Anatomy 10A - Lecture exam # 4
somatic
The ___ nervous system controls the skeletal muscles.
autonomic
The ___ nervous system provides involuntary regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular activity.
central
The ____ nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord.
hyperopia
a person suffering from ___ can see distant objects more clearly than those that are close
myopia
a person suffering from ___ can see objects that are close, but distant objects appear blurred
middle ear
tympanic cavity
myelin sheath
increases the speed of impulse transmission
kidneys
25% cardiac output
Which of the following are functions of the nervous system?
A) Sense the internal and external environments B) Integrate sensory information C) Coordinate voluntary and involuntary activities D) Control peripheral effectors (like glands, for example)
Which of these is correctly matched with its location?
A) falx cerebri; between cerebral hemispheres B) tentorium cerebelli; between cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum C) falx cerebelli; between cerebellar hemispheres D) dural venous sinuses; large collecting veins located within the dural folds
Which of the following is a function of CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)?
A) provides cushioning for delicate neural tissues B) provides buoyant support for the brain C) acts as a transport medium for nutrients D) acts as a transport medium for waste products
Which of the following is a function of the neuroglia?
A) support B) phagocytosis C) secretion of cerebrospinal fluid D) maintenance of blood-brain-barrier
Taste receptors are distributed in which of the following places?
A) surface of the epiglottis B) surface of the tongue C) portions of the pharynx
left frontal
After suffering a stroke, Mary finds that she cannot move her right arm. This would suggest that the stroke damage is in the are of the ___ lobe. A) right frontal B) left frontal C) right temporal D) occipital
maintains acidic environment
All of the following are functions of tears except A) lubricates the eye B) washes away debris C) nourishes the cornea and conjunctiva D) maintains acidic environment
produces aqueous humor
All of the following are true of the fibrous layer of the eye except that it A) consists of sclera, limbus, and cornea B) provides mechanical support and some protection for the eye C) produces aqueous humor D) contributes substantial focusing power E) is where extrinsic eye muscles insert
the neural tube
All of the following helps to directly protect the brain except A) the blood-brain barrier B) the bones of the skull C) the cranial meninges D) the CSF E) the neural tube
tympanum - malleus - incus - stapes - oval window - round window
the anatomical sequence of hearing
tympanic membrane
the external ear canal ends at the
play the piano
Damage to the somatic motor association area of the frontal lobe would interfere with the ability to A) understand written words B) understand spoken words C) understand visual images D) play the piano
oligodendrocytes
the myelin sheath that covers many CNS axons is formed by
interneurons
Which of the following are not types of neuroglia? A) ependymal cells B) microglia C) astrocytes D) oligodendrocytes E) interneurons
astrocytes isolate the CNS by forming a blood-brain-barrier
Many medications introduced into the bloodstream cannot directly affect the neurons of the CNS because A) oligodendrocytes form a continuous myelin sheath around the axons B) astrocytes isolate the CNS by forming a blood-brain-barrier C) the neurilemma is impermeable to most molecules
occipital lobe
the visual cortex is located in the
Rods
Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray
photoreceptors
the visual receptors of the retina are called
constantly produced and recycled
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term aqueous humor? A) gelatinous fluid that fills posterior chamber B) secreted in bright light C) constantly produced and recycled D) produced by lacrimal glands E) surround the retina
contains photoreceptors
Which of the following is not true of the vascular layer of the eye? A) provides a route for blood vessels and lymphatics that supply tissues of the eye B) regulates the amount of light entering the eye C) secrets and reabsorbs the aqueous humor D) controls the shape of the lens E) contains photoreceptors
ventricles
___ are chambers within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid
rods
___ are photoreceptor cells that are most useful in dim light
cones
___ are photoreceptors that covey our ability to see color
menstruation
___ is the process of sloughing off the old functional layer of the endometrium
ependymal cells
___ lines the brain ventricles and spinal canal
proprioceptors
___ monitor the position of skeletal muscles and joints
conjunctivitis
___, or pinkeye, results from damage to or irritation of the conjunctival surface
cerebellum and cerebral hemispheres
a cortex is found on the surface of both the
a knot of capillaries within the renal cospuscle
a glomerulus is
1200 mL
a healthy adult typically produces ___ of urine per day
cornea - aqueous humor - lens - vitreous body - retina - choroid
a ray of light entering the eye will encounter these structures in which order
contraction of the pupillary constrictor muscles with decrease in pupil size
a sudden rise of room brightness would cause
tunica albuginea
a tough fibrous capsule that surrounds the testis is called the
Which of the following is a function of the urinary system?
a. regulates plasma concentrations of electrolytes b. regulates blood volume c. contributes to stabilizing blood pH d. eliminates organic waste products
which statement is true of the vagina?
a. serves as a passageway for the elimination of the menstual fluids b. receives the penis during coitus c. holds spermatozoa prior to their passage to the uterus d. forms the lower portion of the birth canal
The main organs of the female reproductive tract include
a. vagina b. uterus c. ovaries d. mammary glands
Tendons
also attaches muscles to other connective tissues
fovea centralis
an area of the retina that contains only cones and is the site of the sharpest vision is the
female external genitalia
another term for vulva is
medulla oblongata
autonomic centers that control blood pressure, heart rate, and digestion are located in the
telodendria
axons terminate in a series of fine extensions known as
vagina
canal that receives the penis during sexual intercourse
gamete
cell produced by gonads
uterus
chamber that houses the developing fetus
inner ear
cochlea
cones
color vision
dendrite
conducts electrical currents toward the cell body
scrotum
connective tissue sheath enclosing the ductus deference (vas deferens), blood vessels and nerves
urethra
conveys both sperm and urine down the length of the penis
prepuce
cuff of skin encircling the glans penis
formation of cerebrospinal fluid
damage to ependymal cells would most likely affect the
neurons
demonstrate irritability and conductivity, and thus transmit electrical messages from one area of the body to another area; release neurotransmitters; are amitotic (cell division that is not by mitosis)
oviduct
duct through which the ovum travels to reach the uterus
adrenal glands
each of the organs is part of the urinary system except the a. kidney b. urinary bladder c. adrenal glands d. ureter e. urethra
clitoris
erects during sexual stimulation
scrotum
external skin sac that houses the testes
3 portions of the ear
external, middle, inner
axon
generally conducts impulses away from the cell body
brain function (primitive fxn)
heart beat, breathing, fight or flight
kidney
highly vascular
antibody
immunoglobulin
hilium
is found in other organs (kidneys, lungs)
cell body
location of the nucleus
cervix
membrane that partially closes the vaginal canal
fimbriae
move to create liquid currents to draw the ovulated egg into the uterine (fallopian) tube
functional unit of the kidney
nephron
central nervous system
nervous system subdivision that is composed of the brain and spinal cord; a major subdivision of the nervous system that interprets incoming information and issues orders
peripheral nervous system
nervous system subdivision that is composed of the cranial and spinal nerves and ganglia; a major subdivision of the nervous system that serves as communication lines, linking all parts of the body to the CNS
ganglia
neuron cell bodies in the PNS are clustered together in masses called
vesicles
neurotransmitter for release is stored in a synaptic
cribriform plate
olfactory organs are located in the nasal cavity inferior to the perforated bony structure known as the
olfactory bulb
olfactory receptors send axons through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone. those axons synapse on neurons in the
OS
opening of the cervix
penis
organ that delivers semen to the female reproductive tract
testes, prostate gland, seminal gland
organs that contribute to the formation of semen
pons
overseeing the postural muscles of the body and making rapid adjustments to maintain balance and equilibrium are functions of the
female gamete
ovum
vas deferens
passageway from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
outer ear
pinna and auditory canal
ovary
primary female reproductive organ
bulbourethral glands
produces a lubricating mucus that cleanses the urethra
seminal vesicles
produces over half of the seminal fluid
constriction; dilation
pupillary muscle groups are controlled by ANS. parasympathetic activation causes pupillary ___, and sympathetic activation causes ___.
grey
regions of the CNS where neuron cell bodies dominate constitute the ___ matter
white
regions of the CNS with an abundance of myelinated axons constitute the ___ matter
axon terminal
releases neurotransmitters (relative to neuron anatomy)
Three Main Ear Parts
semicircular canal vestibule cochlea
thalamus
sensory information is processed and relayed to the cerebrum by the
testis
site of testosterone production
microglia
small, wandering cells that engulf cell debris and pathogens in the CNS are called
tympanic membrane
sound waves are converted into mechanical movements by
brain functions (higher order fxn)
speech, language, memory, reasoning, planning
male gamete
sperm
peristaltic contractions
sperm are moved along the ductus deferens by
spermatogonia
sperm develop from stem cells called
seminiferous tubules
sperm production occurs in the
somatic nervous system
subdivision of the PNS that controls voluntary activities such as the activation of skeletal muscles
autonomic nervous system
subdivision of the PNS that regulates the activity of the heart and smooth muscle, and of glands; it is also called the involuntary nervous system
neuroglia
support, insulate, and protect cells; able to divide, therefore are responsible for most brain neoplasms
retina
supports the photoreceptors
prostate gland
surrounds the urethra at the base of the bladder; produces a milky fluid
outer; middle
the __ ear collects sound waves and transmits them to the ___ ear, which contains auditory ossicles
fimbriae
the ___ are fingerlike projections that capture the freshly ovulated ovum
conjunctiva
the ___ covers most of the exposed surface of the eye
thalamus
the ___ filters and relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex
endometrium
the ___ is the inner lining of the uterus
perimetrium
the ___ is the outer lining of the uterus
cataracts
the abnormality that develops when a lens loses its transparency is known as
temporal lobe
the auditory cortex is located in the
tympanic membrane to the oval window
the auditory ossicles connect the
axon hillock
the axon is connected to the cell body at the
neuron
the basic functional unit of the nervous system is the
medulla oblongata
the cardiovascular reflexes are based in the
renal pelvis
the cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the
astrocytes
the cells that cover the outer surfaces of CNS capillaries to create the blood-brain-barrier are the
adjust the shape of the lens for close vision
the ciliary muscle contracts to
dysuria
the condition called ___ is characterized by painful or difficult urination. this condition can be due to pathologic or benign causes.
medulla oblongata
the control of heart rate and blood pressure is based in the
fibrous layer
the cornea is part of the
III, IV, and VI
the cranial nerves that innervate the extraocular muscles are A) I, II and III B) III, IV, and VI C) II, III, and IV D) II and VI
equilibrium
the formal term for the sense of gravity, rotation, and linear acceleration is the sense of
carries blood to the glomerulus
the function of the afferent arteriole in the kidney
nephron
the functional unit of the kidney is the
vitreous humor
the gelatinous material found in the posterior cavity is the
renal corpuscle
the glomerular capsule and the glomerulus make up the
cerebrum
the highest levels of information processing occur in the
astrocytes
the largest and most numerous neuroglia in the CNS that absorb and recycle neurotransmitters are the
pia mater
the layer of the meninges that closely follows every gyrus and sulcus is the
body
the main portion of the uterus is called the
testis
the male gonad is called a
auditory meatus
the middle ear communicates with the nasopharnx through the
blood vessels
the neural layer does not contain
blood-brain barrier
the neural tissue is isolated from the general circulation by the
schwann cells
the neurilemma of axons in the peripheral nervous system is formed by
pupil
the opening in the iris through which light passes is the
ductus deferens
the organ that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra is the
epididymis
the organ that monitors and adjusts the composition of tubular fluid, recycles damaged spermatozoa, and is the site of sperm maturation is the
uterus
the organ that provides mechanical protection and nutritional support for the developing embryo is the
fibrous capsule
the outermost layer of the kidney is the
iris
the part of the eye that determines eye color is the
axolemma
the plasma membrane of an axon is called the
precentral gyrus
the primary motor cortex ("motor strip") is the surface of the
spermatozoa
the process of spermiogenesis produces
hilum
the prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the
gustation
the sense of taste is also known as
synapse
the site of intercellular communication between neurons is the
microglia
the smallest neuroglia of the CNS that act as phagocytes are the
anterior chamber
the space between the cornea and the iris is the
meiosis
the special type of cell division required to produces gametes is called
tectorial membrane
the structure that overlies the organ of Corti is the
basilar membrane
the structure that supports the organ of Cort is the
primary sensory
the surface of the postcentral gyrus contains the ___ cortex
myometrium
the thick muscular layer of the uterus is the
cerebral aqueduct
the third and fourth ventricles are linked by a slender canal designated as the
cornea
the transparent portion of the fibrous layer is the
transitional
the ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ___ epithelium
fourth
the ventricle associated with the pons and upper medulla is the
12
there are ___ pairs of cranial nerves
epididymis
tubular storage site for sperm; hugs the lateral aspect of the testes
the ureters
urine is carried to the urinary bladder by
urinary bladder
urine is temporarily stored in the
fallopian tube
usual site of fertilization
ductus deferens
vas deferens
auditory ossicles
vibrations received by the tympanic membrane are transferred to the oval window by
moves up and down when states moves back and forth
what best describes the term basilar membrane
tiny weights necessary for the static sense of equilibrium
what best describes the term otoliths
bending these produces receptor potential in hair cells
what best describes the term sterocilia
bulbourethral gland
what gland secretes a fluid that lubricates the tip of the penis
diaphragm
what is a barrier method of birth control
produces gametes and produces hormones
what is the function of gonads
diencephalon
what lies between the cerebrum and the brainstem
ciliary body
what structure changes the shape of the lens for far and near vision
pia mater
what structure is covered by many blood vessels and adheres tightly to the surface of the brain
semicircular canal
when you spin quickly, you may feel dizzy. which component of the inner ear generates the sensations that can lead to this feeling?
uterine tube
which structure in the female reproductive system is lined with cilia
chemical
which type of synapse is most common in the nervous system
