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ANAT 3602 Practical Exam 1

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lateral condyle of tibia

Its broad, superior head has two relatively flat surfaces, the medial and lateral condyles, which articulate with the medial and lateral condyles of the femur, respectively. extensor digitorum longus origin site

Head of the humerus

Its proximal end has a hemispherical head that articu- lates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula

irregular bone characteristics

No obvious geometric regularity; elaborate, complex shapes Found in bones of the face, vertebral column, hip bones

Ischiopubic ramus of coxal bone

An elongated ramus (rā′mŭs; pl., rami, rā′mī) of the ischium extends from the ischial tuberosity toward its anterior fu- sion with the pubis. The pubis (pyū′bis) fuses with the ilium and ischium at the ac- etabulum. The ischial ramus fuses anteriorly with the inferior pubic ramus to form the ischiopubic ramus adductor magnus origin site -> adducts thigh

Ischium of coxal bone

The ilium fuses with the ischium (is′kē-ŭm; ischion = hip) near the superior and posterior margins of the acetabulum. The ischium accounts for the posterior two-fifths of the acetabular sur- face.

linea aspera of femur

The prominent feature on the posterior surface of the shaft is an elevated, midline ridge called the linea aspera (linea = line, aspera = rough; is a rough line because attachment site for many muscles). This ridge denotes the attachment site for many thigh muscles. The gluteal tuberosity and pectineal line merge proximally to the linea aspera. gluteus maximus insertion site biceps femoris (hamstring) origin site adductors longus and brevis insertion site -> adducts thigh

head of radius

The proximal end of the radius has a distinctive disc-shaped head that articulates with the capitulum of the humerus. CRAzy TULips Capitalum = RAdius Trochlear = ULnar

plane that divides the body into upper and lower (4 names)

axial / transverse / cross-sectional / horizontal plane the horizon is parallel to the ground

armpit region

axillary region

in front of; toward the front surface

anterior the stomach is anterior to the spinal cord

Tactile cells (Merkel cells; Merkel's corpuscles)

large, specialized epithelial cells that stimulate specific sensory nerve endings when they are distorted by fine touch or pressure (i.e. texture and shape) found scattered among the cells within the stratum basale

cavities of the ventral cavity

larger, anteriorly placed cavity ---thoracic cavity: superior cavity above diaphragm, includes pericardial (heart), pleural (lungs) and mediastinal (in between) cavities ---abdominopelvic cavity: inferior cavity below diaphragm

the portion of the leg between the knee and the ankle (2 names)

leg / crural region (upper leg is immediately below the knee)

digestive organs

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine mechanically and chemically digests food materials, absorbs nutrients, and expels waste products

soleal line of tibia

on superior third of posterior surface - extends obliquely downward and medial soleus origin site -> flex (plantarflex) foot

three categories of epithelial tissue

true epithelium -epithelial cells are exposed to the outside world -e.g. epidermis; digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive systems -mucous membranes -can be simple such as respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified ciliated columnar) or digestive epithelium (simple columnar) or can be stratified such as epidermis (stratified squamous) or bladder (transitional epithelium) mesothelium ["middle" + epithelium] -serous membranes -lines ventral ["belly"] body cavities -always simple squamous epithelium endothelium (internal membrane) -epithelia cells that line blood vessels, lymph vessels and the heart -closed tubes = closed circuits -always simple squamous epithelium

three types of muscular tissue

skeletal cardiac smooth

muscular system

skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles -produces body movement -generates heat when muscles contract

integumentary system

skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nail -provides protection -regulates body temperature -site of cutaneous receptors -synthesizes vitamin D -prevents water loss

radial groove of humerus

small posterior groove, marks the course of the radial nerve

inferior orbital fissure

fissure in the orbit floor between maxilla and greater wing of sphenoid

anatomy subdivisions we are using

gross anatomy/macroscopic anatomy histology/microscopic anatomy radiographic anatomy/imaging embryology/developmental anatomy

Suprahyoid muscles

group of muscles above hyoid Origin: mastoid process, styloid process, hyoid Insertion: mandible Action: depresses the mandible (hyoid is stabilized from below)

Superior orbital fissure of Middle cranial fossa

Passageway for Ophthalmic veins; oculomotor nerve (CN III), trochlear nerve (CN IV), ophthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve (CN V1), and abducens nerve (CN VI) (Posterior part of orbit between greater and lesser wings of sphenoid bone)

perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone

The inferior, midline projection of the ethmoid bone is called the perpendicular plate, and forms the superior part of the nasal septum.

inferior pubic ramus of the pubis

The ischial ramus fuses anteriorly with the inferior pubic ramus to form the ischiopubic ramus.

Ilium of coxal bone

The largest of the three coxal bones is the ilium (il′ē-ŭm; groin, flank), which forms the superior region of the os coxae and the larg- est portion of the acetabular surface. gluteus medius and minimus origin site (posterior side)

Pubis of coxal bone

The pubis (pyū′bis) fuses with the ilium and ischium at the ac- etabulum. near the PUBIC hair rectus abdominus origin site gracilis origin site (body of pubis) -> adduct thigh adductors longus and brevis origin site (body of pubis) -> adduct thigh

muscles acting on the head and neck

---Sternocleidomastoid ---Infrahyoid muscles ---Suprahyoid muscles

cellular level of organization

-consists of cells, the smallest living structures, basic units of structure and function -the living units of tissues

dense irregular connective tissue

-predominantly collagen fibers, randomly arranged and clumped together to form an interwoven meshwork; fibroblasts in spaces among fibers; more ground substance than dense regular -found in: ---deep portion of dermis ---forms supporting layer around cartilage and bone ---forms a thick, fibrous capsule that supports and houses internal organs -provides support and resistance to stresses applied in all directions ---durable

Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)

A ligament in the knee that attaches to the posterior aspect of the tibial plateau, restricting posterior movement of the tibia on the femur think of crossed fingers with ipsilateral hand-> ACL on top

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)

A ligament in the knee that connects the lateral edge of the intercondylar fossa of the femur to the anterior aspect of the tibial plateau. restricting anterior movement of the tibia on the femur (hyperextension) think of crossed fingers with ipsilateral hand-> ACL on top

Cervical vertebra 2 (C2) - Axis

Allows "no" or shaking motion of head Odontoid [odont = tooth; think orthodontist] process aka dens [dent = tooth; think dentis]: is a tooth-like process that allows the axis to rotate

ulnar tuberosity of ulna

Also at the proximal end of this bone is the tuberosity of ulna.

alveolar process of mandible

An alveolar process covers both the alveoli and the roots of the teeth medially in the mandible.

ramus of ischium

An elongated ramus (rā′mŭs; pl., rami, rā′mī) of the ischium extends from the ischial tuberosity toward its anterior fu- sion with the pubis.

inguinal ligament

Anatomical structure forming the base of the femoral triangle; extends from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle. forms lower border of abdomen

two types of ridges on a bone If extensive, If thin,

If extensive, it is a crest If thin, it is a line

four types of holes or openings in a bone If round, If slit-like, If tube-like, If a hollow space,

If round, it is a foramen [foro = to pierce] If slit-like, it is a fissure If tube-like, it is canal or a meatus If a hollow space, it is a cavity or sinus

Where one bone articulates with another capped with hyaline cartilage may be... (four types) If rounded, if flat, if grooved,

If rounded, it may be called a condyle or head if flat, it is called a facet if grooved, it is called a trochlea

nuchal lines of occipital bone

Intersecting the external occipital crest are two horizontal ridges, the superior and inferior nuchal (nŭ′kăl) lines. These ridges are attachment sites for ligaments and neck muscles. Males have larger and more robust nuchal lines, because males tend to have larger muscles and ligaments.

lateral pterygoid

Origin: pterygoid process Insertion: mandibular condyle Action: protracts (closes mouth) the mandible; mandibular excursion (side to side) say "la": your jaw is open, so lateral opens mouth say "me": your jaw is closed, so medial closes mouth

muscles of respiration

Respiration occurs when the thorax increases or decreases its volume Lungs sit in vacuum: Expanding chest inhales, Compressing chest exhales Lungs are manipulated by muscles acting on the ribs ---respiratory diaphragm ---intercostal muscles ---serratus posterior superior ---serratus posterior inferior ---scalenes

Body of sternum

The body (or gladiolus) is the longest part of the sternum and forms its bulk (the "blade" of the bony sword). Individual costal car- tilages from ribs 2-7 are attached to the body at indented articular costal notches.

brachialis

The brachialis is deep to the biceps brachii and lies on the anterior surface of the humerus. It is the most powerful flexor of the forearm at the elbow.

perimysium

The connective tissue that surrounds fascicles dense irregular CT

femur

The femur (fē′mŭr; thigh) is the longest bone in the body as well as the strongest and heaviest

arm region (the portion between the shoulder and elbow)

brachial region

on the inside, internal to another structure

deep the heart is deep to the rib cage

on the same side of the body

ipsilateral the right arm is ipsilateral to the right leg

muscles of mastication

move mandible to masticate (chew) food ---Masseter ---Temporalis ---Medial pterygoid ---Lateral pterygoid

costal demifacets

one of two articular surfaces for ribs on thoracic vertebrae

angle of rib

portion of rib with greatest curvature; together, the rib angles form the most posterior extent of the thoracic cage Iliocostalis insertion site

in back of; toward the back surface

posterior the heart is posterior to the sternum

toward the belly side of the body

ventral [ventral = belly] the umbilicus is on the ventral side of the body

membrane

visible boundary layers that line the surfaces of the body membrane = epithelium + its basement membrane + its connective tissue line boundaries/surfaces of the body

plasma cells

wandering cells of connective tissue proper type of leukocyte [leukos = white] (white blood cell) form antibodies [anti = against, bodig = corpus] that bind to foreign substances, bacteria, viruses small cells with a distinct nucleus derived from activated B-lymphocytes

osteocytes

when osteoblasts become entrapped in the matrix they secrete, they differentiate into osteocytes mature bone cells reside in lacunae maintain the bone matrix and detect mechanical stress to communicate to osteoblasts diffusion cant occur through hard matrix so osteocytes must communicate w/ one another and w/ blood vessels through minute passageways in the matrix called canaliculi ["little canals"]

nervous tissue

A body tissue that carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body.

Movements at the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint

Adduction - PTL (Praise The Lord) ---Pectoralis major ---Teres major ---Latissimus dorsi Lateral rotation - TIP ---Teres minor ---Infraspinatus ---Posterior deltoid Medial Rotation - SPLAT ---Subscapularis ---Pectoralis major ---Latissimus dorsi ---Anterior deltoid ---Teres major

unhappy triad

ACL, MCL, medial meniscus

Ligaments vs. Tendons

Ligaments connect the ends of bones together in order to form a joint. (bone to bone) Tendon - A tough, flexible band of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscles to bones. (muscle to bone)

embryological precursors to bone

Mesoderm ---Paraxial mesoderm - axial skeleton cartilage, bone, muscle, and dermis ---Lateral plate mesoderm - body wall, circulatory system, extends into limbs forming appendicular skeleton

incisive foramen of maxillae

Near the anterior margin of the fused palatine processes, immediately posterior to the teeth called incisors, is an incisive foramen. This foramen is a passageway for branches of the nasopalatine nerve.

Supinator

Origin: proximal ulna Insertion: proximal radius Action: supinates forearm ("i would like some s(o)up"!)

movements of the scapula

Depression - "People Like Sex After Tacos" ---Pectoralis major & minor ---Latissimus dorsi ---Serratus Anterior ---Trapezius Protraction (PEC-S) ---Pectoralis major ---Pectoralis minor ---Serratus anterior Retraction - TRL (like the old MTV show) ---Trapezius (middle) ---Rhomboids (major/minor) ---Latissimus dorsi Superior Rotation (TrapS) ---Trapezius (superior, inferior) ---Serratus anterior (anterior, inferior) Inferior Rotation (PiLLaR) ---Pectoralis major (inferior, sternocostal) and minor ---Latissimus dorsi ---Levator scapulae ---Rhomboids

ischial spine of ischium

Posterior to the acetabulum, the prominent triangular ischial (is′kē-ăl) spine projects medially.

body (centrum) of vertebrae

The anterior region of each vertebra is a rounded or cylindrical body, also called a centrum (pl., centra), which is the weight-bearing structure of almost all vertebra. respiratory diaphragm origin site (lumbar vertebrae)

coracobrachialis

The coracobrachialis works as a synergist to the pectoralis major in flexing and adducting the arm. (nerve pierces through)

medial malleolus of tibia

The tibia narrows distally, but at its medial border, it forms a large, prominent process called the medial malleolus (ma-lē′ō-lŭs; malleus = hammer). Palpate the medial side of your ankle; the bump you feel is your medial malleolus.

Thoracic vertebrae characteristics

Twelve thoracic vertebrae (designated T1-T12) form the superior regions of the back, and each articulates laterally with one or two pairs of ribs. The twelfth thoracic vertebra articulates inferiorly with the first lumbar vertebra. Articulate with all 24 ribs (12 right and 12 left). Therefore, have articular surfaces for those ribs (two areas of attachment for each rib - costal facets and costal demifacets) Breakfast at 7 Lunch at 12 Dinner at 5 Candy Takes Liking Stripping Cautiously Thoracic vertebrae are heart-shaped-> your heart is in your thorax

Lateral vs. medial rotation

look at the long axis of the bone starting from anatomical position

toward the midline of the body

medial the lungs are medial to the shoulders

muscles of facial expression

over 40 muscles overall Multiple layers originating on bone (generally) and inserting into skin or other muscles important muscles we are studying: ---orbicularis oculi ---orbicularis oris ---buccinator ---platysma

Temporal lines on parietal and frontal bones

pair of faint ridges (superior and inferior) on the lateral surface of frontal and parietal bones; mark attachment site of the large, fan-shaped temporalis muscle that closes the mouth temporalis muscle origin site (elevates and retracts mandible)

palm side of the hand

palmar region

Vertebral Foramen of Vertebrae

Together, the vertebral arch and the body enclose a roughly circular opening called the vertebral foramen. Collectively, all the stacked vertebral foramina form a superior-to-inferior directed vertebral canal that contains the spinal cord.

nucleus

-organelle where most of the genetic material of a eukaryotic cell is organized and expressed -contains DNA, RNA and the nucleolus -has nuclear pores that regulate transport of material to and from the interior

Intrinsic muscles of the foot

21 muscles in total

pleural cavity

contains the lungs the right and left sides of the thoracic cavity contain the lungs, lined by a two-layered serous membrane called the pleura. the pleural cavity is the potential space between the parietal pleura (outer layer lining internal surface of the thoracic wall) and visceral layer (inner layer covering the external surface of the lung), containing serous fluid

levator scapulae

a narrow, elongated muscle that is deep to both the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles. Its multiple heads attach superiorly to the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae and attaches inferiorly to the superior angle of the scapula. As its name implies, its primary action is to elevate the scapula. It can also inferiorly rotate the scapula so that the glenoid cavity points inferiorly.

optic canal of sphenoid bone

a shallow, transverse depression called the optic (op′tik; ops = eye) groove crosses the superior sur- face of the sphenoid bone. An optic canal (or foramen) is located at either end of this groove. The optic nerves (CN II) that carry visual information from the eyes to the brain travel through these canals (see section 15.8).

hyoid bone

a slender, curved bone located inferior to the skull between the mandible and the larynx (voice box) It does not articulate with any other bone in the skel- eton. The hyoid has a midline body and two hornlike processes, the greater cornu (kōr′nū; pl., cornua, kor′nū-ă; horn) and the lesser cornu. The cornua and body serve as attachment sites for tongue and anterior neck muscles and ligaments. suprahyoid muscles origin site infrahyoid muscles insertion site (stabilize)

forearm (the portion of the arm between the elbow and the wrist)

antebrachial region

region anterior to the elbow (2 names)

antecubital / cubital region

furthest from the point of attachment to the trunk

distal the wrist is distal to the elbow

Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL)

distal end of femur to proximal end of tibia; major purpose is to prevent the knee from valgus and external rotating forces

toward the back side of the body

dorsal [dorsum = back] the spinal cord is on the dorsal side of the body

mammary glands

apocrine gland: the apical part of the cell is decapitated to release contents composed of a compound tubuloalveolar exocrine glad; secretory units are termed alveoli Milk is produced in glands and travels through ducts to be ejected through nipple only become functional in pregnant females; controlled by complex interaction between gonadal and pituitary hormones milk contains proteins, fats and sugar; function is to nourish offspring

Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL)

a ligament that attaches to the femur and the fibula; maintains stability of the lateral aspect of the knee joint

fascia characteristics

a mixed layer of connective tissues

hallux of the foot

big/great toe ("the thumb of the foot") insertion site of extensor hallucis longus-> extend foot and great toe (dorsiflex) insertion site of flexor hallucis longus-> flex (plantarflex) foot and great toe

skeletal system

bones, cartilage and joints -provides support and protection -site of hemopoiesis (blood cell production) -stores calcium and phosphorous -provides sites for muscle attachments

shaft of tibia

elongated, central portion of tibia tibialis anterior origin (lateral surface) flexor digitorum longus origin site (Posterior surface of tibia- inferior to soleal line) -> flex (plantarflex) foot

nervous system

brain, spinal cord, nerves -a regulatory system that controls body movement -responds to sensory stimuli -helps control all other systems of the body -responsible for consciousness, intelligence and memory

neck region

cervical region

dense connective tissues

composed primarily of protein fibers and has proportionately less ground substance and fewer cells than loose connective tissue sometimes called collagenous tissue because collagen fibers are the dominant fiber type fibroblast is also primary cell type

patellar ligament

connects patella to tibial tuberosity

closest to point of attachment to the trunk

proximal the elbow is proximal to the hand

origins of integument from three primary germ layers

every tissue in the body comes from 3 layers of tissues in the embryo (of the trilaminar disk) ectoderm: epidermis and nerves mesoderm: dermis and blood vessels endoderm: gut tube - lining of digestive and respiratory tracts

keratin

family of fibrous structural proteins that are both tough and insoluble synthesized by keratinocytes in the epidermis of the skin giving skin its structure and waterproofing (called cytokeratins in epidermal cells) can twist and intertwine around each other to form helical intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton

thigh region (between the hip and the knee)

femoral region

gomphosis joint

fibrous synarthrosis joint (immobile) Example: Teeth and sockets Small amounts of dense connective tissue

suture joint

fibrous synarthrosis joint (immobile) Example: skull bones Small amount of dense connective tissue Irregular edges: ↑ surface area = ↑ stability

frontal bone

forms the forehead and part of the orbits

rotator cuff muscles

function is to move the humerus and also to keep highly mobile glenohumral joint stable

chondroblasts

function: to make cartilage secretes cartilaginous matrix and becomes embedded in cartilage

cilia

similar to flagella, are microtubule organelles covered by a plasma membrane; can beat in rhythm to move substances across the surface of a cell

Infrahyoid muscles

group of muscles below hyoid Origin: sternum, scapula, thyroid cartilage Insertion: hyoid bone ---floating bone- serves as attachment point for many muscles (infrahyoid and suprahyoid muscles) Action: depresses or stabilizes the hyoid while suprahyoid muscles act upon it

biceps femoris

hamstring muscle [cephalos = head, bi = 2] origin: ---Long head: ischial tuberosity ---Short head: linea aspera on femur insertion: head of fibula Action: extend thigh, flex leg "on the back of the thigh, the hamstrings flex the knee. it consists of three muscles as you can see. biceps femoris has two heads that split, and the semitendinosus is medial to it. the semimembranosis is deeper still, and that makes it so much harder to feel." The two Semi's go together: The MEmbranosus is MEdial, and since the two semis go together, Semitendinosus is also medial. Therefore, Biceps Femoris has to be lateral. Of the semi's, to remember which one is superficial: the Tendinosus is on Top.

closer to the feet

inferior the stomach is inferior to the heart

pelvic cavity

inferior to the pelvic brim of the hip bones within the abdominopelvic cavity, containing the distal part of the large intestine, the urinary bladder and urethra, and the internal reproductive organs lined by the peritoneum (periteino = to stretch over), a moist, two-layered serous membrane encasing the peritoneal cavity where the serous fluid is located

groin region or sometimes used to indicate just the crease in the junction of the thigh and pelvis

inguinal region

urinary system

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra -filters the blood and removes waste products from the blood, concentrates waste products in the form of urine, and expels urine from the body -regulation of water and electrolyte balance of the blood

cavities of the dorsal/posterior aspect (2 names each)

smaller, posterior placed cavity encased in bone ---cranial cavity / endocranium: formed by the cranium, houses the brain ---vertebral canal / spinal cavity: formed by the individual bones of the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord

intercalated discs

specialized connections between myocardial cells containing gap junctions and desmosomes

rectus femoris

quadriceps [cephalos = head, quad = 4] [femoris = parallel to femur] [rectus = straight] Origin: anterior inferior iliac spine Insertion (all quadriceps): tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament Action: flex thigh/extend leg "quadriceps are on the front of your thigh. they extend the knee so that you can jump high. the vastus lateralis is on the outside, while the medialis is close to your fly. the intermedius lies between em like this, and it's covered by the rectus femoris"

radiographic anatomy/imaging

studies the relationships among internal structures that may be visualized by specific medical imaging procedures, such as ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or x-ray

histology

study of tissues and their relationships with organs

on the outside, external to another structure

superficial the skin is superficial to the biceps muscle

closer to the head

superior the chest is superior to the pelvis

occipital condyles of occipital bone

lateral to the foramen magnum are smooth knobs called occipital (ok-sip′i-tăl; occiput = back of head) condyles. The skull articulates with the first cervical vertebra at the occipital condyles. When you nod "yes," you are moving the occipital condyles against the vertebra.

endocrine system

the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones into the bloodstream hormones regulate: ---body and cellular growth ---chemical levels in the body ---reproductive functions

sella turcica of sphenoid bone

the bony enclosure around the hypophyseal fossa is called the sella turcica [sel′ă, saddle; tur′si-kă, Turkish; from the side looks like a saddle for a camel found in turkey] The sella turcica houses the pituitary gland.

Lamina of vertebrae

the laminae (lamina = layer; like a roof) extend posteromedially from the posterior edge of each pedicle.

carotid canal of middle cranial fossa

the passageway in the temporal bone through which the internal carotid artery enters the middle cranial fossa from the neck

anatomy discipline definition

the study of structure (as opposed to function)

thick vs thin skin

thin skin = most of the body; has hair and sebaceous (oil) glans thick skin = palms and fingers of hands and soles and toes of feet; extra layer of epidermis; no hair or sebaceous glands

four (+ 2 additional) classes of bone

long bones short bones flat bones irregular bones Additional classifications: ---Accessory (sutural) bones ---Sesamoid bones

mediastinum (mediastinal cavity)

median space in the thoracic cavity containing the pericardial cavity, thymus, esophagus, trachea and major blood vessels

bone remodeling

once bone has reached adulthood, it does not stop changing helps maintain calcium and phosphate levels in body fluids At any given time, about 5% of your bone is being remodeled Renewal rate: ---~4%/year for compact bone ---~20%/year for spongy bone can be triggered by exercise, lifestyle change, change in diet, etc. ---New bone alters original shape based on lines of stress ---Example: orthodontics

stratified epithelium function

multiple cell layers make it strong and capable of resisting stress and protecting underlying tissue; found in areas likely to be subjected to abrasive activities or mechanical stresses -e.g. skin, internal lining of the esophagus, pharynx, or vagina -cells in basal layer continuously regenerate as cells in apical layer are lost due to abrasion or stress

female reproductive system

ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, mammary glands -produces female sex cells (oocytes) and female hormones (e.g., estrogen and progesterone) -receives sperm from male -site of fertilization of oocyte -site of growth and development of embryo and fetus -produces and secretes breast milk for nourishment of newborn

vastus intermedius

quadriceps [cephalos = head, quad = 4] [femoris = parallel to femur] [vastus = huge; think vast like ocean] origin (all vastuses): linea aspera Insertion (all quadriceps): tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament Action: extend leg "quadriceps are on the front of your thigh. they extend the knee so that you can jump high. the vastus lateralis is on the outside, while the medialis is close to your fly. the intermedius lies between em like this, and it's covered by the rectus femoris"

pelvis region

pelvic region

sole of the foot

plantar region

part of torso superior to thoracic diaphragm; contains pectoral, axillary and sternal regions

thoracic region

connective tissue proper

those types of connective tissue that exhibit a variable mixture of both connective tissue cell types and extracellular protein fibers suspended within a viscous ground substance. These connective tissue types differ with respect to their numbers and types of cells and the relative properties and proportions of their fibers and ground substance.

Hypoglossal canal of Posterior cranial fossa

through which the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) ex- tends to supply the tongue muscles (Within the basilar part of the occipital bone)

sesamoid bones

tiny seed shaped short bones that develop along tendons, e.g. knee cap

connective tissue

tissue that functions mainly to bind and support other tissues, having a sparse population of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix.

mast cells

wandering cells of connective tissue proper type of leukocyte [leukos = white] (white blood cell) release histamine and heparin to stimulate local inflammation small cells with a granule-filled cytoplasm

adipose connective tissue

• Primary cell is the adipocyte or fat cell • Cell is filled with lipid (fat) • It is a dense collection of fat cells in clusters -located in subcutaneous layer; covers and surrounds some organs ---serves as packing around structures ---cushions shock ---acts as an insulator to slow heat loss through the skin ---primary energy store for the body, constant turnover of stored fat (though amount of stored fat and number of adipocytes usually remain stable) (in lab: don't confuse a lumen with a lipid droplet of adipose tissue- look for epithelial cells lining lumen vs squished nuclei of adipose cells)

areolar connective tissue

• The most abundant connective tissue, least specialized • Found under skin, surrounds organs -loosely organized array of collagen and elastic fibers and abundant blood vessels; ground substance accounts for most of the volume ---cushions shocks, can be distorted without damage ---elastic properties promote independent movements ---loosely binds epithelia to deeper tissues ---provides nerve and blood vessel packing ---Retains body fluid ---Defends against infection (white blood cells) -primary cell is the fibroblast (which make fibers and ground substance)

triquetral

(trī-kwē′trŭm; triquetrus = three-cornered) Some Lovers Try Positions That They Cannot Handle

Respiratory diaphragm

Origin: internal surface of ribs, xiphoid process, lumbar vertebrae Insertion: central tendon Action: heart and lungs sit on top, diaphragm flattens for inhalation (breathing while at rest)

hypoglossal canal of occipital bone

At the anteromedial edge of each condyle is a hypoglossal [hypo = below, glossa = tongue; hypoglossal nerve passes under the tongue] canal through which the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) ex- tends to supply the tongue muscles

Jugular foramen of Posterior cranial fossa

passageway for Internal jugular vein; as wells as glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), vagus nerve (CN X), and accessory nerve (CN XI) [Between temporal bone and occipital bone (posterior to carotid canal)]

Internal acoustic meatus of Posterior cranial fossa

passageway for nerves and blood vessels to and from the inner ear (within the petrous part of temporal bone)

Navicular

(nă-vik′yū-lăr; navis = ship) C-CLIMN up to the talus the navicular guides the cuneiforms

trapezium

(tra-pē′zē-ŭm; trapeza = table) Some Lovers Try Positions That They Cannot Handle trapezium vs. trapezoid location TrapeziUM is by the thUMB , TrapeziOID is inSIDE

gliding (planar) joint

synovial diarthrosis joint Primarily flat surfaces moving against each other Move in one plane Examples: intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints

inferior nasal conchae

["a shell"; conch is a shell-fish; nasal conachae are shell-shaped projections into the nasal cavity] (paired) located in the inferolateral wall of the nasal cavity. They are similar to the superior and middle nasal conchae of the ethmoid bone in that they help create turbulence in inhaled air. However, inferior nasal conchae are sepa- rate bones, whereas the middle and superior nasal conchae are parts of the ethmoid bone.

middle nasal conchae of ethmoid bone

["a shell"; conch is a shell-fish; nasal conachae are shell-shaped projections into the nasal cavity] thin, scroll-like bones that Increase airflow turbulence in nasal cavity so air can be adequately moistened and cleaned by nasal mucosa

extensor retinaculum (ankle)

["to restrain or a retainer"] holds tendons of extensor muscles in place

Calcaneus

(calx = calcium; ancient peoples believed the heel bone stored the body's supply of calcium) gastrocnemius and soleus insertion site -> flex (plantarflex) foot C-CLIMN up to the talus

on the opposite side of the body

contralateral the right arm is contralateral to the left leg

Rhomboids (major and minor)

[rhomboid = rombus-shaped] [major = bigger] [minor = smaller] Origin: spinous processes of C7-T5 Insertion: medial border of scapula Action: adducts scapula "the rhomboids retract your shoulder blade, which is really helpful when you need to throw a grenade." fibers of rhomboids travel between scapulae -> imagine pulling them together

incisors

The most anteriorly placed permanent teeth are called incisors (in-sı′̄zŏr; incido = to cut into). They are shaped like a chisel and have a single root. They are designed for slicing or cutting into food. 2123 → 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, 3 molars (sometimes there's only 2 molars b/c the person had no wisdom teeth)

foramen rotundum of sphenoid bone

[rotundum = round; think rotundum of the capital] (paired) penetrate the greater wings of the sphenoid bone, passage for Maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve (CN V2)

Rectus abdominis

[rectus = straight up and down, abdominus = in teh abdomen] Origin: pubic bone Insertion: xiphoid process and inferior ribs Action: flex trunk; compress abdomen Segmented White line down the middle is linea alba- Attachment site for all abdominal muscles except rectus abdominis, attachments go around rectus abdominus "the rectus abdominus flex your spine, and when you do your sit up, your abs will look fine." spare TIRE around the abdomen (from deep to superficial): Transversus abdominis Internal abdominal oblique Rectus abdominis External abdominal oblique

Piriformis

[pirum = pear, formis = form; pear-shaped muscle] Origin: sacrum Insertion: greater trochanter of femur Action: laterally rotates thigh inferior to gluteus maximus and minimus

pollex

[pollex is the roman god of strength; thumb is the strongest finger] thumb

Quadratus lumborum

[quadratus = four-sided; lumborum = of lumbar vertebrae] Origin: iliac crest Insertion: lumbar transverse processes and 12th rib Action: ---Bilaterally: extends lumbar region ---Unilaterally: laterally flexes the lumbar region of spine ---Can also elevate the hip if spine is stabilized

reticular layer of dermis

[reticulr = network] forms deeper, major portion of the dermis extending to subcutaneous layer consists primarily of dense irregular connective tissue, meshwork of large bundles of collagen fibers project in all directions fibers surround structures of the dermis (hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, nerves and blood vessels) fibers obscure any distinct boundary between the layers of the dermis

medial meniscus

Cartilage in the knee between the femoral condyle and the medial tibial plateau

Articular processes of vertebrae

Each vertebra has articular processes on both its superior and inferior surfaces that project from the junction between the pedicles and laminae. The inferior articular processes of each vertebra articulate with the superior articular processes of the vertebra im- mediately inferior to it. Each articular process has a smooth surface, called an articular facet (fas′et, fă-set′). The angles of these facets differ along the length of the vertebral column contributing to differ- ent movements along the vertebral column.

Clavicle

The clavicle (klav′i-kĕl; clavis = key) is an S-shaped bone that extends between the manubrium of the sternum and the acromion of the scapula (figure 8.2). It is the only direct connection between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton. a "Strut" between sternum and scapula • Only bony attachment for the upper extremity sternocleidomastoid origin site trapezius insertion site (distal clavicle) pectoralis major origin site deltoid origin site

Humerus

The humerus (hyū′mĕr-ŭs) is the longest and largest upper limb bone

Body of mandible

The mandible has a horizontal body and two vertical-to-oblique ascending posterior regions called the rami (rā′mī; sing., ramus, rā′mŭs).

Head of femur

The nearly spherical head of the femur articulates with the os coxae at the acetabulum.

obturator foramen of coxal bone

The obturator [obturo = to plug up; is fully covered by a membrane] foramen is a space in the os coxae that is encircled by both pubic and ischial rami.

Auricular surface of illium (with sacrum)

The pos- teromedial side of the ilium exhibits a large, roughened area called the auricular (aw-rik′yū-lăr; auris = ear) surface, where the ilium articulates with the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint.

greater sciatic notch of ilium

The posterior inferior iliac spine is adjacent to a prominent greater sciatic (sī-at′ik; sciaticus = hip joint) notch, through which the sciatic nerve travels to the lower limb (see section 16.4g).

radial fossa of humerus

The radial fossa is a slight depression found on the humerus above the front part of the capitulum. It receives the anterior border of the head of the radius when the forearm is flexed. Let's Rewatch Criminal Minds L-lateral epicondyle R-radial fossa C-coronoid fossa M-medial epicondyle

Ulna

The radius and ulna are the bones of the forearm (figure 8.5). In anatomic position, these bones are parallel, and the radius (rā′dē-ŭs; spoke of a wheel, ray) is lateral.

Radius

The radius and ulna are the bones of the forearm (figure 8.5). In anatomic position, these bones are parallel, and the radius (rā′dē-ŭs; spoke of a wheel, ray) is lateral. radial side vs ulnar side: do a thumbs up and say "Rad!"-> now your thumb is pointing to your radius

tibial tuberosity of tibia

The rough anterior surface of the tibia near the medial and lateral condyles is the tibial tuberosity, which can be palpated just inferior to the patella and marks the attachment site for the patellar ligament. quadriceps insertion site

head of fibula

The rounded, knoblike head of the fibula is slightly inferior and posterior to the lateral condyle of the tibia. On the head, the smooth articular facet articulates with the tibia. biceps femoris (hamstring) insertion site -> extend thigh and flex leg peroneus (fibularis) longus origin site -> evert/flex (plantarflex) foot soleus origin site -> flex (plantarflex) foot

lipogenesis

adipose cell increases amount of stored fat

region inferior to the thorax (chest) and superior to the pelvic brim of the hip bones

abdominal region

Abduction vs. adduction

abduction-> "no don't take away!" (think abduct a child) adduction-> "yay, you added it back!"

anatomical snuff box muscles

abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus "longus, brevis, longus; brevis, brevis"

the integumentary system

skin, nerve cells, hair, nails and glands

head region (2 names)

caput / cephalic region

lateral meniscus

cartilage in the knee between the lateral femoral condyle and the lateral tibial plateau

symphysis joint

cartilaginous amphiarthrosis joint (slightly mobile) fibrocartilage Examples: ---Intervertebral discs ---pubic symphysis joints in the midline: "SC" below Second Cervical vertebrae, joints are Secondary Cartilaginous (symphysis) and usually have a diSC (except for xiphi-sternal joint)

fascia lata

deep fascia of the thigh

syndesmosis joint

fibrous amphiarthrosis joint (slightly mobile) Large amounts of dense regular connective tissues Example: interosseous membrane of tibia-fibula and radius-ulna

occipital bone

forms the posterior portion of the skull

away from the midline of the body

lateral the arms are lateral to the heart

costal facets

one of two articular surfaces for ribs on thoracic vertebrae

mouth region

oral region

chest region

pectoral region

lying horizontally, face up

supine

epidermis

the epithelium (+ keratin) layer of the skin stratified squamous epithelium

the way we observe anatomy

electron microscope light microscopy unaided human eye

Pronation vs. supination

"SOUPination": Supination is to turn your arm palm up, as if you are holding a bowl of soup "POURnation": Pronation is to turn your arm with the palm down, as if you are pour ing out whatever is in your bowl

neck of radius

A narrow neck separates the radial head from the radial tuberosity (or bicipital tuberosity).

Desmosomes

Anchoring junctions that prevents cells subjected to mechanical stress from being pulled apart; button like thickenings of adjacent plasma membranes connected by fine protein filaments

Cervical vertebra 1 (C1) - Atlas

Articulates with skull (occipital condyles) Allows for "yes" or nod motion of head Has no body (centrum) This vertebra is named for the Greek mythological figure Atlas, who carried the world on his shoulders. T

short bone characteristics

Bones nearly as wide as long Found in bones of the wrist and ankle includes sesamoid bones

foramen lacerum of sphenoid bone (and temporal and occipital bones)

Between petrous part of temporal bone, sphenoid bone, and occipital bone juncture of sutures, fills with cartilage after birth

four types of depression in a bone If small, If larger and deeper, If half-moon-shaped, If it is long,

If small, it is a fovea If larger and deeper, it is a fossa or an alveolus If half-moon-shaped, it may be called a notch If it is long, it may be called a sulcus or a groove

cartilage types of growth

Interstitial growth: ---chondryocytes divide via mitsosis ---daughter cells secrete new matrix in order to separate into new lacuna ---Basis of growth in length Appositional growth: ---Chondroblasts secrete new matrix at the periphery of cartilage, deep to the perichondrium ---Basis of growth in thickness

Psoas & Iliacus

Origin: • Psoas ["of the loins"]: transverse process of lumbar vertebrae • Iliacus: ILIAC fossa of ilium Insertion: lesser trochanter of femur (as iliopsoas) Action: flex thigh

metacarpals

The bones in the palm of the hand are called metacarpals (met′ă-kar′păl; meta = after, karpus = wrist). Five metacarpal bones articulate with the distal carpal bones and support the palm. Roman numerals I-V denote the metacarpal bones, with metacarpal I located at the base of the thumb, and metacarpal V at the base of the little finger. drive your CAR, walk on TAR

glenoid fossa of scapula

The lateral angle is composed primarily of the cup-shaped, shallow glenoid (glen = dish-shaped valley; it is a dish-shaped fossa) cavity, or glenoid fossa, which articulates with the humerus, the bone of the arm. Tubercles (tū′bĕr-kĕl) on the supe- rior and inferior edges of the glenoid cavity serve as attachment sites for the muscles that position the shoulder and arm. superior tubercle is biceps brachii long head origin site inferior tubercle is triceps brachii long head origin site both long heads go to glenoid tubercles

latissimus dorsi

The latissimus dorsi is a broad, triangular muscle located on the infe- rior part of the back. Often, it is referred to as the "swimmer's muscle," because many of its actions are required for certain swimming strokes. It is the prime arm extensor, and also adducts and medially rotates the arm.

lesser sciatic notch of ischium

The lesser sciatic notch is a semicircular depression inferior to the ischial spine.

deltoid tuberosity of humerus

The shaft of the humerus has a roughened area, termed the deltoid (del′toyd; deltoeides = like the Greek letter Δ) tuberosity (tū′bĕr-os′i-tē), which extends along its lateral surface for about half the length of the humerus. The deltoid muscle of the shoulder attaches to this roughened surface deltoid insertion site (lateral side of shaft)

zygomatic process of the temporal bone

[zygoma = a joining, a yoke] immediately inferior to the squamous part, curves laterally and anteriorly to unite with the temporal process of the zygomatic bone

lumen

an open space in a tube or passageway don't confuse a lumen with a lipid droplet of adipose tissue! look for epithelial cells lining the lumen (vs one squished peripheral nucleus)

bifid spinous process

characteristic of cervical vertebrae C3-C5. Forked.

Hyaline Cartilage

characterized by: ---lack of fibers; glassy-appearing matrix ---chondrocytes are irregularly spaced ---usually covered by perichondrium (articular cartilage does not have a perichondrium) most common cartilage in body functions: ---Smooth surfaces for movement at joints (Covers articular ends of long bones) ---model for bone growth (covers most of fetal skeleton) ---supports soft tissue (costal ["rib"] cartilage; most of the larynx, trachea, nose) (in lab: hyaline and elastic can look alike. hyaline is much more clear; elastic is dense- even if you can't see the fibers!)

sarcomeres

contractile units within myofibrils, the smallest contractile unit of a muscle Contractile mechanism: Linear contraction achieved by thick and thin myofilaments sliding against each other

glands

epidermal derivatives (aka epidermal appendages) of the integument specialized secretory structures, either individual cells (e.g., goblet cells) or multicellular organs composed predominantly of epithelial tissue endocrine or exocrine secrete substances either for use elsewhere in the body or for elimination from the body ---e.g. mucin, electrolytes, hormones, enzymes, and waste products

simple epithelium function

found in areas where stress is minimal and where filtration, absorption, or secretion is the primary function -e.g. linings of the air sacs in the lungs, linings of the intestines, linings of blood vessels

apical surface

free or top surface of epithelium exposed either to the external environment or to some internal body space

articular hyaline cartilage

hyaline cartilage at bone ends Same properties as hyaline cartilage EXCEPT Absence of perichondrium

femoral triangle

inguinal ligament, sartorius, adductor longus The femoral triangle is shaped like the sail of a sailing ship and hence its boundaries can be remembered using the mnemonic, "SAIL": Sartorius Adductor longus Inguinal Ligament.

shaft of radius

narrow, elongated, central region of the radius pronators insertion (across anterior surface of bones) supinator insertion (across posterior surface of bones) deep hand flexors origin (proximal anterior surface) deep hand extensors origin (posterior surface)

mucous membranes

produce mucus; perform absorptive, protective and/or secretory functions the epithelium lines the respiratory, digestive, reproductive and urinary tracts (true epithelium) ---simple or pseudostratified columnar epithelium the connective tissue = lamina propria ("its own layer") ---loose irregular CT

lying horizontally, face down

prone

4 types of tissue

---epithelial tissue ---connective tissue ---muscle tissue ---nervous tissue

lymph

-fluid connective tissue -derived from blood plasma and is returned to the blood -no formed elements

lacrimal groove of lacrimal bone

A small, depressed inferior opening called the lacrimal groove provides a passageway for the nasolacrimal duct, which drains tears into the nasal cavity

lesser tubercle of humerus

Adjacent to the head are two tubercles. The lesser tubercle is smaller and located more anteromedially. FROM THE BACK -Latissimus dorsi insertion site (from spinous processes goes underneath armpit to anterior side of humerus) -teres major insertion site (from inferior scapular angle goes underneath armpit to anterior side of humerus) FROM THE FRONT -subscapularis insertion site Girls In Leadership (from lateral to medial, anterior view) - Greater tubercle Intertubercular groove Lesser tubercle

lateral malleolus of fibula

Although the fibula does not bear or transfer weight, its distal tip, called the lateral malleolus, extends laterally to the ankle joint, where it provides lateral stabil- ity. Palpate the lateral side of your ankle; the bump you feel is your lateral malleolus.

Jugular foramen (temporal bone and occipital bone)

Between temporal bone and occipital bone (posterior to carotid canal) passageway for Internal jugular vein; as wells as glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), vagus nerve (CN X), and accessory nerve (CN XI)

cribriform plate of anterior cranial fossa

Immediately lateral to each side of the crista galli, the horizontal cribriform (krib′ri-fōrm; cribrum = sieve) plate has numerous perforations called the cribriform foramina. These foramina provide passageways for the olfactory nerves (CN I)

canines

Immediately posterolateral to the incisors are the canines (kā′nīn; canis = dog), also called cuspids, which have a pointed tip for puncturing and tearing food. 2123 → 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, 3 molars (sometimes there's only 2 molars b/c the person had no wisdom teeth)

How do muscles move bone?

Muscles span (typically) between one bone and another, spanning over at least one joint attachment locations: ---Origin of a muscle = less mobile (attachment on the axial skeleton, more medial or proximal attachment) ---Insertion of a muscle = more mobile (attachment on the appendicular skeleton, more lateral or distal attachment) When a muscle contracts, it does so linearly by bringing the insertion closer to the origin

apocrine sweat glands

NOT apocrine glands (actually just merocrine glands: exocytosis of secretion granules through the surface of the epithelium) exhibit a duct with a large lumen to convey secretion products into a hair follicle produce viscous, complex secretion influenced by hormones=proteins, lipids, cell fragments ---may act in signaling/communication (pheromones) ---bacteria feast on these cell fragments and make odors release sweat onto hair follicles of axillary (armpits), anal, areolar and pubic regions become active after puberty

odontoid process

Odontoid [odont = tooth; think orthodontist] process aka dens [dent = tooth; think dentis]: is a tooth-like process that allows the axis to rotate

five types of projections for tendon and ligament attachment on a bone Of large proportions, If small, If pointed or spear-like, adjacent to a condyle, an angular extension,

Of large proportions, it is a trochanter, tuberosity [tuber = potato], or malleolus ["little mallet or hammer"] If small, it is a tubercle [tuber = potato] or process If pointed or spear-like, it is a spinous [spinous = spine shaped] process or styloid process [stylos = needle, oidos = like; think stylus] adjacent to a condyle ["a knuckle"], it is an epicondyle ["upon the condyle"] an angular extension, it is a ramus ["a branch"]

pes anserinus

The area of tendon insertion on the proximal, anteromedial tibia is known as the Pes anserinus [pes = foot, anser = goose; the "goose foot"]: a common tendon of 3 muscles that looks like the three muscles that looks like the three webbed toes of a goose. A mnemonic to recall the muscle that insert here is, "Say Grace before Tea" in order from anterior to posterior. Sartorius Gracilis semiTendinosus

biceps brachii

The biceps brachii is a large, two-headed muscle on the anterior surface of the humerus. This muscle flexes the forearm and is a powerful supinator of the forearm when the elbow is flexed. (An example of this supi- nation movement occurs when you tighten a screw with your right hand.) The tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii crosses the shoulder joint, and so this muscle helps flex the humerus as well (al- beit weakly).

Sternal angle of sternum

The body and the manubrium articulate at the sternal angle, a horizontal ridge that may be palpated under the skin. The sternal angle is an important landmark in that the costal cartilages of the second ribs attach there; thus, it may be used to count the ribs.

Phalanges (hand)

The bones of the digits are the phalanges (fă-lan′jēz; sing., phalanx, fā′langks; line of soldiers). There are three phalanges in each of the second through fifth fingers and two phalanges only in the thumb hand flexors insertion site (anterior surface) hand extensors insertion site (posterior surface)

coracoid process of scapula

The coracoid (kōr′ă-koyd; korakodes = like a crow's beak) process is the smaller, more anterior projection. 3 muscles have attachments: short head of biceps brachii (origin), coracobrachialis (origin), and pectoralis minor (insertion) pectoralis minor insertion site Coracobrachialis origin site biceps brachii short head origin site coraCoid process is on the sCapula imagine a crow sitting upon one's shoulder looking forward

coronal suture

The coronal (kō-r′ŏ-năl; corona = crown; think coronation) suture extends across the superior surface of the skull along a coronal (or frontal) plane. It represents the articulation between the anterior frontal bone and the more posterior parietal bones.

deltoid

The deltoid is a thick, powerful muscle that functions as a prime abductor of the arm and forms the rounded contour of the shoulder. There are three different proximal attachment points for the deltoid muscle fibers, and these different fiber groups all perform different functions: (1) The anterior fibers flex and medially rotate the arm. (2) The middle fibers abduct the arm; in fact, the deltoid is the prime abductor of the arm. (3) The posterior fibers extend and laterally rotate the arm.

Trochlea of humerus

The distal end of the humerus also has two smooth, curved surfaces for articulation with the bones of the forearm. The pulley-shaped trochlea [trok′lē-ă; trochileia = a pulley; acts like a pulley with the trochlear notch of the ulna as the rope] is located medially and articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna. CRAzy TULips Capitalum = RAdius Trochlear = ULnar

capitulum of humerus

The distal end of the humerus also has two smooth, curved surfaces for articulation with the bones of the forearm. The rounded capitulum (kă-pit′yū-lŭm; caput = head) is located laterally and articulates with the head of the radius. CRAzy TULips Capitalum = RAdius Trochlear = ULnar

external occipital protuberance of occipital bone

The external occipital crest projects in a posterior direction from the foramen magnum, ending in the external occipital protuberance (prō-tū′bĕr-ăns). trapezius origin site (elevates, depresses, adducts scapula)

Acetabulum (composed of all three coxal bones)

The femur articulates with a deep, curved depression on the lat- eral surface of the os coxae called the acetabulum ["little cup": In ancient dining, an acetabulum was a vinegar-cup, which, from the fondness of the Greeks and Romans for vinegar, was probably always placed on the table at meals to dip the food in before eating it.]

posterior inferior iliac spine

The iliac crest arises anteriorly from a projection called the anterior superior iliac spine and extends posteriorly to the posterior superior iliac spine. Located inferiorly to the ala of the ilium are the anterior inferior iliac spine and the posterior inferior iliac spine.

posterior superior iliac spine

Incus bone

The incus (ing′kŭs) resembles an anvil and is the middle auditory ossicle. The auditory ossicles are responsible for amplifying sound waves and transmitting them into the inner ear via the oval window. When sound waves strike the tympanic membrane, the three middle ear ossicles vibrate along with the tympanic membrane, causing the footplate of the stapes to move in and out of the oval window. The movement of this ossicle initiates pressure waves in the fluid within the closed compartment of the inner ear. Because the tympanic mem- brane is 20 times greater in diameter than the stapes footplate in the oval window, sounds transmitted across the middle ear are amplified more than 20-fold, and we are able to detect very faint sounds.

alveolar process of maxillae

The inferior portions of the maxillae contain the alveolar (al-vē′ō-lăr) processes that house the upper teeth.

malleus bone

The malleus (mal′ē-ŭs) is attached to the medial surface of the tympanic membrane, and suspended by ligaments bound to the wall of the tympanic cavity. It resembles a large hammer in shape. The auditory ossicles are responsible for amplifying sound waves and transmitting them into the inner ear via the oval window. When sound waves strike the tympanic membrane, the three middle ear ossicles vibrate along with the tympanic membrane, causing the footplate of the stapes to move in and out of the oval window. The movement of this ossicle initiates pressure waves in the fluid within the closed compartment of the inner ear. Because the tympanic mem- brane is 20 times greater in diameter than the stapes footplate in the oval window, sounds transmitted across the middle ear are amplified more than 20-fold, and we are able to detect very faint sounds.

ramus of mandible

The mandible has a horizontal body and two vertical-to-oblique ascending posterior regions called the rami (rā′mī; sing., ramus, rā′mŭs). masseter insertion site (elevates and protracts mandible)

Manubrium of sternum

The manubrium [mani = hand; think manual labor; manubrium served as a handle] is the widest and most su- perior portion of the sternum (the "handle" of the bony sword). sternocleidomastoid origin site

adductor tubercle of femur

The medial supracondylar ridge terminates in the adductor tubercle, a rough, raised projection that is the site of attachment for the adductor magnus muscle. adductor magnus insertion site

metatarsals

The metatarsal (met′ă-tar′săl) bones of the foot are five long bones similar in arrangement and name to the metacarpal bones of the hand. They form the sole of the foot and are identified with Roman numerals I-V, proceeding medially to laterally across the sole (figure 8.14). tibialis anterior insertion site (1st metatarsal)-> invert and extend (dorsiflex) foot peroneus (fibularis) longus insertion site (1st metatarsal, goes underneath foot from medial side)-> evert/flex (plantarflex) foot peroneus (fibularis) brevis insertion site (5th metatarsal)-> evert/flex (plantarflex) foot tibialis posterior insertion site (bases of metatarsal bones 2-4) -> invert / flex (plantarflex) foot drive your CAR, walk on TAR

molars

The molars (mō′lăr; molaris = millstone) are the thickest and most posteriorly placed teeth. They have large, broad, flat crowns with distinctive cusps, and three or more roots. Molars are also adapted for grinding and crushing ingested materials. 2123 → 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, 3 molars (sometimes there's only 2 molars b/c the person had no wisdom teeth)

Adduction of the spine

The opposite of abduction is adduction (ă-dŭk′shŭn), which means to "move toward," and is the medial movement of a body part toward the body midline.

Extension (hyperextension) of the spine

The opposite of flexion is extension (eks-ten′shŭn; extensio = a stretching out), which is movement in an anterior-posterior plane that increases the angle between the articulating bones.

optic canals of anterior cranial fossa

The optic nerves (CN II) that carry visual information from the eyes to the brain travel through these canals (see section 15.8). (sphenoid bone) Cranial foramina (superior view): Cowboy ROS sits in his saddle with his lasso by his side and his eyes forward. (Find the saddle [literally, "dorsum sellae"]. From top to bottom next to it are Foramen Rotundum, Ovale, and Spinosum [ROS]. Next to the dorsum sellae is the foramen lacerum [lasso]. Anterior to the dorsum sellae are the optic canals [eyes forward])

os coxae

The os coxae is commonly referred to as the hip bone (and some- times as the coxal bone or the innominate bone). Each os coxae is formed from three separate bones: the ilium, the ischium, and the pubis (figure 8.9). These three bones fuse between the ages of 13 and 15 years to form the single os coxae. Each os coxae articulates posteriorly with an auricular surface of the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint. The femur articulates with a deep, curved depression on the lat- eral surface of the os coxae called the acetabulum (as-ĕ-tab′yū-lŭm; shallow vinegar cup).

lateral masses of ethmoid bone

The paired ethmoidal labyrinths (lateral masses) contain tiny spaces called the ethmoidal sinuses, which open into both sides of the nasal cavity. The ethmoidal labyrinths are partially composed of the superior and the middle nasal conchae ["a shell"; conch is a shell-fish; nasal conachae are shell-shaped projections into the nasal cavity]

patella

The patella (pa-tel′ă; patina = shallow disk), or kneecap, is a large, roughly triangular sesamoid bone located within the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle (figure 8.12). The patella al- lows the tendon of the quadriceps femoris to glide more smoothly by distributing the force placed on the tendon, and it protects the knee joint.

pectoralis major

The pectoralis major is a large, thick, fan-shaped muscle that covers the superior part of the thorax. It is the principal flexor of the arm, and also adducts and medially rotates the arm.

pectoralis minor

The pectoralis minor is a thin, flat, triangular muscle deep to the pectoralis major. This muscle helps depress and protract (pull anteriorly) the scapula. When your shoulders are hunched forward, the pectoralis minor muscle is contracting.

what is a joint?

The place of contact between two or more bones (articulation) Some joints are very mobile, others immobile

tom dick and harry

tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus

acromial process of scapula

The spine is continuous with a larger, posterior process called the acromion (ă-krō′mē-on; akron = highest, omos = shoulder; think acropolis), which forms the bony tip of the shoulder. Palpate the superior region of your shoulder; the prominent bump you feel is the acromion. The acromion articulates with the acromial end of the clavicle. trapezius insertion site deltoid origin site

spine of scapula

The spine of the scapula is a ridge of bone on the posterior aspect of the scapula. It is easily palpated under the skin. trapezius insertion site deltoid origin site SPINE of scapula is on the back

trapezius

The trapezius is a large, flat, diamond-shaped muscle that extends from the skull and vertebral column to the pectoral girdle laterally. In general, the trapezius can elevate, depress, retract, or rotate the scapula, depending upon which fibers of the muscle are actively contracting. The superior fibers of the trapezius elevate and superi- orly rotate the scapula. The middle fibers work with the rhomboid muscles to retract the scapula, while the inferior fibers depress the scapula.

3 borders of the scapula

The triangular shape of the scapula forms three sides, or bor- ders. The superior border is the horizontal edge of the scapula su- perior to the spine of the scapula; the medial border (also called the vertebral border) is the edge of the scapula closest to the vertebrae; and the lateral border (also called the axillary border) is closest to the axilla (armpit). medial border is rhomboids insertion site medial border is serratus anterior insertion site (wraps around thorax underneath scapula) lateral border is teres minor origin site

triceps brachii

The triceps brachii is the large, three-headed muscle on the posterior surface of the arm. It is the prime extensor of the forearm, and so its action is antagonistic to that of the biceps brachii. Only the long head of the triceps brachii crosses the gleno- humeral joint, where it helps extend the humerus. All three parts of this muscle merge to form a common attachment to the olecranon of the ulna.

tubercle of rib

The tubercle (or tuberculum) of the rib has an articular facet for the costal facet on the transverse process of the thoracic vertebra.

anatomical position

To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward

Muscles that act on the scapula

Trapezius Rhomboid major/minor Levator scapulae Pectoralis minor Serratus anterior

synovial joints

Very mobile (diarthrosis) joints composed of many tissues Articular cartilage (hyaline) Articular capsule with joint cavity ---Fibrous capsule for support ---Synovial membrane lines joint cavity, Secretes synovial fluid Ligaments/muscles provide stability Six types: ▪ Hinge ▪ Condyloid ▪ Saddle ▪ Gliding (planar) ▪ Pivot ▪ Ball and socket

movement related to anatomical position

When creating movement, the starting position of the body part is anatomical position. So, for example, one must first flex before one can extend. If, for example, one extends and that body part moves beyond the anatomical position starting point, one is hyperextending

Foramen lacerum of Middle cranial fossa

["a laceration"; looks like a laceration or cut in the bone between the temporal and sphenoid] juncture of sutures, fills with cartilage after birth (Between petrous part of temporal bone, sphenoid bone, and occipital bone) Cranial foramina (superior view): Cowboy ROS sits in his saddle with his lasso by his side and his eyes forward. (Find the saddle [literally, "dorsum sellae"]. From top to bottom next to it are Foramen Rotundum, Ovale, and Spinosum [ROS]. Next to the dorsum sellae is the foramen lacerum [lasso]. Anterior to the dorsum sellae are the optic canals [eyes forward])

lacrimal bones

[lacrima = a tear] (paired) small bones forming part of the medial wall of each orbit, passageway for tear duct Orbit (bones of medial wall): My Little Eye Sits in the orbit -Maxilla -Lacrimal -Ethmoid -Sphenoid

Cervical vertebrae characteristics

(designated C1-C7) form the bones of the neck. The first cervical vertebra (C1) articulates superiorly with the occipital condyles of the occipital bone of the skull. The seventh cervical vertebra (C7) articulates inferiorly with the first thoracic vertebra. All 7 cervical vertebrae have a transverse foramen and most have bifid spinous processes Breakfast at 7 Lunch at 12 Dinner at 5 Candy Takes Liking Stripping Cautiously

hamate

(ha′māt; hamus = hook) Some Lovers Try Positions That They Cannot Handle

capitate

(kap′i-tāt; caput = head) Some Lovers Try Positions That They Cannot Handle

Intermediate cuneiform

(kū′ne-i-fōrm; cuneus = wedge) C-CLIMN up to the talus the navicular guides the cuneiforms

Lateral cuneiform

(kū′ne-i-fōrm; cuneus = wedge) C-CLIMN up to the talus the navicular guides the cuneiforms

Medial cuneiform

(kū′ne-i-fōrm; cuneus = wedge) C-CLIMN up to the talus the navicular guides the cuneiforms

Cuboid

(kybos = cube) shape of cube C-CLIMN up to the talus

four connective tissue types

1. Connective tissue Proper Specialized Connective Tissues ---2. Cartilage ---3. Bone ---4. Blood & Lymph

types of fascia

1. superficial fascia ---also called hypodermis ["under the dermis"] or subcutaneous layer ---below the dermis ---between skin and underlying organs ---consists of areolar (airy) and adipose (fatty) connective tissues 2. deep fascia ---deep to the hypodermis ---covers muscles (surrounds all skeletal muscles), nerves and vessels; bound to capsules, tendons, ligaments, etc. ---forms a strong, fibrous internal framework ---consists of dense regular and dense irregular connective tissues

Intrinsic muscles of the hand

19 muscles in all fine motor movements (not learning these)

Erector spinae

3 Muscles: ---Spinalis ---Longissimus ---Iliocostalis Origin: spinous processes, sacrum and ilium Insertion: spinous processes (spinalis), transverse processes (longissimus), and ribs (iliocostalis) Action: extends the spine (keep the spine ERECT) Spinalis is on the spine (most medial). Iliocostalisis on the ribs (most lateral). And it's a Long (Longissimus) way between the spine and the ribs! "I Long for Spinach" or "I Love Sex" (from lateral to medial)

muscle tissue

A body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move.

epithelial tissue

A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out

infraorbital foramen of maxillae

A large infraorbital foramen [infra = below, orbis = circle] provides passage for a blood vessel and nerve (infraorbital artery and nerve). Within the orbit, this foramen extends along the infraorbital groove.

radial tuberosity of radius

A narrow neck separates the radial head from the radial tuberosity (or bicipital tuberosity). The radial tuberosity is an attach- ment site for the biceps brachii muscle on the anteromedial side of the radius. biceps brachii insertion site

Zygomatic arch (a feature of the temporal and zygomatic)

A prominent zygomatic arch is formed by the articulation of the temporal process of each zygomatic bone with the zygomatic process of each temporal bone masseter origin site (elevates and protracts mandible)

compartments of the forearm

Anterior compartment • Superficial group • Deep group Posterior compartment • Superficial group • Deep group forearm compartment has 2 bones, 4 compartments nerve bundle is always on medial side

compartments of the leg

Anterior compartment • Extensors Lateral compartment • Evertors Posterior compartment • Flexors leg has 2 bones, 4 compartments nerve bundle is always on medial side

the three cranial fossae

Anterior cranial fossa Middle cranial fossa Posterior cranial fossa

bones of the appendicular skeleton

Appendages and girdles Pectoral girdle ---Clavicle ---Scapula Upper extremity ---Humerus ---Radius ---Ulna ---Carpals ---Metacarpals ---Phalanges Pelvic girdle ---Os coxa Lower extremity ---Femur ---Tibia ---Fibula ---Tarsals ---Metatarsals ---Phalanges

three auditory ossicles

Auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes) are three tiny ear bones housed in each temporal bone. These bones are, from lateral to medial, the mal- leus (hammer), the incus (anvil), and the stapes (stirrup).

lymphatic system

Composed of a network of vessels, ducts, nodes, and organs. -transports and filters lymph (interstitial fluid transported through lymph vessels) and blood -initiates an immune response when necessary

endomysium

Connective tissue surrounding individual muscle fibers areolar CT

intertubercular groove of humerus

Between the two tubercles is the intertubercular sulcus (or bicipital sulcus, or bicipital groove), a depression that contains the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle Girls In Leadership (from lateral to medial, anterior view) - Greater tubercle Intertubercular groove Lesser tubercle

rhomboids

Both the rhomboid minor and the rhomboid major are located deep to the trapezius. These rhomboid muscles are paral- lel bands that run inferolaterally from the vertebrae to the scapula. Often they are indistinct from each other. They help elevate and retract (adduct) the scapula, as when you stand up straight with your shoulders back. The rhomboid muscles also inferiorly rotate the scapula.

Elastic Cartilage

Characterized by: ---abundant, irregularly-arranged, branched elastic fibers form weblike mesh around lacunae ---Chondrocytes irregularly spaced ---perichondrium present ---sparse ground substance Maintains structure and shape while permitting extensive flexibility Found in External ear; epiglottis of the larynx [epi = "upon", glottis = "mouthpiece of a pipe"] least abundant in body (in lab: hyaline and elastic can look alike. hyaline is much more clear; elastic is dense- even if you can't see the fibers!) Elastic Ears Epiglottis

compact vs spongy bone

Compact (cortical) bone ---solid, dense bone on the external surfaces made up of Haversian systems (osteons) -----Haversian canal (central canal) -----Lamella -----Lacunae -----Canaliculi -----Volkmann canal Spongy (cancellous, trabecular) bone ---lightweight, honeycombed bone within bone (porous like a sponge) ---forms open lattice of narrow plates of bone called trabeculae [trabs = a beam] ---No Haversian systems ---Surrounded by bone marrow ---Distributes stress throughout bone

three structural classifications of joints

Fibrous: bones connected by dense regular connective tissue Cartilaginous: bones connected by plates of cartilage Synovial: articular capsule with joint cavity

lateral condyle of femur

On the distal, inferior surface of the femur are two smooth, oval articulating surfaces called the medial and lateral condyles (kon′dīl).

anatomical neck of femur

Distal to the head, an elongated, constricted neck joins the shaft of the femur at an angle. This results in a medial angling of the femur, which brings the knees closer to the midline.

Mandibular fossa of the temporal bone

Each temporal bone articulates with the mandible inferior to the base of both zygomatic processes in a depression called the mandibular (man-dib′yū-lăr) fossa.

exocrine gland secretion methods & examples

Exocrine glands use different processes to release their secretory products. (a) Merocrine [meros = "share"] glands secrete product by means of exocytosis at the apical surface of the secretory cells. ---eccrine sweat glands ---apocrine sweat glands (b) Holocrine [holos = "whole"] gland secretion is produced through the destruction of the secretory cell. Lost cells are replaced by cell division at the base of the gland. ---sebaceous or oil glands (c) Apocrine [apo = "away from or off"] gland secretion occurs with the "decapitation" of the apical surface of the cell and the subsequent release of secretory product and some cellular fragments. ---mammary (milk) glands ---ceruminous (ear wax) glands

functions of muscle

Facilitates movement of skeleton or soft tissue: as cells shorten (contract) they exert physical forces on attached tissues and produce movement ---Voluntary motion ---Blood circulation ----Respiratory activities ---Propulsion of materials through digestive tract ---Waste elimination Thermoregulation: contraction and relaxation produces heat Storage and movement of materials Support and protection Maintain posture

goblet cells

Goblet cells are unicellular intraepithelial mucin-secreting glands scattered within simple epithelia, such as cuboidal, columnar, and pseudostratified epithelia. Their name corresponds to their shape, as they resemble a goblet, with their narrow bases and wide apex. found in the respiratory and intestinal tracts, which secretes the main component of mucus.

compartments of the thigh

Hip ---Psoas ---Iliacus ---Gluteus maximus, medius, minimus ---Lateral rotators (piriformis) Anterior compartment ---Sartorius ---Tensor fasciae latae ---Quadriceps Posterior compartment: Hamstrings Medial compartment ---Gracilis ---Adductor longus, magnus, brevis thigh cross-section has 1 bone, 3 compartments nerve bundle is always on medial side

Mobility vs. stability of joints

Inverse relationship: More planes of motion, the less stable a joint Increase stability by adding bony restraints or ligamentous attachments

cardiac muscle

Is only located in the heart (myocardium) contracts heart to pump blood from heart Short, bifurcated (Y-shaped) cells Striated mono- or binucleated, nucleus located at center of cell Involuntary attached by intercalated discs for rapid transport of nervous stimulus Not all cardiac muscle fibers need direct innervation (signals are passed between fibers by gap junctions)

medial condyle of tibia

Its broad, superior head has two relatively flat surfaces, the medial and lateral condyles, which articulate with the medial and lateral condyles of the femur, respectively. semimembranosus (hamstring) insertion site -> extend thigh and flex leg

Abduction (side-bend / lateral flexion) of the spine

Lateral flexion occurs when the trunk of the body moves in a coronal plane laterally away from the body. This type of movement occurs primarily between the vertebrae in the cervical and lumbar regions of the vertebral column

Intervertebral foramen of vertebrae

Lateral openings between adjacent vertebrae are the intervertebral (in′tĕr-ver′tĕ-brăl) foramina. The intervertebral foramina provide a horizontally directed passageway through which spinal nerves travel to other parts of the body

Transverse process of vertebrae

Lateral projections on both sides of the vertebral arch are called transverse processes. insertion site for splenius (cervical vertebrae) longissimus origin site (lumbar vertebrae) longissimus insertion site (thoracic vertebrae) quadratus lumborum insertion site (lumbar vertebrae) scalenes origin site (cervical vertebrae) levator scapulae origin site (cervical vertebrae) psoas origin site (lumbar vertebrae)-> spans underneath groin to posterior side of femur

greater wing of sphenoid bone

Laterally, it extends to form the greater and lesser wings.

lesser wing of sphenoid bone

Laterally, it extends to form the greater and lesser wings.

long bone characteristics

Length greater than width composed of: ---Tubular shaft (diaphysis ["growing between"]) ---articular surface at each end (epiphysis [epi = upon, physis = growth] ---thin layers of hyaline cartilage between diaphysis and epiphyses that provide for continual lengthwise growth of diaphysis in children (metaphysis, aka growth plate); former site of bone growth in adults (epiphyseal line) -hollow cylindrical space within diaphysis that contains yellow bone marrow in adults (medullary cavity or marrow cavity) connective tissues: ---Periosteum (a dense connective tissue) that covers the external surface of bone ---Endosteum (a loose connective tissue) that lines the medullary cavity ---Articular cartilage -hyaline cartilage placed at the ends of bones for mobile joints Found in bones of arm, forearm, hand, fingers, thigh, leg, foot, and toes ---e.g. Humerus, radius, ulna; Femur, tibia, fibula most common bone shape

transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae

Major feature of cervical vertebrae

smooth muscle

Located in blood vessels and organs ---GI tract ---urinary tract ---vascular tissues contraction causes controlled movement of material: Propels material through tubes (vessels or gut tube) Has a short, spindle-shaped (fusiform) appearance Has no striations (because the myofilaments are not in a regular pattern) Has a centrally located, single nucleus Involuntary Like cardiac muscle, smooth muscle cells are able to contract by passing signals from cell to cell via gap junctions

palatine process of maxillae

Most of the hard palate is formed anteriorly by horizontal medial extensions of both maxillae, called palatine processes

mental foramen of mandible

On the anterolateral surface of the body, a mental foramen penetrates the body on each side of the chin to provide a passageway for nerves and blood vessels.

Coracobrachialis

Origin: CORACOid process of scapula (common origin with short head of biceps) Insertion: proximal humerus [BRACHIon = arm] Action: flex and adduct arm

Vertebral arch = Pedicle + Lamina

Posterior to the vertebral body is the vertebral arch, also called the neural arch. The vertebral arch is composed of two pedicles and two laminae. The pedicles ["little foot"; think pedestrian; pedicle is the footing for the roof (the lamina)] originate from the posterolateral margins of the body, whereas the laminae (lamina = layer; like a roof) extend posteromedially from the posterior edge of each pedicle.

premolars

Premolars, also called bicuspids, are located posterolateral to the canines and anterior to the molars. They have flat crowns with prominent ridges called cusps that are used to crush and grind ingested materials. Premolars may have one or two roots. 2123 → 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, 3 molars (sometimes there's only 2 molars b/c the person had no wisdom teeth)

Rotation of the spine

Rotation is a pivoting motion in which a bone turns on its own longitudinal axis (figure 9.10). Rotational movement occurs at the atlantoaxial joint, which pivots when you rotate your head to gesture "no."

intercondylar eminence of tibia

Separating the medial and lateral condyles of the tibia is a prominent ridge called the intercondylar eminence (em′i-nens).

muscle compartments

Skeletal muscles are arranged in muscle compartments separated by fascia. Compartments are groups of muscles with: Similar function, and/or Similar innervation, and/or Similar blood supply

Skeletal muscle organization

Skeletal muscles have connective tissues, blood vessels, and nerves Muscle fibers are surrounded by a delicate meshwork of collagen called the endomysium Muscle fibers that are surrounded by endomysium are joined into bundles or fascicles by the perimysium All fascicles in a muscle are surrounded by a connective tissue called the epimysium

trapezoid

Some Lovers Try Positions That They Cannot Handle trapezium vs. trapezoid location TrapeziUM is by the thUMB , TrapeziOID is inSIDE

stabilization

Stabilization requires activation of two muscles or muscle groups: One muscle group stabilizes bone; other muscle group provides action Example: ---Infrahyoid muscles stabilize hyoid bone (hold in place), Suprahyoid muscles can only depress the mandible

three functional classifications of joints

Synarthrosis - does not allow for any movement Amphiarthrosis - allows for slight movement Diarthrosis - free movement

sternum

The adult sternum (ster′nŭm; sternon = the chest), also called the breastbone, is a flat bone that forms in the anterior midline of the thoracic wall. Its shape has been likened to that of a sword. The ster- num is composed of three parts: the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process. infrahyoid muscles origin site pectoralis major origin site

Phalanges (foot)

The bones of the toes (like the bones of the fingers) are called phalanges. The toes contain 14 phalanges. The great toe is the hallux (hal′ŭks; hallex = great toe), and it has only two phalanges (proximal and distal); each of the other four toes has three phalanges (proximal, middle, and distal). insertion site for extensor digitorum longus (distal phalanges 2-5)-> extend foot and toes (dorsiflex) insertion site for flexor digitorum longus (distal phalanges 2-5)-> flex foot and toes (plantarflex)

carpals

The carpals (kar′păl) are small, short bones that form the wrist. They are arranged roughly in two rows (a proximal row and a distal row) of four bones each. These small bones allow for the multiple movements possible at the wrist. hand flexors insertion site (anterior surface) hand extensors insertion site (posterior surface) drive your CAR, walk on TAR

anterior inferior iliac spine

anterior superior iliac spine

mental protuberance of mandible

The point of the chin is the mental (mentum = chin) protuberance.

mandibular condyle of the mandible

The posterior projection of each mandibular ramus, called the condylar (kon′di-lăr) process, terminates at the head of the mandible, also called the mandibular condyle (kon′dīl). Each articulation of the head of the mandible with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone is called the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), a mobile joint that allows us to move the lower jaw when we talk or chew. lateral pterygoid insertion site (protracts and moves mandible side to side) the condyle is the articular process, the coronoid is the other

ischial tuberosity of ischium

The postero- lateral border of the ischium is a roughened projection called the ischial tuberosity. The ischial tuberosities are also called the sitz bones by some health professionals and fitness instructors, because they support the weight of the body when seated. If you palpate your buttocks while in a sitting position, you can feel the large ischial tuberosities. biceps femoris long head, semitendinosus and semimembranosus (hamstrings) origin adductor magnus origin site -> adducts thigh

olecranon process of ulna

The posterosuperior aspect of the trochlear notch has a prominent projection called the olecranon. The olecranon articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the posterior "bump" of the elbow. (Palpate your posterior elbow; the bump you feel is the olecranon.) triceps brachii insertion site

supraspinous fossa of scapula

The scapula has several flattened regions of bone that provide surfaces for the attachment of some of the rotator cuff muscles, which help stabilize and move the shoulder joint. The spine subdivides the posterior surface of the scapula into two shallow depressions, or fossae. The depression superior to the spine is the supraspinous (supra = above; spinous = spine) fossa. scapula has one anterior depression, two posterior depressions supraspinatus origin site

infraspinous fossa of scapula

The scapula has several flattened regions of bone that provide surfaces for the attachment of some of the rotator cuff muscles, which help stabilize and move the shoulder joint. The spine subdivides the posterior surface of the scapula into two shallow depressions, or fossae. inferior to the spine is a broad, extensive sur- face called the infraspinous [infra = below, spinous = spine; below the spine] fossa. scapula has one anterior depression, two posterior depressions infraspinatus origin site

subscapular fossa of scapula

The scapula has several flattened regions of bone that provide surfaces for the attachment of some of the rotator cuff muscles, which help stabilize and move the shoulder joint. The broad, relatively smooth, anterior surface of the scapula is called the subscapular (sŭb-skap′yū-lăr; sub = under) fossa (fos′ă; pl., fossae, fos′ē). It is slightly concave and relatively featureless. A large muscle called the subscapularis overlies this fossa. scapula has one anterior depression, two posterior depressions subscapularis origin site (located between the scapula and serratus anterior)

serratus anterior

The serratus anterior is a large, flat, fan- shaped muscle positioned between the ribs and the scapula. Its name is derived from the saw-toothed (serrated) appearance of its attach- ments to the ribs. This muscle is the agonist (prime mover) in scapula protraction, and thus works with the pectoralis minor. It is also the primary muscle that helps stabilize the scapula against the posterior side of the rib cage and is a powerful superior rotator of the scapula by moving the glenoid cavity superiorly, as occurs when you abduct the upper limb.

crista galli of ethmoid bone

The superior part of the ethmoid bone exhibits a thin mid- sagittal elevation called the crista (kris′tă; crest) galli [crista = crest, gallus = rooster; looks like the comb of a rooster]. This bony crest is the point of attachment for the falx cerebri, a membranous sheet that helps support the brain (see section 15.2a).

iliac crest of ilium

The superiormost ridge of the ilium is the iliac crest. Palpate the posterosuperior edges of your hips; the ridge of bone you feel on each side is the iliac crest. The iliac crest arises anteriorly from a projection called the anterior superior iliac spine and extends posteriorly to the posterior superior iliac spine. origin site for iliocostalis origin site for quadratus lumborum origin site for internal obliques origin site for latissimus dorsi origin site for gluteus maximus origin site for tensor fasciae latae

teres major

The teres major works synergistically with the latissimus dorsi by extending, adducting, and medially rotating the arm.

spinal curvature

The vertebrae are arranged in a double "s" shape. The curvature of the cervical and lumbar spine cure anteriorly, while the curvature of the thoracic and sacral spine curve posteriorly. This allows the thoracic and sacral vertebrae to bend around large vital organs while the cervical and lumbar vertebrae bring the body's center of gravity back to between the legs.

Pedicle of vertebrae

The vertebral arch is composed of two pedicles and two laminae. The pedicles ["little foot"; think pedestrian; pedicle is the footing for the roof (the lamina)] originate from the posterolateral margins of the body

head of rib

The vertebral end of a typical rib articulates with the vertebral column at the head (or capitulum). The articular surface of the head is divided into superior and inferior articular facets by an interar- ticular crest (figure 7.33a). The surfaces of these facets articulate with the costal facets on the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae.

jugular notch of sternum

Two clavicular notches articulate the sternum with the left and right clav- icles. The shallow superior indentation between the clavicular notches is called the suprasternal notch (or jugular notch).

Superior nasal conchae of ethmoid bone

Orbicularis oculi

[orbicularis = circular, oculi = eye] Origin: margin of orbit Insertion: skin surrounding eyelids Action: closes eyes

retinaculum

[retinaculum = retainer] superficial covering of anterior flexors and posterior extensors on wrist and ankle

Foramen spinosum of Middle cranial fossa

[spinosum = of the spine; opens near the spine of the sphenoid bone] passage for Middle meningeal vessels (penetrate the greater wings of the sphenoid bone) Cranial foramina (superior view): Cowboy ROS sits in his saddle with his lasso by his side and his eyes forward. (Find the saddle [literally, "dorsum sellae"]. From top to bottom next to it are Foramen Rotundum, Ovale, and Spinosum [ROS]. Next to the dorsum sellae is the foramen lacerum [lasso]. Anterior to the dorsum sellae are the optic canals [eyes forward])

Spinous process of vertebrae

[spinous = spine shaped] A spinous process pro- jects posteriorly from the left and right laminae. Most of these spinous processes can be palpated through the skin of the back. splenius origin site (cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae) spinalis origin and insertion site (lumbar vertebrae) longissimus origin site (lumbar vertebrae) serratus posterior superior and inferior origin site trapezius origin site rhomboids origin site (C7 to T5) Latissimus dorsi origin site (thoracic and lumbar vertebrae)

squamous portion of the temporal bone

[squamous = fish scale; squamous portion is flat like a scale] lateral flat surface immediately inferior to the squamous suture

types of connective tissue proper

a) Loose (few fibers, mostly ground substance; in lab: more white space) ---areolar ---adipose (fat) ---reticular b) Dense (abundant fibers, very little ground substance; in lab: sparse white space) ---dense Regular ---dense Irregular ---elastic

characteristics of connective tissues

all connective tissues are composed of three basic components: 1. cells (the living units of tissues) ---usually scattered throughout tissue most connective tissues are composed primarily of an extracellular matrix (the extracellular products of cells) containing: ---2. extracellular fibers around the cells (to strengthen and support) -----a) collagen fibers (strongest and stretch-resistant) -----b) elastic fibers ("rubber-band-like"; flexible and resilient) -----c) reticular fibers aka type III collagen (form an interwoven framework) ---3. ground substance (primarily consists of glycoproteins and nutrients and variable amounts of water) -----may be viscous (as in blood), semisolid (as in cartilage), or solid (as in bone) diversity is due to varying proportions of these components as well as differences in the types and amounts of protein fibers

basement membrane structure and function

at basal surface of epithelium, epithelial later is bound to a thin basement membrane, a matrix of fibers (mainly collagen) and ground substance (fluids) strengthens attachment and forms a selective molecular barrier between the epithelium and underlying connective tissue two layers: ---basal lamina (lamina lucida & lamina densa) containing collagen fibers, specific proteins and carbohydrates ---reticular lamina containing protein fibers and carbohydrates hemidesmosomes attach cells to basement membrane

gap junctions

attachments between cells with a gap; gap allows for signals to pass between cells as a form of communication -----e.g., coordination of the beating of cilia between cells -----e.g., contraction of adjacent muscle cells

pinocytosis

cellular ingestion of fluids and solutes ("cell drinking") ---e.g., kidney cells

synchondrosis joint

cartilaginous synarthrosis joint (immobile) Hyaline cartilage Examples: ---1st rib-manubrium ---costochondral ---epiphyseal plates

at the tail end of the body

caudal the abdomen is caudal to the head

Fibrocartilage

characterized by: ---readily visible, thick, parallel (regularly-arranged) collagen type 1 fibers in matrix ---chondrocytes arranged in column, more sparse ---no perichondrium ---little ground substance Durable, dense collagen fibers resist stretching and compression; absorbs shock Found in: -symphyses ["coming together"] (symphysis pubis and intervertebral ["inter = between] discs of vertebrae) -the cushions of joints (the menisci ["crescent-shaped"] of the knee) (in lab: can SEEM irregular- look for "rowboats" or "flow" of fibers)

chondrocytes

chondroblasts become chondrocytes function: to maintain cartilage "live" in lacunae: unfilled space or gap in matrix

iliotibial band

common thigh muscle insertion; inserts on lateral tibia gluteus maximus insertion tensor fasciae latae insertion

haversian systems

compact bone (hard outer shell of bones) formed from cylindrical structures called osteons (aka Haversian systems) that run parallel to the shafts of long bones ---each osteon contains concentric rings of bone CT called lamellae [lamina = plate] which encircle a central canal (Haversion canal) ---alternating collagen fiber direction gives strength and resilience ---blood vessels and nerves travel through the central canals ---perforating canals (aka Volkmann canals) also contain blood vessels and nerves and run perpendicular to central canals, creating a vascular and innervation connection among osteons ---lacunae between neighboring concentric lamellae house bone cells (osetocytes) ---diffusion cant occur through hard matrix so osteocytes must communicate w/ one another and w/ blood vessels through minute passageways in the matrix called canaliculi ["little canals"]

tight junctions

complete attachment between cells

at the head end of the body (2 names)

cranial / cephalic the shoulders are cranial to the feet

shaft of femur

cylindrically shaped region that forms the central portion of the femur vastus intermedius (quadriceps) origin adductor magnus insertion site -> adducts thigh

Flexor digitorum longus

deep flexor (plantarflexor) of the foot Origin: tibia Insertion: distal phalanges (2-5), uses medial malleolus as a pulley Action: flex (plantarflex) foot and toes deep flexors make up medial (or deep posterior) compartment -> all use malleolus as a pulley Tom Dick and Harry (deep posterior compartment) Tibialis posterior Flexor Digitorum longus Flexor Hallucis longus look where tendons go- flexors go to bottom of foot, digitorum goes to digits

lamellated corpuscles (Pacinian corpuscles)

dendritic endings of sensory neurons ensheathed with an innter core of neurolemmocytes and outer concentric layers of connective tissue in dermis, subcutaneous tissue, synovial membranes and some viscera detect course touch, deep pressure and high-frequency vibration

free nerve endings

dendritic endings of sensory neurons located in deep epidermis and papillary layer of dermis; some dendritic endings extend to deepest layers of epidermal strata detect temperature and pain; some detect light touch and pressure

bulbous corpuscles (Ruffini corpuscles)

dendritic endings of sensory neurons within connective tissue in dermis and subcutaneous layer as well as joint capsules detect continuous deep pressure and skin distortion

shaft of fibula

elongated, slender portion located between the expanded ends of the fibula extensor digitorum longus origin site (proximal medial surface) extensor hallucis longus origin site (middle medial surface) peroneus (fibularis) longus origin site (proximal lateral surface) -> evert/flex (plantarflex) foot peroneus (fibularis) brevis origin site (distal lateral surface) -> evert/flex (plantarflex) foot soleus origin site (posterior border)-> flex (plantarflex) foot flexor hallucis longus origin site (Posterior surface) -> flex (plantarflex) foot tibilais posterior origin site (Posterior surface) -> invert / flex (plantarflex) foot

endocrine glands vs exocrine glands

endocrine glands [endon = within, krino = separate]: lack ducts and secrete their products (hormones) directly into the interstitial fluid and blood as chemical messengers to influence cell activities elsewhere in the body exocrine glands [exo = outside]: typically originate from an invaginations of epithelium that burrows into the deeper connective tissues; usually maintain their contact with the epithelial surface by means of a duct (an epithelium-lined tube through which secretions of the gland are discharged onto the epithelial surface) ---may secrete materials onto the surface of the skin (e.g., sweat or milk) or onto an epithelial surface lining an internal passageway (e.g. enzymes from the pancreas into the small intestine or saliva from the salivary glands into the oral cavity)

the four basic tissues

epithelia connective tissues muscle tissues nervous tissues

histology/microscopic anatomy

examines structures that cannot be viewed by the unaided eye; studying individual cells or tissue samples and examining with a microscope ---cytology [kytos = hollow (cell)]: study of single body cells and their internal structures ---histology [histos = web or tissue]: study of tissues (how groups of specialized cells and their products function for a common purpose)

5 types of Glands of integumentary system

exocrine glands sweat glands (produce a watery solution that performs several specific functions) ---1. apocrine sweat glands ---2. merocrine sweat glands 3. sebaceous glands (produce an oily material that coats hair shafts and the epidermal surface) 4. ceruminous glands (produce cerumen aka wax) 5. mammary glands (produce milk) substances include: sweat, oils, wax, milk secretion methods: merocrine, holocrine, apocrine

basal surface

fixed or bottom surface where the epithelium is attached to the underlying connective tissue

flexion of the spine

flexion of the neck when you bend your head anteriorly to look down at your feet. Flexion (flek′shŭn; flecto = to bend) is movement in an anterior-posterior (AP) plane of the body that decreases the angle between the articulating bones. Bones are brought closer together as the angle between them decreases.

cardiovascular system

heart, blood and blood vessels the heart moves blood through blood vessels to distribute hormones, nutrients, and gases, and to pick up waste products

tactile corpuscles (Meissner's corpuscles)

highly intertwined dendrites enclosed by modified neurlemmocytes and dense irregular connective tissue in dermal papillae, especially in lips, palms, eyelids, nipples and gentials detects discriminative touch to determine textures and shapes; light touch

sebaceous or oil glands

holocrine gland: the full cell explodes to release contents ---destroyed during release of their oily secretion usually into a hair follicle produce lipid material called sebum to coat and protect epidermis and shaft of hairs; ---prevents drying ---antibacterial activity Location: hair follicles of face, scalp, entire body, except palms or soles ---Heavy excretions on skin of lips, penis, labia, and nipple activated during puberty

gross anatomy/macroscopic anatomy and approaches we are using

investigates the structure and relationships of large body parts that are visible to the unaided eye, where preserved specimens are often cut open (dissected) for examination ---comparative anatomy ---developmental anatomy: investigates the changes in structure within an individual from conception through maturity ---embryology [embryon = young one]: concerned specifically with developmental changes occurring prior to birth ---regional anatomy --surface anatomy ---systemic anatomy (our approach): studies the gross anatomy of each organ system in the body

eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands

merocrine gland: exocytosis of secretion granules through the surface of the epithelium type of sweat gland in the skin that is not connected to a hair follicle a duct with a narrow lumen that open onto the skin surface through a pore carries sweat (nonviscous, watery secretion of salt and H2O) to the surface of the epidermis controlled by nervous system functions: ---thermoregulation ---excretion of water, electrolytes, metabolites (lactic acid) and waste products (urea and ammonia) ---elimination of ingested drugs ---dilution of harmful chemicals ---some antibacterial and antifungal protection flush surface of epidermis most numerous and widely distributed throughout body ---except external genitalia, nipples and lips ---especially prevalent on palms, soles and forehead

linea alba

midline tendinous seam joining the abdominal muscles external and internal obliques insertion site transversus abdominus insertion site

plane that divides body into left and right (2 names)

midsagittal [sagittow = arrow] / median plane parallel planes are sagittal planes Think of Sagittarius, an archer, and how the archer holds a bow in the sagittal plane.

shaft of humerus

narrow, elongated, central region of the humerus Coracobrachialis insertion site (medial surface) brachialis origin site (distal anterior surface) brachioradialis origin site (distal lateral surface) triceps brachii lateral head origin (proximal lateral surface) triceps brachii medial head origin (proximal medial surface) brachialis = attached to shaft of humerus

shaft of ulna

narrow, elongated, central region of the ulna pronator quadratus origin (across anterior surface of bones) supinator origin (across posterior surface of bones) deep hand flexors origin (anterior surface) deep hand extensors origin (posterior surface)

Sphenoid sinus of the sphenoid bone

Ethmoid air cells (sinus) of ethmoid bone

paranasal sinus- The sinuses have a mucous lining that helps to humidify and warm inhaled air. Additionally, the sinus spaces in some skull bones cause these skull bones to be lighter, and also provide resonance to the voice. Sinuses draining into the middle meatus: AMFM → Anterior and Middle ethmoidal sinuses, Frontal sinus, and Maxillary sinus

keratinization

process by which keratinocytes in epidermis fill up with the protein keratin and die (approx. 2 weeks) keratinocytes formed from stem cells within the stratum basale as the cells pass through the stratum granulosum and true keratin filaments (intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton) begin to develop, the cells become thinner and flatter, membranes thicken, organelles disintegrate, begin to die. dehydrated material forms a tightly interlocked layer of keratin fibers sandwiched between thickened phospholipid membranes complete when cells reach the more superficial epidermal layers; a fully keratinized cell is dead (strong keratin protein provides a barrier for cells deeper in epidermis) remain in exposed stratum corneum layer for approx 2 more weeks before they are sloughed off

osteoblasts

produce new bone formed from stem cells near periostem and endosteum secrete initial semisolid, organic form of bone matrix called osteoid [eidos = resemblance] that later calcifies

serous membranes

produce thin, watery serous fluid between parietal layer (lines body cavity) and visceral layer (covers organs) that reduces friction between surfaces the epithelium lines a body cavity (mesothelium) ---simple squamous epithelium the connective tissue = subserous names of serous membranes -pericardium = encloses the heart -pleura = encloses the lungs -peritoneum = lines the abdominopelvic cavity

functions of the skin

protection against abrasion, bacteria and UV radiation water retention temperature regulation - sweat and oils metabolic regulation - i.e. obtaining vitamin D from sunlight (melanocytes) immune defense through langerhan's cells sensory innervation through sensory receptors called Meissner's, Merkel's, Pacinian and Ruffini corpuscles; associated with nerve endings that detect heat, touch pressure, texture and vibration

connective tissue general definition

protects, supports and interconnects body parts and organs

vastus medialis

intertrochanteric line

region formed anteriorly between the greater and lesser trochanters vastus medius (quadriceps) origin

langerhans cells (or epidermal dendritic cells)

reside in epidermis, provide immune defense eat and destroy or phagocytose microbes that have penetrated the epidermis for protection against infection and the initiation of immune response, as well as protection against epidermal cancer cells

two classes of cells of connective tissue proper

resident cells: stationary cells permanently contained within the connective tissue; help to support, maintain and repair the extracellular matrix wandering cells: continuously move throughout the connective tissue and are involved in immune protection and repair of damaged extracellular matrix; amount varies depending on conditions (primarily types of leukocytes)

True ribs

ribs 1-7, attached to sternum via their own costal cartilage At the anterior body wall, the true ribs articulate individually to the sternum by separate cartilaginous extensions called costal (kos′tăl; costa = rib) cartilages. rectus abdominis insertion site (costal cartilages of ribs 5-7) external oblique origin site (external surfaces of ribs 5-12) transversus abdominis origin site (Internal surfaces of costal cartilages of ribs 7-12) respiratory diaphragm origin site (Internal surfaces of lower costal cartilages and ribs 7-12) intercostal muscles origin and insertion sites serratus posterior superior insertion site scalenes insertion site (1st and 2nd ribs) pectoralis minor origin site (ribs 3-5) serratus anterior origin site (ribs 1-8)

costal groove of rib

ridge along thin, inferior border

annular ligament

ring-shaped band of connective tissue below the elbow joint that encircles the head of the radius and holds it in the radial notch of the ulna

toward the nose or mouth

rostral the frontal lobe is rostral to the occipital lobe rostral sounds like "nostril"

Foramen rotundum of Middle cranial fossa

rotundum = round; think rotundum of the capital (paired) passage for Maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve (CN V2) (penetrate the greater wings of the sphenoid bone) Cranial foramina (superior view): Cowboy ROS sits in his saddle with his lasso by his side and his eyes forward. (Find the saddle [literally, "dorsum sellae"]. From top to bottom next to it are Foramen Rotundum, Ovale, and Spinosum [ROS]. Next to the dorsum sellae is the foramen lacerum [lasso]. Anterior to the dorsum sellae are the optic canals [eyes forward])

abdominal cavity

superior to the pelvic brim of the hip bones within the abdominopelvic cavity, containing the stomach, spleen, liver, pancreas, small intestine, most of the large intestine, kidneys and ureters lined by the peritoneum (periteino = to stretch over), a moist, two-layered serous membrane encasing the peritoneal cavity where the serous fluid is located

bone tissue functions

support and protect soft tissue movement (muscle does not push or pull, it only shortens. when a muscle is anchored on two bones and shortens, it will cause movement) hormonal component to regulate blood sugar, kidney function and suppress appetite hematopoiesis (blood cell production) maintaining homeostasis- storage of mineral and energy reserves ---more than 90% of body's calcium and phosphate reserve (calcium needed for muscle contraction, blood clotting and nerve impulse transmission; phosphate is structural component of ATP) ---lipids (potential energy) is stored in yellow bone marrow ---the body will go to bones to retrieve these minerals if they are needed

saddle joint

synovial diarthrosis joint Adjoining bones have both convex and concave surfaces Allows for a lot more motion in thumb than other fingers Examples: first carpometacarpal joint, sternoclavicular joint

male reproductive organs

testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, scrotum -produces male sex cells (spermatozoa) and male hormones (e.g., testosterone) -transfers sperm to the female reproductive tract

dermis

the connective tissue of the epithelium called the epidermis consists of dense irregular connective tissue (and areolar) ---composed primarily of collagen fibers contains fibroblasts, blood vessels (capillaries), sensory receptors, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follicles, nail roots, smooth muscle tissue (arrector pili) two major regions: a superficial papillary layer and a deeper reticular layer connects with hypodermis below

lipolysis

[Lysis: involved in the destruction or digestion] adipose cell decreases amount of stored fat

cartilage functions

---support and protection of soft tissues ---provide a gliding surface at articulations ---forms joints (symphyses, synchondroses, synovial joints) ---provides a model for the formation of most bones in the embryonic skeleton (bony precursor or a "rough draft" that later ossifies into bone)

Mondino de Luzzi

-1270 - 1326, Italian physician, anatomist and professor of surgery -With the intent of increasing the knowledge of Anatomy and Medicine, dissection was formally sanctioned by the Pope and the Vatican. -Performed dissections in the presence of his medical students. and served the role of demonstrator himself, incorporating his personal experience. -First to Incorporate a systematic study of anatomy and dissection into a medical curriculum He required that all medical students must see at least one dissection to graduate -Wrote the first modern anatomy manuscripts and dissection manual with illustrations

plasma membrane

-A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cell -regulates nutrition and secretion -site of cell signaling -eliminates waste -embedded proteins -some glycoproteins and glycolipids form a protective cell coat (glycoalyx)

Claudius Galenus of Pergamum

-AD 131 - 201, Greek physician, surgeon, and philosopher -greatly influenced by herophilus -the "prince of physicians" -- stressed the importance of experimentation in medicine -First to correlate a patient's symptoms, complaints and physical examination results with subsequent examination of "affected part of the deceased." -appointed physician to the Gladiators. This experience led to further understanding of anatomy, treating wounds, and infection. -With the novel idea of organ system, Galen developed some misconceptions. For example, he believed blood was generated in the liver, was then distributed and consumed by all of the organs of the body.

four functions of epithelial tissue

-Covers or Lines a surface that communicates with the outside world, cavities, and passageways -Provides a barrier i.e. skin, GI tract, respiratory tract, urinary -Secretions i.e. proteins, mucus from glands or GI tract and respiratory tract -Absorbs substances; (exo- and endo-cytosis of nutrients and oxygen) i.e. digestive & respiratory systems

Hippocrates

-Greek physician, 460-380 BC -developed a medical practice based on observations and studies of the human body -taught that disease has a physical cause (it is not due to curse or spirit) -worked to accurately describe disease symptoms -thought that a physician should treat the body as a whole rather than as a collection of individual parts -the "father of medicine" -developed the theory of the four humours in which an imbalance led to sickness -wrote the hyppocratic oath

Levator scapulae

Origin: transverse processes of cervical vertebrae Insertion: superior angle of scapula Action: eLEVATE SCAPULA

Anatomy Act and The Uniform Anatomical Gift Act

-murders raised public awareness of the need for bodies for teaching and research. -The Anatomy Act 1832 is an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom that gave license to doctors, teachers and bona fide medical students to dissect donated bodies. -In the USA = The Uniform Anatomical Gift Act (UAGA)

microfilaments

-cell shape and cell division -microvilli on membrane increase surface area of the lumenal or free cell surface ---e.g., increases nutrient absorption during digestion in small intestine cells

characteristics of epithelia

-cellularity: composed almost entirely of cells bound closely together by intercellular junctions (minimal amount of extracellular matrix) -polarized: have an apical surface exposed to external environment or internal body space and basal surface attached to underlying connective tissue -held together by cell junctions -produces a basement membrane -avascular: lack blood vessels; obtain nutrients either directly across the apical surface or by diffusion across the basal surface from the underlying connective tissue ---connective tissue below basement membrane provides O2 and nutrients; disposal of CO2 and waste -innervated: richly innervates to detect changes in the environment at a particular body or organ surface region -Have high cell death and regeneration: frequently damaged or lost by abrasion; are replaced as fast as they are lost through mitotic divisions of the deepest epithelial cells (stem cells); very dynamic -Form Glands: glandular epithelia are clustered into tubes or balls that are specialized to secret various substances

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

-consists of membranous stacks (cisternae) studded with ribosomes -functions include the production of secretory proteins and lysosomes. the rough ER keeps these separate from proteins that will remain in the cytosol.

smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

-consists of membranous tubules -lacks ribosomes functions include: -production and metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates and steroids (hormones) -detoxification of drugs and poison -storage of calcium ions

mitochondria

-contains outer and inner membrane. the inner membrane has the mitochondrial matrix which contains mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes -the location of cellular respiration, the conversion of sugar into energy ATP -lipid metabolism

connective tissue functions

-encapsulate: surround delicate organs muscles, blood vessels, nerves -support and structural framework (bone, provide framework for body and support the soft tissues; cartilage supports body structures; connective tissue sheets form capsules to support body organs) -binding of structures (ligaments bind bone to bone; tendons bind muscle to bone; dense irregular binds skin to muscle and bone) -storage (fat is the major energy reserve; bone is reservoir for calcium and phosphorous) -transport (blood carries nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes and blood cells) -fights infection (many connective tissue types contain white blood cells; viscous matrix interferes with movement and spread of disease-causing organisms) -Insulates (fat)

blood

-fluid connective tissue -composed in part by cells and cell fragments called formed elements ---erythrocytes (red blood cells): transport oxygen and CO2 b/t lungs and body tissues ---leukocytes (white blood cells): adaptive immune response, respond to foreign pathogens -----leukocytes are divided into two classes: granulocytes and agranulocytes based on presence or absence of visible organelles called granules when stained ---platelets: involved in blood clotting -soluble protein fibers and a watery ground substance form a fluid extracellular matrix (plasma) ---helps with blood clotting ---transports nutrients, wastes, and hormones throughout body -primarily within blood vessels and the heart -leukocytes are also located in lymphatic organs and can migrate to infected or inflamed tissues in the body

microtubules

-form mitotic spindle -organelle movement (cilia) -cilia move material along the surface of cells ---e.g., move dust trapped in mucus on respiratory mucosa ---e.g., cilia in uterine tube propel an oocyte following ovulation -compose flagella, enabling cell movement ---e.g. to propel spermatozoa through the uterine tube

tissue level of organization

-groups of similar cells and extracellular products that carry out a common function -tissues = precise organizations of similar cells that perform specialized functions -composed of two essential parts: cells and matrix

elastic connective tissue

-has branching elastic fibers and more fibroblasts than loose connective tissue in addition to packed collagen fibers -found in vocal chords, suspensory ligament of the penis, some ligaments of the spinal column, as wavy sheets in walls of large and medium arteries ---provide resilience and ability to deform and then return to normal shape

dense regular connective tissue

-has collagen fibers that are packed tightly and aligned parallel to an applied force; fibroblast nuclei squeezed between layers of fibers; scarce ground substance -found in tendons and ligaments ---attaches muscle to bone (tendons) and bone to bone (ligaments), where stress is applied in a single direction -few blood vessels thus takes long time to heal following injury

cytoskeleton

-network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm along which materials travel around the cell. -composed of : microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments. -provide shape and aid in movement of cell and cell particles, as well as anchorage for other organelles

golgi apparatus

-receives proteins from the RER, modifies them by adding sugars, amino acid residues, or lipids and packages them into secretion granules for release from the cell (exocytosis) -also packages lysosomal enzymes in lysosomes (lysosomes are stored in the cytoplasm and used to destroy foreign or defective molecules or cell components, and microorganisms)

vesicles

-small, membrane-enclosed spheres that transport materials -endocytic vesicles mediate endocytosis. 3 types: ---pinocytosis ---phagocytosis ---receptor-mediated endocytosis -secretory vesicles mediate exocytosis

bone connective tissue characteristics

-supporting connective tissue ("osseous" CT) -makes up mass of most of bones -more solid than cartilage and provides greater support -organic portions (collagen fibers, protein-carbohydrate molecules) provide flexibility and some tensile strength (stretching) -inorganic portions (mostly calcium salts; also magnesium, fluoride, and potassium, etc.) provide compressional strength; rigid design allows our bones to be both strong and lightweight at the same time: -Compact bone (aka dense or cortical bone) appears solid but is in fact perforated by a number of vascular canals. It usually forms the hard outer shell of the bone. -Spongy bone (aka trabecular or cancellous bone) is located within the interior of a bone (epiphyses). Instead of being completely solid, spongy bone contains spaces, and the bone connective tissue forms a latticework structure that is very strong, yet lightweight. Cells ---Osteoblasts (bone forming cells) ---Osteocytes (bone maintaining cells) ---Osteoclasts (bone destroying cells) Matrix ---Collagen fibers organized in spirals and lamellae (layers) ---Ground substance is sugar-protein complexes which avidly bind minerals -vascular (has blood cells) -dynamic (unlike cartilage) ---remodeling: bones constantly change structure and shape during aging and changing stressors -surfaces covered by periostem (outer) and endostem (inner)

Pronators

Origin: ulna Insertion: radius Action: pronates forearm ("i'm Proring out my soup!")

5 types of membranes

1. Cutaneous membrane (also called Skin) 2. Mucous membranes (also called a mucosa because it produces mucus) 3. Serous membranes (also called a serosa because it produces serous fluid - the fluid lining a body cavity) 4. Endothelium is the membrane that lines blood vessels and the heart 5. Synovial membrane lines the joints of the body and produces synovial fluid - the fluid in joints.

4 layers of tissue of the integument system (and below)

1. Epidermis ["epi" = upon] - stratified squamous epithelium (true epithelium) 2. Dermis ["dermal" = skin] - dense irregular connective tissue ^TOGETHER FORM INTEGUMENT/SKIN/CUTANEOUS MEMBRANE (in lab: first layer-- dermis sticks to bottom of epidermis) 3. Hypodermis - ("below dermis") = areolar + adipose (in lab: second layer, irregular) 4. Deep fascia - dense regular + dense irregular (in lab: deepest layer on top of muscle, long strands, looks smoother) ^NOT PART OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

5 strata of the epidermis

1. Stratum Corneum [corneous = horny]: lines the surface; consists of many layers of keratinized, dead cells that are flattened and nonnucleated called corneocytes; very strong protective surface; continuous sloughing 2. Stratum Lucidum ["clear"]: thin, translucent layer about 2-3 cell layers thick found only in thick skin, the epidermis of the palms and soles; cells appear pale and featureless (no nucleus) with indistinct boundaries; keratinocytes are filled with protein eleidin, an intermediate product in keratin maturation 3. Stratum Granulosum ["granules"]: consists of three to five layers of keratinocytes, keratinization begins; cytoplasms of cells are full of granules: keratohyalin granules (excreted so that as cells move through the layer they will be coated with keratin and tightly bound together) and lamellar granules (secretory organelles that fuse with the plasma membrane and extrude lipids into the extracellular space); lipids prevent water loss and protects skin; cells lose their nuclei and organelles to make them dead protective cells 4. Stratum Spinosum ["spine shaped"]: cells begin to differentiate into a nondividing, highly specialized keratinocyte; composed of several layers of mature keratinocytes with centrally located, large, oval nuclei attached to each other by desmosomes, causing a spiny appearance; limited mitosis of deepest cells to help replace epidermal cells on surface; also contains epidermal dendritic cells (Merkel's corpuscles) 5. Stratum Basale - ("the basal layer") single layer of large cuboidal keratinocyte stem cells which are rapidly dividing to provide both replacement stem cells and new keratinocytes; contains melanocytes and sensory receptors; cells are tightly attached to the basement membrane

8 classifications of epithelial tissue

1. simple squamous (capillaries, alveoli, glomerulus) 2. simple cuboidal (kidney tubules) 3. simple columnar (lining of the digestive organs) 4. pseudostratified columnar (lining of the respiratory tract) ---PSEUDOSTRATIFIED WILL ALWAYS BE CILIATED IN LAB 5. stratified squamous (skin, lining of mouth, esophagus, anus) 6. stratified cuboidal (rare; salivary glands) 7. stratified columnar (rare; male urethra) 8. transitional (urinary system) each type is indicated by a two-part name: first part of name refers to the NUMBER of epithelial cell layers and second part describes the SHAPE of the cells AT THE APICAL SURFACE classification by number of cell layers: -simple epithelium: one cell layer thick -stratified ["containing many layers"] epithelium: contains two or more layers of epithelial cells ---keratinized: stratified squamous where superficial cells are dead ---nonkeratinized: stratified squamous where superficial cells are living odd-ball: -pseudostratified [pseudes = false, stratum = layer] epithelium: appears stratified because cells' nuclei are distributed at different levels; all cells are attached to basement membrane but not all reach apical surface ---always (technically simple) columnar ---(in lab: the only epitheium that will always have cilia!) classification by shape of cell at the apical surface (when viewed laterally): -squamous [squamous = scaly] cells: flat, wide and somewhat irregular in shape; nucleus like flattened disk -cuboidal [kybos = cube, eidos = resemblance] cells: about as tall as they are wide; spherical nucleus located in center -columnar [columna = column] cells: slender and taller than they are wide; oval nucleus oriented lengthwise and located in basal region odd-ball: -transitional [transitio = to go across] cells: can readily change shaped depending on how stretched epithelium becomes ---round / polyhedral ["many sided"]: transitional epithelium cells in relaxed state; ranges in shape ---resemble squamous when stretched When cilia, mucous secreting cells, keratin, etc., are present and obvious, this may appear in the name of the epithelium.

frontal sinuses of frontal bone

A pair of sinuses above each eyebrow in the frontal bone of the skull paranasal sinus- The sinuses have a mucous lining that helps to humidify and warm inhaled air. Additionally, the sinus spaces in some skull bones cause these skull bones to be lighter, and also provide resonance to the voice. Sinuses draining into the middle meatus: AMFM → Anterior and Middle ethmoidal sinuses, Frontal sinus, and Maxillary sinus

pubic symphysis of pubis

A roughened area on the body of the pubis, called the symphysial (sim-fiz′ē-ăl; coming together; think symphony, a coming together of sounds; pubic symphysis is the coming together of bones) surface, or pubic symphysis, denotes the site of articulation between the pubic bones.

pubic tubercle of pubis

A roughened ridge called the pubic crest is located on the anterosupe- rior surface of the superior ramus, and it ends at the pubic tubercle. The pubic tubercle is an attachment site for the inguinal ligament.

squamous suture

A squamous (skwā′mŭs; squama = scale) suture on each side of the skull articulates the temporal bone and the parietal bone of that side. The squamous (flat) part of the temporal bone typically overlaps the parietal bone.

respiratory system

A system of organs consisting especially of the nose, nasal passages, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. responsible for exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between blood and the air in the lungs

Muscles of the abdominal wall

Flexes and rotates the trunk and compresses abdomen ---Rectus abdominis ---External oblique ---Internal oblique ---Transversus abdominis

Lumbar vertebrae characteristics

Five lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5) form the inferior concave region ("small") of the back; L5 articulates inferiorly with the sacrum. The largest of the vertebrae since they bear the weight of the entire upper body Breakfast at 7 Lunch at 12 Dinner at 5 Candy Takes Liking Stripping Cautiously lumbar vertebrae are kidney-bean shaped-> kidneys are in the lumbar area

flat bone characteristics

Flat, thin, and have broad surfaces a layer of spongy bone (called Diploë) is sandwiched between roughly parallel surfaces of compact bone provide extensive surfaces for muscle attachment and protect underlying soft tissues e.g., Scapula • Ribs • Sternum • Neurocranial bones

Movements at the hip joint

Flexors: STRIP ---Sartorius ---Tensor fascia latae ---Rectus femoris ---Iliopsoas (iliacus and psoas major) ---Pectineus Extensors: BASiS (I is for inferior gluteal nerve that innervates gluteus maximus, the only muscle it innervates) ---Biceps femoris (long head) ---Adductor magnus (ischiocondylar/hamstring portion) ---Semimembranosus ---Inferior gluteal nerve (gluteus maximus) ---Semitendinosus Lateral Rotators: GOSSIP-Q (O is for both obturators) ---Gluteus maximus ---Obturator externus/internus ---Sartorius ---Superior gamellus ---Inferior gamellus ---Piriformis ---Quadratus femoris Adductors: GAAAP; brevis sandwich (deep to superficial) with a pickle on the side ---Gracilis ---Adductor brevis ---Adductor longus ---Adductor magnus ---Pectineus

ligaments of the knee

For the ligaments in the knee joint, take your middle finger on your right hand and cross it over your index finger. This represents the ligaments in your right knee, with ACL being on top, going from a posterolateral to an anteromedial position. The PCL is on bottom, going from a posteromedial to an anterolateral position. Do it with your left hand to mimic the ligaments of the left knee.

cartilaginous joints

Formed by cartilages Two types: ▪ Symphysis - fibrocartilage, allows for slight movement ▪ Synchondrosis - hyaline cartilage, does not allow for any movement joints in the midline: "SC" below Second Cervical vertebrae, joints are Secondary Cartilaginous (symphysis) and usually have a diSC (except for xiphi-sternal joint)

two types of bone formation

Intramembranous ossification ["bone growth within a membrane"] ---Bone forms on layers of connective tissue membranes called mesenchyme (precursor cells that form basis for all connective tissues) ---Mesenchyme thickens at ossification centers and osteoblasts radiate out from there ---osteoblasts lay down osteoid that begins to calcify ---primary, woven bone is replaced by secondary, lamellar bone ---Includes flat bones of the skull (roof and sides), facial bones, mandible, medial aspect of clavicle Endochondral formation ["within cartilage"] ---fetal precursor is a cartilaginous "bone model" (hyaline cartilage) which then becomes bone ---Mesenchyme thickens at ossification center, Mesenchyme cells become chondroblasts which secrete cartilaginous matrix (hyaline cartilage), chondroblasts die as matrix calcifies, a growth of capillaries and osteoblasts (periosteal bud) extends from periostem into core of cartilage shaft to replace chondrocytes, begin to produce osteoid ---primary ossification begins in center of diaphysis in utero, then secondary ossification centers occur later in epiphyses at or after birth ---Includes all other bones in the body

skeletal muscle

Located throughout body attach to bones (bony projections): Moves bones (also skin) Long (super long), cylindrical cells (muscle fibers) Striated cells (marked by transverse dark and light bands) Each muscle cell contains many nuclei that are located at the cell periphery Under voluntary control

intervertebral discs

Made partially of fibrocartilage Within joint of two vertebral bodies A "slipped disc" is anytime the center of the intervertebral disc ejects out and pinches the spinal cord or spinal nerve joints in the midline: "SC" below Second Cervical vertebrae, joints are Secondary Cartilaginous (symphysis) and usually have a diSC (except for xiphi-sternal joint)

muscles of the trunk

Manipulate the vertebral column: Deep muscles of the back Extension of the back; maintains posture ---Splenius ---Erector spinae mm. (Spinalis, Longissimus, Iliocostalis) ---Quadratus lumborum

medial condyle of femur

On the distal, inferior surface of the femur are two smooth, oval articulating surfaces called the medial and lateral condyles (kon′dīl).

skeletal muscle cells

Organized at multiple levels Cells contract linearly by sliding myofilaments: actin and myosin ---Sarcomere is organized with thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments ---Filaments are bound to each other and slide over each other when a stimulus is received Each fiber is innervated with neurons ---A muscular unit is a neuron with the muscle fibers it innervates

flexor pollicis brevis

Origin: ---Superficial head: Flexor retinaculum, trapezium bone ---Deep head: Trapezoid and capitate bones Insertion: proximal phalanx 1 Action: Thumb flexion "longus, brevis, longus; brevis, brevis"

Forearm flexors (act on the hand)

Origin: • Superficial: medial epicondyle of humerus • Deep: Ulna and radius Insertion: carpals and phalanges of hand Action: flex wrist, fingers, & thumb FM radio: Flexor = Medial -> common flexor origin is on the medial side

platysma

Origin: skin of shoulder and chest Insertion: skin of mandible and cheek Action: tenses skin of neck

Lateral epicondyle of femur

Superior to each condyle are projections called the medial and lateral epicondyle, respectively. When you flex your knee, you can palpate these epicondyles in the thigh on the sides of your knee joint. The medial and lateral supracondylar lines terminate at these epicondyles. gastrocnemius origin site -> flex (plantarflex) foot

medial epicondyle of femur

sagittal suture

The sagittal (saj′i-tăl; sagitta = arrow) suture extends between the superior midlines of the coronal and lambdoid sutures. It is in the midline of the cranium (along the midsagittal plane) and is the articulation between the right and left parietal bones.

pterygoid process of sphenoid bone

The pterygoid (ter′i-goyd; pteryx = winglike) processes are vertical projections that begin at the boundary between the greater and lesser wings. Each pterygoid process forms a pair of medial and lateral pterygoid plates, which provide the attachment surfaces for some muscles that move the lower jaw and soft palate medial and lateral pterygoid origin (elevate, protract and side to side movement of mandible)

Sacral vertebrae

The sacrum [sacral = sacred; believed to be sacred by ancient peoples] is formed from five sacral vertebrae (S1-S5), which fuse into a single bony structure by the mid to late 20s. The sacrum articulates with L5 superiorly and with the first coccygeal vertebra inferiorly. In addition, the sacrum articulates laterally with the two ossa coxae (hip bones). Candy Takes Liking Stripping Cautiously iliocostalis origin site gluteus maximus origin site piriformis origin site

Scapula

The scapula (skap′yū-lă) is a broad, flat, triangular bone (figure 8.3). You can palpate your scapula by putting your hand on your superolat- eral back region and moving your upper limb; the bone you feel mov- ing is the scapula. Several large projections extend from the scapula and provide surface area for muscle and ligament attachments. infrahyoid muscles origin site

tarsals

The seven tarsals (tar′săl; tarsus = flat surface) of the ankle and proximal foot are analogous to the eight carpal bones of the wrist, although their shapes and arrange- ment are different. The tarsal bones are thoroughly integrated into the structure of the foot because they help the ankle bear the body's weight. tibialis posterior insertion site (medial side/base of tarsals) -> invert / flex (plantarflex) foot drive your CAR, walk on TAR

styloid process of radius

The shaft of the radius curves slightly and leads to a wide distal end where there is a laterally placed styloid [stylos = needle, oidos = like; think stylus] process. This bony projection can be palpated on the lateral side of the wrist, just proximal to the thumb. brachioradialis insertion site

fibula

The skeleton of the leg has two parallel bones, the thick, strong tibia and a slender fibula. The fibula (fib′yū-lă; buckle, clasp) is the long, thin, lateral bone of the leg. little white lie -> little white fib (fibula is the littler white bone on an xray) "little lat fib, big fat tib"

tibia

The skeleton of the leg has two parallel bones, the thick, strong tibia and a slender fibula. The tibia (tib′ē-ă; large shinbone) is medial and the only weight-bearing bone of the crural region. TIBia is the Thicker Inner Bone "little lat fib, big fat tib"

Stylomastoid foramen of the temporal bone

The stylomastoid foramen lies between the mastoid process and the styloid process (see figure 7.8). The facial nerve (CN VII) extends through the stylomastoid foramen to innervate the facial muscles

medial and lateral epicondyles of humerus

Together, the bones of the humerus, radius, and ulna form the elbow joint (figure 8.4b, c). The medial and lateral epicondyles (ep′i-kon′dīl; epi = upon, kondylos = a knuckle) are bony side projections on the distal humerus that provide surfaces for muscle attachment. Palpate both sides of your elbow; the bumps you feel are the medial and lateral epicondyles. Traveling posterior to the medial epicondyle is the ulnar nerve (see section 16.4e), which supplies many intrinsic hand muscles. -medial epicondyle is pronator teres origin site (across anterior surface of bones) -lateral epicondyle is supinator origin site (across posterior surface of bones) -medial epicondyle is superficial hand flexors origin site -lateral epicondyle is superficial hand extensors origin site Let's Rewatch Criminal Minds L-lateral epicondyle R-radial fossa C-coronoid fossa M-medial epicondyle

lesser trochanter of femur

Two massive, rough processes originate near the proximal end of the femur and serve as insertion sites for the powerful gluteal and thigh muscles. A lesser trochanter is located on the femur's posteromedial surface. psoas & iliacus insertion site (as iliopsoas) -> flexes thigh

greater trochanter of femur

Two massive, rough processes originate near the proximal end of the femur and serve as insertion sites for the powerful gluteal and thigh muscles. The greater trochanter (trō-kan′ter̆; a runner) pro- jects laterally from the junction of the neck and shaft. Stand up and palpate your lateral thigh, near the hip joint; the bony projection you feel is the greater trochanter. gluteus medius and minimus insertion site -> ilium pulls medially to medially rotate / abduct thigh piriformis insertion -> sacrum pulls from behind to laterally rotate thigh vastus lateralis (quadriceps) origin

foramen spinosum of sphenoid bone

[spinosum = of the spine; opens near the spine of the sphenoid bone] (paired) penetrate the greater wings of the sphenoid bone, passage for Middle meningeal vessels

supraorbital foramen of frontal bone

[supra = above, orbis = circle] passage for supraorbital artery and supraorbital nerve

cartilage characteristics

a supporting connective tissue stronger and more resilient than connective tissue proper, more flexible than bone composed of a firm, gel-like extracellular matrix composed of protein fibers and ground substance ---Abundant Ground substance (complex sugar-protein) ---collagen fibers provide tensile strength (resistance to breaking when stretched) ---Some types have visible elastic fibers, others not- provides resilience Cells ---Chondroblasts ["cartilage" + "cell"] (cartilage forming cells) Chondrocytes (cartilage maintaining cells) exhibit Lacunae - a vacant space in the matrix that houses a chondrocyte avascular- exchanges nutrients through diffusion ---doesn't regenerate or heal well enveloped by connective tissue called Perichondrium- protects and regenerates -three types: Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibro-cartilage

phagocytosis

cellular ingestion of particles ("cell eating") ---e.g., a macrophage eating a bacterium

flexion vs extension

everything is in flexion in fetal position

endothelium

lines inside of blood vessels and lympahtic channels and the inside of the heart the epithelium ---simple squamous ---endothelium the connective tissue = subendothelium ---areolar connective tissue names of endotheliums ---tunica intima [intimus = inmost] in blood vessels ---endocardium in the heart

motor unit

muscle contraction happens by nerve attachments to muscle fibers motor unit: the nerve cell and all the muscle cells it activates number of cells it can attach to can vary quite a bit ---Large motor units (thousands of cells): strength and power movements, e.g. quadriceps, biceps ---Small motor units (just a few muscle cells): fine and precision movements, e.g. eyes, fingers

nasal bones

(paired) form the bridge of the nose

parietal bones

[paries = wall] (paired) form the lateral aspects of the skull

lunate

(lū′nāt; luna = moon) Some Lovers Try Positions That They Cannot Handle

zygomatic bones

(paired) aka cheekbones form the cheek and part of the lateral wall of the orbit

pisiform

(pis′i-fōrm; pisum = pea, forma = appearance) Some Lovers Try Positions That They Cannot Handle Pisiform = Pinky

Scaphoid

(skaf′oyd; skaphe = boat) Some Lovers Try Positions That They Cannot Handle

Talus

(tā′lŭs; ankle bone) C-CLIMN up to the talus Talus articulates with Tibia

Leonardo da Vinci

-1452 - 1519, Italian Renaissance scientist and Anatomist -Was given permission to dissect human corpses in Florence, Milan and Rome. -He made over 240 detailed drawings and wrote about anatomy which was far ahead of his time. -Drawings were lost at his death - only later to be discovered in Windsor Castle in 1919 ! If published, would have made a major contribution to medical science.

Jacopo Berengario da Carpi

-1460 - 1530, Italian physician -Based-upon Mondino's manuscripts, produced the first anatomical text entitled: "Anatomia Carpi. Isagoge breves perlucide ac uberime, in Anatomiam humani corporis" -The first to question Galen's anatomy based-upon personal experience in dissection

Andreas Vesalius

-1514 - 1564, Belgian anatomist, physician, and author at italian university -began a movement in medicine and anatomy that was characterized by "refined observations" -Studied anatomy through meticulous dissection -Detected and boldly corrected many errors made by Aristotle and Galen -Wrote the most influential books on human anatomy called De humani corporis fabrica ("On the Fabric of the Human Body") -- the first anatomically accurate medical book, exquisite detail and quality of illustrations -the "reformer of anatomy" -- promoted the idea of "living anatomy"

john hunter

-1728 -1793. Scottish surgeon, London -Demanded that advances in medicine occur only through careful observation and strict adherence to the scientific method. -Renowned for the study of anatomy through meticulous dissection, and was a brilliant teacher. -Started his own medical school in London. Thus, all students were required to dissect. -During this period, medical students were required to obtain their own specimens for dissection.

henry gray

-1827 - 1861, English anatomist and surgeon, London -Performed meticulous dissection and published the book entitled "Gray's Anatomy" The first textbook intended to be purchased by students. -Renowned for exceptional text and illustrations.

Herophilus

-325 - 255 B. C., Greek Physician -The greatest anatomist of antiquity (the period before the Middle Ages) -Performed first scientific human cadaveric dissections in Alexandria (in modern day Egypt) Thus, the first to study anatomy from human dissection -the "father of anatomy"-- first to base conclusions upon human dissection -responsible for many of the early descriptions of anatomic structures -The first to introduce the notion of conventional terminology and created terms to describe objects - as opposed to the use of "natural names" such as "seat of soul" and "source of heat". -Believed that the brain housed the intellect - rather than the heart. -Human dissection was subsequently forbidden and was not allowed again for 1800 years until the Renaissance (around 1530 A. D.).

Aristotle

-384 - 322 BC, Greek Philosopher and Scientist -The first person to study biology systematically (called Empirical Research). Discovered patterns common to whole groups of animals. He then inferred possible causal explanations unique to all illness and disease. -He believed that the heart is the seat of the soul and the controller of the body's heat

cell matrix

-the material (or tissue) in between a eukaryotic organism's cells ---e.g., the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a three-dimensional network of extracellular macromolecules, such as collagen, enzymes, and glycoproteins, that provide structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells

greater tubercle of humerus

Adjacent to the head are two tubercles. The prominent greater tubercle is positioned more laterally and helps form the rounded contour of the shoulder. pectoralis major insertion site (crosses over humerus head) -> flex/adduct arm supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor insertion site (on superior and posterior side of tubercle) Girls In Leadership (from lateral to medial, anterior view) - Greater tubercle Intertubercular groove Lesser tubercle

Muscles that act on the forearm

Anterior compartment (of arm) ---Biceps brachii ---Brachialis ---Brachioradialis (in forearm, mostly) 3 Bs bend the elbow: (in order of location) Biceps brachii Brachialis Bachioradialis Posterior compartment (of arm) ---Triceps brachii Rotators (in forearm) ---Pronator teres ---Pronator quadratus ---Supinator Place your thenar/hypothenar eminence over medial epicondyle and fan out 5 fingers with thumb resting below the 4 fingers. The 4 fingers represent superficial flexors while the thumb represents intermediate/middle flexor. Starting from the index finger count - "Pass, Fail, Pass, Fail, and Fail (at last)" i.e. Pronator teres (PT), Flexor carpi radialis (FCR), Palmaris longus (PL), Flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) and Flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) resectively. arm cross-section has 1 bone and 2 compartments nerve bundle is always on medial side

3 angles of the scapula

Between these borders are the superior, inferior, and lateral angles. The superior angle is the pointed part of the scapula be- tween the superior and medial borders, whereas the inferior angle is located between the medial and lateral borders. The lateral angle is composed primarily of the cup-shaped, shallow glenoid fossa. superior angle is levator scapula insertion site inferior angle is teres major origin site

bones of the axial skeleton

Central axis of the body Skull Auditory ossicles Teeth Hyoid bone Vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx Ribs Sternum

Muscles that act on the arm

Flexors ---Pectoralis major ---Coracobrachialis Extensors ---Latissimus dorsi ---Teres major Abductor: Deltoid Rotators ("SITS") ---Supraspinatus ---Infraspinatus ---Teres minor ---Subscapularis A pro baseball pitcher has injured his rotator cuff muscles. As a result, he SITS out for the rest of the game, and then gets sent to the minor leagues

fibrous joints

Formed by dense regular connective tissue Virtually no movement Three types: ▪ Sutures - junction between cranial bones, small amount of connective tissue, does not allow for movement ▪ Syndesmosis - large amount of dense regular connective tissue (ligaments), allows for slight movement ▪ Gomphosis - teeth in sockets by periodontal ligaments, does not allow for movement

infraspinatus

Four rotator cuff muscles (subscapularis, supraspinatus, in- fraspinatus, and teres minor) provide strength and stability to the glenohumeral joint. The rotator cuff muscles attach the scapula to the humerus. The specific movements of each muscle are best learned when equating them to pitching a ball: The infraspinatus and teres minor help slow down the pitching arm upon completion of the pitch. These two muscles adduct and laterally rotate the arm.

teres minor

subscapularis

Four rotator cuff muscles (subscapularis, supraspinatus, in- fraspinatus, and teres minor) provide strength and stability to the glenohumeral joint. The rotator cuff muscles attach the scapula to the humerus. The specific movements of each muscle are best learned when equating them to pitching a ball: The subscapularis is used when you wind up for a pitch. It medially rotates the arm.

supraspinatus

Four rotator cuff muscles (subscapularis, supraspinatus, in- fraspinatus, and teres minor) provide strength and stability to the glenohumeral joint. The rotator cuff muscles attach the scapula to the humerus. The specific movements of each muscle are best learned when equating them to pitching a ball: The supraspinatus is used when you start to execute the pitch, by fully abducting the arm.

bone types of growth

Interstitial Growth via cartilage model ---growth in length ---Cartilaginous growth (endochondral ossification) within the epiphyseal plate continues throughout childhood and adolescence ---in adulthood, the diaphysis catches up to the epiphysis and they completely fuse together. Growth in height stops. ---Damage of the growth plate can cause premature fusion of the diaphysis and epiphysis Appositional growth via osteoblasts and osteoclasts ---growth in diameter/thickness ---Osteoblasts secrete matrix (osteoid) at periphery of bone (under periosteum and endosteum), forming concentric lamellae ---as new bone is being laid down, osteoclasts along the medullary cavity reabsorb bone matrix, creating an expanding medullary cavity ---combined effects of bone growth at the periphery and bone reabsorption within the medullary cavity transform an infant bone into a larger version ---Fontanelles (soft spots) are areas of membrane that have not yet ossified in children. Cranial growth stops upon their fusion.

Maxillary sinus of maxillae

Lateral to the nasal cavity, each maxilla contains a large, spacious cavity called the maxillary sinus. paranasal sinus- The sinuses have a mucous lining that helps to humidify and warm inhaled air. Additionally, the sinus spaces in some skull bones cause these skull bones to be lighter, and also provide resonance to the voice. Sinuses draining into the middle meatus: AMFM → Anterior and Middle ethmoidal sinuses, Frontal sinus, and Maxillary sinus

bones of the orbit

Maxilla, Frontal bone, Zygomatic bone, Ethmoid bone, Lacrimal bone, Sphenoid bone, and Palatine bone Mnemonic: Many Friendly Zebras Enjoy Lazy Summer Picnic

mandibular foramen of mandible

On the medial aspect of the ramus, a prominent mandibular foramen provides a passage- way for blood vessels and nerves that innervate the inferior teeth.

iliac fossa of ilium

On the medial side of the ala is a depression termed the iliac fossa. iliacus origin site- spans underneath groin to posterior side of femur

Infraspinatus & Teres minor

Origin: ---Infraspinatus: infraspinous fossa of scapula ---Teres [teres= round (like a sausage)] minor [minor = smaller]: lateral border of scapula Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus Action: laterally rotate arm The humerus SITS in the glenoid fossa Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Subscapularis A pro baseball pitcher has injured his rotator c uff muscles. As a result, he SITS out for the rest of the game, and then gets sent to the MINOR leagues "the infraspinatus helps rotate your arm, and it secures the shoulder, keeping it from harm." Finger Trick!

extensor pollicis brevis

Origin: Posterior surface of radius and interosseus membrane Insertion: Posterior of proximal phalanx of thumb Action: Thumb extension part of anatomical snuff box "longus, brevis, longus; brevis, brevis"

abductor pollicis longus

Origin: Posterior surface of radius, ulna and interosseus membrane Insertion: trapezium bone Action: Hand extension; Thumb abduction and extension part of anatomical snuff box "longus, brevis, longus; brevis, brevis"

extensor pollicis longus

Origin: Posterior surface of ulna and interosseus membrane Insertion: distal phalanx of thumb Action: hand extension, Thumb extension part of anatomical snuff box "longus, brevis, longus; brevis, brevis"

Sternocleidomastoid

Origin: STERNum (manubrium) and CLavicle Insertion: MASTOID process of temporal bone Action: ---Unilaterally (muscle on one side contracts): ipsilaterally (move toward same side) side-bends the neck and contralaterally (move toward opposite side) rotates the head ---Bilaterally (muscles on both sides contract): flexes neck

pectineus

Origin: Superior pubic ramus (pectineal line of pubis) Insertion: Pectineal line of femur, linea aspera of femur Action: Thigh flexion, thigh adduction, thigh external rotation, thigh internal rotation; pelvis stabilization

Brachialis

Origin: distal humerus Insertion: coronoid process of ulna Action: flex forearm 3 Bs bend the elbow: (in order of location) Biceps brachii Brachialis Brachioradialis "under the biceps is the brachialis. this forearm flexor helps you drink from a chalice."

Gluteus maximus

Origin: iliac crest, sacrum Insertion: linea aspera and iliotibial band Action: extend thigh note that fibers run in opposite direction as medius and minimus-> opposite movements "the gluteus maximus makes up your booty, It extends the thigh because that's its duty."

Gluteus medius and minimus

Origin: ilium Insertion: greater trochanter of femur Action: abduct and medially rotate thigh note that fibers run in opposite direction as maximus-> opposite movements minimus is very small- entire muscle is located deep to the medius

medial pterygoid

Origin: pterygoid process of sphenoid bone Insertion: medial surface of mandibular ramus Action: elevates (closes mouth) and protracts (moves forward) the mandible; mandibular excursion (side to side) say "la": your jaw is open, so lateral opens mouth say "me": your jaw is closed, so medial closes mouth

abductor pollicis brevis

Origin: scaphoid and trapezium bones, Flexor retinaculum Insertion: proximal phalanx 1 Action: Thumb abduction "longus, brevis, longus; brevis, brevis"

Splenius

Origin: spinous process of cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae Insertion: mastoid process and cervical transverse processes Action: ipsilaterally rotates the head and neck

Subscapularis

Origin: subscapular fossa of scapula (located between the scapula and serratus anterior) Insertion: lesser tubercle of humerus Action: medially rotate arm *This is an anterior view! The humerus SITS in the glenoid fossa Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Subscapularis A pro baseball pitcher has injured his rotator c uff muscles. As a result, he SITS out for the rest of the game, and then gets sent to the MINOR leagues

Supraspinatus

Origin: supraspinous fossa of scapula Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus Action: abduct arm The humerus SITS in the glenoid fossa Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Subscapularis A pro baseball pitcher has injured his rotator c uff muscles. As a result, he SITS out for the rest of the game, and then gets sent to the MINOR leagues suitcase-spinatus

Extensor digitorum longus

Origin: tibia & fibula Insertion: distal phalanges (2-5) Action: extend (dorsiflex) foot and toes look where tendons go- digitorum goes to digits, extensors go to the top of the foot

scalenes

Origin: transverse processes of cervical vertebrae Insertion: 1st and 2nd ribs Action: ---Unilaterally: side bend neck ---Bilaterally: flex neck ---Also elevates ribs for forced inhalation when the neck is held stable

Coccygeal vertebrae

The coccyx (kok′siks), commonly called the "tailbone," is formed from four coccygeal vertebrae (Co1-Co4) that startto unite during puberty. The first coccygeal vertebra (Co1) articulates with the inferior end of the sacrum. When a person is much older, the coccyx may also fuse to the sacrum. Candy Takes Liking Stripping Cautiously

True (lesser) pelvis vs. false (greater) pelvis

The pelvic brim is a continuous oval ridge that extends from the pubic crest, pectineal line, and arcuate line to the rounded inferior edges of the sacral ala and promontory. This pelvic brim helps subdi- vide the entire pelvis into a true pelvis and a false pelvis (figure 8.10). The true pelvis, also known as the lesser pelvis, lies inferior to the pelvic brim. It encloses the pelvic cavity and forms a deep bowl that contains the pelvic organs. The false pelvis, also known as the greater pelvis, lies superior to the pelvic brim. It is enclosed by the ala of the iliac bones. It forms the inferior region of the abdominal cavity and houses the inferior abdominal organs.

stapes bone

The stapes (stā′pēz) resembles a stirrup on a saddle. It has a cylindrical, disclike footplate that fits into the oval window, an opening that marks the lateral wall of the inner ear. The auditory ossicles are responsible for amplifying sound waves and transmitting them into the inner ear via the oval window. When sound waves strike the tympanic membrane, the three middle ear ossicles vibrate along with the tympanic membrane, causing the footplate of the stapes to move in and out of the oval window. The movement of this ossicle initiates pressure waves in the fluid within the closed compartment of the inner ear. Because the tympanic mem- brane is 20 times greater in diameter than the stapes footplate in the oval window, sounds transmitted across the middle ear are amplified more than 20-fold, and we are able to detect very faint sounds.

maxillary bones

["jawbone"] (paired) form the central part of the facial skeleton, unite to form the upper jaw Orbit (bones of medial wall): My Little Eye Sits in the orbit -Maxilla -Lacrimal -Ethmoid -Sphenoid

vomer bone

["plowshare" - resembles a farming plow] forms the bony nasal septum with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone (inferior part)

perichondrium

["around" + "cartilage"] connective tissue on the periphery of cartilage ---fibrous layer provides protection, mechanical support, secures to other structures ---cellular layer contains stem cells for regeneration, growth and maintenance

deep fascia

["band or filler"] aka visceral or muscular fascia additional expansive sheet of dense regular CT internal to the superficial fascia separates individual muscles and fills space between them; binds together muscles; forms sheaths to help distribute nerves, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

buccinator

["blow" or "kiss"] Origin: maxilla and mandible Insertion: orbicularis oris Action: compresses cheeks, holds food between teeth

Gracilis

["slender or graceful"; gracilis is long and slender] Origin: pubis Insertion: medial proximal tibia Action: adduct thigh The area of tendon insertion on the proximal, anteromedial tibia is known as the Pes anserinus [pes = foot, anser = goose; the "goose foot"]: a common tendon of 3 muscles that looks like the three muscles that looks like the three webbed toes of a goose. A mnemonic to recall the muscles that insert here is, "Say Grace before Tea" in order from anterior to posterior. Sartorius Gracilis semiTendinosus

Tensor fasciae latae

["tensor of the fascia lata"; tightens the iliotibial band of the fascia lata] Origin: iliac crest Insertion: lateral tibia via iliotibial band Action: abduct thigh by tightening IT band

microvilli

["tiny fingers"] folds of the cell membrane; finger-like projections that greatly increase the surface area of the cell

extensor retinaculum (wrist)

["to restrain or a retainer"] holds tendons of extensor muscles in place

flexor retinaculum (ankle)

["to restrain or a retainer"] holds tendons of flexor muscles in place

flexor retinaculum (wrist)

["to restrain or a retainer"] holds tendons of flexor muscles in place

hypodermis

["under the dermis"] aka subcutaneous layer [sub = beneath, cutis = skin] or superficial fascia the layer under the dermis superficial fascia - mix of areolar and adipose connective tissues CT fibers of reticular layer of dermis are extensively interwoven with those of subcutaneous layer to stabilize position of skin and bind it to underlying tissues site of hypodermal injections- excessive vascular network promotes rapid absorption where adipose CT dominates, is called subcutaneous fat; distribution differs between the sexes

sphenoid bone

["wedge-shaped"] complex shape resembles a butterfly/bat bridging bone, the "keystone of the skull", uniting the cranial and facial bones and articulates with almost every other bone of the skull Orbit (bones of medial wall): My Little Eye Sits in the orbit -Maxilla -Lacrimal -Ethmoid -Sphenoid

masseter

[MASticate = chew] Origin: zygomatic arch Insertion: lateral surface of mandibular ramus and angle Action: elevates (close mouth) and protracts (moves forward) mandible

Adductor magnus, longus, and brevis

[adductor = adducts thigh] [longus = longest] [brevis = brief or short] [magnus = large; think magnum champagne bottle] Origin: inferior pubic ramus Insertion: • Magnus: adductor tubercle and shaft of femur • Others: linea aspera Action: adduct thigh brevis sandwich (from superficial to deep) with lettuce (longus) on top and a pickle (pectineus) on the side

adipocytes

[adip = fat] resident cells of connective tissue proper store lipid reserves fat cells with a single large lipid droplet; cellular components pushed to one side

Brachioradialis

[brachii = forearm, radialis = along radial bone] Origin: distal lateral humerus Insertion: styloid process of radius Action: flex forearm 3 Bs bend the elbow: (in order of location) Biceps brachii Brachialis Bachioradialis "brachioradialis is a forearm muscle. it causes forearm flexion so that you can tussle." Function: It's the Beer Raising muscle, flexes elbow, strongest when wrist is oriented like holding a beer Attaches to the Bottom of the Radius

Biceps brachii

[cephalos = head, bi = 2] Origin: • Long head: superior glenoid tubercle • Short head: coracoid process of scapula (common origin with coracobrachialis) Insertion: radial tuberosity of radius ---Note: this muscle spans two joints Action: flex/supinate (i would like some s(o)up) forearm; flex arm *This is an anterior view! 3 Bs bend the elbow: (in order of location) Biceps brachii Brachialis Brachioradialis "on the front of the arm there's a biceps that peaks. when it flexes the elbow, it makes the ladies shriek."

Triceps brachii

[cephalos = head, tri = 3] Origin: • Lateral head: lateral surface of humerus • Long head: infraglenoid tubercle of scapula • Medial head: posterior surface of humerus Insertion: olecranon process of ulna • Note: this muscle spans two joints Action: extend forearm/arm "on the back of your arm, you've got a triceps too. it causes forearm extension, and it's shaped like a horseshoe." Finger Trick! (long head and lateral head)

ceruminous glands

[cera = wax] apocrine gland: the apical part of the cell is decapitated to release contents secretion mixes with sebum and exfoliated keratinocytes to form waterproof earwax called cerumen functions: -helps trap foreign particles and keeps them from reaching the ear drum -lubricates -antibacterial properties Glands are located in the External Acoustic Meatus (Ear Canal)

coronoid process of mandible

[corono = crown, oid = like; coronoid process is like a crown sitting upon the ramus] The anterior projection of the ramus, termed the coronoid process, is the insertion point for the temporalis muscle, a powerful muscle involved in closing the mouth temporalis muscle insertion site (elevates and retracts mandible) the condyle is the articular process, the coronoid is the other coroNoid process is on the maNdible

coronoid process of ulna

[corono = crown, oid = like; coronoid process is like a crown sitting upon the ulna] The inferior lip of the trochlear notch, called the coronoid process, articulates with the humerus at the coronoid fossa. brachialis insertion site pronator teres origin site coroNoid process is on the ulNa

Cribriform plate and olfactory foramina of ethmoid bone

[cribrum = sieve; think sieve to strain spaghetti] [oleo = to smell; facio = to make] Immediately lateral to each side of the crista galli, the horizontal cribriform plate has numerous perforations/holes called the cribriform foramina. These foramina provide passageways for the olfactory nerves (CN I)

cutaneous membrane (skin)

[cutis = skin] protects internal organs and prevents water loss; relatively dry membrane the epithelium = epidermis ["upon the dermis"] ---true epithelium ---keratinized stratified squamous epithelium the connective tissue = dermis ---dense irregular CT

Deltoid

[deltoid = shaped like the greek letter delta, triangular] Origin: scapular spine, acromion, clavicle Insertion: deltoid tuberosity of humerus Action: abduct, flex, extend arm "the deltoid muscles are found on your shoulders. These arm abductors look like fleshy boulders."

desmosomes and hemidesmosomes

[desmos = a band, soma = body] aka macula adherens ("adhering spot") like a button or snap between adjacent cells; holds cells together and provides resistance to mechanical stress at a single potential stress point hemidesmosomes: half desmosomes, strong attachments which anchor cells to their basement membrane upon which the cells rest

endosteum

[endo = within, osteon = bone] an incomplete layer of cells that covers all internal surfaces of the bone, such as the medullary cavity contains osteoprogenitor stem cells, osteoblasts and osteoclasts active during bone growth, repair and remodeling

epimysium

[epi = above, mys = muscle] a sheath of fibrous elastic tissue surrounding the entire skeletal muscle dense irregular CT

ethmoid bone

[ethmos = sieve] positioned between the orbits, forms the anteromedial floor of the cranium, the roof of the nasal cavity, part of the medial wall of each orbit and part of the nasal septum Orbit (bones of medial wall): My Little Eye Sits in the orbit -Maxilla -Lacrimal -Ethmoid -Sphenoid

fibroblasts

[fibra = fiber, blastos = germ] resident cells of connective tissue proper produce fibers and ground substance of the extracellular matrix abundant, large, relatively flat cells, often with tapered ends

hematopoiesis

[haima = blood, poiesis = a making] Production of blood cells (red, most white, platelets) because formed elements have a relatively short life span, new ones are continually being produced occurs in Red bone marrow located in some spongy bone, which contains stem cells location differs between children and adults ---Children - red bone marrow is located in the spongy bone and medullary cavity of most bones throughout body ---as children mature into adults, much of red bone marrow degenerates into fatty tissue (yellow bone marrow) ---as a result adults have red bone marrow only in selected portions of the axial skeleton (skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum and hip bones) and in proximal epiphyses of each humerus and femur

Extensor hallucis longus

[hallux = great toe] Origin: fibula Insertion: distal phalanx-hallux Action: extend (dorsiflex) foot and hallux look where tendons go- extensors go to the top of the foot, hallucis goes to hallux

Flexor hallucis longus

[hallux = great toe] deep flexor (plantarflexor) of the foot Origin: fibula Insertion: distal phalanx-hallux, uses medial malleolus as a pulley Action: flex (plantarflex) foot and hallux deep flexors make up medial (or deep posterior) compartment -> all use malleolus as a pulley Tom Dick and Harry (deep posterior compartment muscles) Tibialis posterior Flexor Digitorum longus Flexor Hallucis longus look where tendons go- flexors go to bottom of foot, hallucis goes to hallux

Intercostal muscles

[inter = between, costal = rib] many layers, many directions Origin: ribs Insertion: adjacent rib Action: assists with respiration (forced inhalation and exhalation) external = "hands in pockets" internal = "up and in" transversus = horizontal continuous with external and internal obliques

Carotid canal of the temporal bone

[karoo = to put to sleep] The carotid canal (ka-rot′id; karoo = to put to sleep) is medial to the styloid process and transmits the internal carotid artery

keratinocytes

[keras = horn; cells are toughened like an animal's horn] most abundant cell type in epidermis and occur all throughout epidermal strata

osteoclasts

[klastos = broken] large, multinuclear phagocytic cells derived from fused bone marrow cells often located within or adjacent to a depression or pit on the bone surface called a resorption lacuna or Howship lacuna involved in bone reabsorption- secrete hydrochloric acid which dissolves mineral parts of bone matrix (osteolysis) to enter the tissue fluid and then the blood affected by hormonal levels, body's need for calcium or phosphorous, mechanical stressors - coordinate with osteoblasts

Latissimus dorsi

[latus = broad + ismus = the most + dorsi = dorsal; it is the broadest dorsal muscle] Origin: spinous processes of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae and posterior iliac crest Insertion: lesser tubercle of humerus Action: extend, adduct arm Attachments of pectoralis major, teres major and latissimus dorsi to the bicipital groove (a lady between two majors) Pectoralis major attaches laterally (on greater tubercle) Teres major attaches medially (lesser tubercle) Latissimus dorsi ('lady') attaches to the floor in between (lesser tubercle) "the laissimus dorsi forms the width of your back. it causes arm extension and that's a fact"

foramen magnum of occipital bone

[magnus = large; ; think magnum champagne bottle] Within the basilar part of the occipital bone is a large, circular opening called the foramen magnum, the passageway for vertebral arteries, spinal cord, and accessory nerves (CN XI)

Foramen magnum of Posterior cranial fossa

[magnus = large; think magnum champagne bottle] a large, circular opening called the foramen magnum, the passageway for vertebral arteries, spinal cord, and accessory nerves (CN XI) (Within the basilar part of the occipital bone)

fixed macrophages

[makros = large, phagos = to eat] resident cells of connective tissue proper phagocytize foreign materials large cells derived from monocytes in blood; reside in extracellular matrix after leaving the blood

free macrophages

[makros = large, phagos = to eat] wandering cells of connective tissue proper type of leukocyte [leukos = white] (white blood cell) phagocytize foreign materials mobile phagocytic cells formed from monoctyes of the blood

mastoid process of the temporal bone

[masto = breast, oidos = like; named for its resemblance to a breast] prominent bulge on the inferior surface of the temporal bone that provides an anchoring site for muscles that move the neck. Rather than being solid bone, it is filled with many small, interconnected air cells (called mastoid air cells) that communicate with the middle ear. sternocleidomastoid (ipsilaterally side-bends the neck, contralaterally rotates the head, flexes neck) and splenius (ipsilaterally rotates the head and neck) insertion site suprahyoid muscles origin site (depresses the mandible as hyoid is stabilized from below)

petrous portion of the temporal bone

[petra = a rock; think petrified- means to turn to stone; petrous portion is a mountain-like structure] thick part that houses sensory structures of the inner ear that provide information about hearing and balance

extracellular matrix

[matrix = womb] -extracellular products of cells, surrounds them -composed of varying amounts of water, protein fibers, and dissolved molecules (e.g., glucose, oxygen) ---extracellular fibers ---ground substance -ranges from fluid to quite solid -epithelial, muscle and nervous tissues have relatively little -connective tissues contain varying amounts

External acoustic (auditory) meatus (canal) of the temporal bone

[meatus = a passage] bony tube that extends medially and slightly superiorly from the lateral surface of the head, terminating at the eardrum

melanocytes

[melano = black] found in bottom layer of epidermis produce and store melanin (black, brown or yellow-brown pigment) in response to UV light exposure; transfer pigment granules (melanosomes) into keratinocytes by phagocytosis or exocytosis, which accumulates around the nucleus and shields the DNA from UV radiation

mesenchyme

[mesos = middle, enkyma = infusion] embryonic connective tissue that has mesenchymal cells and abundant ground substance containing fine, immature protein fibers source of all other connective tissues adult CT house mesenchymal (stem) cells that support repair of the tissue

Pectoralis minor

[minor = smaller] Origin: ribs 3-5 Insertion: coracoid process of scapula Action: abducts and depress scapula

External oblique

[oblique = angled] Origin: inferior ribs Insertion: linea alba Action: flex and rotate trunk, compress abdomen Fibers directed "down and in" or "hands in pockets" "on the sides of your abs are the obliques. they help rotate the trunk so you can turn the other cheek." spare TIRE around the abdomen (from deep to superficial): Transversus abdominis Internal abdominal oblique Rectus abdominis External abdominal oblique

internal oblique

[oblique = angled] deep to external oblique Origin: iliac crest Insertion: linea alba Action: flex and rotate trunk, compress abdomen Fibers directed "up and in" spare TIRE around the abdomen (from deep to superficial): Transversus abdominis Internal abdominal oblique Rectus abdominis External abdominal oblique

Orbicularis oris

[orbicularis = circular, oris = mouth] Origin: maxilla and mandible Insertion: skin surrounding mouth Action: purses lips buccinator insertion site (purse lips)

ossification

[os = bone, facio = to make] aka osteogenesis [genesis = beginning] refers to formation and development of bone connective tissue begins in embryo and continues as skeleton grows during childhood and adolescence, continues after adult bones have formed (bone remodeling) skeleton begins forming from either thickened condensations of mesenchyme or a hyaline cartilage model of bone, later replaced with hard bone

foramen ovale of sphenoid bone

[ovale = oval-shaped] (paired) penetrate the greater wings of the sphenoid bone, passage for Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve (CN V3)

Foramen ovale of Middle cranial fossa

[ovale = oval-shaped] passage for Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve (CN V3) (penetrate the greater wings of the sphenoid bone) Cranial foramina (superior view): Cowboy ROS sits in his saddle with his lasso by his side and his eyes forward. (Find the saddle [literally, "dorsum sellae"]. From top to bottom next to it are Foramen Rotundum, Ovale, and Spinosum [ROS]. Next to the dorsum sellae is the foramen lacerum [lasso]. Anterior to the dorsum sellae are the optic canals [eyes forward])

palatine bones

[palate = roof of the mouth] (paired) small bones with distinct L shape that form part of the hard palate, nasal cavity and eye orbit

dermal papillae

[papilla = nipple] projections of the dermis toward the epidermis that interlock with epidermal ridges make up thin, overlying papillary layer of dermis increases area of contact between the epidermis and dermis and connect these layers contains the capillaries that supply nutrients to the cells of the epidermis, house sensory receptors papillary layer takes its shape from the stratum spinosum

Pectoralis major

[pectoralis = chest, major = bigger] Origin: sternum and clavicle Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus Action: flex, adduct arm Attachments of pectoralis major, teres major and latissimus dorsi to the bicipital groove (a lady between two majors) Pectoralis major attaches laterally (on greater tubercle) Teres major attaches medially (lesser tubercle) Latissimus dorsi ('lady') attaches to the floor in between (lesser tubercle) "the pectoralis major muscles make up your chest. arm adduction and flexion is what they do best."

pericardial cavity

[peri = around, kardia = heart] within the mediastinum, contains the heart the heart is enclosed by a two-layered serous membrane (the pericardium) the pericardial cavity is the potential space between the parietal pericardium (outermost layer forming the sac around the heart) and the visceral pericardium / epicardium [epi = upon, kardia = heart] (the heart's external surface), containing serous fluid

periostem

[peri = around] covers the outer surface of the bone except for those covered by articular cartilage formed by dense irregular connective tissue, consists of outer fibrous layer and inner cellular layer anchored to the bone by strong collagen fibers called perforating fibers (aka Sharpey fibers) protects the bone from surrounding structures, anchors blood vessels and nerves to the surface of the bone and provides stem cells for bone growth in width and fracture repair

Fibularis (peroneus) brevis

[perone = fibula, brevis = brief or short] Origin: fibula insertion: 5th metatarsal Action: evert foot evertors make up the lateral compartment-> they use lateral malleolus as a pulley look where tendons go- evertors go to the outside/bottom of the foot longus is longer and goes beneath foot to 5th metatarsal; brevis is shorter and only goes to 1st metatarsal Second letter rule for inversion/ eversion: Eversion muscles: pEroneus longus pEroneus brevis pEroneus tertius

Fibularis (peroneus) longus

[perone = fibula, longus = long] Origin: fibula Insertion: 1st metatarsal Action: evert foot evertors make up the lateral compartment-> they use lateral malleolus as a pulley look where tendons go- evertors go to the outside/bottom of the foot longus is longer and goes beneath foot to 5th metatarsal; brevis is shorter and only goes to 1st metatarsal Second letter rule for inversion/ eversion: Eversion muscles: pEroneus longus pEroneus brevis pEroneus tertius

Sartorius

[sartor = a tailor; The sartorius is also known as the tailor's muscle. This is because it helps to flex and rotate your hip and flex your knee; if you were to sit with one leg crossed over the other, then the sartorius muscle would be working. This position was often adopted by tailors when sewing seams by hand in order to hold a piece of cloth between an ankle and the opposite femur.] Origin: anterior superior iliac spine Insertion: medial tibia • Note: this spans two joints Action: flexes and laterally rotates thigh, flexes leg The area of tendon insertion on the proximal, anteromedial tibia is known as the Pes anserinus [pes = foot, anser = goose; the "goose foot"]: a common tendon of 3 muscles that looks like the three muscles that looks like the three webbed toes of a goose. A mnemonic to recall the muscles that insert here is, "Say Grace before Tea" in order from anterior to posterior. Sartorius Gracilis semiTendinosus

semimembranosis

[semimembranosus: the first (proximal) half [semi = half] feels like a membrane] hamstring muscle Origin: Ischial tuberosity Insertion: proximal medial tibia Action: extend thigh, flex leg "on the back of the thigh, the hamstrings flex the knee. it consists of three muscles as you can see. biceps femoris has two heads that split, and the semitendinosus is medial to it. the semimembranosis is deeper still, and that makes it so much harder to feel." The two Semi's go together: The MEmbranosus is MEdial, and since the two semis go together, Semitendinosus is also medial. Therefore, Biceps Femoris has to be lateral. Of the semi's, to remember which one is superficial: the Tendinosus is on Top.

Semitendinosus

[semitendinosus: the second (distal) half [semi = half] like a long tendon] hamstring muscle Origin: Ischial tuberosity Insertion: proximal medial tibia (Pes anserinus) Action: extend thigh, flex leg The area of tendon insertion on the proximal, anteromedial tibia is known as the Pes anserinus [pes = foot, anser = goose; the "goose foot"]: a common tendon of 3 muscles that looks like the three muscles that looks like the three webbed toes of a goose. A mnemonic to recall the muscles that insert here is, "Say Grace before Tea" in order from anterior to posterior. Sartorius Gracilis semiTendinosus "on the back of the thigh, the hamstrings flex the knee. it consists of three muscles as you can see. biceps femoris has two heads that split, and the semitendinosus is medial to it. the semimembranosis is deeper still, and that makes it so much harder to feel." The two Semi's go together: The MEmbranosus is MEdial, and since the two semis go together, Semitendinosus is also medial. Therefore, Biceps Femoris has to be lateral. Of the semi's, to remember which one is superficial: the Tendinosus is on Top.

Serratus anterior

[serratus = serrated; has appearance of serrated edge across its attachment to the ribs] Origin: ribs 1-8 Insertion: medial border of scapula Action: upward rotation of arms (flexion past 90 degrees); scapular stabilizer The contraction of the entire serratus anterior leads to a anterolateral movement of the scapula along the ribs. Due to the pull of the inferior part at the lower scapula, the shoulder joint is shifted superiorly. This shifting now enables to lift the arm above 90° (elevation). "under the pecs is the serratus anterior. it rotates arms up away from your posterior."

Serratus posterior superior

[serratus = serrated; has appearance of serrated edge across its attachment to the ribs] Origin: spinous processes of cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae Insertion: upper ribs Action: forced inhalation

Serratus posterior inferior

[serratus = serrated; has appearance of serrated edge across its attachment to the ribs] Origin: spinous processes of lower thoracic and upper lumbar vertebrae Insertion: lower ribs Action: forced exhalation

lambdoid suture

[shaped like greek letter lambda] The lambdoid (lam′doyd) suture extends like an arc across the posterior surface of the skull, articulating with the parietal bones and the occipital bone. It is named for the Greek letter "lambda," which its shape resembles. The lamb climbs the mountain.

Soleus

[sole = flat] superficial flexor (plantarflexor) of the foot origin: tibia Insertion: calcaneus Action: flex (plantarflex) foot "these final muscles make up your calf. there are two main ones, so let's break em in half. the gastrocnemius causes plantar flexion, so you can stand on your toes and walk in any direction. the soleus muscle is underneath that. it causes plantar flexion and it's really flat." look where tendons go- flexors go to back or bottom of foot superficial flexors make up posterior compartment -> uses calcaneal tendon

styloid process of the temporal bone

[stylos = needle, oidos = like; think stylus] A thin, pointed projection of bone that serves as an attachment site for several hyoid and tongue muscles. suprahyoid muscles origin site (depresses the mandible as hyoid is stabilized from below)

styloid process of ulna

[stylos = needle, oidos = like; think stylus] At the distal end of the ulna, the shaft narrows and terminates in a knoblike head that has a posteromedial styloid process. The styloid process of the ulna may be palpated on the medial ("little finger" side) of the wrist.

synovial membranes

[syn = together, ovum = egg] line some joints of the skeletal system; produce synovial fluid that reduces friction in the joint cavity and distributes nutrients to the cartilage on the join surfaces of the bone the epithelium = superficial highly cellular lining the connective tissue = well-vascularized areolar, fibrous or adipose CT

temporal bones

[temporal = temple; bone that contains the temple] (paired) located adjacent to the ear

Teres major

[teres= round (like a sausage), major = bigger] Origin: inferior angle of the scapula Insertion: lesser tubercle of humerus (Common insertion with latissimus dorsi) Action: extend, adduct arm Attachments of pectoralis major, teres major and latissimus dorsi to the bicipital groove (a lady between two majors) Pectoralis major attaches laterally (on greater tubercle) Teres major attaches medially (lesser tubercle) Latissimus dorsi ('lady') attaches to the floor in between (lesser tubercle) Finger Trick!

temporalis

[think: temples] Origin: temporal lines Insertion: coronoid process of mandible Action: elevates (close mouth) and retracts (pull back) mandible temporalis originates on temporal bone

Tibialis anterior

[tibialis = along the tibia, anterior = on the front side] Origin: proximal tibia Insertion: 1st metatarsal Action: extend (dorsiflex) foot and invert foot Second letter rule for inversion/ eversion: Inversion muscles: tIbialis anterior tIbialis posterior look where the tendons go- invertors go to the inside of the foot

Transversus abdominis

[transversus = going across) (abdominis = in the abdomen] deep to internal oblique Origin: inferior ribs Insertion: linea alba Action: rotate spine; compress abdomen Fibers directed mediolateral spare TIRE around the abdomen (from deep to superficial): Transversus abdominis Internal abdominal oblique Rectus abdominis External abdominal oblique

Trapezius

[trapezius = trapezoid-shaped] Origin: external occipital protuberance, and spinous process of vertebrae to T12 Insertion: scapular spine, acromion, and distal clavicle Action: elevates, depresses, adducts scapula "the trapezius muscle is on the top of your back. it moves the scapula, and it looks kinda wack."

trochlear notch of ulna

[trok′lē-ă; trochileia = a pulley; acts like rope of the pulley with the trochlea of the humerus] At the proximal end of the ulna, a C-shaped trochlear notch interlocks with the trochlea of the humerus. CRAzy TULips Capitalum = RAdius Trochlear = ULnar the Ulna has the U shape

Xiphoid process of sternum

[xiphos = spear; prehistoric man used the sternum of an animals as a weapon, the xiphoid process served as a spear] The xiphoid process represents the very tip of the "sword blade." This small, inferiorly pointed projection is cartilaginous and often doesn't ossify until after age 40. The connection of the xiphoid process to the body of the sternum may be broken by an impact or strong pressure. The resulting internal projection of bone can severely damage the heart or liver. rectus abdominus insertion site respiratory diaphragm origin site

receptor-mediated endocytosis

a cell membrane receptor binds to a signal molecule (such as a hormone) in order to receive the signal molecule and internalize it ---e.g., the binding of a hormone to its receptor

quadriceps tendon

connects the quadriceps femoris muscles to the superior aspects of the patella on the anterior of the thigh and controls knee flexion and extension

loose connective tissues

contain relatively fewer cells and protein fibers than dense connective tissue; fibers are loosely arranged usually occupies the spaces between and around organs -support the overlying epithelia and provide cushioning around organs -support and surround blood vessels and nerves -store lipids -provide a medium for the diffusion of materials 3 types: areolar, adipose, reticular

plane that Divides the body into front and back ( 2 names)

coronal [korone = crown] or frontal plane You can remember it by thinking of a tiara-style crown (corona), which is heavily decorated on the front and bare in the back.

Tibialis posterior

deep flexor (plantarflexor) of the foot Origin: tibia & fibula Insertion: tarsals & metatarsals, uses medial malleolus as a pulley Action: flex (plantarflex) foot, invert foot deep flexors make up medial (or deep posterior) compartment -> all use malleolus as a pulley Tom Dick and Harry (deep posterior compartment muscles) Tibialis posterior Flexor Digitorum longus Flexor Hallucis longus Second letter rule for inversion/ eversion: Inversion muscles: tIbialis anterior tIbialis posterior look where tendons go- flexors go to bottom of foot

hair

epidermal derivative (aka epidermal appendages) of the integument dead, keratinized epithelial cells originates from the dermal papilla ---consists of 3 zones: bulb, root (hair inside the skin) and shaft (once hair has erupted outside of skin) ---hair bulb consists of epithelial cells and is a swelling at the base, contains living cells ---epithelia at the base of the bulb surrounds a small hair papilla, CT containing tiny blood vessels and nerves ---epithelial cells near center of hair matrix divide, producing new cells that are pushed toward the surface ---enclosed by hair follicle (folliculus = a small sac) consisting of CT layer and epithelial layer ---arrector pili [rectus = to raise up, pilus = hair]: bundle of smooth muscle that causes the hair to "stand on end" stimulated by an emotional state (produce goosebumps) & secretion of the sebaceous glands in an association known as the pilosebaceous unit functions: protection from sunburn and injury; entrapment of foreign particles; heat retention of the scalp; sensory reception; visual identification; chemical signal dispersal

nails

epidermal derivative (aka epidermal appendages) of the integument dead, keratinized epithelial cells (scalelike modifications of stratum corneum layer) ---the nail plate consists of the nail body, the free edge (the part that you cut with clippers), and the nail root ---the nail body covers a layer of epidermis called the nail bed which contributes cells that make up the nail proper ---at the base of the nail is the lunule [luna = moon], the whitish semilunar area at proximal end that is lighter in appearance due to thickened stratum basale, the eponychium [epi = upon, onyx = nail] (cuticle), and the nail root ---at the nail root, the nail bed thickens to form the germinal matrix, the actively growing part of the nail ---along the borders (nail groove), folds of skin called nail folds overlap the nail ---the hyponychium [hypo = below, onyx = nail]: region of thickened stratum corneum over which the free edge projects functions: protect exposed distal tips of fingers and toes against mechanical stress as well as help grasp objects

Internal acoustic (auditory) meatus (canal) of the temporal bone

passageway within the petrous part for nerves and blood vessels to and from the inner ear

vastus lateralis

mesenchymal cells

resident cells of connective tissue proper divide in response to injury to produce new connective tissue cells stellate or spindle-shaped embryonic stem cells

Floating ribs

ribs 11 and 12 - characterized as floating as they are not attached to sternum quadratus lumborum insertion site (12th rib) external oblique origin site (external surfaces of ribs 5-12) intercostal muscles origin and insertion sites

False ribs

ribs 8-12, called false ribs because their costal cartilages do not attach directly to the sternum. The costal cartilages of ribs 8-10 fuse to the costal cartilage of rib 7 and thus indirectly articulate with the sternum. external oblique origin site (external surfaces of ribs 5-12) transversus abdominis origin site (Internal surfaces of costal cartilages of ribs 7-12) respiratory diaphragm origin site (Internal surfaces of lower costal cartilages and ribs 7-12) intercostal muscles origin and insertion sites serratus posterior inferior insertion site serratus anterior origin site (ribs 1-8)

intermediate filaments

strong and stable -cell structure -cell junctions; junctional complexes link cells together ---tight junctions ---gap junctions ---demosomes / hemidesmosomes

demosomes / hemidesmosomes

strong attachments which anchor cells to their basement membrane upon which the cells rest

Gastrocnemius

superficial flexor (plantarflexor) of the foot Origin: femoral epicondyles Insertion: calcaneus Action: flex (plantarflex) foot gastrocnemius perhaps should be called "biceps tibialis"- is two headed, one to each femoral epicondyle "these final muscles make up your calf. there are two main ones, so let's break em in half. the gastrocnemius causes plantar flexion, so you can stand on your toes and walk in any direction. the soleus muscle is underneath that. it causes plantar flexion and it's really flat." look where tendons go- flexors go to back or bottom of foot superficial flexors make up posterior compartment -> uses calcaneal tendon

ball-socket joint

synovial diarthrosis joint Greatest range of motion Movement in three axes Examples: glenohumeral joint, hip joint

condylar joint

synovial diarthrosis joint Motion in two directions ("back and forth", "side to side") Examples: metacarpophalangeal joints, metatarsophalangeal joints

hinge joint

synovial diarthrosis joint Movement on single axis Examples: elbow, knee, interphalangeal joints

pivot joint

synovial diarthrosis joint Rotation around a central axis Examples: proximal radioulnar joint, atlantoaxial joint (C1-C2)

Olecranon fossa of humerus

the distal end of the humerus exhibits three depres- sions, two on its anterior surface and one on its posterior surface. The posterior depression called the olecranon (ō-lek′ră-non; olene = ulna, kranion = head) fossa accommodates the olecranon of the ulna when the elbow is extended.

Coronoid fossa of humerus

the distal end of the humerus exhibits three depres- sions, two on its anterior surface and one on its posterior surface. the anteromedially placed coronoid (kōr′ŏ-noyd; korōnē = a crow, eidos = resembling) fossa accommodates the coronoid process of the ulna. coroNoid process is on the ulNa Let's Rewatch Criminal Minds L-lateral epicondyle R-radial fossa C-coronoid fossa M-medial epicondyle

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