driven wheels of a car) -In the first kind of application, the larger wheel is used to create more torque (in the axle) with less force -In the second kind of application, when the axle is turned, the outside of the wheel turns at a greater linear speed that is proportional to the ratio of the radii of the wheel and axle. For example, if a bike wheel has a gear that turns eight inches in one second, and the wheel circumference is eighty inches, the wheel rotates through a distance ten times greater than the gear (and reducing the number of rotations of the pedals required) -By varying the radii of the axle and/or wheel, any amount of mechanical advantage may be gained

Wheel and axle

-Comprises one global, interconnected body of salt water often (though generally recognized as several separate oceans) -A continuous body of water with relatively free interchange among its parts -Major oceanic divisions are defined in part by the continents, various archipelagos, and other criteria: these divisions are (in descending order of size) the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean and the Arctic Ocean -Smaller regions of the oceans are called seas, gulfs, bays, and other names -Oceans cover 3/4 of the earth's surface -The evaporation of these oceans is how we get most of our rainfall, and their temperature determines our climate and wind patterns -Life within the ocean had already evolved 3 billion years prior to the movement of animal and plant life on land

World/global ocean

Words we recognize or use in print

Reading Vocabulary

-Instruction encourages students to learn to answer questions better and, therefore, to learn more as they read -One type of instruction simply teaches students to look back in the text to find answers to questions that they cannot answer after the initial reading -Another type helps students understand question-answer relationships—the relationships between questions and where the answers to those questions are found -In this instruction, readers learn to answer questions that require an understanding of information

Answering Questions (text comprehension classroom activity)

Tests important concepts about books, including: -The front and back of a book -That print tells the story -The concept of letters, words, and sentences -That spaces have a purpose

Concepts About Print (reading assessment)

-Hints about the meaning of an unknown word that are provided in the words, phrases, and sentences that surround the word. Include definitions, restatements, examples or description -Because students learn most word meanings indirectly, or from context, it is important that they learn to use these effectively

Context Clues (vocabulary instruction)

-Allow students to easily eliminate inappropriate definitions based upon the context of a defined word. -For example, in searching for the definition of the word "board" in a dictionary, students can eliminate the wrong definitions of "board" by looking at the word in the context of the sentence -In this example, the definition of "board" is, "to get on a train, an airplane, a bus or a ship" -The teacher next has students substitute the most likely definition for "board" in the original sentence to verify that the sentence makes sense: "The children were waiting to 'get on' the buses"

Dictionaries and Other Reference Aids (vocabulary instruction)

-The ability to read a text accurately and quickly; when reading aloud, the ability to do so effortlessly and with expression (sounds natural, as if they are speaking). -Provides a bridge between word recognition and comprehension. Because they do not have to concentrate on decoding the words, they can focus their attention on what the text means. Readers recognize words and comprehend at the same time and focus their attention on making connections among the ideas in a text and between these ideas and their background knowledge. -Develops gradually over time and with practice. -To read with expression, readers must be able to divide the text into meaningful chunks (including phrases and clauses), know when to pause appropriately within and at the ends of sentences and when to change emphasis and tone.

Fluency

-A single word that expresses a complete thought -These include symbolic gestures, where the child shows an understanding that symbols (words) represent a specific object, desire, or event (e.g. blowing on food to mean "hot"), or representational gestures, which involve gesturing to show what the infant desires (e.g. holding up a bottle to show an infant wants more to drink)

Holophrase

For example, if reading a novel: -Choose a concept that is important to understanding the novel's plot (i.e. "taxes") -Engage the students in a discussion of that concept -Read a sentence from the book that contains the word and ask students to use context and their prior knowledge to try to figure out what it means -Ask students to use the word in their own sentence

Implement Strategies for Teaching Specific Words (vocabulary instruction)

1. Teachers help children recognize which words in a set of words begin with the same sound. ("Bell, bike, and boy all have /b/ at the beginning.") 2. Teachers help children isolate and say the first or last sound in a word. ("The beginning sound of dog is /d/." "The ending sound of sit is /t/.") 3. Teachers help children combine or blend separate sounds in a word to say the word ("/m/, /a/, /p/—map"). 4. Teachers help children break or segment a word into its separate sounds ("Up"—/u/,/p/).

Implications of Teaching Phonemic Awareness in the Classroom

1. Assess phonics and other word identification strategies. Select and use formal and informal tools such as decoding tests, fluency tests, and sight word checks to collect data, and analyze to plan instruction. 2. Plan instruction that is systematic, explicit, and sequenced according to the increased complexity of linguistic units including sounds, phonemes, onsets and rimes, letters, letter combination syllables, and morphemes. 3. Explicitly teach and model phonics, decoding, and other word identification strategies in reading for meaning. Positive explicit feedback for word identification errors is an essential strategy in this process. 4. Select and design resource material and strategies for assessment and instruction. Resources include materials for teaching decoding, word identification strategies, and sign word mastery in multiple and varied reading and writing experiences. 5. Provide fluency practice in a variety of ways: -Practice decoding and word-attack skills so that they become automatic in reading text. -Provide application and practice decoding skills to fluency in decodable (controlled vocabulary) text and word recognition skills taught out of context. -Continue to develop fluency through the use of decodable texts and other texts written at the student's instructional level. 6. Provide ongoing assessment to demonstrate the student's progress toward the mastery of State Standards.

Implications of Teaching Phonics in the Classroom

-Good readers use these to think about and have control over their reading -Before reading: they clarify their purpose for reading and preview the text -During reading: they monitor their understanding, adjusting their reading speed to fit the difficulty of the text and "fixing up" any comprehension problems they have -After reading: they check their understanding of what they have read

Metacognitive Strategies

-Does not teach consonant and vowel letter-sound relationships in a prescribed sequence -Informal; based on the teacher's perceptions of what students need to learn and when they need to learn it -Often neglects vowels; does not provide practice materials that offer children the opportunity to apply what they are learning about letter-sound relationships Programs often include: -literature-based programs -basal reading programs -sight-word programs

Non-Systematic Phonics Instruction

-In early childhood, children begin to use past tenses and plurals in speech -About this time, they also begin to add regular forms on irregular nouns, saying "foots" instead of "feet"

Overregularizations

Estimates the level of phonemic awareness in students

Phonemic Awareness (reading assessment)

-Teaches children to notice, think about, and work with/manipulate sounds in spoken language. This helps children become aware of English sound systems, consonants, and vowels. -Teachers can use a variety of instructional methods, however, teaching one or two types of phoneme manipulation—specifically, blending and segmenting phonemes in words—is likely to produce greater benefits -Should be explicit about the connection between phonemic awareness and reading

Phonemic Awareness Instruction

-Helps teachers explicitly and systematically instruct students in how to relate letters and sounds, how to break spoken words into sounds, and how to blend sounds to form words -Helps students understand why they are learning the relationships between letters and sounds -Helps students apply their knowledge of phonics as they read words, sentences, and text -Helps students apply what they learn about sounds and letters to their own writing -Can be adapted to the needs of individual students, based on assessment -Also includes alphabetic knowledge, phonemic awareness, vocabulary development, and reading of text -Most effective when it begins in K or 1st grade -Approximately two years is sufficient for most students

Phonics Instruction

For example, if reading a novel: -Choose a word important to understanding the book ("science") -Get students to understand the words in other contexts, such as school and everyday life

Provide repeated exposure to words (vocabulary instruction)

-Students rehearse and perform a play for peers or others -They read from scripts that have been derived from books that are rich in dialogue -Students play characters who speak lines or a narrator who shares necessary background information -Provides readers with a legitimate reason to reread text and practice fluency -Also promotes cooperative interaction with peers and makes the reading task appealing

Readers' Theatre (reading aloud exercise)

When children break words into their individual phonemes, break words into syllables and break syllables into onsets and rimes

Segmenting/Segmentation

-Graphic organizers that look somewhat like a spider web; lines connect a central concept to a variety of related ideas and events -Also called semantic maps/webs

Semantic Organizers (text comprehension classroom activity)

The examination of various ways that words combine to create meaning, the study of how sentences are formed, and the pattern or structure of word order in sentences

Syntax

-The goal of phonics instruction -The understanding that there are systematic and predictable relationships between written letters and spoken sounds -Knowing these relationships will help children recognize familiar words accurately and automatically, and "decode" new words -Contributes greatly to children's ability to read words both in isolation and connected text

The Alphabetic Principle

-Letters are associated with sounds -Children begin to read simple CVC words (such as mat, sun, pin) -They usually represent such words with a single sound, and later spell with the first and last consonant: for example, CT for cat -When writing later, vowels are included in each syllable -Children now rhyme and blend words -When reading later, they begin to recognize "chunks," or phonograms.

The Beginning Reader: Developmental Expectation

Systematic and explicit instruction, including: -Phonics, phonemic awareness, blending, decoding -Vocabulary word-attack skills, spelling -Text comprehension -Listening and writing

The Beginning Reader: Reading Instruction

-The key approach to successful reading programs is preventive rather than remedial while understanding that there is a full range of learners in the classroom -Therefore, students who are struggling to read are taught from the same systematic framework taught in the early grades of successful readers

The Remedial Reader: Developmental Expectation

Includes re-teaching all of the modalities taught as a "beginning reader" and emphasizing: -Assessment of identified reading weaknesses -Teaching explicit strategies based on diagnosis -Linking instruction to prior knowledge -Increasing instruction time -Dividing skills into smaller steps while providing reinforcement and positive feedback

The Remedial Reader: Reading Instruction