Anatomy Ch 1

Fibrocarilage function

withstands compression and absorbs shock

transitional epithelium function

withstands distention and relaxing

Dense irregular CT function

withstands stress in all directions

chemical level

atoms and molecules

apocrine

axillary and pubic regions, secrets onto hair roots, releases odorous secretions called pheromones

Popliteal Region

back of knee

hip and shoulder joints

ball and socket example

cell

basic structural functional unit if life

Crural Region

between knee and ankle (leg)

Brachial Region

between shoulder and elbow (arm)

syndesmosis

bones held together by interosseous ligament; amphiarthrotic joint

axial skeleton

bones of the head, neck, and trunk

appendicular skeleton

bones of upper and lower extremities

cartilaginous joints

cartilage connects the bone; no fluid-filled joint cavity

Mediastinum

cavity between lungs

meiosis

cell division for sex cells

Mitosis

cell division for somatic cells

Interphase

cell is not dividing - DNA is replicated during this time

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

contains keratin, superficial layers consist of dead cells

Pericardial Cavity

contains the heart

Suture

dense regular CT binds bones; synarthrotic joint (immoveable)

movement of body part inferiorly

depression

Dense irregular CT location

dermis

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium location

epidermis

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

epidermis is composed of

lengthwise bone growth

epiphyseal plate function

sole of foot turned laterally

eversion

connecting the flat bones of the skull

example of a suture

pubis symphysis and intervertebral disks

example of symphysis joint

joint between radius and ulna

example of syndesmosis

Merocrine

found everywhere, releases perspiration for thermoregulation

osteocytes

mature bone cells

Muscle tissue

moves body and materials within body - highly vascularized

spiral fracture

ragged break due to twisting forces

Cardiac muscle tissue

short, cylindrical, or bifurcated (branching) cells - involuntary - STRIATIONS

Deltoid Region

shoulder

Tissue

similar cells that perform a common function

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

single layer of cells with varying heights that appears multilayered. One kind as cilia and goblet cells

Stratum basale

1 layer of columnar/cuboidal cells resting on the basement membrane; cells are very mitotic

Stratum Corneum

20-30 layers of dead, keratinized, anucleated cells; outer cells are constantly shed

Melanocytes

2nd most numberous; found in the stratum Basale with processes extending into the stratum spinosum; produce melanin

osteoblasts, osteocyte, osteoclasts

3 kinds of cells in bone

Stratum granulosum

3-5 layers; flattened cells w/ granules

Tactile cells

3rd most numerous; found only in the stratum basale; provide information regarding tactile sensation

Epidermal Dendritic cells

4th most numerous; found primarily in stratum spinosum; phagocyte

thick skin = 5, thin skin = 4

How many layers does the epidermis have?

throughout a person's life

appositional bone growth occurs

short bones

approximately as long as they are wide

cranial region

areas covered by the scalp

Axillary regions

armpit

Characteristics of connective tissues

binds/supports/protects other tissues and organs, derived from mesenchyme

abduction

body part moved away from midline of the body or extremity

adduction

body part moved toward the midline of the body or extremity

greenstick

bone breaks incompletely

Compound fracture

bone breaks through skin

Simple fracture

bone doesn't break through skin

Comminuted fracture

bone fragments into many places

compression

bone is crushed

synchondrosis

bone or bone segments connected by hyaline cartilage; synarthrosis

organs

bones are ____.

symphysis

bones attached by pad fibrocartilage; amphiarthrotic joint

knee and elbow joints

Hinge example

osteoclasts

breakdown/resoption of bone

impacted fracture

broken bone ends are forced into each other

depressed fracture

broken bone portion is pushed inward

3 parts of the hair

bulb, root, and shaft

Perforating canals

canals that run perpendicular to the central canals; connect central canals; contain blood vessels and nerves

connective tissues consists of

cells, extracellular matrix, vascularity varies

buccal

cheek

mental

chin

cartilage cells

chondroblasts and chondrocytes - cells in lacunae

Prophase

chromatin becomes supercoiled to form chromosomes - nuclear membrane and nucleolus break down

Metaphase

chromosomes align along center of cell

circumduction

circular, conelike movement of a body segment

two kinds of bone tissue

compact & spongy

Golgi Apparatus

composed of flattened cisternae which modify and package proteins

Holocrine glands

entire cell is released and it ruptures and dies (sebaceous gland)

Lysosomes function

enzymatically breaks down internalized material and old organelles - "garbage men" of the cell

epiphyseal plate and costochondral joints

example of synchondrosis joint

orbital

eye

connective tissue extracellular matrix contains

fibers (collagen, elastin, reticular) and ground substanced

squamous

flattened cells

elastic cartilage function

flexibility and strength

exocrine glands

formed from epithelial tissues - they secrete their materials onto a free surface

fibrocartilage location

found in intervertebral disks, symphysis pubis and menisci

transitional epithelium location

found in most of the urinary tract

smooth muscle function

found in the walls of the hollow organs

Hyaline cartilage location

found on articular surfaces, nasal septum, trachea, fetal skeleton

diarthroses

freely moveable joints

Patellar

front of knee

protection and grasping

function of nails

Neurons

generate and conduct nerve impulses

intercarpal joints

gliding/plane example

Unicellular exocrine glands

goblet cells

Epidermal derivatives

hair and nails

protect from sun damage and trauma and for heat retention

hair function

Manus

hand

cardiac muscle nuclei

has one or two centrally-located nuclei

Organism

has several organ systems which work together to maintain life

irregular bones

have irregular and varied shapes

columnar

hexagonal column - 6 sided

medullary cavity

hollow inside of diaphysis

articular cartilage

hyaline cartilage on the epiphyses - helps joints move easily

epiphyseal plate

hyaline cartilage plate between diaphyses and epiphyses

synarthroses

immovable joints

mobility and stability (the more mobile a joint, the less stable it is)

in joints, there's an inverse relationship between ___ and ____

epiphysis 2

in the spaces of the spongy bone = red bone marrow = for blood cell production

Interstitial Lamellae

incomplete remnants of osteons

extension

increase the joint angle

spongy bone tissue

inner lattice-work fo bone; hemopoietic (red bone marrow) tissue found within spaces

sole of foot turned medially

inversion

smooth muscle

involuntary - spindle-shaped cells - non striated

Ribosomes

involved in protein production (synthesis)

Nuclear envelope

it has nuclear pores and is selectively permeable

Epithelia is classified by

layers and shape

fibrous joints

ligaments (dense regular C.T.) connect bones; no fluid-filled joint cavity

synovial joints

ligaments (dense regular C.T.) connects bones; contains a fluid-filled joint cavity

Simple squamous epithelium location

lines lumen of blood vessels, tiny air sacs of lungs, lines body cavity

Simple columnar epithelium location

lines most of GI

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium location

lines most of the respiratory tract

Simple cuboidal epithelium location

lines tubules and kidneys

Skeletal muscle tissue

long, cylindrical cells - STRIATED, voluntary

long bones

longer than they are wide

areolar connective tissue

loose CT; predominant cells are fibroblasts, many irregular arranged fibers and its very vascular

Nucleolus

made up of RNA, enzymes, and other proteins

compact bone

made up of osteons = run parallel to length of diaphysis

osteocyte

maintain bone matrix

Nervous tissue

makes up the nervous system

Stratified Epithelium

many thick layers

Hyaline cartilage

matrix contains VERY fine collagen fibers

Elastic cartilage

matrix contains numerous elastic fiber

fibrocartilage

matrix contains thick collagen fibers

Connective tissue proper

matrix is gel-like; two classes: loose C.T. and Dense C.T.

Bone (osseous connective tissue)

matrix is rigid and it's highly vascularized

multicellular exocrine glands secretion methods

merocrine glands, apocrine glands, holocrine glands

histology

microscopic study of tissues

Dermis

middle layer; contains nerve endings, hair follicles, and glands; dermal papillae

ceruminous glands

modified sweat glands in the external ear, cerumen can trap foreign particles and small insects, keeps eardrum soft

mammary glands

modified sweat glands, produce milk

Keratinocytes

most numerous; found in all layers; produce keratin - have OR WILL BE filled with Keratin

flagellum

motile, whip-like structure that moves cells

cilia

motile; move substances over the surface of stationary cells

oral

mouth

rotational movement

movement of a body part around its own axis

Skeletal muscle tissue nuclei

multinucleated, located at the periphery of the cell

arrector pili muscle

muscle that brings hair upright

stratum corneum

nails are formed from

Centrioles

needed for cell division

Nervous tissue cell populations

neurons & Supporting cells (neuroglia)

microvilli

nonmotile, help increase surface area

nasal

nose

DNA is made up of

nucleotides

periosteum not found on articular surfaces of bone

periosteum exception

Hinge

permits bending in only one plane; flexion and extension

condyloid (ellipsoidal)

permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction

Pivot

permits rotational movements about a longitudinal axis

Glycolipids

phospholipids with carbohydrate attached

sole of foot brought closer to the posterior surface of leg

plantar flexion

Intramambranous Ossification

pre-existing tissue is mesenchyme. Used to form primarily flat bones

endochondral ossification

preexisting tissue is a hyaline cartilage model surrounded by perichondrium

Adipose location

primarily in skin

Simple squamous epithelium function

primarily rapid diffusion and filtration

Endocytosis

process by which large molecules are brought INTO the cell

Exocytosis

process by which large molecules are secreted FROM the cell -Materials are packaged within vesicles -vesicles fuse with cell membrane and release contents outside of cell

Appositional bone growth = bone remodeling

process of bone formation and removal

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium function

protection (all about moving dirty mucus) and secretion

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium function

protection - creates a moist barrier

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium function

protection - creates thick barrier

glycoproteins

proteins with carbohydrate attached

anterior movement of body part from anatomic position

protraction

ball and socket

provides greatest range of movement; permits flexion, extionsion, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation

flat bone

relatively thin, have a broad surface

Unicellular exocrine glands location

respiratory and digestive systems

posterior movement of body part from anatomic position

retraction

External circumferential lamellae

rings of bone that run the entire circumference of the shaft; made by cells of periosteum

Concentric Lamellae

rings of bones matrix around central canal

gomphosis

root of tooth attached to jaw by dense regular C.T. (periodontal ligament); synarthrotic joint

Exocrine glands

sebaceous and sweat glands

soften the skin and is bactericidal

sebaceous gland function

multicellular exocrine glands

secrete materials through a duct to a free surface

Unicellular exocrine glands function

secrete mucus

merocrine glands

secretes a watery fluid through the cell membrane (salivary glands)

Simple columnar epithelium function

secretion and absorption

Simple cuboidal epithelium function

secretion and absorption

Cartilage

semisolid matrix; avascular; flexible; heals slowly

Stratum Spinosum

several layers; polygonal-shaped cells w/ spines; small degree of mitosis

attached to the bone

sharpey's fibers

gliding/plane

side-to-side and up and down movements

Telophase

single chromosomes uncoil, nuclear envelope and nucleolus reforms, cleavage furrow develops

integumentary system

skin + exocrine glands + hair + nails + associated nerves + associated blood vessels

amphiarthroses

slightly moveable joints

Plantar

sole of foot

transitional epithelium

some cells are binucleated - surface cells may be dome-shaped or flattened

lacunae

spaces where osteocytes reside

supination & pronation

special kinds of rotation of forearm

glandular epithelia

specialized epithelial tissues that have excretory functions

canaliculi

tiny channels that radiate from lacunae - contain cytoplasmic projections of osteocytes for diffusion of nutrients

Dense Regular CT Location

tondons and ligaments

Apocrine glands

top part of the cell is pinched off, it becomes the secretion (mammary glands)

Dorsum

top surface of foot

vascular tissue function

transport

Anaphase

two chromatids split apart at centromere = each chromatid is pulled to opposite ends of cell

gliding motion

two opposing articular surfaces slide past one another. Movement is slight

merocrine and apocrine

types of sweat glands

Prior to cell division, DNA ______

unzips

Stratified squamous epithelium

upper layers of cells are flattened, lower layers appear cuboidal or polyhedral

Papillary layer

uppermost; composed of areolar CT and dermal papillae; contains blood vessels; sensory receptors (neurons); secretory portions of glands; hair follicles; ducts of glands

Characteristics of Epithelia

very cellular, has a free surface, bound to underlying tissue by a basement membrane, avascular

Chromatin

when a cell isn't dividing, the DNA can be found associated with proteins in a filamentous mass

Structure of Plasma membrane

2 layers of phospholipids containing cholesterol and proteins

organ

2 or more kinds of tissues integrated to perform specific functions

Stratum Lucidum

2-3 layers of dead, anucleated, keratinized, clear cells; only found in thick skin

diarthrotic

all synovial joints are _____

Simple epithelium

one thick layer

connective tissue cells

the cells don't have a free surface

Pinocytosis

"cell drinking"; ingestion of fluid and small particles

Phagocytosis

"cell eating"; engulfment of large particles with membrane extensions

Body organization

1. chemical level 2. cellular level 3. tissue level 4. organ level 5. organ system level 6. organismal level

fibrocartilaginous (soft) callus

A _____ is formed at the site of the fracture

Dorsum

Back of hand

Stratum granulosum 2

Cells undergo keratinization at which layer

dense irregular CT and areolar connective tissues

Dermis is composed of

Angular motion

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction

Palmar

Front of hand

Rough ER

Has ribosomes on walls. Transports and modifies proteins made by ribosomes

Plasma membrane functions

passive transport, active transport

bony (hard) callus

In the process of fracture repair, soft callus is replaced with a

Adipose

Loose CT; contains adipocytes; very vascular - contains oil in pockets

endosteum; hallow bone marrow

Medullary cavity is lined with ___ and contains _____

Subcutaneous layer

NOT part of integument, below dermis; stores fat and anchors upper laters to toher tissues

Smooth ER

No ribosomes; synthesizes lipids; detoxify drugs and alcohol

3 types of Endocytosis

Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, Receptor-mediated endocytosis

atlas and axis - used when shaking head no

Pivot example

Mitochondrion

Produces ATP

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia

movement of body part superiorly

elevation

1. Some mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts. Ossification centers form within thickened regions of the mesenchyme 2. Osteoid (liquid bone) produced by the osteoblasts undergoes calcification 3. Woven bone and its surrounding periosteum form 4. Lamellar bone replaces woven bone, as compact bone and spongy bone form

Steps of intramambranous ossification

areolar CT and adipose CT

Subcutaneous layer is composed of

Epiphysis

ends of the bone, outside layer of compact bone surrounding spongy bone

remodeled

The newly repaired bone is ____.

Pleural

a lung resides in each

fracture hematoma

When a bone breaks a ____ forms

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

a network of tubules used to transport and synthesize (produce) materials

articulations = joints

a place of union between two or more bone

206

adult skeleton has ___ bones

Spindle fibers

______ extend from centrioles to the chromosomes

Knuckles (metacarpophalangeal; MP joints)

condyloid (ellipsoidal) example

Vascular tissue (blood)

contains blood cells and a liquid matrix called plasma

Lysosomes

contains digestive enzymes

Dense irregular connective tissue

contains fibroblasts; irregularly arranged bundles of collagen; very vascular

Dense regular CT

contains fibroblasts; protein fibers are arranged in parallel bundles; POOR vascularity

Characteristics

covers body/organ surfaces, lines body cavities and forms the secretory portion of glands

osteoblasts

create bone

Cuboidal

cube-shaped cells

diaphysis

cylindrical shaft

flexion

decreases the joint angle

Reticular layer

deepest; composed of primarily dense irregular CT; contains blood vessels; sensory receptors; secretory portions of glands; hair follicles; ducts of glands

periosteum

dense irregular connective tissue that covers outside of bone

Coronal plane

divides body into (anterior) front and back (posterior)

Transverse plane

divides the body or organ into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) portions

dorsum of foot brought closer to anterior surface of leg

dorsiflexion

chromosomes structure

double stranded DNA - 2 chromatids joined by a centromere

sebaceous glands

oil glands - associated with hair follicles

smooth muscle nuclei

one centrally located nucleus

Simple cuboidal epithelium

one layer of cube-shaped cells

Simple squamous epithelium

one layer of flattened cells

Simple columnar epithelium

one layer of tall, narrow cells. May have microvilli, goblet cells, or cilia

chromatid

one of the duplicated DNA cells

central canal (Haversian Canal)

opening that runs parallel to length of diaphysis; contains blood vessels and nerves

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium location

oral cavity, part of pharynx, esophagus, vagina, anus

organ system

organs having related functions

elastic cartilage location

outer ear and larynx (voice box)

Epidermis

outer layer, avascular

Golgi Apparatus function

packages protein for secretion; forms lysosomes

areolar connective tissue function

packing & binding material

supination

palm facing anteriorly

pronation

palm facing posteriorly

Adipose function

stores fat, insulation against temp changes, and protection

Dense Regular CT function

strength and flexibility in one direction

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

substances bind to receptors which stimulates the formation of an invagination and ultimately a vesicle is internalized

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

superficial cells are alive and kept moist

hyaline cartilage function

support and protection

Supporting cells

support, protect, and nourish neurons

areolar connective tissue location

surrounds nerves, vessels, and muscle cells

connective tissue extracellular matrix

the non-living materials surrounding the cells

Compact bone tissue

the outer shell of bone

ossification (osteogenesis)

the processes of bone tissue formation

osteology

the study of bones

bone remodeling

the way the diameter of the bone is maintained/renewed; Production = removal

osteoblasts

there are cells _____ associated with the periosteum which responsible for the bone width growth