Anatomy and Physiology Exam 2

A thin extracellular layer upon which an epithelium rests is called a(n)

basement membrane

Tendons and ligaments are primarily made of

dense regular connective tissue

Fibers that can recoil to their original shape

elastic fibers

What type of tissue supports epithelium?

loose connective tissue

connective tissue proper

loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue

Mass of epithelial cells within the bulb that produce the hair

matrix

Central axis of the hair

medulla

Exposure to ultraviolet light darkens skin by stimulating synthesis of

melanin

Melanin is produced and stored in

melanocytes

An osteoblast is an example of an ______ component of bone.

organic

The structure of the spleen and lymph nodes are composed mainly of

reticular connective tissue

Fibers that branch to form a supporting network

reticular fibers

The type of epithelium that would best allow rapid diffusion, osmosis, or filtration is ____________ epithelium.

simple squamous

The subcutaneous layer is usually __________ in women than in men.

thicker

Where is elastic connective tissue found?

walls of large arteries

Smooth Muscle

-Controls the amount of light entering the eye -Regulates the size of organs -Cells are tapered at each end -Cells are not striated -Forces fluid through tubes -Raises the hairs in the skin -Is located in hollow organs, such as the stomach and small and large intestines

Molecules found in ground substance (4)

-Glycosaminoglycans -Chondroitin sulfate -Proteoglycans -Fibronectin

Select all that apply to ground substance. Check All That Apply -It is nonliving. -It is found inside of cells. -It contains large lipid complexes that absorb water. -It may contain hyaluronic acid.

-It is nonliving. -It may contain hyaluronic acid.

Ligaments are very strong but resistant to stretch. Which protein fiber probably predominates?

Collagen

Which is not a function of nails? -Assist in grasping objects -Help us to walk properly -Protect the distal tips of the digits -Prevent damage or extensive distortion during jumping, kicking, or catching

Help us to walk properly

Drag each label to the type of gland it describes. Sebaceous or Sudoriferous -Secretion stimulated by hormones -Aid in thermoregulation -Holocrine -Apocrine -Merocrine -Sebum secreting -Secretion stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system -Sweat Secreting

Sebaceous -Secretion stimulated by hormones -Holocrine -Sebum secreting Sudoriferous -Aid in thermoregulation -Apocrine -Merocrine -Secretion stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system -Sweat Secreting

Which feature of a holocrine gland will distinguish it from merocrine and apocrine glands?

Secretions are released by rupture of whole cells

examples of connective tissue functions (4)

-Blood providing transport -Adipose providing energy storage -Bones providing mineral storage -Tendons connecting muscles to bones

Skeletal Muscle

-Cells or fibers appear striated (banded) -Cells are large, long, and cylindrical, with many nuclei located at the periphery -Moves the body -Is under voluntary (conscious) control -Attached to bone or other connective tissue -Cells are cylindrical and striated

Cardiac Muscle

-Cells or fibers appear striated (banded) -Pumps the blood -Cells are branched and connected to one another by intercalated discs -Is located in the heart

function of integument

-Protection -Prevention of water loss/gain -Secretion and absorption -Immune function -Temperature regulation -Sensory Reception

Which of the following is a true statement regarding sebaceous glands? Check all that apply. -Sebaceous glands are a form of sudoriferous glands. -Sebaceous glands secrete an oily substance called sebum. -Sebaceous glands are modified mammary glands. -Sebaceous glands are responsible for the oil that coats the hair on your scalp.

-Sebaceous glands secrete an oily substance called sebum. -Sebaceous glands are responsible for the oil that coats the hair on your scalp.

In what ways are cleavage lines in the skin clinically significant?

-Stretching of the skin during pregnancy or extreme weight gain will cause stretch marks along these lines. -They are surgically important because any procedure resulting in a cut perpendicular to a cleavage line may gape and delay healing.

Check all the statements that are true regarding the subcutaneous layer (hypodermis). -The subcutaneous layer is not part of the integument. -The subcutaneous layer consists of areolar and adipose connective tissue. -The subcutaneous layer is avascular. -One of the functions of the subcutaneous layer is thermal insulation.

-The subcutaneous layer is not part of the integument. -The subcutaneous layer consists of areolar and adipose connective tissue. -One of the functions of the subcutaneous layer is thermal insulation.

Organic portion of the matrix

-collagen -proteoglycans -glycoprotiens

Thin skin

-contains sebaceous glands -does not include the stratum lucidum - contains hair follicles -found over most the body

Structures associated with the dermis

-epidermal ridges -dermal papillae -papillary layer -reticular layer -blood vessels

Thick skin

-found on palms of hands and soles of feet -does not contain hair follicles -contains all five epidermal strata

Inorganic portion of the matrix

-magnesium -hydroxapatite -calcium carbonate -fluoride

decreases blood calcium

-osteoblast activity -calcitonin

increases blood calcium

-parathyroid hormone -calcitroiol -osteoclast activity -increased bone resorption

Match each example given to one of the five general functions of epithelial tissues. 1. The outermost layer of the skin (the epidermis) protects the underlying structures from the environment. 2. The epithelium of the skin is a barrier to water and reduces water loss from the body. 3. The epithelium of the skin prevents the entry of many toxic molecules and microorganisms into the body. 4. Simple squamous epithelium allows carbon dioxide to diffuse from the blood into the lungs. 5. Mucous glands and the enzyme-secreting portions of the pancreas secrete their products into ducts that subsequently deliver their products to other areas of the body. 6. The plasma membranes of certain epithelial tissues contain carrier proteins that regulate the absorption of materials. 7. The epithelium of the oral cavity protects the underlying structures from food as it is being chewed. 8. The epithelial cells of the intestine absorb digested food molecules, vitamins, and ions.

1. Protecting underlying structures 2. Acting as barriers 3. Acting as barriers 4. Permitting the passage of substances 5. Secreting substances 6. Absorbing substances 7. Protecting underlying structures 8. Absorbing substances

1. Hair is found only in ______________. 2. In ______________, the stratum corneum has many layers of cells. 3. In ______________, each stratum contains fewer layers of cells. 4. ______________ is found on the palms of the hands, fingertips, and soles of the feet. 5. ______________ covers the majority of the body. 6. ______________ is found in areas subject to pressure or friction. 7. In ______________, the stratum lucidum generally is absent. 8. ______________ contains all five epithelial strata. Thick skin

1. thin skin 2. thick skin 3. thin skin 4. thick skin 5. thin skin 6. thick skin 7. thin skin 8. thick skin

Which of the following are functions of the skin? Check all that apply. -Absorption of oils or lipid-soluble chemical or drugs, such as estrogen or nicotine, through transdermal patches -Excretion of sebum that lubricates the skin surface and hair -Secretion of the waste product urea during sweating -Secretion of water and salt during sweating, which plays a role in electrolyte homeostasis

All of them

sweat glands

Consist of eccrine and apocrine glands

Janice is a 79-year-old woman recently admitted to the ER with a fractured hip after a fall. Which of the following is a common tissue change that occurs with aging and could inhibit her recovery?

Decrease in the amount of connective tissue

Which nerve cell process receives incoming signals and transmits them to the cell body?

Dendrite

The visible part of the ear has the ability to stretch significantly, and then recoil back to its original position. Which protein fiber must be present?

Elastic

True or False Differences in skin pigmentation are due to varying numbers of melanocytes within each individual.

False

True or False Hair is found in both thin skin and thick skin.

False

True or False Lines of cleavage partition the skin and indicate the predominant direction of underlying elastic fibers in the dermis.

False

True or False The amount of fat in the subcutaneous tissue varies with age and diet, and is not influenced by gender.

False

True or False Thick skin is generally more flexible than thin skin.

False

True or False Subcutaneous tissue is part of the integumentary system.

False

True or False When the body temperature drops below normal, dermal blood vessels dilate.

False

Which of the following is not a function of simple columnar epithelium? Absorption Secretion of mucus Filtration Movement of egg through uterine tube Movement of embryo through uterine tube

Filtration

Which of the following tissues has cells residing in lacunae?

Hyaline Cartilage

Which statement is true regarding the subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)? -It stabilizes the position of the skin and binds it to underlying structures. -It is a keratinized, squamous epithelium. -It is the superficial region of the dermis. -It is responsible for the ridges known as fingerprints.

It stabilizes the position of the skin and binds it to underlying structures.

sebaceous glands

Produce sebum, an oily substance rich in lipids

What is found in the space between the pleural layers?

Serous fluid

Which layer of the integument has a small population of immune cells?

Stratum spinosum

Which body membrane would be found lining the inside of the knee joint?

Synovial membrane

In which ways do sweat glands function in homeostasis?

Temperature regulation

Of the following factors, which one does not contribute to skin aging? -The skin increases the number and efficiency of epidermal dendritic cells, causing an increase in immune responsiveness. -Beginning in middle age, reduced stem cell activity in the epidermis results in thinner skin that is less likely to protect against abrasive, mechanical trauma. -As individuals get older, collagen fibers in the dermis decrease in number and organization, and elastic fibers lose elasticity. -Chronic overexposure to UV rays can damage the DNA in epidermal cells and accelerate aging as well as increase the risk of skin cancer.

The skin increases the number and efficiency of epidermal dendritic cells, causing an increase in immune responsiveness.

As a person ages, the skin undergoes what change?

The subcutaneous tissue loses adipose tissue.

True or False An alternate name for subcutaneous tissue is the hypodermis.

True

True or False Thick skin is found in areas of high friction, such as the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet.

True

True or False Thin skin generally does not contain the stratum lucidum.

True

True or False Subcutaneous tissue binds the skin to underlying structures.

True

The subcutaneous layer consists of areolar connective tissue and _______________ connective tissue.

adipose

_____ synovial joints are diarthroses.

all

Contraction of the arrector pili muscles causes the hair follicle to

become perpendicular to the skin, resulting in the hair "standing on end."

fluid connective tissue

blood

Osteocytes are residents of ________ tissue.

bone

supporting connective tissue

bone and cartilage

Epithelial tissue

cells can be column shaped

Lines of cleavage indicate the predominant orientation of _____________ fibers in the skin.

collagen

Fibers that are flexible but resist stretching

collagen fibers

Forms the bulk of the hair; consists of cells containing hard keratin

cortex

Outer layer of the hair; single layer of cells containing hard keratin

cuticle

The subcutaneous layer is ________ to the dermis.

deep

The dermis is composed largely of

dense irregular connective tissue

Portion of the connective tissue that surrounds the epithelial root sheath

dermal root sheath

The integument consists of the epidermis, which is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, and the __________, which is composed of connective tissue proper.

dermis

Immune cells found in the epidermis are called _______

epidermal dendritic cells.

These glands have ducts and excrete their products onto the surface of the skin or into the lumen

exocrine

The _______ layer of the synovial joint strengthens the joint to prevent the bones from being pulled apart.

fibrous

Expanded knob at the base of the hair root

hair bulb

Contains the hair; consists of epithelial and dermal root sheaths

hair follicle

Protrudes above the surface of the skin

hair shaft

The components of the subcutaneous layer allow it to provide ______________ for the body.

insulation

Symphyses can be found in the _____________.

intervertebral joints

Where is reticular connective tissue found?

liver and spleen

The portion of the hair that is below the surface of the skin

root

The type of epithelial tissue that is only one cell-layer thick is called __________; the type of epithelial tissue that is two or more cell-layers thick is called _________.

simple; stratified

The connective tissue fibers that extend from the dermis into the subcutaneous layer help ___________ the skin in relation to underlying structures.

stabilize

The integument consists of the epidermis, which is composed of _____________, and the dermis, which is composed primarily of ____________ connective tissue.

stratified squamous epithelium; dense irregular

Composed of cuboidal and colulmnar cells, the __________________ contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, and tactile cells.

stratum basale

The ______________ is made up of multiple layers of dead keratinocytes that regularly exfoliate.

stratum corneum

layers of epidermis

stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

The _____________________ is named for the presence of dark-staining granules; keratinization begins in this layer.

stratum granulosum

The second layer is the _____________________, which is present only on the soles of the feet, hands, fingers, and toes.

stratum lucidum

Toward the apical surface, in the ________________, the keratinocytes cease cell division. Epidermal dendritic cells are in this layer.

stratum spinosum

The layer of the pleural membrane that is attached to the surface of the lung is the

visceral pleura.

Keratinocytes play an important role in producing

vitamin D