Anatomy - Exam 1
heart: inferior border
(left ventricle) diaphragmatic surface (left ventricle)
heart: base/posterior border
(left ventricle) separated from the spine by esophagus, thoracic duct, descending aorta
heart: apical border
(tip of left ventricle) 5th intercostal space at left midclavicular line
thoracic aorta: visceral branches
- bronchial arteries - mediastinal arteries - esophageal arteries
posterior mediastinum contents
- esophagus - aorta - azygos vein - thoracic duct - nerves
anterior mediastinum contents
- most of the remnants of the thymus - branches of internal thoracic vessels - lymph nodes - adipose tissue
thoracic aorta: parietal branches
- posterior intercostal arteries 3-11 - subcostal arteries - superior phrenic artery - pericardial branches
superior mediastinum contents
- remnants of the proximal thymus - lymph nodes - brachiocephalic veins, left superior intercostal vein, SVC - aortic arch and its branches, ligamentum arteriosum - trachea, esophagus, thoracic duct - vagus nerves, phrenic nerves, left recurrent laryngeal nerve, autonomic nerves
_______ pulmonary veins carry _________ to the left atrium
4, newly oxygenated
the pulmonary trunk is approximately
5 cm long and 3 cm wide
what force does the pericardium not equalize around the heart? A) hydrostatic B) inertial C) electric D) gravitational
C) electric
crista terminalis
C-shaped ridge in the endocardial aspect of the right atrium of the heart, used as landmark for the SA node
what is the largest vein and most prominent vein in the inferior half of the body?
IVC
the brachiocephalic veins join together to form the __________
SVC
the right atrium receive blood from the _______
SVC, IVC, and coronary sinus
the aortic arch begins and ends at ______
T4-T5
the mediastinum contains ________
all the thoracic organs except the lungs
the trachea sits _________ to the esophagus
anterior
anterior intraventricular sulcus: vessels
anterior interventricular artery, great cardiac vein
3 subdivisions of the mediastinum below the sternal angle
anterior mediastinum middle mediastinum posterior mediastinum
the anterior mediastinum lies between the __________
anterior pericardium and sternum
in what direction does the aortic arch go?
anterior to posterior, right to left
the __________ begins anterior to the esophagus and then moves to its posterior as you go down
aorta
the ligamentum arteriosum attaches the ________
aorta to the pulmonary artery
20% of blood enters the ventricles via ________
atrial contraction
blood is squeezed through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle at the end of _________
atrial diastole
the SVC receives the ______________ immediately before entering the pericardial sac
azygos vein
the pulmonary trunk begins at the _______________
base of the right ventricle
superficial and deep cardiac plexus
bundle of nerves that allow for sympathetic and parasympathetic control of HR by stimulating the SA node, the only connection between the nervous system and the heart
heart: innervation
cardiac plexuses
heart: venous supply
cardiac veins
segments of the esophagus
cervical, thoracic, abdominal
the atria and ventricles are separated by the _________
coronary sulcus
mediastinum: inferior border
diaphragm
the base of the fibrous pericardium is fused to the ________
diaphragm
the right atrium receives deoxygenated blood during _______
diastole
serous pericardium
double layer of serosa that lines the fibrous pericardium (parietal layer) and the surface of the heart (visceral layer)
ligamentum arteriosum
embryonic remnant of ductus arteriosus between the aortic arch and left pulmonary artery
the part of the visceral layer that covers the heart but not the great vessels is called the __________
epicardium
the superior mediastinum contains _______
everything above the heart
layers of the esophagus
external longitudinal muscle (superficial) internal circular muscle mucosa lining the lumen (deep)
T/F: most of the blood enters the ventricle via the force of atrial contraction
false
T/F: the SVC has a valve at the entrance to the right atrium
false
T/F: the coronary sinus and SVC have valves, the IVC does not
false
what are the two layers of the pericardium?
fibrous and serous
branches of the aortic arch
from right to left: brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery
branches of the brachiocephalic trunk
from right to left: right subclavian artery, right common carotid artery
thymus: function
important source of T-lymphocytes and is crucial to the establishment of immune competence after birth
the pulmonary trunk sits _____________ to the aortic arch
inferior
superficial cardiac plexus: location
inferior to aortic arch, anterior to pulmonary trunk
the right atrium is separated from the left atrium by the _________
interatrial septum
which artery is used as graft in CABG procedures?
internal mammary artery
there is no brachiocephalic artery/trunk on the _______ side
left
the thymus drains mostly to the _________
left brachiocephalic vein
which vein has a longer course, the left brachiocephalic vein or the right brachiocephalic vein?
left brachiocephalic vein
where does the descending thoracic aorta begin?
lower border of T4
thymus consists of _________
lymphoid and connective tissue
heart: location
middle mediastinum
the aortic arch extends as high as the __________
midlevel of the manubrium
the descending thoracic aorta gradually moves towards _______
midline
the left atrium sits ___________ in the chest, instead of towards the left
midline and posterior
the ________ valve sits on the left side
mitral
posterior intraventricular sulcus: location
on diaphragmatic surface of heart
anterior intraventricular sulcus: location
on sternocostal surface of the heart, close to the left margin
the anterior wall of the right atrium is ridged due to _________
pectinate muscles
mediastinum: lateral border
pleural cavities
oblique pericardial sinus
pocket-like sac in the pericardial cavity formed by the left atrium. Fluid will collect inferiorly or posteriorly while laying down on ultrasound.
pericardial sac
positions heart in mediastinum and limits its motion while providing a lubricated surface for the heart to beat inside and the lungs to move outside
thoracic aorta is located in which mediastinum?
posterior
posterior intraventricular sulcus: vessels
posterior interventricular artery and middle cardiac vein
deep cardiac plexus: location
posterior to aortic arch, anterior to trachea at the tracheal bifurcation
the ________ carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs
pulmonary trunk
which vessel gives rise to the right and left pulmonary arteries?
pulmonary trunk
there is a brachiocephalic artery/trunk on the _______ side
right
what two branches does the ascending aorta give off near its origin?
right and left coronary arteries
heart: lateral border
right and left lungs and pleural surfaces
pectinate muscles are found primarily in the ________
right auricle
the apex of the fibrous pericardium is fused to the _______
roots of the great vessels at the base of the heart
fossa ovalis
shallow depression in the interatrial septum that is a remnant of fetal development
esophageal plexus: location
sits on anterior and posterior esophagus from cardiac plexus to lower third of esophagus
the aorta becomes the aortic arch at the _________
sternal angle
what connects the anterior fibrous pericardium to the sternum?
sterno-pericardial ligaments
the brachiocephalic veins sit just posterior to the ________
sternoclavicular joint
heart: anterior border
sternocostal surface, primarily the right atrium and ventricle
mediastinum: anterior border
sternum and transverse thoracis
superior mediastinum
subdivision of the mediastinum above the sternal angle
mediastinum: superior border
superior thoracic aperture
the thoracic segment of the esophagus starts at the _________
suprasternal notch
how does the position of the aorta relative to the esophagus change?
the aorta starts anterior to the esophagus and then moves posterior to it
mediastinum
the space between the two pleural cavities
where does the descending thoracic aorta end?
through the aortic hiatus at T12
what two sinuses are formed from the serous pericardium when it reflects off various cardiac structures?
transverse sinus and oblique sinus
the _______ valve sits on the right side
tricuspid
T/F: The pericardium protects the heart from infection
true
T/F: the SVC does not have a valve
true
the brachiocephalic veins are formed by the
union of the subclavian vein and internal jugular vein on each side
SA node: location
upper wall of right atrium at the junction of the crista terminalis and the opening of the SVC
80% of blood is pulled into the ventricle via _________
vacuum forces when the valves open
esophageal plexus: origin
vagus nerve
mediastinum: posterior border
vertebral column
