Anatomy 10A - Lecture exam # 4

somatic

The ___ nervous system controls the skeletal muscles.

autonomic

The ___ nervous system provides involuntary regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular activity.

central

The ____ nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord.

hyperopia

a person suffering from ___ can see distant objects more clearly than those that are close

myopia

a person suffering from ___ can see objects that are close, but distant objects appear blurred

middle ear

tympanic cavity

myelin sheath

increases the speed of impulse transmission

kidneys

25% cardiac output

Which of the following are functions of the nervous system?

A) Sense the internal and external environments B) Integrate sensory information C) Coordinate voluntary and involuntary activities D) Control peripheral effectors (like glands, for example)

Which of these is correctly matched with its location?

A) falx cerebri; between cerebral hemispheres B) tentorium cerebelli; between cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum C) falx cerebelli; between cerebellar hemispheres D) dural venous sinuses; large collecting veins located within the dural folds

Which of the following is a function of CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)?

A) provides cushioning for delicate neural tissues B) provides buoyant support for the brain C) acts as a transport medium for nutrients D) acts as a transport medium for waste products

Which of the following is a function of the neuroglia?

A) support B) phagocytosis C) secretion of cerebrospinal fluid D) maintenance of blood-brain-barrier

Taste receptors are distributed in which of the following places?

A) surface of the epiglottis B) surface of the tongue C) portions of the pharynx

left frontal

After suffering a stroke, Mary finds that she cannot move her right arm. This would suggest that the stroke damage is in the are of the ___ lobe. A) right frontal B) left frontal C) right temporal D) occipital

maintains acidic environment

All of the following are functions of tears except A) lubricates the eye B) washes away debris C) nourishes the cornea and conjunctiva D) maintains acidic environment

produces aqueous humor

All of the following are true of the fibrous layer of the eye except that it A) consists of sclera, limbus, and cornea B) provides mechanical support and some protection for the eye C) produces aqueous humor D) contributes substantial focusing power E) is where extrinsic eye muscles insert

the neural tube

All of the following helps to directly protect the brain except A) the blood-brain barrier B) the bones of the skull C) the cranial meninges D) the CSF E) the neural tube

tympanum - malleus - incus - stapes - oval window - round window

the anatomical sequence of hearing

tympanic membrane

the external ear canal ends at the

play the piano

Damage to the somatic motor association area of the frontal lobe would interfere with the ability to A) understand written words B) understand spoken words C) understand visual images D) play the piano

oligodendrocytes

the myelin sheath that covers many CNS axons is formed by

interneurons

Which of the following are not types of neuroglia? A) ependymal cells B) microglia C) astrocytes D) oligodendrocytes E) interneurons

astrocytes isolate the CNS by forming a blood-brain-barrier

Many medications introduced into the bloodstream cannot directly affect the neurons of the CNS because A) oligodendrocytes form a continuous myelin sheath around the axons B) astrocytes isolate the CNS by forming a blood-brain-barrier C) the neurilemma is impermeable to most molecules

occipital lobe

the visual cortex is located in the

Rods

Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray

photoreceptors

the visual receptors of the retina are called

constantly produced and recycled

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term aqueous humor? A) gelatinous fluid that fills posterior chamber B) secreted in bright light C) constantly produced and recycled D) produced by lacrimal glands E) surround the retina

contains photoreceptors

Which of the following is not true of the vascular layer of the eye? A) provides a route for blood vessels and lymphatics that supply tissues of the eye B) regulates the amount of light entering the eye C) secrets and reabsorbs the aqueous humor D) controls the shape of the lens E) contains photoreceptors

ventricles

___ are chambers within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid

rods

___ are photoreceptor cells that are most useful in dim light

cones

___ are photoreceptors that covey our ability to see color

menstruation

___ is the process of sloughing off the old functional layer of the endometrium

ependymal cells

___ lines the brain ventricles and spinal canal

proprioceptors

___ monitor the position of skeletal muscles and joints

conjunctivitis

___, or pinkeye, results from damage to or irritation of the conjunctival surface

cerebellum and cerebral hemispheres

a cortex is found on the surface of both the

a knot of capillaries within the renal cospuscle

a glomerulus is

1200 mL

a healthy adult typically produces ___ of urine per day

cornea - aqueous humor - lens - vitreous body - retina - choroid

a ray of light entering the eye will encounter these structures in which order

contraction of the pupillary constrictor muscles with decrease in pupil size

a sudden rise of room brightness would cause

tunica albuginea

a tough fibrous capsule that surrounds the testis is called the

Which of the following is a function of the urinary system?

a. regulates plasma concentrations of electrolytes b. regulates blood volume c. contributes to stabilizing blood pH d. eliminates organic waste products

which statement is true of the vagina?

a. serves as a passageway for the elimination of the menstual fluids b. receives the penis during coitus c. holds spermatozoa prior to their passage to the uterus d. forms the lower portion of the birth canal

The main organs of the female reproductive tract include

a. vagina b. uterus c. ovaries d. mammary glands

Tendons

also attaches muscles to other connective tissues

fovea centralis

an area of the retina that contains only cones and is the site of the sharpest vision is the

female external genitalia

another term for vulva is

medulla oblongata

autonomic centers that control blood pressure, heart rate, and digestion are located in the

telodendria

axons terminate in a series of fine extensions known as

vagina

canal that receives the penis during sexual intercourse

gamete

cell produced by gonads

uterus

chamber that houses the developing fetus

inner ear

cochlea

cones

color vision

dendrite

conducts electrical currents toward the cell body

scrotum

connective tissue sheath enclosing the ductus deference (vas deferens), blood vessels and nerves

urethra

conveys both sperm and urine down the length of the penis

prepuce

cuff of skin encircling the glans penis

formation of cerebrospinal fluid

damage to ependymal cells would most likely affect the

neurons

demonstrate irritability and conductivity, and thus transmit electrical messages from one area of the body to another area; release neurotransmitters; are amitotic (cell division that is not by mitosis)

oviduct

duct through which the ovum travels to reach the uterus

adrenal glands

each of the organs is part of the urinary system except the a. kidney b. urinary bladder c. adrenal glands d. ureter e. urethra

clitoris

erects during sexual stimulation

scrotum

external skin sac that houses the testes

3 portions of the ear

external, middle, inner

axon

generally conducts impulses away from the cell body

brain function (primitive fxn)

heart beat, breathing, fight or flight

kidney

highly vascular

antibody

immunoglobulin

hilium

is found in other organs (kidneys, lungs)

cell body

location of the nucleus

cervix

membrane that partially closes the vaginal canal

fimbriae

move to create liquid currents to draw the ovulated egg into the uterine (fallopian) tube

functional unit of the kidney

nephron

central nervous system

nervous system subdivision that is composed of the brain and spinal cord; a major subdivision of the nervous system that interprets incoming information and issues orders

peripheral nervous system

nervous system subdivision that is composed of the cranial and spinal nerves and ganglia; a major subdivision of the nervous system that serves as communication lines, linking all parts of the body to the CNS

ganglia

neuron cell bodies in the PNS are clustered together in masses called

vesicles

neurotransmitter for release is stored in a synaptic

cribriform plate

olfactory organs are located in the nasal cavity inferior to the perforated bony structure known as the

olfactory bulb

olfactory receptors send axons through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone. those axons synapse on neurons in the

OS

opening of the cervix

penis

organ that delivers semen to the female reproductive tract

testes, prostate gland, seminal gland

organs that contribute to the formation of semen

pons

overseeing the postural muscles of the body and making rapid adjustments to maintain balance and equilibrium are functions of the

female gamete

ovum

vas deferens

passageway from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct

outer ear

pinna and auditory canal

ovary

primary female reproductive organ

bulbourethral glands

produces a lubricating mucus that cleanses the urethra

seminal vesicles

produces over half of the seminal fluid

constriction; dilation

pupillary muscle groups are controlled by ANS. parasympathetic activation causes pupillary ___, and sympathetic activation causes ___.

grey

regions of the CNS where neuron cell bodies dominate constitute the ___ matter

white

regions of the CNS with an abundance of myelinated axons constitute the ___ matter

axon terminal

releases neurotransmitters (relative to neuron anatomy)

Three Main Ear Parts

semicircular canal vestibule cochlea

thalamus

sensory information is processed and relayed to the cerebrum by the

testis

site of testosterone production

microglia

small, wandering cells that engulf cell debris and pathogens in the CNS are called

tympanic membrane

sound waves are converted into mechanical movements by

brain functions (higher order fxn)

speech, language, memory, reasoning, planning

male gamete

sperm

peristaltic contractions

sperm are moved along the ductus deferens by

spermatogonia

sperm develop from stem cells called

seminiferous tubules

sperm production occurs in the

somatic nervous system

subdivision of the PNS that controls voluntary activities such as the activation of skeletal muscles

autonomic nervous system

subdivision of the PNS that regulates the activity of the heart and smooth muscle, and of glands; it is also called the involuntary nervous system

neuroglia

support, insulate, and protect cells; able to divide, therefore are responsible for most brain neoplasms

retina

supports the photoreceptors

prostate gland

surrounds the urethra at the base of the bladder; produces a milky fluid

outer; middle

the __ ear collects sound waves and transmits them to the ___ ear, which contains auditory ossicles

fimbriae

the ___ are fingerlike projections that capture the freshly ovulated ovum

conjunctiva

the ___ covers most of the exposed surface of the eye

thalamus

the ___ filters and relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex

endometrium

the ___ is the inner lining of the uterus

perimetrium

the ___ is the outer lining of the uterus

cataracts

the abnormality that develops when a lens loses its transparency is known as

temporal lobe

the auditory cortex is located in the

tympanic membrane to the oval window

the auditory ossicles connect the

axon hillock

the axon is connected to the cell body at the

neuron

the basic functional unit of the nervous system is the

medulla oblongata

the cardiovascular reflexes are based in the

renal pelvis

the cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the

astrocytes

the cells that cover the outer surfaces of CNS capillaries to create the blood-brain-barrier are the

adjust the shape of the lens for close vision

the ciliary muscle contracts to

dysuria

the condition called ___ is characterized by painful or difficult urination. this condition can be due to pathologic or benign causes.

medulla oblongata

the control of heart rate and blood pressure is based in the

fibrous layer

the cornea is part of the

III, IV, and VI

the cranial nerves that innervate the extraocular muscles are A) I, II and III B) III, IV, and VI C) II, III, and IV D) II and VI

equilibrium

the formal term for the sense of gravity, rotation, and linear acceleration is the sense of

carries blood to the glomerulus

the function of the afferent arteriole in the kidney

nephron

the functional unit of the kidney is the

vitreous humor

the gelatinous material found in the posterior cavity is the

renal corpuscle

the glomerular capsule and the glomerulus make up the

cerebrum

the highest levels of information processing occur in the

astrocytes

the largest and most numerous neuroglia in the CNS that absorb and recycle neurotransmitters are the

pia mater

the layer of the meninges that closely follows every gyrus and sulcus is the

body

the main portion of the uterus is called the

testis

the male gonad is called a

auditory meatus

the middle ear communicates with the nasopharnx through the

blood vessels

the neural layer does not contain

blood-brain barrier

the neural tissue is isolated from the general circulation by the

schwann cells

the neurilemma of axons in the peripheral nervous system is formed by

pupil

the opening in the iris through which light passes is the

ductus deferens

the organ that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra is the

epididymis

the organ that monitors and adjusts the composition of tubular fluid, recycles damaged spermatozoa, and is the site of sperm maturation is the

uterus

the organ that provides mechanical protection and nutritional support for the developing embryo is the

fibrous capsule

the outermost layer of the kidney is the

iris

the part of the eye that determines eye color is the

axolemma

the plasma membrane of an axon is called the

precentral gyrus

the primary motor cortex ("motor strip") is the surface of the

spermatozoa

the process of spermiogenesis produces

hilum

the prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the

gustation

the sense of taste is also known as

synapse

the site of intercellular communication between neurons is the

microglia

the smallest neuroglia of the CNS that act as phagocytes are the

anterior chamber

the space between the cornea and the iris is the

meiosis

the special type of cell division required to produces gametes is called

tectorial membrane

the structure that overlies the organ of Corti is the

basilar membrane

the structure that supports the organ of Cort is the

primary sensory

the surface of the postcentral gyrus contains the ___ cortex

myometrium

the thick muscular layer of the uterus is the

cerebral aqueduct

the third and fourth ventricles are linked by a slender canal designated as the

cornea

the transparent portion of the fibrous layer is the

transitional

the ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ___ epithelium

fourth

the ventricle associated with the pons and upper medulla is the

12

there are ___ pairs of cranial nerves

epididymis

tubular storage site for sperm; hugs the lateral aspect of the testes

the ureters

urine is carried to the urinary bladder by

urinary bladder

urine is temporarily stored in the

fallopian tube

usual site of fertilization

ductus deferens

vas deferens

auditory ossicles

vibrations received by the tympanic membrane are transferred to the oval window by

moves up and down when states moves back and forth

what best describes the term basilar membrane

tiny weights necessary for the static sense of equilibrium

what best describes the term otoliths

bending these produces receptor potential in hair cells

what best describes the term sterocilia

bulbourethral gland

what gland secretes a fluid that lubricates the tip of the penis

diaphragm

what is a barrier method of birth control

produces gametes and produces hormones

what is the function of gonads

diencephalon

what lies between the cerebrum and the brainstem

ciliary body

what structure changes the shape of the lens for far and near vision

pia mater

what structure is covered by many blood vessels and adheres tightly to the surface of the brain

semicircular canal

when you spin quickly, you may feel dizzy. which component of the inner ear generates the sensations that can lead to this feeling?

uterine tube

which structure in the female reproductive system is lined with cilia

chemical

which type of synapse is most common in the nervous system