anatomy chapter 3
isotonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal within the cell and outside of the cell
hypertonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution, higher osmotic pressure(higher solute, less water)
phagocytosis
A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs solid particles
pinocytosis
A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes
chromatin
DNA molecules wrapped around protein clusters called histores
translation
Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced
Rough ER
Ribosomes are on the surface and involved in protein synthesis
lipid solubility
Substances that dissolve in lipids pass easily
what is diffusion
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration(typically air solutions)
Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER)
a membrane system of folded sacs and interconnected channels that serves as the site for protein and lipid synthesis
hypotonic solution
a solution that has a lower concentration of solute outside than inside the cell, lower osmotic pressure than body fluid(lower solute, higher water)
what conditions do lysosomes only function under as to not destroy the cell
acidic
centrosomes
active in cell division, helps form cilia and flagella, and helps to form fibers that will control chromosomal movement
Which form of transport requires energy
active transport
peripheral protein-definition
acts as cellular adhesion molecules(allowing only certain cells to touch or bind), does not extend all the way through, only remains on surface, can take part in signal transduction pathways
A+T names
adenine and thymine
flagella
allows cell to "swim"
if a cell has signal tranduction what does this mean
allows cells to receive and respond to incoming messages in chemical form
which metabolic reaction requires energy input
anabolic reactions
difference between anabolic and catabolic reactions
anabolic- larger molecules are built from smaller ones catabolic- largers molecules are broken into smaller ones
what is the function of ribosomes
assemble amino acids into proteins
2 parts of the cell membrane
bilayer of phospolipids, phosphate "heads" that are water soluble and lipid "tails" that are water insoluable
functions of lysosomes
breaks down waste and repurposes it elsewhere in cell
Microfilaments
causes various types of movement within cells
what controls the entrance and exit of substances in a cell
cell membrane
what is anabolism required for
cellular growth and repair
carbohydrates definition
chains of glucose
inclusions
chemicals found within cytoplasm, stores nutrients and pigments, contains functional proteins(cyclin)
order of make up of chromosomes, chromatids, chromatins
chromatins-chromosomes- chromatids
how are flagella and cilia functionally differnet
cilia moves substances along a surface where as flagella moves itself from one point to another
what is the difference in diffusion called bw areas of different concentration
concentration gradient
nucleolus
condensed central part that is composed of proteins and RNA, makes ribosomes
Peroxisomes
contains enzymes for biochemical reactions, catalyze metabolic reactions to release h2o2, breaks down large lipid chains and rare biochemicals
Nucleus
contains genetic material of a cell
mitochondria
convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use(ATP)
mitochondria has a double layer membrane, the inner layer forms folds that are known as...
cristae
name the four main parts all cells share
cytoplasm, cell membrane, nucleus, inclusions
C+G names
cytosine and guanine
cytosol contains a series of protein rods and tubules that form a supportive framework called----
cytoskeleton
what 3 things are found as part of the cytoplasm
cytosol, organelles, inclusions
metabolism
describes every single biochemical reaction going into the body
name the 2 types of passive transport
diffusion and osmosis
what is osmosis
diffusion of water molecules from higher areas to lower areas of concentraton across a selectively permiable membrane
facilitated diffusion
diffusion that is aided by a membrane proteins or pores(higher to lower concentrations)
nuclear membrane
double layer membrane with large pores, controlling what goes into and out of the nucleus
compositional difference between ECF and ICF
ecf is mainly na+ and cl-,icf is mainly k+ and po4-
what controls rate of reactions in metabolism
enzymes
intergral protein- definition
extends from the ECF to ICF, provideds routes into/out of cell for smaller molecules and ions, binds to specific molecules(hormones for example) that trigger responses in the cell
cytosol
fluid that suspends organelles and disolves solutes
filtration
forced movement through a membrane based on pressure
microtubules and microfilaments
found throughout cytoplasm forming the cytoskeleton
what can mitochondria do that is different from other organelles
has own DNA, used to make small amounts of proteins
smooth ER
helps lipid synthesis, fat absorbtion, and breaking down drugs(NO ribosomes)
difference between hypotonic solution and hypertonic
hypotonic solutions has lower osmotic pressure(lower water inside cell than outside), hypertonic solutions has higher osmotic pressure(more water outside cell then inside)
group of chemicals cells share are called
inclusions
cytoplasm
intercellular, fluid environment that contains cytosol, organelles, and inclusions
what gets across using active trasport
ions(any chemical), amino acids, monosaccharides(glucose, fructose, simple sugars)
catabolism
larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones releasng energy(to be used elsewhere in cell), part of metabolism process
anabolism
larger molecules are constructed from smaller ones(requires more energy imput)
how does size affect the selective permeability of substances
larger molecules cannot pass easily or at all
what do selective permeability of substances depend on
lipid solubility, size, charge, and the presence of channels and transports
fats
long carbon chains, use as a storage of energy making structures(must be injested)
Carbohydrates
long units of simple sugars(glucose), major source of ATP
what is DNA a template for
mRNA
proteins
makes up many of the structures and chemicals of the body, most complex chemical structure, brings nitrogen into body, made of amino acids held together by peptide bonds
mitochondria is filled withan enzyme solution called...
matrix
what does it mean when a cell has a higher solute concentration
means there is higher osmotic pressure due to the concentration gradient
electrochemical gradient
membrane maintains an electrical and chemical gradient between the inside and outside of cell membrane
chemical gradient
membrane maintains different chemical compositions bw cytosol and ECF
how does charge affect the selective permeability of substances
molecules cannot pass easily, but can pass
what are nutrients
molecules that are continnually breaking up, rebuilding, and breaking apart agian
cilia and flagella
motile extensions of some cells
microtubules
move organellles and structures within the cell
endocyosis
movement of a substance by a vesicle to the inside of a cell
passive transport
movement with the gradient
cilia
moves particles along as well as keeps cell in place
what is active transport
net movement of particles passing through a membrane from lower concentration to higher concentration
chromatids
pairs of chromosomes
What are ribosomes composed of?
proteins and rRNA
exocytosis
release of substances out a cell by the passage of a vesicle with the membrane.
Why is cellular respiration important
releases energy from molecules to for ATP
lysosomes
removes and reuses debris(contains enzymes to dismantle debris)
ribosomes
site of protein synthesis
name the 3 factors of selective permiability
size, charge, presence of channels and transports
2 types of ER
smooth and rough
gogi body
stack of 6+ membranes called cisternae, refin
what is nucleotideds made of
sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base
cell membrane
surface membrane that separates the external environment from the internal environment
transcription
synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template
Electrical Gradient
the inside of the membrane is negatively charged and the outside is slightly positive
Chromosomes
thickened rods of chromatins
why do organelles sometimes have a double layer membrane
to increase the surface area for chemical reactions to occur
function of nucleolus
to make ribosomes
what are enzymes
type of protein that controls rate of reaction
membrane potential
voltage across a membrane, affects function of cell