Anatomy and Physiology- 9.2-Movements and Synovial joints

Example of Supination

The forearm is supinated and the radius is parallel to the ulna.

Special movements of the Hand and Digits

The hand moves anteriorly and posteriorly by flexion and extension of the wrist. It can also be in the frontal plane.

Supination and Pronation

During these movements, the concave end of the disc-shaped head of the radius spins on the capitulum of the humerus, and the edge of the disc spins in the radial notch of the ulna. The ulna remains relatively stationary.

Flexion of the thumb

Flexion of the thumb is bending the thumb is directed toward the palm, and extension is straightening it.

Extension of the vertebral column

Straightens the trunk or the neck, as in standing up or returning the head to a forward-looking (zero) position.

Standard Anatomical Position

body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward.

Diarthroses (synovial joints)

freely movable joints

Special Movements of the foot

A few additional movement terms are unique to the foot. Dorsiflexion, Plantar flexion, Inversion, Eversion, Pronation and Supination.

Example of lateral and medial rotation

A tennis player's forehand and backhand strokes entail vigorous rotation of the humerus. Lateral rotation: This is when you are standing and turn your right foot so your toes are pointing away from your left foot. Your femur undergoes lateral rotation. Medial rotation: This is then if you are standing and you turn your right foot so your toes are pointing towards toward your left foot your femur undergoes medial rotation.

Abduction and adduction

Abduction: This is the spreading the fingers apart. Adduction: This is bringing them together again so they a touch along their surfaces.

Example of Abduction

Moving the feet apart to stand spread-legged, or raising and arm to one side of the body.

Example of Extension

Straightening the elbow, wrist, or knee, or returning the arm or thigh back to zero position. In stair climbing, both the hip and knee extend when lifting the body to the next higher step.

Directional Terms

Terms used to explain when a person is in anatomical position.

Abduction

The movement of a body part in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body.

Flexion and extension

These occurs at nearly all diarthroses, but Hyperextension is limited to only a few diarthroses.

Inversion/Eversion

These terms also refer to congenital deformities of the feet, which are often corrected by orthopedic shoes shoes or braces.

Pronation

This is the opposite movement parallel, causing the palm to face posteriorly or downward, and the radius to cross the ulna like an X.

Pronation/Supination

These are common motions in walking, running, ballet, and crossing uneven surfaces.

Depression

This lowers a body part in the same plane. Example: In setting down the again, you depress the scapula. These are also important jaw movements in biting.

Flexion

This is a movement that decreases a joint angle, usually in the sagittal plane.

Palmar abduction

Another movement moves the thumb away from the plane of the hand so it points anteriorly, as you would do if you were about to wrap your hand around a tool handle.

Special movements of the head and trunk

Flexion—forward-bending movements at the waist or neck Extension—straightens trunk or neck Hyperextension—bending over backward Lateral flexion—tilting the head or trunk to the right or left at the midline

Palmar and radial abduction or adduction

From either position radial or palmar abduction-adduction of the thumb means to bring it back to zero position, touching the base of the index finger.

Some joints can be hyperadducted and hyperabducted

Hyperadducted- Joints can be hyperadducted when you stand with your ankles crossed, cross your fingers, or hyperadduct the shoulder to stand with your elbows straight and and your hands clasped below your waist. Hyperabduct - The arm if you raise it high enough to cross slightly over the front or back of your hand.

Types of Rotation

I1. f you stand with bent elbow and move your forearm to place your palm against your abdomen, your humerus spins in a motion called medial (internal) rotation. 2. If you make opposite motion, so the forearm points away from the body, your humerus exhibits lateral (external) rotation.

Example of Circumduction

If an artist standing at an easel reaches forward and draws a circle on a canvas, she circumducts the upper limb; the shoulder remains stationary while the hand moves in a circle. A baseball player winding up for the pitch circumducts the upper limb in a more extreme "windmill" fashion. One can also circumduct an individual finger, the hand, the thigh, the foot, the trunk, and the head.

Example of hyperextension

If you hold your hand in front of you with the palm down, then raise the back of your hand as if you were admiring a new ring, you hyperextend the wrist.

Thumb movement

If you now place the palm of your hand on a tabletop with all five digits parallel and touching, the thumb is extended. Keeping your hand there, if you move your thumb away from the index finger so they form a 90 degree angle (but both are on the plane of the table), the thumb movement is called radial abduction.

Movements of the digits

Movements of the digits are more varied, especially those of the thumb. Flexion of the fingers is curling them Extension is the straightening the fingers Most people cannot hyperextend their fingers

Special Movements of the mandible

Movements of the mandible are concerned especially with biting and chewing. For effective biting, however, the chisel-like edges of the incisors must meet. In preparation to bite we therefore protract the mandible to bring the lower incisors forward. After the bite is taken, we retract it. To actually take the bite , we must depress the mandible to open the mouth, then elevate it so the incisors cut off the piece of food.

Opposition and Reposition

Opposition- This means to move the thumb to approach or touch the tip of any of the other four fingers. Reposition is the return to zero position.

Zero position

The position of each joint when a person is in the standard anatomical position

Rotation

The term rotation applies to any bone turning around fixed axis. But in the terminology of specific joint movements - Rotation is a movement in which in which a bone spins on longitudinal axis.

Thumb movements

The thumb rotates nearly 90 degrees from the rest of the hand. If you hold your hand in a completely relaxed position (but not resting on a table), you will probably see that the plane the plane that contains your thumb and index finger is about 90 degrees to the plane that contains the index through little fingers. Much of the terminology of thumb movement therefore differs from that of the other fingers.

Flexion and the ball and socket joint

The two ball and socket joints are the shoulder and hip. At the shoulder, it means to raise your arm as if pointing at something directly in front of you or to point at the sky. At the hip, it means to raise the thigh, E.g: To place on the next higher step when ascending a flight of stairs.

Supination

These are forearm and foot movements. Of the forearm this is a movement that turns the palm to face anteriorly or upward. The supinator is the most powerful. Supination is the type of movement you would usually make with your right hand to turn a doorknob clockwise or to drive a screw into a piece of wood.

Joint movements

These are movements described as deviating from the zero position or returning to it.

Supination of the feet

This is a combination of plantar flexion, inversion, and adduction-The toes are lowered and turned toward the the other foot and the sole is tilted toward it.

Dorsiflexion

This is a movement in which the toes are elevated, as you might do to trim your toenails. Example: In each step you take the foot dorsiflexes as it comes as it comes forward. The prevents you from scraping your toes on the ground and results in the characteristics heel strike of human locomotion when the foot touches down in front of you.

Plantar flexion

This is a movement of the foot so the toes point downward, as in pressing the gas pedal of a car or standing on tiptoes. This motion also produces the toe-off in each step you take, as the heel of the foot behind you lifts off the ground. Plantar flexion is epitomized by high jumpers and the jump shots of basketball players.

Elevation

This is a movement that raises a body part vertically in the frontal plane. Example: To lift a suitcase from the floor, you elevate your scapula.

Extension

This is a movement that straighten a joint and generally returns a body part to the zero position.

Extension

This is a movement that straightens a joint and generally returns a body part to the zero position.

Eversion

This is a movement that tips the soles laterally, away from each other. This is important in walking on uneven surfaces such as a rocky trail. They are common in fast sports such as tennis and football, and sometimes cause ankle sprains.

Inversion

This is a movement that tips the soles medially, somewhat facing each other. This is important in walking on uneven surfaces such as a rocky trail. They are common in fast sports such as tennis and football, and sometimes cause ankle sprains.

Example of Flexion movement

This is common at hinge joints; The bending the elbow so that the arm and forearm go from 180 degree angle to 90 degree or less. It occurs in other joints as well. E.g: If you hold your hands with the palms up, flexion of the wrist tips your palms toward you.

Hyperextension

This is employed in looking in looking up toward up toward the sky or bending over backward.

Hyperextension

This is further extension of a joint beyond the zero position. Hyperextension is limited to only a few.

Adduction

This is movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline.

Retraction

This is posterior movement. Example: Your shoulder retracts when you return it to to the resting (zero) position or pull the shoulders back to stand at military attention.

Flexion of the vertebral column

This is produces forward-bending movements, as in tilting the head forward or bending at the waist in a toe-touching exercise.

Protraction

This is the anterior movement of a body part in the transverse (horizontal) plane. Example: Your shoulder protracts when you reach in front of you to push a door open.

Right rotation and left rotation

This is twisting at the waist or turning of the head is called right rotation or left rotation when the chest or the face turns to the right or left of the forward-facing zero position. Powerful right and left rotation at the waist is important in baseball pitching, golf, discus throwing, and other sports.

Hyperextension of the upper or lower limb

This means to move the limb to a position behind the frontal plane of the trunk, as if reaching around with your arm to scratch your back. Each backswing of the lower limb when you walk hyperextends the hip. At most diarthroses, ligaments or bone structures prevent hyperextension.

Circumduction

This one end of an appendage remains fairly stationary while the other end makes a circular motion.

Pronation of the feet

This refers to a combination of of dorsiflexion, eversion, and abduction- That is, the toes are elevated and turned away from the other foot and the sole is tilted away from the other foot.

Lateral flexion

This the tilting the head or trunk to the right or left of the midline.

Lateral excursion and medial excursion

To chew the food we exercise a grinding action that shreds the food between the broad, bumpy surfaces of the premolars and molars. This entails a side-to-side movement of the mandible called lateral excursion. (This movement to the left or right of the zero position) Medial Excursion- (movement back to the median, zero position.

Special movements of the Hand and Digits: Ulnar flexion and radial flexion

Ulnar flexion: This tilts the hand toward the little finger. Radial flexion: This tilts the hand toward the thumb. This motion is often use such motions when waving hello to someone with a side-to-side wave of the hand, or when washing windows, polishing furniture, or keyboarding.

Ways to remember pronation and supination

You are are prone to stand in the most comfortable position, which is with the forearm pronated. But is you were holding a bowl of soup in your palm, you would need to supinate the forearm to keep from spilling it.