Anatomy - Exam 1

heart: inferior border

(left ventricle) diaphragmatic surface (left ventricle)

heart: base/posterior border

(left ventricle) separated from the spine by esophagus, thoracic duct, descending aorta

heart: apical border

(tip of left ventricle) 5th intercostal space at left midclavicular line

thoracic aorta: visceral branches

- bronchial arteries - mediastinal arteries - esophageal arteries

posterior mediastinum contents

- esophagus - aorta - azygos vein - thoracic duct - nerves

anterior mediastinum contents

- most of the remnants of the thymus - branches of internal thoracic vessels - lymph nodes - adipose tissue

thoracic aorta: parietal branches

- posterior intercostal arteries 3-11 - subcostal arteries - superior phrenic artery - pericardial branches

superior mediastinum contents

- remnants of the proximal thymus - lymph nodes - brachiocephalic veins, left superior intercostal vein, SVC - aortic arch and its branches, ligamentum arteriosum - trachea, esophagus, thoracic duct - vagus nerves, phrenic nerves, left recurrent laryngeal nerve, autonomic nerves

_______ pulmonary veins carry _________ to the left atrium

4, newly oxygenated

the pulmonary trunk is approximately

5 cm long and 3 cm wide

what force does the pericardium not equalize around the heart? A) hydrostatic B) inertial C) electric D) gravitational

C) electric

crista terminalis

C-shaped ridge in the endocardial aspect of the right atrium of the heart, used as landmark for the SA node

what is the largest vein and most prominent vein in the inferior half of the body?

IVC

the brachiocephalic veins join together to form the __________

SVC

the right atrium receive blood from the _______

SVC, IVC, and coronary sinus

the aortic arch begins and ends at ______

T4-T5

the mediastinum contains ________

all the thoracic organs except the lungs

the trachea sits _________ to the esophagus

anterior

anterior intraventricular sulcus: vessels

anterior interventricular artery, great cardiac vein

3 subdivisions of the mediastinum below the sternal angle

anterior mediastinum middle mediastinum posterior mediastinum

the anterior mediastinum lies between the __________

anterior pericardium and sternum

in what direction does the aortic arch go?

anterior to posterior, right to left

the __________ begins anterior to the esophagus and then moves to its posterior as you go down

aorta

the ligamentum arteriosum attaches the ________

aorta to the pulmonary artery

20% of blood enters the ventricles via ________

atrial contraction

blood is squeezed through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle at the end of _________

atrial diastole

the SVC receives the ______________ immediately before entering the pericardial sac

azygos vein

the pulmonary trunk begins at the _______________

base of the right ventricle

superficial and deep cardiac plexus

bundle of nerves that allow for sympathetic and parasympathetic control of HR by stimulating the SA node, the only connection between the nervous system and the heart

heart: innervation

cardiac plexuses

heart: venous supply

cardiac veins

segments of the esophagus

cervical, thoracic, abdominal

the atria and ventricles are separated by the _________

coronary sulcus

mediastinum: inferior border

diaphragm

the base of the fibrous pericardium is fused to the ________

diaphragm

the right atrium receives deoxygenated blood during _______

diastole

serous pericardium

double layer of serosa that lines the fibrous pericardium (parietal layer) and the surface of the heart (visceral layer)

ligamentum arteriosum

embryonic remnant of ductus arteriosus between the aortic arch and left pulmonary artery

the part of the visceral layer that covers the heart but not the great vessels is called the __________

epicardium

the superior mediastinum contains _______

everything above the heart

layers of the esophagus

external longitudinal muscle (superficial) internal circular muscle mucosa lining the lumen (deep)

T/F: most of the blood enters the ventricle via the force of atrial contraction

false

T/F: the SVC has a valve at the entrance to the right atrium

false

T/F: the coronary sinus and SVC have valves, the IVC does not

false

what are the two layers of the pericardium?

fibrous and serous

branches of the aortic arch

from right to left: brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery

branches of the brachiocephalic trunk

from right to left: right subclavian artery, right common carotid artery

thymus: function

important source of T-lymphocytes and is crucial to the establishment of immune competence after birth

the pulmonary trunk sits _____________ to the aortic arch

inferior

superficial cardiac plexus: location

inferior to aortic arch, anterior to pulmonary trunk

the right atrium is separated from the left atrium by the _________

interatrial septum

which artery is used as graft in CABG procedures?

internal mammary artery

there is no brachiocephalic artery/trunk on the _______ side

left

the thymus drains mostly to the _________

left brachiocephalic vein

which vein has a longer course, the left brachiocephalic vein or the right brachiocephalic vein?

left brachiocephalic vein

where does the descending thoracic aorta begin?

lower border of T4

thymus consists of _________

lymphoid and connective tissue

heart: location

middle mediastinum

the aortic arch extends as high as the __________

midlevel of the manubrium

the descending thoracic aorta gradually moves towards _______

midline

the left atrium sits ___________ in the chest, instead of towards the left

midline and posterior

the ________ valve sits on the left side

mitral

posterior intraventricular sulcus: location

on diaphragmatic surface of heart

anterior intraventricular sulcus: location

on sternocostal surface of the heart, close to the left margin

the anterior wall of the right atrium is ridged due to _________

pectinate muscles

mediastinum: lateral border

pleural cavities

oblique pericardial sinus

pocket-like sac in the pericardial cavity formed by the left atrium. Fluid will collect inferiorly or posteriorly while laying down on ultrasound.

pericardial sac

positions heart in mediastinum and limits its motion while providing a lubricated surface for the heart to beat inside and the lungs to move outside

thoracic aorta is located in which mediastinum?

posterior

posterior intraventricular sulcus: vessels

posterior interventricular artery and middle cardiac vein

deep cardiac plexus: location

posterior to aortic arch, anterior to trachea at the tracheal bifurcation

the ________ carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs

pulmonary trunk

which vessel gives rise to the right and left pulmonary arteries?

pulmonary trunk

there is a brachiocephalic artery/trunk on the _______ side

right

what two branches does the ascending aorta give off near its origin?

right and left coronary arteries

heart: lateral border

right and left lungs and pleural surfaces

pectinate muscles are found primarily in the ________

right auricle

the apex of the fibrous pericardium is fused to the _______

roots of the great vessels at the base of the heart

fossa ovalis

shallow depression in the interatrial septum that is a remnant of fetal development

esophageal plexus: location

sits on anterior and posterior esophagus from cardiac plexus to lower third of esophagus

the aorta becomes the aortic arch at the _________

sternal angle

what connects the anterior fibrous pericardium to the sternum?

sterno-pericardial ligaments

the brachiocephalic veins sit just posterior to the ________

sternoclavicular joint

heart: anterior border

sternocostal surface, primarily the right atrium and ventricle

mediastinum: anterior border

sternum and transverse thoracis

superior mediastinum

subdivision of the mediastinum above the sternal angle

mediastinum: superior border

superior thoracic aperture

the thoracic segment of the esophagus starts at the _________

suprasternal notch

how does the position of the aorta relative to the esophagus change?

the aorta starts anterior to the esophagus and then moves posterior to it

mediastinum

the space between the two pleural cavities

where does the descending thoracic aorta end?

through the aortic hiatus at T12

what two sinuses are formed from the serous pericardium when it reflects off various cardiac structures?

transverse sinus and oblique sinus

the _______ valve sits on the right side

tricuspid

T/F: The pericardium protects the heart from infection

true

T/F: the SVC does not have a valve

true

the brachiocephalic veins are formed by the

union of the subclavian vein and internal jugular vein on each side

SA node: location

upper wall of right atrium at the junction of the crista terminalis and the opening of the SVC

80% of blood is pulled into the ventricle via _________

vacuum forces when the valves open

esophageal plexus: origin

vagus nerve

mediastinum: posterior border

vertebral column