anatomy chapter 3

isotonic solution

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal within the cell and outside of the cell

hypertonic solution

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution, higher osmotic pressure(higher solute, less water)

phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs solid particles

pinocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes

chromatin

DNA molecules wrapped around protein clusters called histores

translation

Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced

Rough ER

Ribosomes are on the surface and involved in protein synthesis

lipid solubility

Substances that dissolve in lipids pass easily

what is diffusion

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration(typically air solutions)

Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER)

a membrane system of folded sacs and interconnected channels that serves as the site for protein and lipid synthesis

hypotonic solution

a solution that has a lower concentration of solute outside than inside the cell, lower osmotic pressure than body fluid(lower solute, higher water)

what conditions do lysosomes only function under as to not destroy the cell

acidic

centrosomes

active in cell division, helps form cilia and flagella, and helps to form fibers that will control chromosomal movement

Which form of transport requires energy

active transport

peripheral protein-definition

acts as cellular adhesion molecules(allowing only certain cells to touch or bind), does not extend all the way through, only remains on surface, can take part in signal transduction pathways

A+T names

adenine and thymine

flagella

allows cell to "swim"

if a cell has signal tranduction what does this mean

allows cells to receive and respond to incoming messages in chemical form

which metabolic reaction requires energy input

anabolic reactions

difference between anabolic and catabolic reactions

anabolic- larger molecules are built from smaller ones catabolic- largers molecules are broken into smaller ones

what is the function of ribosomes

assemble amino acids into proteins

2 parts of the cell membrane

bilayer of phospolipids, phosphate "heads" that are water soluble and lipid "tails" that are water insoluable

functions of lysosomes

breaks down waste and repurposes it elsewhere in cell

Microfilaments

causes various types of movement within cells

what controls the entrance and exit of substances in a cell

cell membrane

what is anabolism required for

cellular growth and repair

carbohydrates definition

chains of glucose

inclusions

chemicals found within cytoplasm, stores nutrients and pigments, contains functional proteins(cyclin)

order of make up of chromosomes, chromatids, chromatins

chromatins-chromosomes- chromatids

how are flagella and cilia functionally differnet

cilia moves substances along a surface where as flagella moves itself from one point to another

what is the difference in diffusion called bw areas of different concentration

concentration gradient

nucleolus

condensed central part that is composed of proteins and RNA, makes ribosomes

Peroxisomes

contains enzymes for biochemical reactions, catalyze metabolic reactions to release h2o2, breaks down large lipid chains and rare biochemicals

Nucleus

contains genetic material of a cell

mitochondria

convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use(ATP)

mitochondria has a double layer membrane, the inner layer forms folds that are known as...

cristae

name the four main parts all cells share

cytoplasm, cell membrane, nucleus, inclusions

C+G names

cytosine and guanine

cytosol contains a series of protein rods and tubules that form a supportive framework called----

cytoskeleton

what 3 things are found as part of the cytoplasm

cytosol, organelles, inclusions

metabolism

describes every single biochemical reaction going into the body

name the 2 types of passive transport

diffusion and osmosis

what is osmosis

diffusion of water molecules from higher areas to lower areas of concentraton across a selectively permiable membrane

facilitated diffusion

diffusion that is aided by a membrane proteins or pores(higher to lower concentrations)

nuclear membrane

double layer membrane with large pores, controlling what goes into and out of the nucleus

compositional difference between ECF and ICF

ecf is mainly na+ and cl-,icf is mainly k+ and po4-

what controls rate of reactions in metabolism

enzymes

intergral protein- definition

extends from the ECF to ICF, provideds routes into/out of cell for smaller molecules and ions, binds to specific molecules(hormones for example) that trigger responses in the cell

cytosol

fluid that suspends organelles and disolves solutes

filtration

forced movement through a membrane based on pressure

microtubules and microfilaments

found throughout cytoplasm forming the cytoskeleton

what can mitochondria do that is different from other organelles

has own DNA, used to make small amounts of proteins

smooth ER

helps lipid synthesis, fat absorbtion, and breaking down drugs(NO ribosomes)

difference between hypotonic solution and hypertonic

hypotonic solutions has lower osmotic pressure(lower water inside cell than outside), hypertonic solutions has higher osmotic pressure(more water outside cell then inside)

group of chemicals cells share are called

inclusions

cytoplasm

intercellular, fluid environment that contains cytosol, organelles, and inclusions

what gets across using active trasport

ions(any chemical), amino acids, monosaccharides(glucose, fructose, simple sugars)

catabolism

larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones releasng energy(to be used elsewhere in cell), part of metabolism process

anabolism

larger molecules are constructed from smaller ones(requires more energy imput)

how does size affect the selective permeability of substances

larger molecules cannot pass easily or at all

what do selective permeability of substances depend on

lipid solubility, size, charge, and the presence of channels and transports

fats

long carbon chains, use as a storage of energy making structures(must be injested)

Carbohydrates

long units of simple sugars(glucose), major source of ATP

what is DNA a template for

mRNA

proteins

makes up many of the structures and chemicals of the body, most complex chemical structure, brings nitrogen into body, made of amino acids held together by peptide bonds

mitochondria is filled withan enzyme solution called...

matrix

what does it mean when a cell has a higher solute concentration

means there is higher osmotic pressure due to the concentration gradient

electrochemical gradient

membrane maintains an electrical and chemical gradient between the inside and outside of cell membrane

chemical gradient

membrane maintains different chemical compositions bw cytosol and ECF

how does charge affect the selective permeability of substances

molecules cannot pass easily, but can pass

what are nutrients

molecules that are continnually breaking up, rebuilding, and breaking apart agian

cilia and flagella

motile extensions of some cells

microtubules

move organellles and structures within the cell

endocyosis

movement of a substance by a vesicle to the inside of a cell

passive transport

movement with the gradient

cilia

moves particles along as well as keeps cell in place

what is active transport

net movement of particles passing through a membrane from lower concentration to higher concentration

chromatids

pairs of chromosomes

What are ribosomes composed of?

proteins and rRNA

exocytosis

release of substances out a cell by the passage of a vesicle with the membrane.

Why is cellular respiration important

releases energy from molecules to for ATP

lysosomes

removes and reuses debris(contains enzymes to dismantle debris)

ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

name the 3 factors of selective permiability

size, charge, presence of channels and transports

2 types of ER

smooth and rough

gogi body

stack of 6+ membranes called cisternae, refin

what is nucleotideds made of

sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base

cell membrane

surface membrane that separates the external environment from the internal environment

transcription

synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template

Electrical Gradient

the inside of the membrane is negatively charged and the outside is slightly positive

Chromosomes

thickened rods of chromatins

why do organelles sometimes have a double layer membrane

to increase the surface area for chemical reactions to occur

function of nucleolus

to make ribosomes

what are enzymes

type of protein that controls rate of reaction

membrane potential

voltage across a membrane, affects function of cell