Anatomy Ch 1
Fibrocarilage function
withstands compression and absorbs shock
transitional epithelium function
withstands distention and relaxing
Dense irregular CT function
withstands stress in all directions
chemical level
atoms and molecules
apocrine
axillary and pubic regions, secrets onto hair roots, releases odorous secretions called pheromones
Popliteal Region
back of knee
hip and shoulder joints
ball and socket example
cell
basic structural functional unit if life
Crural Region
between knee and ankle (leg)
Brachial Region
between shoulder and elbow (arm)
syndesmosis
bones held together by interosseous ligament; amphiarthrotic joint
axial skeleton
bones of the head, neck, and trunk
appendicular skeleton
bones of upper and lower extremities
cartilaginous joints
cartilage connects the bone; no fluid-filled joint cavity
Mediastinum
cavity between lungs
meiosis
cell division for sex cells
Mitosis
cell division for somatic cells
Interphase
cell is not dividing - DNA is replicated during this time
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
contains keratin, superficial layers consist of dead cells
Pericardial Cavity
contains the heart
Suture
dense regular CT binds bones; synarthrotic joint (immoveable)
movement of body part inferiorly
depression
Dense irregular CT location
dermis
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium location
epidermis
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
epidermis is composed of
lengthwise bone growth
epiphyseal plate function
sole of foot turned laterally
eversion
connecting the flat bones of the skull
example of a suture
pubis symphysis and intervertebral disks
example of symphysis joint
joint between radius and ulna
example of syndesmosis
Merocrine
found everywhere, releases perspiration for thermoregulation
osteocytes
mature bone cells
Muscle tissue
moves body and materials within body - highly vascularized
spiral fracture
ragged break due to twisting forces
Cardiac muscle tissue
short, cylindrical, or bifurcated (branching) cells - involuntary - STRIATIONS
Deltoid Region
shoulder
Tissue
similar cells that perform a common function
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
single layer of cells with varying heights that appears multilayered. One kind as cilia and goblet cells
Stratum basale
1 layer of columnar/cuboidal cells resting on the basement membrane; cells are very mitotic
Stratum Corneum
20-30 layers of dead, keratinized, anucleated cells; outer cells are constantly shed
Melanocytes
2nd most numberous; found in the stratum Basale with processes extending into the stratum spinosum; produce melanin
osteoblasts, osteocyte, osteoclasts
3 kinds of cells in bone
Stratum granulosum
3-5 layers; flattened cells w/ granules
Tactile cells
3rd most numerous; found only in the stratum basale; provide information regarding tactile sensation
Epidermal Dendritic cells
4th most numerous; found primarily in stratum spinosum; phagocyte
thick skin = 5, thin skin = 4
How many layers does the epidermis have?
throughout a person's life
appositional bone growth occurs
short bones
approximately as long as they are wide
cranial region
areas covered by the scalp
Axillary regions
armpit
Characteristics of connective tissues
binds/supports/protects other tissues and organs, derived from mesenchyme
abduction
body part moved away from midline of the body or extremity
adduction
body part moved toward the midline of the body or extremity
greenstick
bone breaks incompletely
Compound fracture
bone breaks through skin
Simple fracture
bone doesn't break through skin
Comminuted fracture
bone fragments into many places
compression
bone is crushed
synchondrosis
bone or bone segments connected by hyaline cartilage; synarthrosis
organs
bones are ____.
symphysis
bones attached by pad fibrocartilage; amphiarthrotic joint
knee and elbow joints
Hinge example
osteoclasts
breakdown/resoption of bone
impacted fracture
broken bone ends are forced into each other
depressed fracture
broken bone portion is pushed inward
3 parts of the hair
bulb, root, and shaft
Perforating canals
canals that run perpendicular to the central canals; connect central canals; contain blood vessels and nerves
connective tissues consists of
cells, extracellular matrix, vascularity varies
buccal
cheek
mental
chin
cartilage cells
chondroblasts and chondrocytes - cells in lacunae
Prophase
chromatin becomes supercoiled to form chromosomes - nuclear membrane and nucleolus break down
Metaphase
chromosomes align along center of cell
circumduction
circular, conelike movement of a body segment
two kinds of bone tissue
compact & spongy
Golgi Apparatus
composed of flattened cisternae which modify and package proteins
Holocrine glands
entire cell is released and it ruptures and dies (sebaceous gland)
Lysosomes function
enzymatically breaks down internalized material and old organelles - "garbage men" of the cell
epiphyseal plate and costochondral joints
example of synchondrosis joint
orbital
eye
connective tissue extracellular matrix contains
fibers (collagen, elastin, reticular) and ground substanced
squamous
flattened cells
elastic cartilage function
flexibility and strength
exocrine glands
formed from epithelial tissues - they secrete their materials onto a free surface
fibrocartilage location
found in intervertebral disks, symphysis pubis and menisci
transitional epithelium location
found in most of the urinary tract
smooth muscle function
found in the walls of the hollow organs
Hyaline cartilage location
found on articular surfaces, nasal septum, trachea, fetal skeleton
diarthroses
freely moveable joints
Patellar
front of knee
protection and grasping
function of nails
Neurons
generate and conduct nerve impulses
intercarpal joints
gliding/plane example
Unicellular exocrine glands
goblet cells
Epidermal derivatives
hair and nails
protect from sun damage and trauma and for heat retention
hair function
Manus
hand
cardiac muscle nuclei
has one or two centrally-located nuclei
Organism
has several organ systems which work together to maintain life
irregular bones
have irregular and varied shapes
columnar
hexagonal column - 6 sided
medullary cavity
hollow inside of diaphysis
articular cartilage
hyaline cartilage on the epiphyses - helps joints move easily
epiphyseal plate
hyaline cartilage plate between diaphyses and epiphyses
synarthroses
immovable joints
mobility and stability (the more mobile a joint, the less stable it is)
in joints, there's an inverse relationship between ___ and ____
epiphysis 2
in the spaces of the spongy bone = red bone marrow = for blood cell production
Interstitial Lamellae
incomplete remnants of osteons
extension
increase the joint angle
spongy bone tissue
inner lattice-work fo bone; hemopoietic (red bone marrow) tissue found within spaces
sole of foot turned medially
inversion
smooth muscle
involuntary - spindle-shaped cells - non striated
Ribosomes
involved in protein production (synthesis)
Nuclear envelope
it has nuclear pores and is selectively permeable
Epithelia is classified by
layers and shape
fibrous joints
ligaments (dense regular C.T.) connect bones; no fluid-filled joint cavity
synovial joints
ligaments (dense regular C.T.) connects bones; contains a fluid-filled joint cavity
Simple squamous epithelium location
lines lumen of blood vessels, tiny air sacs of lungs, lines body cavity
Simple columnar epithelium location
lines most of GI
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium location
lines most of the respiratory tract
Simple cuboidal epithelium location
lines tubules and kidneys
Skeletal muscle tissue
long, cylindrical cells - STRIATED, voluntary
long bones
longer than they are wide
areolar connective tissue
loose CT; predominant cells are fibroblasts, many irregular arranged fibers and its very vascular
Nucleolus
made up of RNA, enzymes, and other proteins
compact bone
made up of osteons = run parallel to length of diaphysis
osteocyte
maintain bone matrix
Nervous tissue
makes up the nervous system
Stratified Epithelium
many thick layers
Hyaline cartilage
matrix contains VERY fine collagen fibers
Elastic cartilage
matrix contains numerous elastic fiber
fibrocartilage
matrix contains thick collagen fibers
Connective tissue proper
matrix is gel-like; two classes: loose C.T. and Dense C.T.
Bone (osseous connective tissue)
matrix is rigid and it's highly vascularized
multicellular exocrine glands secretion methods
merocrine glands, apocrine glands, holocrine glands
histology
microscopic study of tissues
Dermis
middle layer; contains nerve endings, hair follicles, and glands; dermal papillae
ceruminous glands
modified sweat glands in the external ear, cerumen can trap foreign particles and small insects, keeps eardrum soft
mammary glands
modified sweat glands, produce milk
Keratinocytes
most numerous; found in all layers; produce keratin - have OR WILL BE filled with Keratin
flagellum
motile, whip-like structure that moves cells
cilia
motile; move substances over the surface of stationary cells
oral
mouth
rotational movement
movement of a body part around its own axis
Skeletal muscle tissue nuclei
multinucleated, located at the periphery of the cell
arrector pili muscle
muscle that brings hair upright
stratum corneum
nails are formed from
Centrioles
needed for cell division
Nervous tissue cell populations
neurons & Supporting cells (neuroglia)
microvilli
nonmotile, help increase surface area
nasal
nose
DNA is made up of
nucleotides
periosteum not found on articular surfaces of bone
periosteum exception
Hinge
permits bending in only one plane; flexion and extension
condyloid (ellipsoidal)
permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction
Pivot
permits rotational movements about a longitudinal axis
Glycolipids
phospholipids with carbohydrate attached
sole of foot brought closer to the posterior surface of leg
plantar flexion
Intramambranous Ossification
pre-existing tissue is mesenchyme. Used to form primarily flat bones
endochondral ossification
preexisting tissue is a hyaline cartilage model surrounded by perichondrium
Adipose location
primarily in skin
Simple squamous epithelium function
primarily rapid diffusion and filtration
Endocytosis
process by which large molecules are brought INTO the cell
Exocytosis
process by which large molecules are secreted FROM the cell -Materials are packaged within vesicles -vesicles fuse with cell membrane and release contents outside of cell
Appositional bone growth = bone remodeling
process of bone formation and removal
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium function
protection (all about moving dirty mucus) and secretion
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium function
protection - creates a moist barrier
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium function
protection - creates thick barrier
glycoproteins
proteins with carbohydrate attached
anterior movement of body part from anatomic position
protraction
ball and socket
provides greatest range of movement; permits flexion, extionsion, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation
flat bone
relatively thin, have a broad surface
Unicellular exocrine glands location
respiratory and digestive systems
posterior movement of body part from anatomic position
retraction
External circumferential lamellae
rings of bone that run the entire circumference of the shaft; made by cells of periosteum
Concentric Lamellae
rings of bones matrix around central canal
gomphosis
root of tooth attached to jaw by dense regular C.T. (periodontal ligament); synarthrotic joint
Exocrine glands
sebaceous and sweat glands
soften the skin and is bactericidal
sebaceous gland function
multicellular exocrine glands
secrete materials through a duct to a free surface
Unicellular exocrine glands function
secrete mucus
merocrine glands
secretes a watery fluid through the cell membrane (salivary glands)
Simple columnar epithelium function
secretion and absorption
Simple cuboidal epithelium function
secretion and absorption
Cartilage
semisolid matrix; avascular; flexible; heals slowly
Stratum Spinosum
several layers; polygonal-shaped cells w/ spines; small degree of mitosis
attached to the bone
sharpey's fibers
gliding/plane
side-to-side and up and down movements
Telophase
single chromosomes uncoil, nuclear envelope and nucleolus reforms, cleavage furrow develops
integumentary system
skin + exocrine glands + hair + nails + associated nerves + associated blood vessels
amphiarthroses
slightly moveable joints
Plantar
sole of foot
transitional epithelium
some cells are binucleated - surface cells may be dome-shaped or flattened
lacunae
spaces where osteocytes reside
supination & pronation
special kinds of rotation of forearm
glandular epithelia
specialized epithelial tissues that have excretory functions
canaliculi
tiny channels that radiate from lacunae - contain cytoplasmic projections of osteocytes for diffusion of nutrients
Dense Regular CT Location
tondons and ligaments
Apocrine glands
top part of the cell is pinched off, it becomes the secretion (mammary glands)
Dorsum
top surface of foot
vascular tissue function
transport
Anaphase
two chromatids split apart at centromere = each chromatid is pulled to opposite ends of cell
gliding motion
two opposing articular surfaces slide past one another. Movement is slight
merocrine and apocrine
types of sweat glands
Prior to cell division, DNA ______
unzips
Stratified squamous epithelium
upper layers of cells are flattened, lower layers appear cuboidal or polyhedral
Papillary layer
uppermost; composed of areolar CT and dermal papillae; contains blood vessels; sensory receptors (neurons); secretory portions of glands; hair follicles; ducts of glands
Characteristics of Epithelia
very cellular, has a free surface, bound to underlying tissue by a basement membrane, avascular
Chromatin
when a cell isn't dividing, the DNA can be found associated with proteins in a filamentous mass
Structure of Plasma membrane
2 layers of phospholipids containing cholesterol and proteins
organ
2 or more kinds of tissues integrated to perform specific functions
Stratum Lucidum
2-3 layers of dead, anucleated, keratinized, clear cells; only found in thick skin
diarthrotic
all synovial joints are _____
Simple epithelium
one thick layer
connective tissue cells
the cells don't have a free surface
Pinocytosis
"cell drinking"; ingestion of fluid and small particles
Phagocytosis
"cell eating"; engulfment of large particles with membrane extensions
Body organization
1. chemical level 2. cellular level 3. tissue level 4. organ level 5. organ system level 6. organismal level
fibrocartilaginous (soft) callus
A _____ is formed at the site of the fracture
Dorsum
Back of hand
Stratum granulosum 2
Cells undergo keratinization at which layer
dense irregular CT and areolar connective tissues
Dermis is composed of
Angular motion
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction
Palmar
Front of hand
Rough ER
Has ribosomes on walls. Transports and modifies proteins made by ribosomes
Plasma membrane functions
passive transport, active transport
bony (hard) callus
In the process of fracture repair, soft callus is replaced with a
Adipose
Loose CT; contains adipocytes; very vascular - contains oil in pockets
endosteum; hallow bone marrow
Medullary cavity is lined with ___ and contains _____
Subcutaneous layer
NOT part of integument, below dermis; stores fat and anchors upper laters to toher tissues
Smooth ER
No ribosomes; synthesizes lipids; detoxify drugs and alcohol
3 types of Endocytosis
Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, Receptor-mediated endocytosis
atlas and axis - used when shaking head no
Pivot example
Mitochondrion
Produces ATP
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia
movement of body part superiorly
elevation
1. Some mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts. Ossification centers form within thickened regions of the mesenchyme 2. Osteoid (liquid bone) produced by the osteoblasts undergoes calcification 3. Woven bone and its surrounding periosteum form 4. Lamellar bone replaces woven bone, as compact bone and spongy bone form
Steps of intramambranous ossification
areolar CT and adipose CT
Subcutaneous layer is composed of
Epiphysis
ends of the bone, outside layer of compact bone surrounding spongy bone
remodeled
The newly repaired bone is ____.
Pleural
a lung resides in each
fracture hematoma
When a bone breaks a ____ forms
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
a network of tubules used to transport and synthesize (produce) materials
articulations = joints
a place of union between two or more bone
206
adult skeleton has ___ bones
Spindle fibers
______ extend from centrioles to the chromosomes
Knuckles (metacarpophalangeal; MP joints)
condyloid (ellipsoidal) example
Vascular tissue (blood)
contains blood cells and a liquid matrix called plasma
Lysosomes
contains digestive enzymes
Dense irregular connective tissue
contains fibroblasts; irregularly arranged bundles of collagen; very vascular
Dense regular CT
contains fibroblasts; protein fibers are arranged in parallel bundles; POOR vascularity
Characteristics
covers body/organ surfaces, lines body cavities and forms the secretory portion of glands
osteoblasts
create bone
Cuboidal
cube-shaped cells
diaphysis
cylindrical shaft
flexion
decreases the joint angle
Reticular layer
deepest; composed of primarily dense irregular CT; contains blood vessels; sensory receptors; secretory portions of glands; hair follicles; ducts of glands
periosteum
dense irregular connective tissue that covers outside of bone
Coronal plane
divides body into (anterior) front and back (posterior)
Transverse plane
divides the body or organ into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) portions
dorsum of foot brought closer to anterior surface of leg
dorsiflexion
chromosomes structure
double stranded DNA - 2 chromatids joined by a centromere
sebaceous glands
oil glands - associated with hair follicles
smooth muscle nuclei
one centrally located nucleus
Simple cuboidal epithelium
one layer of cube-shaped cells
Simple squamous epithelium
one layer of flattened cells
Simple columnar epithelium
one layer of tall, narrow cells. May have microvilli, goblet cells, or cilia
chromatid
one of the duplicated DNA cells
central canal (Haversian Canal)
opening that runs parallel to length of diaphysis; contains blood vessels and nerves
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium location
oral cavity, part of pharynx, esophagus, vagina, anus
organ system
organs having related functions
elastic cartilage location
outer ear and larynx (voice box)
Epidermis
outer layer, avascular
Golgi Apparatus function
packages protein for secretion; forms lysosomes
areolar connective tissue function
packing & binding material
supination
palm facing anteriorly
pronation
palm facing posteriorly
Adipose function
stores fat, insulation against temp changes, and protection
Dense Regular CT function
strength and flexibility in one direction
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
substances bind to receptors which stimulates the formation of an invagination and ultimately a vesicle is internalized
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
superficial cells are alive and kept moist
hyaline cartilage function
support and protection
Supporting cells
support, protect, and nourish neurons
areolar connective tissue location
surrounds nerves, vessels, and muscle cells
connective tissue extracellular matrix
the non-living materials surrounding the cells
Compact bone tissue
the outer shell of bone
ossification (osteogenesis)
the processes of bone tissue formation
osteology
the study of bones
bone remodeling
the way the diameter of the bone is maintained/renewed; Production = removal
osteoblasts
there are cells _____ associated with the periosteum which responsible for the bone width growth
