Anatomy 1 Midterm AAMI

Microscopic anatomy

Branch of anatomy that studies with a microscope

Supination

Rotating the forearm so the palms are facing anterior

Crenation

Shrinkage of a red blood cell is called

pleural cavity

are fluid filled spaces (there are 2; 1 for each lung) situated between the visceral and parietal pleurae of the lungs. The term pleura refer to the serous membrane that covers the lungs and lines the walls of the chest and diaphragm. This will be discussed further in Learning Unit 2.5 on Membranes.

abdominopelvic cavity

extends from the diaphragm to the groin. It is encircled by the abdominal wall and bones and muscles of the pelvis.

Mediastinum

is a broad, median partition. It is a space that is located between the lungs and extends from the sternum (in front) to the vertebral column (in the back) and from the neck to the diaphragm. It contains the heart, esophagus, and trachea.

Solution

is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances.The term homogenous means uniformly mixed and distributed in the solution.

Linear guide

is a line drawn or visualized on the surface of the skin to represent the approximate location of some deeper lying structure.

Anatomical guide

is a method of locating a structure, such as an artery or vein, by reference to an adjacent known or prominent structure.

Brachial Plexus

is a network of nerve fibers that originates from the ventral branches of the last four cervical (C5-C8) and first Thoracic (T1) spinal nerves. This network supplies the shoulders, arms and chest.

mid-sagittal

is also a vertical plane that runs through the body, but this time directly through the midline or center, and divides it into EQUAL portions

medial boundary of femoral triangle

is formed by the adductor longus muscle

spinal cavity

is formed by the bones of the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord and the medulla oblongata of the brain (part of the brainstem).

superior boundary of the anterior cervicle triangle

is formed by the inferior border of the mandible

superior boundary of femoral triangle

is formed by the inguinal ligament

lateral boundary of femoral triangle

is formed by the sartorius muscle

Anterior (ventral) cavity

is located on the anterior surface of the torso (trunk of the body). It is divided into an upper thoracic cavity (chest cavity) and lower abdominopelvic cavities by a dome shaped muscle known as the diaphragm (diaphragm means partition or wall) or phrenic.

solvent

is that part of a solution present in the greater amount; the part that does the dissolving.

solute

is that part of a solution present in the lesser amount; the part to be dissolved.

Torso

is that region of the body to which the upper and lower extremities are attached. It is composed of the:

groin

is the area on the front surface of the body marked by a crease on each side, where the trunk attaches.

pelvic cavity

is the inferior portion. It is bounded more completely by bone than the abdominal cavity. Organs in this cavity include the urinary bladder, sigmoid colon and internal male and female reproductive organs

Diffusion

is the movement of molecules or other particles in solution from and area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration until a uniform concentration is reached

osmosis

is the movement of water (or solvent) through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of higher water (or solvent) concentration to an area of lower water (or solvent) concentration.

Inferior /Caudal

is the opposite and refers to a structure that is located toward the tail end or the inferior end of the body; or away from the head

plasma membrane

is the outer lining of the cell

plasma membrane

is the outer lining of the cell.

Anatomical Limit

is the point of origin and point of termination of a structure in relation to adjacent structures (simple put, where it begins and ends).

Pathological anatomy

is the study of anatomy in regard to the structural changes, both microscopically and macroscopically, in the body which occurs as a result of disease

macro scopic anatomy

is the study of structures that can be studied with the unaided eye; without the use of the microscope.

cytology

is the study of the structure of individual cells.

Topographical Anatomy

is the study of the structure of the body with emphasis on superficial landmarks, such as anatomical guides, linear guides and anatomical limits.

histology

is the study of tissues in the body which can only be effectively studied with the aid of the microscope.

thoracic cavity

is the superior portion of the ventral cavity and is surrounded by ribs to protect the vital organs. It contains 3 additional cavities: the mediastinum (which is the central portion of the thorax); pleural cavities; and the pericardial cavity.

systemic anatomy

is where the body is studied by individual systems such as the digestion, circulatory, skeletal or respiratory systems.

axillary artery

lies lateral and deep to the axillary vein

femoral artery

lies lateral and superficial to the femoral vein

femoral vein

lies medial and deep to the femoral artery

axillary vein

lies medial and superficial to the axillary artery

proximal

literally means nearest. The technical definition refers to something that is located toward or closer to the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk of the body, or closer to the point of origin.

peripheral

located at, or pertaining to, the periphery, or outer surface of the body or body part; occurring away from the center

Anterior Cervicle Triangle

located in the anterior portion of the neck

Distal

means to be distant; therefore it refers to something that is further away from the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk of the body or farther from the point of origin

Anterior / Ventral

means toward or closer to the front of the body.

posterior / dorsal

means towards or closer to the back of the body.

7.35

pH: level of blood is

superficial

pertaining to something that is near or on the surface of the body

External

pertaining to the exterior; the opposite of internal.

Visceral

pertains to organs; or the covering of an organ

Vagus Nerve lies _______ and in between the artery & vein

posterior

Lateral

refers to a location away from the median plane or towards the sides of the body (or body part).

Prone position

refers to a subject lying face down or with the anterior surface down

supine position

refers to a subject lying face up or with the anterior surface facing up.

Deep

refers to something that is located away from the surface of the body or towards the inside of the body

Medial

refers to something which is located toward the midline (center of the body), or median plane of the body

parietal

relates to or forming the outer wall of a body cavity

visceral

relating to the covering of an organ

Transverse plane

runs parallel to the ground and divides the body into a superior (upper or top) or inferior (lower or bottom) portions.

Central

situated at or pertaining to a center or central point.

Axilla

small hollow beneath the arm where it joins the body at the shoulders

physiology

studies the functions of living things or how the body works.

Cervical region

supports the head and attaches it to the trunk of the body.

Pelvis

the basin-like structure formed by the two hip bones, the sacrum and the coccyx.

medial boundary of the anterior cervicle triangle

the mid-line of the neck

Antebrachial

the portion of the upper limb from the elbow to the wrist.

abdominal cavity

the superior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity which contains the following organs: stomach, small intestines, part of the large intestines, liver, gall bladder, spleen, pancreas, kidneys and the adrenal (suprarenal) glands.

Superior, cephalad, cephalic, cranial

these 4 terms refer to a structure that is located toward the head or upper part of the body or away from the feet.

saggital plane

this is a vertical plane that runs through the body and separates (divides) it into right and left portions. This plane does not make a distinction between equal or unequal.

parasagittal plane

this vertical plane would not pass through the midline but rather off to one side, thus dividing the structure into UNEQUAL portions

Pronation

turning the palm downward

Diaphragm

what structure separates the thoracic and abdominal cavity

coronal plane

will divide the body or organ into an anterior (front) or posterior (back) portions

regional anatomy

will study some particular body region as a separate unit, such as the head, chest, and abdominal areas, etc.

Internal

within the body; pertaining to the inside of the body, the opposite of external.

frontal plane

another term for coronal plane

Cervical

Another name for neck region

medial

Common Carotid Artery lies _____ & deep to the internal jugular vein

contents of the anterior cervicle cavity

Common Carotid Artery lies medial & deep to the internal jugular vein Internal Jugular Vein lies lateral & superficial to the common carotid artery Vagus Nerve lies posterior and in between the artery & vein

Proximal

In relation to the wrist, the elbow is

lateral

Internal Jugular Vein lies ______ & superficial to the common carotid artery

femoral triangle

Is located in the anterior superior portion of the upper 1/3 thigh.

Anatomical Position

Standing erect Facing the observer Feet are flat on the floor Upper extremities are at the sides Palms of the hand are facing anteriorly (towards the front)

lateral boundary of the anterior cervicle triangle

Sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM muscle)

dorsal cavity

The ____ is divided into the: cranial cavity spinal cavity

anterior cavity

The _____ is divided into the: thoracic abdomino-pelvic cavity The thoracic cavity has 3 subdivisions: mediastinum pleura cavity pericardial cavity The Abdomino-pelvic is divided into: abdominal cavity pelvic cavity

pronation

The act of rotating your forearm so that the palm of your hand faces inferiorly or posteriorly.

supination

The act of rotating your forearm so that the palm of your hand faces superiorly or anteriorly

posterior cavity

The second principle cavity is the posterior or dorsal cavity located near the dorsal or posterior (back) surface of the body. It has two subdivisions:

anatomy

The study pf the structure of the body

Head

This is further subdivided into the skull and face

Hypertonic Solution

This solution has a higher concentration of solutes and a lower concentration of water (solvent) than the solution with which the cell is compared

Hypotonic Solution

This solution has a lower concentration of solutes and higher concentration of solvent (water) than the solution with which the cell is compared.

Flexion

a muscle action that decreases the angle at an articulation (joint). Bending your elbow

Extension

a muscle action that increases the angle at an articulation (joint). Straightening or extending your forearm

Abduction

a muscle action that moves an extremity AWAY from the midline of the body

adduction

a muscle action that moves an extremity TOWARDS the midline of the body

pericardial cavity

a small fluid filled space surrounding the heart.

isotonic

a solution in which the total concentration of water molecules and solute molecules are the same on both sides of the semi-permeable membrane.

femoral triangle

also known as scarpas triangle

microscopic anatomy

deals with the study of structures of the body that can be seen only with the use of a microscope. These structures are so small that they are best studied using a microscope.