anatomy exam 1

fibrous joints are classified as "________", and occur when two bones are connected by __________

"fixed joints" ; connected by dense CT

how many nerves pass through the carpal tunnel?

1 ; median nerve

name the superficial extensor muscles of the antebrachium (there are 7)

1. ECRL 2. ECRB 3. ECU 4. extensor digitorum 5. extensor digiti minimi 6. brachioradialis 7. anconeus

phases of the menstrual cycle

1. menstrual phase: uterine wall discarded 2. proliferative phase: endometrium thickens, follicles mature 3. luteal phase: corpus luteum signals endometrial thickening

the diaphragm arises from four sources:

1. septum transversum (central tendon) 2. pleuroperitoneal membranes (posterolateral parts) 3. dorsal mesentery of esophagus (crura and median portion) 4. body wall (periphery)

name the three muscles that attach to the coracoid process.

1. short head of biceps 2. coracobrachialis 3. pectoralis minor

name the deep extensor muscles of the antebrachium (there are 5)

1. supinator 2. abductor pollicis longus 3. extensor pollicis longus 4. extensor pollicis brevis 5. extensor indicis

how many tendons travel through the extensor retinaculum?

12

at day 24 of embryonic development, the embryo will have ____ somites, and is characterized by the presence of a __________

13 somites ; heartbeat present

scapular anastomosis is formed by branches of what arteries?

1st part of subclavian (suprascapular artery) + 3rd part of axillary artery (circumflex scapular artery)

trisomy 21: trisomy 13: trisomy 18:

21: downs 13: edwards 18: patau

serratus posterior superior: innervation

2nd-5th intercostal nerves

how many atlanto-axial articulations are there?

3 (2 lateral, 1 median)

total # of vertebrae?

33

end product of spermatogenesis?

4 haploid spermatids

what happens during meiosis I?

46 (diploid) --> 23 (haploid)

the sacrum is formed by __________, and shapes the ___________. it articulates superiorly with _____, inferiorly with ______, and laterally with ______

5 fused vertebrae shapes posterior pelvic wall superior articulation: L5 ; inferior articulation: coccyx ; lateral articulation: ilium

how many tendons pass through the carpal tunnel?

9 (4 from FDS, 4 from FDP, and 1 from flexor pollicis longus)

serratus posterior inferior: innervation

9th-12th intercostal nerves

both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems utilize _________ as their preganglionic neurotransmitter

ACh

postganglionic neurons will release _________ if the parasympathetic nervous system is active

ACh

glycoprotein synthesized in fetal yolk sac & liver is known as ______. decreased levels of this in maternal serum can signal ___________ in the embryo, while elevated levels can signal ___________

AFP ; decreased levels: Down syndrome ; elevated levels: neural tube defects

which muscles assist with abduction of the radiocarpal joint?

APL, FCR, ECRL, ECRB

the ligamentum nuchae (nuchal ligament) covers what area?

C1 - C6

levator scapulae: origin

C1-C4

what gives rise to the greater occipital nerve?

C2

where are uncovertebral joints found?

C3-C7

CNXI arises from?

C5 - C6

the brachial plexus is composed of which spinal nerves?

C5-T1

trapezius: innervation

CN XI (spinal accessory nerve)

which muscles assist with extension of the radiocarpal joint?

ECRL, ECRB, ECU

which muscles assist with adduction of the radiocarpal joint?

ECU and FCU

which muscles assist with flexion of the radiocarpal joint?

FCR and FCU

which embryonic gene is responsible for lengthening of the limbs?

FGF gene

what two reproductive hormones are released by the hypothalamus?

FSH & LH

inhibitory neurotransmitters of the CNS?

GABA (brain) and glycine (SC)

structures formed by endoderm?

GI tract

what is the only component sensory nerves contain?

GSA fibers

which nervous modality do joints and tendons have?

GSA for proprioception

GSA: GSE: GVA: GVE:

GSA: sensations from skin and skeletal muscle GSE: motor commands to skeletal muscles GVA: sensations from organs GVE: motor information to organs

which nervous modality do deep muscles of the back have?

GSE

which modality do cutaneous nerves not have?

GSE ; cutaneous nerves do not contain general somatic efferents

what is an important difference between GVE fibers and GSE fibers?

GVE fibers are a two neuron chain (preganglionic neuron & postganglionic neuron)

____ antibodies can cross the placental barrier

IgG

the lumbrosacral enlargement spans between _________

L1-S3

the spinal cord in children ends at ____

L3

the most inferior intervertebral disc is between which two vertebrae?

L5 & S1

the sacrum articulates superiorly with ____, forming the ___________

L5 ; lumbrosacral joint

ovulation occurs after a surge of (hormone). after the secondary oocyte is expelled, the ovarian follicle collapses & develops into the __________, which secretes ___________

LH surge ; corpus luteum ; progesterone

the brachial plexus has five terminal nerves. name them.

MARMU 1. median 2. axillary 3. radial 4. musculocutaneous 5. ulnar

five terminal branches of the brachial plexus?

MARMU musculocutaneous axillary radial median ulnar

cranial nerves & spinal nerves belong to the ______

PNS

Salter-Harris Classification

SALTER straight across (I) above (II) lower (III) two or through (IV) erasure of growth plate (V)

name the muscles that attach to the coracoid process.

SH of biceps, pectoralis minor, coracobrachialis

SH of biceps brachii attaches to the ____________, while the LH of biceps brachii attaches to the __________

SH: coracoid process LH: supraglenoid tubercle

rhomboids: insertion

Scapula (medial border)

myelinating cells of PNS?

Schwann cells

borders of the quadrangular space?

Superior: teres minor Inferior: teres major Medial: long head of triceps Lateral: humerus

_____ is the most commonly fractured vertebrae. it is unique in that it is a _____________. the superior half is ___________ in character, while the inferior half is ___________

T12 ; transitional vertebra ; superior half is thoracic ; inferior half is lumbar

root of the spine of scapula?

T3

inferior angle of scapula?

T7

latissimus dorsi: origin

T7-L5 thoracolumbar fascia iliac crest tubercles of sacrum ribs 10-12

connective tissue exclusively found in the umbilical cord?

Wharton's jelly

what type of x-ray view is preferred for a patient that cannot abduct their arm?

Y-view

movement away from the midline?

abduction

hypothenar eminence name the muscles, and innervation.

abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi, and opponens digiti minimi ulnar nerve

dorsal interossei action & innervation

abducts fingers ; deep branch of ulnar nerve

lymphatic drainage above umbilicus: below umbilicus:

above: axillary nodes below: inguinal nodes

what is congenital diaphragmatic herniation caused by?

absence of left pleuroperitoneal membrane

congenital diaphragmatic hernia is caused by what? what affect on lung growth? what affect on amniotic cavity?

absence of pleuroperitoneal membrane ; causes lung hypoplasia and polyhydramnios

how are cords of the brachial plexus named?

according to their position relative to the 2nd segment of the axillary artery

excitatory neurotransmitter that acts upon voluntary skeletal muscles?

acetylcholine

lateral point of shoulder?

acromion

the ___________ is needed in order for sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida

acrosome reaction

movement toward the midline?

adduction

muscle located between the pollux and indicis?

adductor pollicis

froment's sign indicates injury to the (muscle) which is innervated by (nerve)

adductor pollicis ; ulnar nerve

palmer interossei action & innervation

adducts fingers ; deep branch of ulnar nerve

as the embryo folds, splanchnic mesoderm does what?

adheres to endoderm and forms the primitive gut tube and surrounding musculature

afferent nerves are __________, while efferent nerves are __________

afferent: sensory efferent: motor

___________ connect the dens to tubercles of the medial side of the occipital condyle

alar ligaments

ABCs of x-rays

alignment bone cartilage soft tissue

all rotator cuff muscles act as ___________ rotators and insert on the ___________ tubercle except for the ____________

all RC muscles act as lateral rotators and insert on the greater tubercle, except the subscapularis

importance of anastomoses?

alternate blood supply in case of injury to a major artery

name the four layers of the fetal membrane:

amnion, chorion, yolk sac, allantois

a cartilaginous joint is also called a ____________, which has __________ mobility

amphiarthosis ; limited mobility

egg and sperm meet for fertilization where?

ampulla of uterine tube

___________ & __________ are examples of neural tube defects. these can potentially be prevented via __________

anencephaly & spina bifida ; folic acid supplementation

what ligament holds the radial head in place?

annular ligament

all extrinsic muscles of the back are innervated by the __________, except the __________ which is instead innervated by the ____________

anterior (ventral) rami ; trapezius ; CN XI (spinal accessory nerve)

37 y.o male survives car crash in which his neck was hyperextended. radiograph of cervical spine revealed fracture of odontoid process (dens). what is likely also injured?

anterior arch of atlas (posterior surface)

gibbus deformities are characterized by ___________ of vertebral bodies, results in __________, and is often associated with ____________

anterior collapse ; kyphosis ; spinal tuberculosis

which compartment of the antebrachium contains the pronator muscles?

anterior compartment

what is a bankart lesion?

anterior dislocation of humeral head due to damage of inferior glenohumeral joint

most common type of shoulder dislocation?

anterior inferior dislocation ; failure of the inferior glenohumeral ligament

which artery supplies blood to the deep extensor muscles?

anterior interosseous artery

which nerve allows us to give the "👌" sign?

anterior interosseous nerve

the ____________ is the largest branch of the median nerve, and is strictly a _________ nerve

anterior interosseous nerve ; motor nerve (no sensory)

42 y.o male presents with severe neck pain following whiplash injury. which ligament is likely disrupted?

anterior longitudinal ligament

brad gets in a car crash & experiences severe whiplash. following the accident, brad experiences hyperextension of the vertebral column. what ligament was likely damaged?

anterior longitudinal ligament

blood supply of the spinal cord

anterior spinal artery (1) posterior spinal arteries (2)

lower limbs anterior compartment: posterior compartment:

anterior: extensor muscles posterior: flexor muscles

brachium & antebrachium anterior compartment: posterior compartment:

anterior: flexor muscles posterior: extensor muscles

cloacal membrane forms the ________

anus

what is the last group of lymph nodes that receives lymph from the central axillary nodes of the breast?

apical (sub-clavicular) group

how are limbs formed?

apical ectodermal ridge (AER) secretes FGF (fibroblast growth factor) this stimulates outgrowth of the limb buds

the dorsal scapular nerve arises from ______, and innervates the ___________ & ___________

arises from root of C5 ; innervates rhomboids & levator scapulae

what is the atlanto-occiptal joint? what is its purpose?

articulation between C1 and occipital condyles of the skull allows us to nod head "yes"

what is the atlantoaxial joint? what is its purpose?

articulation between atlas & axis (C1 & C2) allows us to nod head "no"

lumbricals are attached to the (tendon), and perform what action?

attached to flexor digitorum profundus ; flexion of MCP joints

arterial supply of upper limb subclavian artery --> (?) - (?) - (? and ?)

axillary -> brachial -> ulnar & radial

the median nerve lies on top of the __________

axillary artery

the subclavian artery gives rise to the __________ artery, which traverses inferior to the (muscle). once it reaches the (muscle), it becomes the _________ artery

axillary artery ; pec. minor ; teres major ; brachial artery

lateral cutaneous nerve of arm?

axillary nerve

woman presents to ER with severe shoulder pain. examination confirms quadrangular space syndrome. which nerve is likely affected?

axillary nerve

lateral paresthesia of the shoulder is caused by injury of which nerve?

axillary nerve (deltoids and skin covering this muscle are not working)

fracture of the surgical neck of humerus results in damage to the (nerve) and the (artery), which are both contained in the ____________

axillary nerve ; posterior humeral circumflex artery ; quadrangular space

cancer of the breast often begins in the __________, which is located in the ____________

axillary tail ; superolateral quadrant

the cephalic vein ascends up the arm and empties into the __________

axillary vein

venous drainage of the breast?

axillary vein, internal thoracic vein & lateral thoracic vein

what type of x-ray view is preferred for observing posterior shoulder dislocations?

axillary view

glenohumeral joint: innervation

axillary, suprascapular, and lateral pectoral nerve

the basilic vein ascends up the arm, reaching the ________ vein, and finally the __________ vein

basilic --> axillary --> subclavian

there is no intervertebral disk between which two vertebrae?

between atlas & axis (c1 & c2)

location of the notochord?

between the neural tube & endoderm

name the muscles of the anterior compartment of the brachium.

biceps (LH & SH), coracobrachialis, brachialis

the _________ is the most powerful supinator of the brachium, and receives innervation from which nerve?

biceps brachii ; musculocutaneous nerve

the __________ ascends up the arm, and becomes part of the glenoid labrum

biceps tendon

contents of cubital fossa tendon: artery: nerve:

biceps tendon brachial artery median nerve

what tendon, artery, and nerve traverse through the cubital fossa?

biceps tendon brachial artery median nerve

what protects the bicep muscles when a venipuncture is performed?

bicipital aponeurosis

in the second week of implantation, the __________ disc has two layers:

bilaminar disc ; epiblast and hypoblast

what is gastrulation?

bilaminar disc to trilaminar disc

what is the fovea dentis?

binding site for the dens of the axis ; located on posterior arch of anterior tubercle

4 days following fertilization, the morula enters the uterus, and the embryo is now known as the __________

blastocyst

what is unique of the blood supply of the scaphoid?

blood supply goes from distal to proximal

Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle.

bones of the hand scaphoid lunate triquetrum pisiform trapezoid trapezium capitate hamate

disruption to the central portion of the phalangeal extensor mechanism can result in ____________, which presents as what?

boutonniere's deformity ; flexion of PIP, hyperextension of DIP

which artery is most likely at risk during venipuncture of the cubital fossa? what structure prevents this from happening?

brachial ; bicipital aponeurosis

supracondylar fracture of the humerus can cause damage to the (artery), which can result in ____________

brachial artery ; volkmann's ischemic contracture

most powerful flexor of the forearm?

brachialis

the coronoid process of the ulna serves as an attachment site for the ___________

brachialis

which muscle attaches to the coronoid process of the ulna?

brachialis

the ___________ is the most powerful flexor of the forearm, and receives innervation from which two nerves?

brachialis ; musculocutaneous nerve & small contribution from radial nerve

the cubital fossa lies between the __________ & _________, and the floor is formed by the __________

brachioradialis & pronator teres ; brachialis

radial nerve lies deep to the ___________, and divides into two branches. what does the superficial branch do?

brachioradialis ; cutaneous innervation of dorsum of the hand (NO MOTOR)

radial nerve lies deep to the ___________, and divides into two branches. the deep branch pierces through the (muscle), and does what?

brachioradialis ; supinator ; motor innervation to posterior compartment of antebrachium

which two extensor muscles do not cross the wrist joint?

brachioradialis and anconeus

which non-extensor muscles in the antebrachium are innervated by the radial nerve?

brachioradialis, supinator, abductor pollicis longus

musculocutaneous nerve: function in brachium? function in antebrachium?

brachium: innervates flexors antebrachium: lateral cutaneous nerve

the CNS consists of the ________ & _________

brain and spinal cord

external occipital protuberance

bump on back of head

which vertebrae does not contain a body?

c1 (atlas)

which is the only spinal nerve that does not participate in dermatomes?

c1 (suboccipital nerve)

c1 is also known as the _________, while c2 is known as the _________

c1: atlas c2: axis

c5 & c6 --> _______ trunk --> _______ cord = which nerve & which muscle?

c5 & c6 -> superior trunk -> lateral cord lateral pectoral nerve (pectoralis major)

which spinal nerves give rise to the superior trunk of the brachial plexus?

c5 and c6

terminal branches: which ventral rami? axillary nerve

c5, c6

terminal branches: which ventral rami? musculocutaneous nerve

c5-c7

terminal branches: which ventral rami? radial nerve

c5-t1

the cervical enlargement spans between ________, and gives rise to the __________

c5-t1 ; brachial plexus

terminal branches: which ventral rami? median nerve

c6-t1

the vertebral artery ascends & passes through the transverse foramina of all cervical vertebrae except _______

c7

c7 --> ________ trunk --> ________ cord = which nerves & which muscles?

c7 --> medial trunk --> posterior cord --> thoracodorsal nerve (latissimus dorsi) upper subscapular nerve (subscapularis) lower subscapular nerve (teres major & subscapularis)

terminal branches: which ventral rami? ulnar nerve

c8 & t1

damage to which branches of the brachial plexus will not affect the shoulder?

c8 & t1 (inferior trunk) ; klumpke's paralysis

c8 & t1 --> _______ trunk --> ______ cord = which nerves & which muscles?

c8 & t1 -> inferior trunk -> medial cord -medial pectoral nerve (pec. major/minor) -medial cutaneous nerve of arm

which spinal nerves give rise to the inferior trunk of the brachial plexus?

c8 and t1

in order for fertilization to occur, sperm must undergo ____________. what structural changes occur?

capacitation ; glycoprotein coat & seminal proteins are removed

perilunate dislocation

capitate dislocated dorsally

the humerus articulates inferiorly with the radius via the ___________, otherwise known as the __________ joint

capitulum (humeroradial joint)

all splanchnic nerves are presynaptic except ______________

cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves

which are the only splanchnic nerves that synapse in the sympathetic chain?

cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves (t1 - t4)

area deep to the flexor retinaculum?

carpal tunnel

what do the umbilical arteries do?

carry deoxygenated blood to placenta

what is the glenoid labrum?

cartilage that deeps the glenoid fossa, and helps with attachment of humeral head

excitatory neurotransmitters that control the sympathetic nervous system?

catecholamines

inferior nerve roots of the vertebral column?

cauda equina

the primitive streak indicates the __________ end of the embryo

caudal

what is the glenoid fossa?

cavity where head of humerus fits

gray matter of spinal cord consists of ___________, while white matter consists of ___________

cell bodies ; myelinated axons

what is the primitive streak?

cells begin to migrate inward, separate the epiblast and hypoblast, and form the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

organization of axillary lymph flow

central nodes --> apical nodes --> supraclavicular nodes --> venous circulation

the two major veins that drain the arm, the __________ vein which runs __________ & the _________ vein which runs __________ descend down the arm, joining to form the ____________

cephalic (lateral) ; basilic (medial) ; medial cubital vein

what structures pierce through clavipectoral fascia?

cephalic vein, lateral pectoral nerve, and thoracoacromial artery

which portions of the spine specialize in flexion & extension?

cervical & lumbar

which portions of the vertebral column have secondary curvature?

cervical & lumbar

regions of the vertebral column

cervical (7) thoracic (12) lumbar (5) sacral (5) coccygeal

essential elements of placenta are ____________, which are surrounded by ___________

chorionic villi ; maternal blood

riskiest method for monitoring fetal development?

chorionic villus sampling

what occurs during telophase?

chromatids are pulled to opposite ends of cell

what occurs during metaphase?

chromosomes line up in the middle of cell

major artery contained in the triangular space?

circumflex scapular artery

first bone to begin ossification is the ____________, which is also the most commonly fractured bone

clavicle

borders of the clavipectoral triangle?

clavicle (superior) pectoralis major (medial) deltoid (lateral)

trapezius: insertion

clavicle, acromion, scapular spine

collection of cell bodies CNS: PNS:

cns: nucleus pns: ganglion

collection of axons CNS: PNS:

cns: tract pns: nerve

what is atelectasis?

collapse of alveoli due to absence of surfactant ; this causes RDS

the cisterna chyli is characterized as a _____________, and gives rise to the __________

collection of lymph nodes in abdomen ; thoracic duct

what are extensor hoods?

collection of tendons from the extensor digitorum and extensor pollicis longus on the dorsum of the hand

What is a tracheoesophageal fistula?

complete failure of lung to develop

high impact injuries cause what type of bone fracture pattern?

compound fracture

most common cause of carpal tunnel syndrome?

compression of median nerve

scheuermann's disease is an (congenital/acquired) form of kyphosis, and is caused by what?

congenital frontal sections of vertebrae grow slower than back sections

what does the supraspinous ligament do?

connect spinous processes dorsally

what is the interosseous membrane?

connective tissue between bones of the antebrachium

__________, ____________, and __________ are flexors of the brachium, and are innervated by which terminal branch of the brachial plexus?

coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, brachialis ; musculocutaneous nerve

patient presents to ER with clean separation of the shoulder. which ligament is likely damaged?

coracoclavicular ligament

rupture of the ______________ results in shoulder separation, and appears as a "__________" deformity

coracoclavicular ligament ; "step off" shoulder separation

pectoralis minor: insertion

coracoid process

the coracoid process is observed on the _________ surface of the scapula while the spine is on the _________ surface of the scapula

coracoid process: anterior scapular spine: posterior

facets of thoracic vertebrae have a ___________ orientation

coronal

subluxation of the elbow usually result in fracture of the __________

coronoid process

distinguishing feature of thoracic vertebrae?

costal facets

growth of the neural tube causes the embryo to fold in the ___________

cranio-caudal axis

preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system are located where?

cranium or sacral region of SC

best imaging method for osseous injury?

ct scan

hypertrophy of the flexor carpi ulnaris can result in ___________, which is characterized by what?

cubital tunnel syndrome ; numbness and pain in 4th and 5th digits

mixed nerves that innervate the skin are termed ____________, and contain no _______ components

cutaneous nerves ; no GSE components

most common fetal viral infection?

cytomegalovirus (CMV)

_____________ and ____________ are the layers of trophoblasts, the latter having the function of _____________

cytotrophoblasts & syncytiotrophoblasts ; erode endometrium so that blastocyst can implant

waiter's tip deformity causation? presentation?

damage to c5 & c6 (erb's point) -adducted shoulder -medial rotation of arm -extended elbow

klumpke paralysis causation? which nerves affected?

damage to c8 & t1 ulnar nerve & median nerve, which innervate intrinsic muscles of the hand, are damaged

limb buds appear at ________ of embryonic development, and there are ______ somites present

day 28-30 ; 30-35 somites

monozygotic twins monochorionic/diamniotic:

days 4-8

monozygotic twins monochorionic/monoamniotic:

days 8-12

the fetal contribution to the placenta is the ___________

decidua basalis

deep artery of the posterior compartment of the arm? also, what space is this found in?

deep brachial (profunda brachii) artery ; found in the triangular interval

what muscles does the anterior interosseous artery supply?

deep extensor muscles

the axillary tail lies deep to the _________, is located in the ___________, and is often the starting point for ___________

deep fascia ; superolateral quadrant ; breast cancer

what do deep veins and superficial veins of the hand do, respectively?

deep veins: follow the arteries superficial veins: drain into dorsal venous network

deep fascia is composed of what?

dense CT

serratus posterior inferior: action

depresses ribs

region of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve?

dermatome

what is the function of the primitive streak?

determines the body axis of the embryo

what structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?

diaphragm

synovial joints are also known as ___________, and are characterized by the presence of a __________

diarthrosis ; joint cavity

most common implantation of monozygotic twins?

dichorionic/diamniotic (days 0-4)

what is nursemaid's elbow?

dislocation of radial head due to tearing of annular ligament

shoulder dislocation is caused by failure of the _____________, while shoulder separation is due to rupture of the ____________

dislocation: failure of IGHL separation: rupture of coracoclavicular ligament

how is embryonic endoderm formed?

displacement of hypoblast

_________ fractures of the scaphoid have the greatest success of healing

distal

what does the coronal plane do?

divides body into anterior and posterior

what does the transverse plane do?

divides body into superior and inferior

what does the sagittal plane do?

divides the body into left and right sides

sensory information will reach which horn of the spinal cord?

dorsal horn

innervation of intrinsic muscles of the back?

dorsal primary rami

innervation of the muscles of the subocciptal triangle?

dorsal ramus of C1 (suboccipital nerve)

in what portion of a spinal nerve would you not expect to see synapses?

dorsal root ganglion

where does shingles lay dormant, and how does it travel back to superficial layer of skin?

dorsal root ganglion ; anterograde transport

rhomboid winging is caused by injury to the (nerve)

dorsal scapular nerve

what happens during meiosis II?

each chromosome divides into two, each half going into a separate gamete

what is true of dizygotic twins?

each embryo has its own amnion, chorion, and placenta

levator scapulae: action

elevate and rotate scapula

serratus posterior superior: action

elevates ribs

trapezius: action

elevation, depression, retraction, and medial rotation of scapula

all epithelial lining of the respiratory system arise from which germ layer?

endoderm

epiphyses, which are the ____________, are developed from ___________ centers of ossification

ends of the long bone ; secondary centers

layer of the embryoblast facing the amniotic cavity?

epiblast

the three embryonic germ layers all arise from __________

epiblast

damage to c5 & c6 can result in __________, in which patient presents with a _________ hand

erb's palsy ; waiter's tip hand

which intrinsic muscles compose the intermediate layer? what do they do?

erector spinae group ; moves spine

what is polyhydramnios, and what is it caused by?

excess fluid in amniotic cavity, which is caused by lung hypoplasia due to absence of pleuroperitoneal membrane

bilateral function of splenius muscles:

extends head & neck "look up at the ceiling"

increase in joint angle?

extension

those with tennis elbow will have issues performing which motion?

extension

subocciptal region: action

extension & rotation of head and neck

tennis elbow is caused by repeated ___________ of the wrist, causing damage to the __________ nerve, and is characterized by tenderness of the __________ epicondyle

extension ; radial nerve ; lateral epicondylitis

colles fracture is a(n) ___________ fracture of the radius, is caused by falling on the _______ of the hand, and causes distal portion of radius to move __________

extension fracture ; palm ; dorsally

latissimus dorsi: action

extension, adduction, medial rotation

posterior divisions of brachial plexus will innervate _________ muscles

extensor

which extensor muscle of the antebrachium inserted on metacarpal 3?

extensor carpi radialis brevis

which extensor muscle of the antebrachium inserts on metacarpal 2?

extensor carpi radialis longus

which muscles in the antebrachium are innervated by the radial nerve?

extensor muscles (and anconeus)

anatomical snuff box contents tendons: artery: bone:

extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus, abductor pollicis longus radial artery scaphoid bone

name the borders of the anatomical snuff box.

extensor pollicis longus extensor pollicis brevis abductor pollicis longus

Trapezius: origin

external occipital protuberance nuchal ligament C7-T12

which type of x-ray view is preferred for observing fractures of the medial humeral head & glenoid fossa?

external rotation view

___________ back muscles originate from the axial skeleton but insert on bones of the appendicular skeleton

extrinsic

superficial & intermediate muscles of the back are considered __________, and are innervated by the ___________

extrinsic ; anterior (ventral) rami

what is a tracheoesophageal fistula, and what does it cause?

failure of tracheoesophageal septum ; coughing/choking while swallowing, excess fluid in mouth, pneumonitis

ribs 8-10 are _________, and attach to the sternum via ___________

false ribs ; costal margin attachments

what is the intermuscular septa?

fascia that separates flexor compartment from extensor compartment in the brachium & antebrachium

distinguishing feature of tertiary chorionic villi?

fetal capillaries ; vascularization

primary oocytes are produced during ___________, and are arrested at ______________. they do not progress to a ____________ until ____________ occurs

fetal life ; prophase of meiosis 1 ; secondary oocyte until fertilization occurs

sutures, syndemoses, and interosseous membranes are examples of what kind of joints?

fibrous joints

how do secondary oocytes reach the uterine tube?

fimbriae

decrease in joint angle?

flexion

those with golfer's elbow will have issues performing which motion?

flexion

smith's fracture is a(n) __________ fracture of the radius, is caused by falling on the _______ of the hand, and causes distal portion of radius to move __________

flexion fracture ; dorsum ; ventrally

what do lumbricals do?

flexion of MCP joints

injury to the musculocutaneous nerve results loss of which actions?

flexion of elbow & supination of antebrachium

what motions combine to form circumduction?

flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction

anterior divisions of brachial plexus will innervate _________ muscles

flexor

superficial flexors of the antebrachium:

flexor carpi radialis palmaris longus flexor carpi ulnaris pronator teres

superficial flexors of antebrachium -name them -name their origin -name their innervation

flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, pronator teres, palmaris longus origin: medial epicondyle of arm innervation: all are innervated by median nerve except flexor carpi ulnaris (ulnar nerve)

which flexor muscles of the antebrachium are innervated by the ulnar nerve?

flexor carpi ulnaris & medial 1/2 of flexor digitorum profundus (digits 4 & 5)

which flexor digitorum muscle innervates both PIP and DIP joints of the hand?

flexor digitorum profundus

deep flexors of antebrachium:

flexor digitorum profundus flexor pollicis longus pronator quadratus

which muscles are most affected in those with volkmann's ischemic contracture?

flexor digitorum profundus & flexor pollicis longus

there are three muscles with dual innervation. name them.

flexor digitorum profundus (ulnar & median nerve) pec. major (lateral and medial pectoral nerve) subscapularis (lower and upper subscapular nerve)

which of the flexor digitorum muscles has dual innervation?

flexor digitorum profundus ; remember that medial half of this muscle is innervated by ulnar nerve, while lateral half is innervated by median nerve

which flexor digitorum muscle innervates only PIP joints of the hand?

flexor digitorum superficialis

intermediate flexor of antebrachium is the ____________, which is innervated by the ___________

flexor digitorum superficialis ; median nerve

__________, __________, and __________ make up the thenar muscles, which are innervated by the __________ branch of the __________ nerve

flexor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis brevis, and opponens pollicis recurrent branch of median nerve

muscles of the thenar eminence (name them) are responsible for what?

flexor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis opposition of thumb

which muscles does the anterior interosseous nerve innervate?

flexor pollicis longus, flexor digitorum profundus (lateral 1/2), and pronator quadratus remember, this is an extension of the median nerve

the ____________ lies superficial to the carpal tunnel, and gives rise to muscles of the __________ & __________

flexor retinaculum ; thenar & hypothenar eminences

the spinal cord begins at the ____________, travels with the ____________, and ends inferiorly at the ___________

foramen magnum ; travels with medulla oblongata ; conus medullaris (L1-L2)

the esophagus arises from a portion of the _________

foregut

after embryonic folding, the intraembryonic portion of the yolk sac is divided into the _________, ________, and _________

foregut, midgut, and hindgut

which type of fracture would result in avascular necrosis of the humeral head?

fracture of anatomical neck

what is a "boxer's fracture"?

fracture of the 5th metacarpal

what is a Salter-Harris fracture?

fracture of the physis (growth plate) in children

scapulothoracic joint: -what kind of joint is it? -what muscles is it between? -function?

functional joint b/w serratus anterior & subscapularis allows scapula to move against rib cage

as the embryo folds, somatic mesoderm does what?

fuses antero-ventrally with embryonic ectoderm to form the body wall

what are the prevertebral ganglia?

ganglia anterior to the aorta in the abdomen

which joint has the greatest range of motion in the body?

glenohumeral joint

what would you give to an expecting mother that is at risk of having a child with RDS?

glucocorticoids

most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS?

glutamate

an oocyte arrested at metaphase II of meiosis II is known as a ____________

graafian follicle

C2 gives rise to the ____________, which acts as the first ____________

greater occipital nerve ; first cutaneous (sensory) nerve

hypertrophy of the semispinalis capitis would cause compression of the ____________, causing ___________. this can be relieved how?

greater occipital nerve ; occipital neuralgia ; botox injections

C2 gives rise to the (nerve). this nerve travels through the suboccipital triangle, ascending to back of the skull, passing (muscle) in the process

greater occipital nerve ; passes through semispinalis capitis

midshaft fracture of the clavicle is known as a ___________, which can affect nerves of the __________ and the __________ artery & vein

greenstick fracture ; brachial plexus nerves, and the subclavian artery & vein

high levels of _____ signal pregnancy. what is the job of this hormone?

hCG ; tells the corpus luteum to continue producing progesterone

fracture of the (carpal bone) can damage the ulnar nerve, resulting in ___________

hamate --> compression of ulnar nerve --> guyon's canal syndrome

hyperextension injuries, otherwise known as a "____________", is characterized as what?

hangman's fracture ; bilateral fracture transversing the pars interarticularis of C2

meiosis creates __________ gametes

haploid

what is unique of disc herniations in the lumbar/sacral region?

herniation of discs in this region compress the nerve of the inferior disc, NOT the disc that is herniated L4 herniation will damage the L5 root L5 herniation will damage the S1 root

function of the transverse humeral ligament?

holds biceps tendon in place at the intertubercular groove

mutation of the sonic hedgehog gene can result in _____________, which is characterized as what?

holoprosencephalon: brain doesn't properly divide into left & right hemispheres

cavitation of lateral mesoderm forms a ___________. as the embryo begins to fold, the developing brain will push front end of embryo, forming the ___________

horseshoe cavity ; pericardial coelom

synchondrosis joints are united by __________

hyaline cartilage

the anterior longitudinal ligament prevents ____________, while the posterior longitudinal ligament prevents ___________

hyperextension ; hyperflexion

what is ulnar claw hand?

hyperextension of the MCP joints on the 4th and 5th digits MCP joints are unable to flex because lumbricals for these digits are non-functional due to ulnar nerve damage

all muscles of our limbs arise from _________

hypoblast

layer of the embryoblast adjacent to the exocelomic cavity?

hypoblast

LH is secreted by the ____________, triggers __________, and stimulates production of ___________

hypothalamus ; triggers ovulation ; progesterone

the reproductive cycle is regulated by the ___________, ___________ and _________

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, ovaries

boundaries of the lumbar triangle of petit?

iliac crest latissimus dorsi external oblique muscle

erector spinae muscles lateral column: intermediate column: medial column:

iliocostalis longissimus spinalis

what is an synarthrosis?

immovable joint

what is considered the most important glenohumeral ligament? what is the function of this ligament?

inferior glenohumeral ligament (IGHL) ; injury can cause anterior dislocation of humeral head

c8 & t1 --> ________ trunk --> ________ cord --> (terminal branch)

inferior trunk ; medial cord ; ulnar nerve ; intrinsic muscles of hand

which muscles of the back are responsible for lateral rotation of the arm?

infraspinatus and teres minor

flexor digitorum profundus innervation: function:

innervation: medial half - ulnar nerve , lateral half - median nerve function: innervates wrist joint, MCP joints, PIP joints, and DIP joints

artery commonly used in cardiac bypass operations?

internal thoracic artery

the breast is supplied with blood via the ___________ (branch of __________) & the ____________ (branch of __________)

internal thoracic artery (branch of subclavian artery) lateral thoracic artery (branch of axillary artery)

latissimus dorsi: insertion

intertubercular groove of humerus

example of symphysis joint?

intervertebral discs

the spinal cord lies within the ___________

intervertebral foramen

dorsal and ventral roots unite in the ____________, forming a ___________, which immediately divides into what?

intervertebral foramen ; mixed spinal nerve ; ventral and dorsal primary rami

mixed spinal nerves & dorsal root ganglia are found in ____________, which are formed between ___________ & ____________

intervertebral foramina ; superior & inferior vertebral notches

major difference between endochondral ossification & intramembranous ossification?

intramembranous: this process does not include cartilage (CT --> bone) endochondral: CT --> cartilage --> bone

____________ back muscles originate from and insert on bones of the axial skeleton

intrinsic

deep muscles of the back are considered ___________, and are innervated by the ___________

intrinsic ; posterior (dorsal) rami

muscles of the suboccipital triangle are ___________, therefore the nerve that innervates them (_____________), is ___________ rami

intrinsic ; suboccipital nerve is dorsal rami

cancer of lactiferous ducts results in what?

inversion of nipple

what is the function of the sonic hedgehog gene?

involved in patterning anteroposterior axis and CNS development

75% of lymphatic drainage of the breast travels to __________ axillary nodes in the __________ quadrant, known as the _________ group

ipsilateral ; superolateral quadrant ; pectoral group

unilateral function of splenius muscles:

ipsilateral rotation & side bend of neck

what do we use when imaging to evaluate vascularity?

iv contrast

intervertebral discs are ______________. the inner gelatinous substance is known as ____________, while the outer layer is known as ___________

joints of vertebral bodies ; inner: nucleus pulposus ; outer: anulus fibrosis

rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by immobility of cilia? what does this disorder cause?

kartagener syndrome ; recurrent ear/nose infections, sterility in men

which organ is affected by herniation of the lumbar triangle of petit?

kidney

kyphosis: lordosis: scoliosis:

kyphosis: thoracic curvature (hunchback) lordosis: lumbar curvature (swayback) scoliosis: lateral curvature

as syncytiotrophoblasts burrow into the endometrium, __________ form, which fill with blood, which begins the _______________

lacunae form, fill with blood, which begins the uteroplacental circulation

the ligamentum flavum is found between ___________ of adjacent vertebrae

laminae

surgical procedures known as ___________ are performed in order to gain easier access to the spinal cord

laminectomies

the tracheosophageal septum divides the foregut into the ___________ and ____________

laryngo-tracheal tube & pharynx/esophagus

anterior divisions of the superior & middle trunk form the _________ cord of the brachial plexus

lateral

location of common extensor tendon?

lateral epicondyle of humerus

preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the _________ of the spinal cord, spanning between which vertebrae?

lateral horn ; t1 - l2

preganglionic fibers leave the _________, enter the sympathetic chain via the ___________, synapse with postganglionic neurons, and exit via the _____________

lateral horn ; white ramus communicans ; gray ramus communicans

somite growth causes the embryo to fold in the __________

lateral plane

transverse process of vertebra

lateral projections

what motion does the thoracic portion of the vertebral column specialize in?

lateral rotation

contents of cubital fossa from lateral to medial?

lateral: biceps tendon intermediate: brachial artery medial: median nerve

brachial plexus most lateral terminal branch: most medial terminal branch:

lateral: musculocutaneous nerve medial: ulnar nerve

epicondylitis lateral: medial:

lateral: tennis elbow (tendinosis of ECRB tendon) medial: golfer's elbow (repetitive wrist flexion)

the ___________, ___________, and __________ all attach to the intertubercular groove of the humerus, and act as ____________ of the arm

latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, and teres major ; medial rotators (adductors)

what is the corona radiata?

layers of cells that adhere to primordial follicles

how can you detect a potential case of RDS in a fetus?

lecithin-to-sphingomyelin ratio ; less than 2.0 is indicative of RDS

carpal bone subluxation is secondary to ____________

ligament disruption

hypertrophy of which vertebral ligaments can cause spinal stenosis?

ligamentum flava or posterior longitudinal ligament

where would you expect to find no parasympathetics?

limbs ; there are no parasympathetics in limbs

limbs undergo ___________ ossification, while the bones of the skull undergo ____________ ossification

limbs: endochondral ossification skull: intramembranous ossification

function of ligamentum nuchae?

limits flexion of occiput & cervical region

the radial nerve can be compressed in the radial tunnel by __________

lipoma

function of the thoracolumbar fascia?

load transfer elastic support (weight lifters belt) retinaculum for deep spine muscles

which head of the biceps brachii is lateral?

long head

which muscle attaches to the supraglenoid tubercle?

long head of biceps

which muscle attaches to the infraglenoid tubercle?

long head of triceps

patient undergoes radical mastectomy with extensive axillary dissection. later, winging of the scapula is exhibited. which nerve is likely damaged?

long thoracic nerve

serratus anterior: innervation

long thoracic nerve (ventral rami of C5-C7)

ape hand is characterized by what, and is caused by damage to which nerve?

loss of opposition ; median nerve

klumpke paralysis is due to damage of the ________ roots/________ trunk of the brachial plexus, and involves which terminal branches?

lower roots (c8 & t1)/inferior trunk ; ulnar nerve

teres major: innervation

lower subscapular nerve (c5-c6)

lumbar punctures are involved with the __________ space, while caudal anesthesia administration is associated with the __________ space

lumbar punctures: subarachnoid caudal: epidural

mammillary processes are found on __________ vertebrae, and serve what function?

lumbar vertebrae ; attachment of muscles in lumbar region

the _________ is the most frequently dislocated carpal bone. dislocation of this bone can result in __________

lunate ; carpal tunnel syndrome

hyperflexion of the DIP joint can result in what?

mallet (baseball) finger

serratus anterior: insertion

medial border of scapula

medial cutaneous nerve of brachium & antebrachium?

medial cord of brachial plexus

fracture of the ___________ of the humerus results in damage to the ulnar nerve

medial epicondyle

location of the common flexor tendon?

medial epicondyle of humerus

pectoralis minor: innervation

medial pectoral nerve

c7 --> _______ trunk --> _______ cord --> (terminal branch)

medial trunk ; posterior cord ; radial nerve & axillary nerve

c7 gives rise to the ________ trunk of the brachial plexus which forms the _________ cord. what nerves arise from this cord?

medial trunk ; posterior cord ; thoracodorsal nerve, subscapular nerves

Lateral two lumbricals: innervation

median nerve

anteromedial supracondylar fracture will damage which nerve?

median nerve

hand of benediction is caused by damage to which nerve?

median nerve

which portion of the brachial plexus lies between the musculocutaneous nerve & ulnar nerve

median nerve

supracondylar fracture will damage the (nerve) and the (artery)

median nerve ; brachial artery

all flexor muscles of the antebrachium are innervated by the __________ except the __________ & __________, which are instead innervated by the ___________

median nerve ; flexor carpi ulnaris & medial 1/2 of flexor digitorum profundus (digits 4 & 5) ; ulnar nerve

innervation of pronator teres & pronator quadratus?

median nerve ; remember, these are in anterior compartment of antebrachium

anterior compartment of antebrachium: innervation

median nerve EXCEPT flexor carpi ulnaris and medial 1/2 of flexor digitorum profundus

what leads to chromosomal abnormalities such as monosomies & trisomies?

meiotic nondisjunction

NTD characterized by fluid filled sac of the meninges that protrudes from the defect?

meningocele

NTD characterized by entire spinal cord at level of defect protruding into cystic cavity?

meningomyelocele

distinguishing feature of secondary chorionic villi?

mesoderm core ; cytotrophoblast core has been removed, replaced with dense CT

mammary glands are ____________

modified sweat glands

(lung development) alveolar period weeks: what is occurring?

month 8 thru childhood mature alveoli have well-developed capillary contacts

monozygotic twins conjoint twin:

more than 13 days

30 hours after fertilization, the zygote begins to divide, forming a __________ which has an inner ____________ layer, and an outer ____________ layer

morula ; embryoblast (inner) ; trophoblast (outer)

what nerves does poliomyelitis virus effect?

motor neurons in ventral column

best imaging method for soft tissue evaulation?

mri

anterior compartment of brachium: innervation

musculocutaneous nerve

lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm?

musculocutaneous nerve

lesions of the lateral cord of the brachial plexus cause injury to the __________ nerve

musculocutaneous nerve

most lateral branch of brachial plexus?

musculocutaneous nerve

which nerve of the brachial plexus innervates the anterior flexor muscles of the brachium?

musculocutaneous nerve

what is the superior thoracic aperture?

neck communicates with thoracic cavity

notochord induction is responsible for the formation of the ____________

nervous system

neuroectoderm give rise to ___________, which give rise to _____________

neural crest cells ; gives rise to ganglia and adrenal medulla

the brain & spinal cord arise embryonically from the ________

neural tube

spina bifida occulta is a __________ characterized by the presence of _____________, and is caused by underdevelopment of what?

neural tube defect ; abnormal patch of hair ; underdevelopment of primary ossification center in the vertebral arch

what is the main difference between mitosis & meiosis?

no DNA replication occurs during meiosis

postganglionic neurons will release _________ if the sympathetic nervous system is active

norepinephrine

the intercostobrahical nerve is not part of the ________, but rather a branch of the __________, and can result in ___________ if damaged

not part of brachial plexus ; branch of 2nd intercostal nerve ; loss of upper medial arm sensations

after the three germ layers have been formed, mesoderm begins to clump together, forming the __________

notochord

what is notochord induction?

notochord tells ectoderm to form neural plate

structurally, what occurs during spermiogenesis?

nucleus condense, cytoplasm sheds, acrosome & tail form

explain herniated discs

nucleus pulposus herniates through anulus fibrosus, and compresses nerve lying in the intervertebral foramen

what is the only derivative of the notochord present in adults?

nucleus pulposus of intervertebral discs

flexor carpi radialis origin insertion innervation

o: medial epicondyle i: 2nd metacarpal bone innervation: median nerve

flexor digitorum superficialis origin insertion innervation

o: medial epicondyle i: middle phalanx innervation: median nerve

flexor pollicis longus origin insertion innervation

o: medial epicondyle ins: distal phalanx of thumb inv: median nerve

splenius cervicis: origin & insertion

o: spinous processes of T3-T6 i: transverse processes of C1-C3

pectoralis major: origin & insertion

o: sternum, clavicle, ribs 1-6 I: intertubercular groove of humerus

boundaries of the suboccipital triangle?

oblique capitis superior oblique capitis inferior rectus capitis posterior major

most common bone fracture pattern?

oblique fracture

pronator quadratus: origin

oblique ridge of ulna

cervical vertebrae 1 articulates superiorly with the ____________ of the skull, which is known as the ____________

occipital condyles ; atlantooccipital joint

what is student's elbow?

olecranon bursitis

heads of the triceps brachii descend along the posterior of the brachium, finally inserting where?

olecranon of ulna

range of movement of certain regions of the vertebral column is determined by what?

orientation of the facets

serratus posterior superior: origin & insertion

origin: C7-T3 insertion: ribs 2-5

serratus posterior inferior: origin & insertion

origin: T11-L2 insertion: ribs 9-12

flexor digitorum profundus origin insertion innervation

origin: coronoid process of ulna distal: distal phalanges innervation: medial 1/2 - ulnar nerve , lateral 1/2 - median nerve

splenius capitis: origin & insertion

origin: ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7-T3 insertion: mastoid process and occipital bone

pronator teres: origin insertion innervation

origin: medial epicondyle of humerus insertion: radial shaft innervation: median nerve

prechordal plate forms the __________

oropharyngeal membrane (future mouth)

kyphosis is often associated with ____________

osteoporosis

superior transverse scapular ligament: what travels over it? what travels under it? atrophy of which muscles if this area is damaged?

over: suprascapular artery under: suprascapular nerve supraspinatus & infraspinatus

referred pain

pain is felt in an area deep to the skin, so GVA ascend & tell brain that it is in pain. but the brain cannot understand visceral afferents, so it just thinks of it as pain in the skin

what are the paravertebral ganglia?

paired sympathetic chains adjacent to the vertebral column

all of the median nerve passes through the carpal tunnel except for the __________ branch

palmar

PAD and DAB

palmar interossei = adduction dorsal interossei = abduction

which postganglionic fibers are shorter and have very little branching?

parasympathetic postganglionic fibers

which preganglionic fibers are longer?

parasympathetic preganglionic fibers

parietal lateral mesoderm creates structures of the ___________, while visceral lateral mesoderm forms ____________

parietal: internal body wall ; visceral: musculature of the GI tract

small bony arch located between facet joints is known as the ____________

pars interarticularis

spondylolysis is a result of fracture of the ____________ between which vertebrae?

pars interarticularis at L5-S1

what is spermiogenesis?

part of spermatogenesis, in which spermatids mature into spermatozoa

what is septation?

partitioning of the lungs into lobes by connective tissue

which pectoralis muscle is innervated by both the medial and lateral pectoral nerves?

pectoralis major clavicular head (lateral) sternal head (medial)

how does innervation of the two pectoralis muscles differ?

pectoralis major is innervated by both the lateral and medial pectoral nerve pectoralis minor is only innervated by the medial pectoral nerve

which muscles attach to the intertubercular groove of the humerus?

pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major

which muscle helps us orient the different groups of axillary lymph nodes?

pectoralis minor

which muscle is unique in that its origin is distal to its insertion?

pectoralis minor

which pectoralis muscle is innervated by only the medial pectoral nerve?

pectoralis minor

all splanchnic nerves are sympathetic EXCEPT?

pelvic splanchnic nerves

which splanchnic nerves are parasympathetic?

pelvic splanchnic nerves

posterior shoulder dislocations are often seen in what people?

people with seizures or those that are electrocuted

lung buds grow into the ___________, eventually forming ____________ which eventually separate the ________ and __________ cavities

pericardio-peritoneal canals ; pleuropericardial folds ; separates the pleural and pericardial cavities

why is the supraspinatus the most vulnerable rotator cuff muscle?

pinching of muscle by acromion

what kind of joint is the superior radioulnar joint?

pivot joint

the proximal radioulnar joint is a ________ joint formed by articulation between the ___________ and the __________, and its held in place by the ___________

pivot joint ; radial head & radial notch of ulna ; annular ligament

structure that separates maternal and fetal blood?

placenta

what is placenta previa?

placental implantation too close to the cervical os

part 3 of axillary artery are the _____________, which are _________ to the pec. minor

posterior and anterior circumflex humeral arteries ; lateral to

which compartment of the antebrachium does the supinator lie in?

posterior compartment

most common dislocation of the elbow?

posterior displacement of both ulna and radius

which artery supplies blood to the superficial extensor muscles?

posterior interosseous artery

what nerve does the arcade of froshe compress?

posterior interosseous nerve remember, this is a branch of the radial artery

the posterior interosseous nerve is a branch of the __________, while the anterior interosseous nerve is a branch of the ___________

posterior interosseous nerve: radial nerve anterior interosseous nerve: median nerve

spinous process of vertebra

posterior projection

c1 (atlas) does not have a spine, instead having a ___________, in which (muscle of the suboccipital triangle) attaches

posterior tubercle ; rectus capitis posterior minor attaches

cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves are (presynaptic/postsynaptic), (sympathetic/parasympathetic), and are at which levels of the spinal cord?

postsynaptic ; sympathetic ; t1 - t4

splanchnic nerves are entirely composed of _____________

preganglionic fibers this is because the fibers bypass synapsing in the sympathetic chain

explain the pathway of ANS preganglionic neurons

preganglionic fibers exit lateral horn of SC (t1-l2) travel and enter sympathetic chain via the white ramus communicans they synapse with postganglionic neurons they then exit via the gray ramus communicans, and travel to the effector

thoracic splanchnic nerves presynaptic or postsynaptic? parasympathetic or sympathetic? what levels of the SC?

presynaptic sympathetic t5 - t12

anterior longitudinal ligament -what does it prevent? -how is this ligament torn?

prevents hyperextension ; torn in whiplash

features of weeks 9-12 of fetal development:

primary ossification centers, intestines return to body, genitalia differentiation

primary curvature of the spine is due to ___________, while secondary curvature is due to __________

primary: height differences secondary: thickness differences

function of brown fat is to ____________, while white fat has the function of ___________

produce heat ; storage

what is the dens? what does it attach to?

projection of the axis (C2) ; attaches to posterior arch of the anterior tubercle on the atlas (C1)

what are the two movements possible at the proximal radioulnar joint?

pronation and supination

genetic recombination occurs during __________

prophase of meiosis I

function of prostaglandins during fertilization?

prostaglandins in semen stimulate uterine motility ; helps sperm reach uterine tube

brachialis proximal attachment: distal attachment: innervation:

prox: body of humerus distal: ulnar tuberosity inn.: musculocutaneous nerve

most common broken joint in the body?

proximal interphalangeal joints

neurons in dorsal root ganglions are __________

pseudo-unipolar

embryonic lung development stages

pseudoglandular (w 5-16) canalicular (w 16-26): terminal bronchioles divide into respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts form terminal sac (w 26 to birth): primitive alveoli form alveolar (m 8 thru childhood): alveoli have well-developed capillary contacts

pectoralis minor: function

pulls scapula anteriorly

the axillary nerve travels through the _____________, and innervates the _________ and ___________

quadrangular space ; deltoid & teres minor

most severe NTD is ____________, which causes what?

rachischisis ; exposure to neural tissue which becomes necrotic

the brachial artery travels distally, splitting into _________ & _________ once it reaches the forearm

radial & ulnar arteries

the deep palmar arch receives blood supply from which artery?

radial artery

arterial supply to the dorsum of the hand?

radial artery (primary contribution) anastomoses with the ulnar artery to form the dorsal carpal arch

anterolateral supracondylar fracture will damage which nerve?

radial nerve

extensor muscles of the brachium & antebrachium are innervated by which branch of the brachial plexus?

radial nerve

innervation of the brachioradialis?

radial nerve

largest & most frequently injured branch of the brachial plexus?

radial nerve

posterior cutaneous nerve of arm and forearm?

radial nerve

which branch of the brachial plexus innervates all extensor muscles of the arm & forearm?

radial nerve

major nerve & artery contained in the triangular interval?

radial nerve & deep brachial artery

midshaft fracture of humerus results in damage to the (nerve) and the origin of the (muscle)

radial nerve ; brachialis

midshaft fracture of humerus causes damage to the _________ nerve, which results in _________

radial nerve ; wrist drop ("Saturday night palsy")

in volkmann's ischemic contracture, the __________ is absent

radial pulse

distal attachment of biceps brachii?

radial tuberosity

the wrist is anatomically known as the ____________, and is what kind of joint?

radiocarpal joint ; condyloid type of synovial joint

two bones of the antebrachium?

radius (lateral) and ulna (medial)

importance of meiosis?

random assortment of parental genes ; genetic variation of populations

which muscles of the suboccipital triangle attach to the spine of the axis (C2)?

rectus capitis posterior major & oblique capitis inferior

which muscle of the suboccipital triangle attaches to the posterior tubercle of atlas?

rectus capitis posterior minor

the primitive gut tube has an anterior portion known as the ___________, which gives rise to the __________

respiratory diverticulum ; lungs

rhomboids: action

retracts scapula

what is the "million dollar" space?

retromammary space ; separates breast from deep pectoral fascia ; this is where breast implants are placed

the extrinsic muscles of the back that compose the intermediate layer are the __________ & __________, which are innervated by the ____________

rhomboids & levator scapulae ; dorsal scapular nerve

which extrinsic back muscles compose the intermediate layer? what do they do?

rhomboids & levator scapulae ; move upper limbs

serratus anterior: origin

ribs 1-8

which ribs are floating ribs?

ribs 11 & 12 ; no attachment to sternum

pectoralis minor: origin

ribs 2-5

which portion of the brachial plexus gives rise to the dorsal scapular nerve? also remind me, what muscles are innervated by this nerve?

root of c5 ; rhomboids & levator scapulae

what is erb's point?

roots of c5 & c6 join here before forming the superior trunk of the brachial plexus

from which portion of the brachial plexus does the long thoracic nerve arise from?

roots of c5-c7

randy travis drinks cold beer (brachial plexus)

roots, trunks, divisions, cords, branches

the epidural space extends to ___ & contains the ___________

s2 ; internal vertebral venous plexus

caudal epidural anesthesia is administered at the ________

sacral hiatus (S5)

facets of lumbar vertebrae have a __________ orientation

sagittal

best MRI view for injury to shoulder muscles?

sagittal mri

which two carpal bones are mostly responsible for articulation with the radius?

scaphoid & lunate

tom falls onto his palm, and hears a pop but thinks nothing of it. a few weeks later, he has sensitivity in his anatomical snuff box. what is a likely diagnosis?

scaphoid fracture

what produces pain in the anatomical snuff box?

scaphoid fracture

deep tenderness of the anatomical snuff box is indicative of a __________, which can cause damage to the (artery)

scaphoid fracture ; radial artery

boundaries of the triangle of auscultation?

scapula (medial) trapezius (lateral) latissimus dorsi (superior)

injury to dorsal scapular nerve results in what?

scapular deviation down and out due to weakness of rhomboids

serratus anterior: action

scapular protraction & upper limb abduction

somite compartments sclerotome: dermatome: myotome:

sclerotome: vertebral column dermatome: skin myotome: skeletal muscle

spermatogenesis occurs in the ____________. products are stored & functionally mature in the ___________

seminiferous tubules ; epididymis

which muscles does the greater occipital nerve pierce through while ascending to the back of the skull?

semispinalis capitis & trapezius

contents of dorsal root ganglion?

sensory nerve cell bodies

the breast sits on two muscles:

serratus anterior & pectoralis major

intermediate extrinsic respiratory muscles of the back? what do they do?

serratus posterior superior & inferior

phocomelia, characterized as _____________, can be caused by ____________, which affects the _______ gene

severe shortening of the limbs ; thalidomide ; SALL4 gene

diaphyses, known as ____________, are developed from __________ centers of ossification

shafts of long bone ; primary centers

fascia is defined as a ____________ which has what function?

sheet of collagenous connective tissue ; stabilizes & encloses muscles

which head of the biceps brachii is medial?

short head

what is the decidua?

site of adhesion between embryo & uterus

suspensory ligaments of cooper attach to _______ of the breast, while lactiferous ducts attach to _______

skin ; glands

list the parts of the axial skeleton.

skull, vertebral column, rib cage, hyoid bone, ossicles

symphysis joints are ___________, and are united by ___________

slightly moveable ; fibrocartilage

spinal nerves contain both __________ and _________ components

somatic and visceral

cavitation within lateral mesoderm gives rise to ___________ and ___________

somatic mesoderm & splanchnic mesoderm

somatic components pertain to _________, visceral components pertain to __________, and both are contained in a __________

somatic: skeletal muscles and skin visceral: organs spinal nerves contain both components

paraxial mesoderm gives rise to __________, which have the function of what?

somites, which form key elements of the skeletal body

before puberty, primordial sperm (_____________) are dormant. once puberty occurs, they become ____________

spermatogonia ----> primary spermatocytes

failure of the caudal neuropore to close results in __________

spina bifida

neural tube defect characterized by abnormal patch of hair growth on the back?

spina bifida occulta

why does the cauda equina form?

spinal cord grows faster than spinal column in embryonic development

rhomboids: origin

spinous processes of C7-T5 nuchal ligament

what is the one muscle that composes the spinotransversalis group?

splenius (capitis & cervicis)

which intrinsic muscles compose the superficial layer? what do they do?

splenius ; move head & neck

spondylolysis causes _____________, which is defined as what?

spondylolisthesis ; forward slippage of lumbar vertebrae (L5-S1)

transversospinalis group: action

stabilization of vertebral column, or rotation/bending if only one side contracts

start of the spinal cord: end of the spinal cord:

start: foramen magnum end: conus medullaris

what makes a rib "true"? what ribs are true?

sternal attachment via costal cartilage 1-7

the only bony link between the axial skeleton & the appendicular skeleton is the __________

sternoclavicular joint

function of FSH?

stimulates follicular development & estrogen production

space of the spinal cord that contains CSF:

subarachnoid space

in order to perform a lumbar puncture, the needle must reach the ____________ at _____

subarachnoid space at L3/L4

the subclavian artery gives rise to the ___________ arteries. these arteries descend down the arm. once they reach the inferior border of the (muscle), they are then called __________ arteries

subclavian -> axillary -> (reaches teres major) -> brachial

vertebral arteries are branches of the ___________. they ascend, and join at the _______, forming the ___________

subclavian artery ; pons ; basilar artery

clavipectoral fascia closes which muscles?

subclavius & pectoralis minor

superficial fascia is also known as the ___________

subcutaneous layer (or hypodermis)

C1, also known as the __________ artery, is strictly _________, meaning there is no _________ compartment, and it does not supply _________

suboccipital artery ; strictly motor ; no sensory compartment ; does not supply skin

which nerve is contained in the suboccipital triangle?

suboccipital nerve (dorsal ramus of C1)

fracture of the lesser tuberosity of humerus would affect which muscle?

subscapularis

muscle that attaches to anterior surface of scapula?

subscapularis

only RC muscle that performs medial rotation?

subscapularis

which rotator cuff muscle attaches to the lesser tubercle of the humerus?

subscapularis

the ___________ is the only RC muscle that sits on the _____________, and is only one that acts as a ___________ rotator

subscapularis ; lesser tubercle ; medial rotator

trapezius: artery

superficial brach of transverse cervical artery

which nerve innervates the dorsum of the hand, specifically the anatomical snuff box?

superficial branch of radial nerve

what muscles does the posterior interosseous artery supply?

superficial extensor muscles

levator scapulae: insertion

superior angle of scapula

the axillary nerve contains a cutaneous branch, known as the ____________, which is responsible for sensation in the _________. damage to this nerve results in "_____________"

superior lateral brachial cutaneous nerve ; sensation in deltoid ; "silver dollar pain"

Part 1 of Axillary Artery is the ___________, which is ________ to the pec. minor

superior thoracic artery ; medial to

c5 & c6 --> ________ trunk --> _______ cord --> (terminal branch)

superior trunk ; lateral cord ; musculocutaneous nerve & lateral portion of median nerve

c5 & c6 --> _______ trunk = which nerves?

superior trunk ; suprascapular nerve & subclavian nerve

c5 and c6 of brachial plexus join to form the ___________, which gives rise to which nerves?

superior trunk ; suprascapular nerve & subclavian nerve

which trunk of the brachial plexus has branches? what nerves branch off of this trunk?

superior trunk ; suprascapular nerve (infra/supra- spinatus) & subclavius nerve

sternum superior portion: inferior portion:

superior: manubrium inferior: xiphoid process

sacrum articulations superiorly: inferiorly: laterally:

superiorly: with L5 (lumbrosacral joint) inferiorly: with coccyx laterally: with ilium, forming the sacroiliac joint

what are Sertoli cells?

supporting cells of the seminiferous tubules

____________ fracture of the humerus results in damage to the median nerve

supracondylar

the thyrocervical trunk gives rise to what two arteries?

suprascapular artery dorsal scapular artery

remind me again: what are the suprasinatus and infraspinatus innervated by?

suprascapular nerve (c5-c7)

which nerves arise from the superior trunk of the brachial plexus? what muscles do these nerves innervate?

suprascapular nerve (infraspinatus and supraspinatus) & subclavian nerve (subclavius)

initiation of abduction is performed by which muscle?

supraspinatus

jobe's Test (empty can test) is used to test functionality of which muscle?

supraspinatus

kid playing football dislocates shoulder. following dislocation, he cannot initiate abduction of his arm. which muscle is likely injured?

supraspinatus

most commonly injured rotator cuff muscle?

supraspinatus

muscle that attaches to supraspinous fossa?

supraspinatus

which RC muscle does not really contribute to rotation of the arm?

supraspinatus remember, this muscle really specializes in initiation of abduction

name the muscles responsible for abduction of the arm, and list which nerve innervate each.

supraspinatus (suprascapular nerve) deltoids (axillary nerve) serratus anterior (long thoracic nerve) & trapezius (CN XI)

muscles of the rotator cuff innervated by the suprascapular nerve?

supraspinatus and infraspinatus

fracture of the greater tuberosity of humerus would affect which muscles?

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor

which rotator cuff muscles attach to the greater tubercle of the humerus?

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor

name the muscles of the rotator cuff

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis

the ligamentum nuchae is an extension of what?

supraspinous ligament

what ligaments must you pierce through in order to administer spinal anesthesia?

supraspinous ligament and intraspinous ligament

breasts are ________ glands, and are located in ___________

sweat glands ; superficial fascia

the ____________ is the "swimming muscle", while the __________ is the "boxing muscle"

swimming: latissimus dorsi boxing: serratus anterior

pain fibers always travel with your ____________

sympathetic nervous system

which postganglionic fibers are longer and have lots of branching?

sympathetic postganglionic fibers

sympathetic nervous system is located in the __________ region of the spinal cord, while the parasympathetic nervous system is located in the _________ region

sympathetic: thoracolumbar parasympathetic: craniosacral

synchondrosis joints are united by ___________, symphysis joints are untied by ___________, and are both examples of ___________

synchondrosis: hyaline cartilage ; symphysis: fibrocartilage ; cartilage joints

how does embryonic implantation occur?

syncytiotrophoblasts erode endometrium, and engorge decidual cells which provides embryo with nourishment

as tendons reach the hand, they enter a ___________, which serves the purpose of what?

synovial flexor sheath ; prevent tendons from pulling away from digits (bowstringing)

most common joints in the body?

synovial joints

plane joints are _________ joints, and an example is the ____ joint

synovial joints ; AC joint

condyloid joints are _________ joints, and an example is the ____ joint

synovial joints ; MCP joints

saddle joints are _________ joints, and an example is the _____ joint

synovial joints ; carpometacarpal joint

hinge joints are _________ joints, and an example is the ____ joint

synovial joints ; elbow joint

ball & socket joints are _________ joints, and an example is the ____ joint

synovial joints ; hip joint and glenohumeral joint

pivot joints are _________ joints, allow for ___________, and an example is the ____ joint

synovial joints ; rotation around an axis ; atlantoaxial joint

the elbow joint forms a ____________ joint, consisting of the ____________ and ___________ joints

synovial modified hinge joint ; humeroulnar & humeroradial joints

what is the only portion of the spinal cord that contains a lateral horn, which houses fibers of the ANS?

t1 - l2

what dermatome is the umbilicus?

t10

what is unique of vertebrae T12?

t12 is a transitional vertebra

which dermatome supplies the nipple?

t4

what does the left umbilical vein do?

take oxygenated blood to fetus

what is a SLAP tear?

tearing of biceps tendon can result in damage to superior glenoid labrum

hyperflexion injuries result in tearing of the _____________, which causes the _______ to protrude into the spinal cord

tearing of transverse ligament of atlas ; dens into spinal cord

study of abnormal development:

teratology

borders of the triangular interval

teres major, LH of triceps, shaft of humerus

RC muscle innervated by the axillary nerve?

teres minor

borders of the triangular space

teres minor, teres major, LH of triceps

ganglia found in or near the walls of organs?

terminal (intramural) ganglia

what is Allen's test?

test for sufficiency of ulnar artery prior to a bypass surgery block the radial artery, and see if color remains in the hand. if color remains, the ulnar artery is sufficiently supplying blood to hand if hand turns pale, ulnar artery is not providing sufficient blood supply to the hand

which intrinsic muscles in the hand are innervated by the median nerve?

thenar muscles & 2 lateral lumbricals

innervation thenar muscles: hypothenar muscles:

thenar: median nerve hypothenar: ulnar nerve

what is true of cervical vertebrae & nerves?

there are 7 vertebrae, but there are 8 cervical nerves ; c8 is between c7 & t1

what is unique of thoracic splanchnic nerves?

they do NOT synapse in the sympathetic chain these instead travel to abdomen, and synapse with preaortic ganglia

what is unique of veins in the vertebral venous plexuses?

they have no valves ; blood can flow superiorly or inferiorly

what is the septum transversum?

thickened mass of lateral mesoderm that surrounds the heart, and becomes the diaphragm

what is the filum terminale?

thin strand of pia mater that anchors the conus medullaris to the coccyx

what is the unique of the stability of the glenohumeral joint?

this joint is stabilized by the RC muscles, not ligaments like other joints

which portions of the vertebral column have primary curvature?

thoracic & sacral

the ___________ drains lymph from every region except the upper right quadrant of the body

thoracic duct

dowager's hump is associated with ___________, and is caused by ____________ due to ____________

thoracic kyphosis ; compression fractures ; osteoporosis

blood supply of pectoralis muscles?

thoracoacromial artery

part 2 of axillary artery are the ___________ & ___________, which are _________ to the pec. minor

thoracoacromial trunk & lateral thoracic artery ; inferior to

latissimus dorsi: artery

thoracodorsal artery

which three nerves can be damaged during mastectomy?

thoracodorsal bundle, long thoracic nerve & intercostobrachial nerve

latissimus dorsi: innervation

thoracodorsal nerve (C6 - C8)

fascia of the back muscles?

thoracolumbar fascia

the most common form of conjoined twins is ___________

thoracopagus

which digit in the hand has no PIP or DIP?

thumb ; only has an interphalangeal joint

the dorsal scapular artery arises from the ____________

thyrocervical trunk (1st part of subclavian artery)

what is dupuytren's contracture?

tightening of palmar aponeurosis

what causes dimpling of the breasts, giving an "orange peel" appearance?

traction of suspensory ligaments of Cooper

the spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) travels with the __________, forming a neurovascular bundle, and innervates which muscles?

transverse cervical artery & vein ; trapezius & sternocleidomastoid

the vertebral artery travels through ______________

transverse foramen of cervical vertebral bodies

distinguishing features of cervical vertebrae?

transverse foramina, triangular vertebral foramen

the dens is held in place by the ___________

transverse ligament of atlas

where do the oblique capitis superior & oblique capitis inferior attach?

transverse process of atlas (c1)

which intrinsic muscles compose the deep layer? what do they do?

transversospinalis (semispinalis, multifidus, rotators) ; moves spine

which extrinsic back muscles comprise the superficial layer? what do they do?

trapezius & latissimus dorsi ; move upper limbs

the olecranon process of the ulna serves as an attachment site for the ___________

triceps

which muscles in the brachium are innervated by the radial nerve?

triceps

in the third week of implantation, the ___________ disc has three layers:

trilaminar disc ; ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

the humerus articulates inferiorly with the ulna via the ____________, otherwise known as the ___________ joint

trochlea (humero-ulnar joint)

ribs 1-7 are called _________ because they __________

true ribs ; attach to sternum via costal cartilages

immobility of a lump in the breast indicates what?

tumor has invaded musculature

function of alveoli type I: type II:

type I: gas exchange type II: surfactant production

premature infants are not able to produce surfactant due to absence of _________. this results in _____________, which is the leading cause of newborn fatalities

type II alveoli ; respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)

which branches of the brachial plexus innervate the intrinsic muscles of the hand?

ulnar & median nerves

the interosseous arterial network is an extension of which major artery?

ulnar artery

the superficial palmar arch receives blood supply from which artery?

ulnar artery

which ligament is replaced during Tommy John surgery?

ulnar collateral ligament

the (ligament) is the main stabilizer of the medial elbow. damage to this can cause ___________, which is treated via ____________

ulnar collateral ligament ; pitcher's elbow ; Tommy john's surgery

fracture of the medial epicondyle results in damage to the (nerve)

ulnar nerve

medial two lumbricals: innervation

ulnar nerve

most intrinsic muscles of the hand are innervated by which nerve?

ulnar nerve

which nerve innervates the adductor pollicis?

ulnar nerve

which three nerves of the brachial plexus pass over the elbow?

ulnar nerve median nerve radial nerve

all intrinsic muscles of the hand are innervated by the _________, except the __________ & __________, which are innervated by the __________

ulnar nerve ; thenar muscles & 2 lateral lumbricals ; median nerve

what happens to the zona pellucida following fertilization?

undergoes change in polarity, which prevents polyspermy

what is the difference between the upper and lower subscapular nerves?

upper innervates only the subscapularis lower innervates both the subscapularis & teres major

erb's palsy is due to damage of the ________ roots/_______ trunk of the brachial plexus, and involves lesions of which nerves?

upper roots (c5 & c6)/superior trunk axillary nerve, musculocutaneous nerve, suprascapular nerve

subscapularis: innervation

upper subscapular nerve (c5) and lower subscapular nerve (c5-c6)

intermediate mesoderm forms structures of the ____________

urogenital system (kidneys & gonads)

90% of ectopic pregnancies occur in the ___________

uterine tubes

main parasympathetic nerve

vagus nerve (CN X)

__________ is used to treat epilepsy, but can incidentally result in ___________ if given during pregnancy

valproate ; neural tube defects

breast cancer spreads through (veins/arteries) while metastasizing to other tissues

veins

motor information exits the _______ horn of the spinal cord

ventral

which spinal nerves compose the brachial plexus?

ventral rami of C5-T1

C7 is also known as?

vertebra prominens

major artery contained in the suboccipital triangle:

vertebral artery

the yolk stalk, otherwise known as the ___________, connects what two structures?

vitelline duct ; connects yolk sac with midgut

winging of the scapula is caused by weakness of the (muscle) due to injury of the (nerve)

weakness of serratus anterior due to injury of long thoracic nerve

woman falls. complains of tingling & numbness along the medial border of her left hand. examination reveals froment's sign. weakness in which muscle explains the presence of froment's sign?

weakness to adductor pollicis medial border of hand is numb, meaning ulnar nerve is damaged ; froment's sign is characterized by weakness of the adductor pollicis

what is the critical period of embryonic development?

week 3-8

the embryonic period is up until _________. after this, it is known as the __________

week 8 ; fetal period (week 9 until birth)

(lung development) canalicular period weeks: what is occurring?

weeks 16-26 terminal bronchioles divide into respiratory bronchioles, which produce alveolar ducts

(lung development) terminal sac period weeks: what is occurring?

weeks 26 to birth primitive alveoli form, capillaries establish close contact

(lung development) pseudoglandular period weeks: what is occurring?

weeks 5-16 branching is forming terminal bronchioles, but no alveoli or respiratory bronchioles are present

what is Hilton's law?

when a nerve crosses a joint, it will send branches of innervation to that joint

the supinator muscle is only active when?

when arm is in pronated position

presentation of "hand of benediction"?

when asked to make a fist, patient can only perform flexion in medial half of flexor digitorum profundus patient cannot flex index finger or middle finger this is due to damage of median nerve

What is the sacral promontory?

where the first sacral vertebrae bulges into pelvic cavity

CNS tracts are located in __________ of the spinal cord

white matter

the flexor digitorum superficialis crosses and innervates three joints in the lower upper extremity. what are they?

wrist joint, MCP joint, PIP joint

best initial imaging screening tool?

x ray

gametes originate in the _________, then migrate and settle in the __________

yolk sac ; gonadal ridge

6 days after fertilization: -what structure is shed? -what does the blastocyst do? -what happens to the outer trophoblast layer?

zona pellucida is shed blastocyst adheres to endometrium trophoblast divides into two layers

synovial joints of vertebral arches between adjacent vertebrae are known as ____________, which are innervated by _____________, and permit _____________

zygapophyseal joints ; posterior (dorsal) rami of spinal nerves ; gliding movements between articular processes