anatomy exam 1
fibrous joints are classified as "________", and occur when two bones are connected by __________
"fixed joints" ; connected by dense CT
how many nerves pass through the carpal tunnel?
1 ; median nerve
name the superficial extensor muscles of the antebrachium (there are 7)
1. ECRL 2. ECRB 3. ECU 4. extensor digitorum 5. extensor digiti minimi 6. brachioradialis 7. anconeus
phases of the menstrual cycle
1. menstrual phase: uterine wall discarded 2. proliferative phase: endometrium thickens, follicles mature 3. luteal phase: corpus luteum signals endometrial thickening
the diaphragm arises from four sources:
1. septum transversum (central tendon) 2. pleuroperitoneal membranes (posterolateral parts) 3. dorsal mesentery of esophagus (crura and median portion) 4. body wall (periphery)
name the three muscles that attach to the coracoid process.
1. short head of biceps 2. coracobrachialis 3. pectoralis minor
name the deep extensor muscles of the antebrachium (there are 5)
1. supinator 2. abductor pollicis longus 3. extensor pollicis longus 4. extensor pollicis brevis 5. extensor indicis
how many tendons travel through the extensor retinaculum?
12
at day 24 of embryonic development, the embryo will have ____ somites, and is characterized by the presence of a __________
13 somites ; heartbeat present
scapular anastomosis is formed by branches of what arteries?
1st part of subclavian (suprascapular artery) + 3rd part of axillary artery (circumflex scapular artery)
trisomy 21: trisomy 13: trisomy 18:
21: downs 13: edwards 18: patau
serratus posterior superior: innervation
2nd-5th intercostal nerves
how many atlanto-axial articulations are there?
3 (2 lateral, 1 median)
total # of vertebrae?
33
end product of spermatogenesis?
4 haploid spermatids
what happens during meiosis I?
46 (diploid) --> 23 (haploid)
the sacrum is formed by __________, and shapes the ___________. it articulates superiorly with _____, inferiorly with ______, and laterally with ______
5 fused vertebrae shapes posterior pelvic wall superior articulation: L5 ; inferior articulation: coccyx ; lateral articulation: ilium
how many tendons pass through the carpal tunnel?
9 (4 from FDS, 4 from FDP, and 1 from flexor pollicis longus)
serratus posterior inferior: innervation
9th-12th intercostal nerves
both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems utilize _________ as their preganglionic neurotransmitter
ACh
postganglionic neurons will release _________ if the parasympathetic nervous system is active
ACh
glycoprotein synthesized in fetal yolk sac & liver is known as ______. decreased levels of this in maternal serum can signal ___________ in the embryo, while elevated levels can signal ___________
AFP ; decreased levels: Down syndrome ; elevated levels: neural tube defects
which muscles assist with abduction of the radiocarpal joint?
APL, FCR, ECRL, ECRB
the ligamentum nuchae (nuchal ligament) covers what area?
C1 - C6
levator scapulae: origin
C1-C4
what gives rise to the greater occipital nerve?
C2
where are uncovertebral joints found?
C3-C7
CNXI arises from?
C5 - C6
the brachial plexus is composed of which spinal nerves?
C5-T1
trapezius: innervation
CN XI (spinal accessory nerve)
which muscles assist with extension of the radiocarpal joint?
ECRL, ECRB, ECU
which muscles assist with adduction of the radiocarpal joint?
ECU and FCU
which muscles assist with flexion of the radiocarpal joint?
FCR and FCU
which embryonic gene is responsible for lengthening of the limbs?
FGF gene
what two reproductive hormones are released by the hypothalamus?
FSH & LH
inhibitory neurotransmitters of the CNS?
GABA (brain) and glycine (SC)
structures formed by endoderm?
GI tract
what is the only component sensory nerves contain?
GSA fibers
which nervous modality do joints and tendons have?
GSA for proprioception
GSA: GSE: GVA: GVE:
GSA: sensations from skin and skeletal muscle GSE: motor commands to skeletal muscles GVA: sensations from organs GVE: motor information to organs
which nervous modality do deep muscles of the back have?
GSE
which modality do cutaneous nerves not have?
GSE ; cutaneous nerves do not contain general somatic efferents
what is an important difference between GVE fibers and GSE fibers?
GVE fibers are a two neuron chain (preganglionic neuron & postganglionic neuron)
____ antibodies can cross the placental barrier
IgG
the lumbrosacral enlargement spans between _________
L1-S3
the spinal cord in children ends at ____
L3
the most inferior intervertebral disc is between which two vertebrae?
L5 & S1
the sacrum articulates superiorly with ____, forming the ___________
L5 ; lumbrosacral joint
ovulation occurs after a surge of (hormone). after the secondary oocyte is expelled, the ovarian follicle collapses & develops into the __________, which secretes ___________
LH surge ; corpus luteum ; progesterone
the brachial plexus has five terminal nerves. name them.
MARMU 1. median 2. axillary 3. radial 4. musculocutaneous 5. ulnar
five terminal branches of the brachial plexus?
MARMU musculocutaneous axillary radial median ulnar
cranial nerves & spinal nerves belong to the ______
PNS
Salter-Harris Classification
SALTER straight across (I) above (II) lower (III) two or through (IV) erasure of growth plate (V)
name the muscles that attach to the coracoid process.
SH of biceps, pectoralis minor, coracobrachialis
SH of biceps brachii attaches to the ____________, while the LH of biceps brachii attaches to the __________
SH: coracoid process LH: supraglenoid tubercle
rhomboids: insertion
Scapula (medial border)
myelinating cells of PNS?
Schwann cells
borders of the quadrangular space?
Superior: teres minor Inferior: teres major Medial: long head of triceps Lateral: humerus
_____ is the most commonly fractured vertebrae. it is unique in that it is a _____________. the superior half is ___________ in character, while the inferior half is ___________
T12 ; transitional vertebra ; superior half is thoracic ; inferior half is lumbar
root of the spine of scapula?
T3
inferior angle of scapula?
T7
latissimus dorsi: origin
T7-L5 thoracolumbar fascia iliac crest tubercles of sacrum ribs 10-12
connective tissue exclusively found in the umbilical cord?
Wharton's jelly
what type of x-ray view is preferred for a patient that cannot abduct their arm?
Y-view
movement away from the midline?
abduction
hypothenar eminence name the muscles, and innervation.
abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi, and opponens digiti minimi ulnar nerve
dorsal interossei action & innervation
abducts fingers ; deep branch of ulnar nerve
lymphatic drainage above umbilicus: below umbilicus:
above: axillary nodes below: inguinal nodes
what is congenital diaphragmatic herniation caused by?
absence of left pleuroperitoneal membrane
congenital diaphragmatic hernia is caused by what? what affect on lung growth? what affect on amniotic cavity?
absence of pleuroperitoneal membrane ; causes lung hypoplasia and polyhydramnios
how are cords of the brachial plexus named?
according to their position relative to the 2nd segment of the axillary artery
excitatory neurotransmitter that acts upon voluntary skeletal muscles?
acetylcholine
lateral point of shoulder?
acromion
the ___________ is needed in order for sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida
acrosome reaction
movement toward the midline?
adduction
muscle located between the pollux and indicis?
adductor pollicis
froment's sign indicates injury to the (muscle) which is innervated by (nerve)
adductor pollicis ; ulnar nerve
palmer interossei action & innervation
adducts fingers ; deep branch of ulnar nerve
as the embryo folds, splanchnic mesoderm does what?
adheres to endoderm and forms the primitive gut tube and surrounding musculature
afferent nerves are __________, while efferent nerves are __________
afferent: sensory efferent: motor
___________ connect the dens to tubercles of the medial side of the occipital condyle
alar ligaments
ABCs of x-rays
alignment bone cartilage soft tissue
all rotator cuff muscles act as ___________ rotators and insert on the ___________ tubercle except for the ____________
all RC muscles act as lateral rotators and insert on the greater tubercle, except the subscapularis
importance of anastomoses?
alternate blood supply in case of injury to a major artery
name the four layers of the fetal membrane:
amnion, chorion, yolk sac, allantois
a cartilaginous joint is also called a ____________, which has __________ mobility
amphiarthosis ; limited mobility
egg and sperm meet for fertilization where?
ampulla of uterine tube
___________ & __________ are examples of neural tube defects. these can potentially be prevented via __________
anencephaly & spina bifida ; folic acid supplementation
what ligament holds the radial head in place?
annular ligament
all extrinsic muscles of the back are innervated by the __________, except the __________ which is instead innervated by the ____________
anterior (ventral) rami ; trapezius ; CN XI (spinal accessory nerve)
37 y.o male survives car crash in which his neck was hyperextended. radiograph of cervical spine revealed fracture of odontoid process (dens). what is likely also injured?
anterior arch of atlas (posterior surface)
gibbus deformities are characterized by ___________ of vertebral bodies, results in __________, and is often associated with ____________
anterior collapse ; kyphosis ; spinal tuberculosis
which compartment of the antebrachium contains the pronator muscles?
anterior compartment
what is a bankart lesion?
anterior dislocation of humeral head due to damage of inferior glenohumeral joint
most common type of shoulder dislocation?
anterior inferior dislocation ; failure of the inferior glenohumeral ligament
which artery supplies blood to the deep extensor muscles?
anterior interosseous artery
which nerve allows us to give the "👌" sign?
anterior interosseous nerve
the ____________ is the largest branch of the median nerve, and is strictly a _________ nerve
anterior interosseous nerve ; motor nerve (no sensory)
42 y.o male presents with severe neck pain following whiplash injury. which ligament is likely disrupted?
anterior longitudinal ligament
brad gets in a car crash & experiences severe whiplash. following the accident, brad experiences hyperextension of the vertebral column. what ligament was likely damaged?
anterior longitudinal ligament
blood supply of the spinal cord
anterior spinal artery (1) posterior spinal arteries (2)
lower limbs anterior compartment: posterior compartment:
anterior: extensor muscles posterior: flexor muscles
brachium & antebrachium anterior compartment: posterior compartment:
anterior: flexor muscles posterior: extensor muscles
cloacal membrane forms the ________
anus
what is the last group of lymph nodes that receives lymph from the central axillary nodes of the breast?
apical (sub-clavicular) group
how are limbs formed?
apical ectodermal ridge (AER) secretes FGF (fibroblast growth factor) this stimulates outgrowth of the limb buds
the dorsal scapular nerve arises from ______, and innervates the ___________ & ___________
arises from root of C5 ; innervates rhomboids & levator scapulae
what is the atlanto-occiptal joint? what is its purpose?
articulation between C1 and occipital condyles of the skull allows us to nod head "yes"
what is the atlantoaxial joint? what is its purpose?
articulation between atlas & axis (C1 & C2) allows us to nod head "no"
lumbricals are attached to the (tendon), and perform what action?
attached to flexor digitorum profundus ; flexion of MCP joints
arterial supply of upper limb subclavian artery --> (?) - (?) - (? and ?)
axillary -> brachial -> ulnar & radial
the median nerve lies on top of the __________
axillary artery
the subclavian artery gives rise to the __________ artery, which traverses inferior to the (muscle). once it reaches the (muscle), it becomes the _________ artery
axillary artery ; pec. minor ; teres major ; brachial artery
lateral cutaneous nerve of arm?
axillary nerve
woman presents to ER with severe shoulder pain. examination confirms quadrangular space syndrome. which nerve is likely affected?
axillary nerve
lateral paresthesia of the shoulder is caused by injury of which nerve?
axillary nerve (deltoids and skin covering this muscle are not working)
fracture of the surgical neck of humerus results in damage to the (nerve) and the (artery), which are both contained in the ____________
axillary nerve ; posterior humeral circumflex artery ; quadrangular space
cancer of the breast often begins in the __________, which is located in the ____________
axillary tail ; superolateral quadrant
the cephalic vein ascends up the arm and empties into the __________
axillary vein
venous drainage of the breast?
axillary vein, internal thoracic vein & lateral thoracic vein
what type of x-ray view is preferred for observing posterior shoulder dislocations?
axillary view
glenohumeral joint: innervation
axillary, suprascapular, and lateral pectoral nerve
the basilic vein ascends up the arm, reaching the ________ vein, and finally the __________ vein
basilic --> axillary --> subclavian
there is no intervertebral disk between which two vertebrae?
between atlas & axis (c1 & c2)
location of the notochord?
between the neural tube & endoderm
name the muscles of the anterior compartment of the brachium.
biceps (LH & SH), coracobrachialis, brachialis
the _________ is the most powerful supinator of the brachium, and receives innervation from which nerve?
biceps brachii ; musculocutaneous nerve
the __________ ascends up the arm, and becomes part of the glenoid labrum
biceps tendon
contents of cubital fossa tendon: artery: nerve:
biceps tendon brachial artery median nerve
what tendon, artery, and nerve traverse through the cubital fossa?
biceps tendon brachial artery median nerve
what protects the bicep muscles when a venipuncture is performed?
bicipital aponeurosis
in the second week of implantation, the __________ disc has two layers:
bilaminar disc ; epiblast and hypoblast
what is gastrulation?
bilaminar disc to trilaminar disc
what is the fovea dentis?
binding site for the dens of the axis ; located on posterior arch of anterior tubercle
4 days following fertilization, the morula enters the uterus, and the embryo is now known as the __________
blastocyst
what is unique of the blood supply of the scaphoid?
blood supply goes from distal to proximal
Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle.
bones of the hand scaphoid lunate triquetrum pisiform trapezoid trapezium capitate hamate
disruption to the central portion of the phalangeal extensor mechanism can result in ____________, which presents as what?
boutonniere's deformity ; flexion of PIP, hyperextension of DIP
which artery is most likely at risk during venipuncture of the cubital fossa? what structure prevents this from happening?
brachial ; bicipital aponeurosis
supracondylar fracture of the humerus can cause damage to the (artery), which can result in ____________
brachial artery ; volkmann's ischemic contracture
most powerful flexor of the forearm?
brachialis
the coronoid process of the ulna serves as an attachment site for the ___________
brachialis
which muscle attaches to the coronoid process of the ulna?
brachialis
the ___________ is the most powerful flexor of the forearm, and receives innervation from which two nerves?
brachialis ; musculocutaneous nerve & small contribution from radial nerve
the cubital fossa lies between the __________ & _________, and the floor is formed by the __________
brachioradialis & pronator teres ; brachialis
radial nerve lies deep to the ___________, and divides into two branches. what does the superficial branch do?
brachioradialis ; cutaneous innervation of dorsum of the hand (NO MOTOR)
radial nerve lies deep to the ___________, and divides into two branches. the deep branch pierces through the (muscle), and does what?
brachioradialis ; supinator ; motor innervation to posterior compartment of antebrachium
which two extensor muscles do not cross the wrist joint?
brachioradialis and anconeus
which non-extensor muscles in the antebrachium are innervated by the radial nerve?
brachioradialis, supinator, abductor pollicis longus
musculocutaneous nerve: function in brachium? function in antebrachium?
brachium: innervates flexors antebrachium: lateral cutaneous nerve
the CNS consists of the ________ & _________
brain and spinal cord
external occipital protuberance
bump on back of head
which vertebrae does not contain a body?
c1 (atlas)
which is the only spinal nerve that does not participate in dermatomes?
c1 (suboccipital nerve)
c1 is also known as the _________, while c2 is known as the _________
c1: atlas c2: axis
c5 & c6 --> _______ trunk --> _______ cord = which nerve & which muscle?
c5 & c6 -> superior trunk -> lateral cord lateral pectoral nerve (pectoralis major)
which spinal nerves give rise to the superior trunk of the brachial plexus?
c5 and c6
terminal branches: which ventral rami? axillary nerve
c5, c6
terminal branches: which ventral rami? musculocutaneous nerve
c5-c7
terminal branches: which ventral rami? radial nerve
c5-t1
the cervical enlargement spans between ________, and gives rise to the __________
c5-t1 ; brachial plexus
terminal branches: which ventral rami? median nerve
c6-t1
the vertebral artery ascends & passes through the transverse foramina of all cervical vertebrae except _______
c7
c7 --> ________ trunk --> ________ cord = which nerves & which muscles?
c7 --> medial trunk --> posterior cord --> thoracodorsal nerve (latissimus dorsi) upper subscapular nerve (subscapularis) lower subscapular nerve (teres major & subscapularis)
terminal branches: which ventral rami? ulnar nerve
c8 & t1
damage to which branches of the brachial plexus will not affect the shoulder?
c8 & t1 (inferior trunk) ; klumpke's paralysis
c8 & t1 --> _______ trunk --> ______ cord = which nerves & which muscles?
c8 & t1 -> inferior trunk -> medial cord -medial pectoral nerve (pec. major/minor) -medial cutaneous nerve of arm
which spinal nerves give rise to the inferior trunk of the brachial plexus?
c8 and t1
in order for fertilization to occur, sperm must undergo ____________. what structural changes occur?
capacitation ; glycoprotein coat & seminal proteins are removed
perilunate dislocation
capitate dislocated dorsally
the humerus articulates inferiorly with the radius via the ___________, otherwise known as the __________ joint
capitulum (humeroradial joint)
all splanchnic nerves are presynaptic except ______________
cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves
which are the only splanchnic nerves that synapse in the sympathetic chain?
cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves (t1 - t4)
area deep to the flexor retinaculum?
carpal tunnel
what do the umbilical arteries do?
carry deoxygenated blood to placenta
what is the glenoid labrum?
cartilage that deeps the glenoid fossa, and helps with attachment of humeral head
excitatory neurotransmitters that control the sympathetic nervous system?
catecholamines
inferior nerve roots of the vertebral column?
cauda equina
the primitive streak indicates the __________ end of the embryo
caudal
what is the glenoid fossa?
cavity where head of humerus fits
gray matter of spinal cord consists of ___________, while white matter consists of ___________
cell bodies ; myelinated axons
what is the primitive streak?
cells begin to migrate inward, separate the epiblast and hypoblast, and form the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
organization of axillary lymph flow
central nodes --> apical nodes --> supraclavicular nodes --> venous circulation
the two major veins that drain the arm, the __________ vein which runs __________ & the _________ vein which runs __________ descend down the arm, joining to form the ____________
cephalic (lateral) ; basilic (medial) ; medial cubital vein
what structures pierce through clavipectoral fascia?
cephalic vein, lateral pectoral nerve, and thoracoacromial artery
which portions of the spine specialize in flexion & extension?
cervical & lumbar
which portions of the vertebral column have secondary curvature?
cervical & lumbar
regions of the vertebral column
cervical (7) thoracic (12) lumbar (5) sacral (5) coccygeal
essential elements of placenta are ____________, which are surrounded by ___________
chorionic villi ; maternal blood
riskiest method for monitoring fetal development?
chorionic villus sampling
what occurs during telophase?
chromatids are pulled to opposite ends of cell
what occurs during metaphase?
chromosomes line up in the middle of cell
major artery contained in the triangular space?
circumflex scapular artery
first bone to begin ossification is the ____________, which is also the most commonly fractured bone
clavicle
borders of the clavipectoral triangle?
clavicle (superior) pectoralis major (medial) deltoid (lateral)
trapezius: insertion
clavicle, acromion, scapular spine
collection of cell bodies CNS: PNS:
cns: nucleus pns: ganglion
collection of axons CNS: PNS:
cns: tract pns: nerve
what is atelectasis?
collapse of alveoli due to absence of surfactant ; this causes RDS
the cisterna chyli is characterized as a _____________, and gives rise to the __________
collection of lymph nodes in abdomen ; thoracic duct
what are extensor hoods?
collection of tendons from the extensor digitorum and extensor pollicis longus on the dorsum of the hand
What is a tracheoesophageal fistula?
complete failure of lung to develop
high impact injuries cause what type of bone fracture pattern?
compound fracture
most common cause of carpal tunnel syndrome?
compression of median nerve
scheuermann's disease is an (congenital/acquired) form of kyphosis, and is caused by what?
congenital frontal sections of vertebrae grow slower than back sections
what does the supraspinous ligament do?
connect spinous processes dorsally
what is the interosseous membrane?
connective tissue between bones of the antebrachium
__________, ____________, and __________ are flexors of the brachium, and are innervated by which terminal branch of the brachial plexus?
coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, brachialis ; musculocutaneous nerve
patient presents to ER with clean separation of the shoulder. which ligament is likely damaged?
coracoclavicular ligament
rupture of the ______________ results in shoulder separation, and appears as a "__________" deformity
coracoclavicular ligament ; "step off" shoulder separation
pectoralis minor: insertion
coracoid process
the coracoid process is observed on the _________ surface of the scapula while the spine is on the _________ surface of the scapula
coracoid process: anterior scapular spine: posterior
facets of thoracic vertebrae have a ___________ orientation
coronal
subluxation of the elbow usually result in fracture of the __________
coronoid process
distinguishing feature of thoracic vertebrae?
costal facets
growth of the neural tube causes the embryo to fold in the ___________
cranio-caudal axis
preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system are located where?
cranium or sacral region of SC
best imaging method for osseous injury?
ct scan
hypertrophy of the flexor carpi ulnaris can result in ___________, which is characterized by what?
cubital tunnel syndrome ; numbness and pain in 4th and 5th digits
mixed nerves that innervate the skin are termed ____________, and contain no _______ components
cutaneous nerves ; no GSE components
most common fetal viral infection?
cytomegalovirus (CMV)
_____________ and ____________ are the layers of trophoblasts, the latter having the function of _____________
cytotrophoblasts & syncytiotrophoblasts ; erode endometrium so that blastocyst can implant
waiter's tip deformity causation? presentation?
damage to c5 & c6 (erb's point) -adducted shoulder -medial rotation of arm -extended elbow
klumpke paralysis causation? which nerves affected?
damage to c8 & t1 ulnar nerve & median nerve, which innervate intrinsic muscles of the hand, are damaged
limb buds appear at ________ of embryonic development, and there are ______ somites present
day 28-30 ; 30-35 somites
monozygotic twins monochorionic/diamniotic:
days 4-8
monozygotic twins monochorionic/monoamniotic:
days 8-12
the fetal contribution to the placenta is the ___________
decidua basalis
deep artery of the posterior compartment of the arm? also, what space is this found in?
deep brachial (profunda brachii) artery ; found in the triangular interval
what muscles does the anterior interosseous artery supply?
deep extensor muscles
the axillary tail lies deep to the _________, is located in the ___________, and is often the starting point for ___________
deep fascia ; superolateral quadrant ; breast cancer
what do deep veins and superficial veins of the hand do, respectively?
deep veins: follow the arteries superficial veins: drain into dorsal venous network
deep fascia is composed of what?
dense CT
serratus posterior inferior: action
depresses ribs
region of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve?
dermatome
what is the function of the primitive streak?
determines the body axis of the embryo
what structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
diaphragm
synovial joints are also known as ___________, and are characterized by the presence of a __________
diarthrosis ; joint cavity
most common implantation of monozygotic twins?
dichorionic/diamniotic (days 0-4)
what is nursemaid's elbow?
dislocation of radial head due to tearing of annular ligament
shoulder dislocation is caused by failure of the _____________, while shoulder separation is due to rupture of the ____________
dislocation: failure of IGHL separation: rupture of coracoclavicular ligament
how is embryonic endoderm formed?
displacement of hypoblast
_________ fractures of the scaphoid have the greatest success of healing
distal
what does the coronal plane do?
divides body into anterior and posterior
what does the transverse plane do?
divides body into superior and inferior
what does the sagittal plane do?
divides the body into left and right sides
sensory information will reach which horn of the spinal cord?
dorsal horn
innervation of intrinsic muscles of the back?
dorsal primary rami
innervation of the muscles of the subocciptal triangle?
dorsal ramus of C1 (suboccipital nerve)
in what portion of a spinal nerve would you not expect to see synapses?
dorsal root ganglion
where does shingles lay dormant, and how does it travel back to superficial layer of skin?
dorsal root ganglion ; anterograde transport
rhomboid winging is caused by injury to the (nerve)
dorsal scapular nerve
what happens during meiosis II?
each chromosome divides into two, each half going into a separate gamete
what is true of dizygotic twins?
each embryo has its own amnion, chorion, and placenta
levator scapulae: action
elevate and rotate scapula
serratus posterior superior: action
elevates ribs
trapezius: action
elevation, depression, retraction, and medial rotation of scapula
all epithelial lining of the respiratory system arise from which germ layer?
endoderm
epiphyses, which are the ____________, are developed from ___________ centers of ossification
ends of the long bone ; secondary centers
layer of the embryoblast facing the amniotic cavity?
epiblast
the three embryonic germ layers all arise from __________
epiblast
damage to c5 & c6 can result in __________, in which patient presents with a _________ hand
erb's palsy ; waiter's tip hand
which intrinsic muscles compose the intermediate layer? what do they do?
erector spinae group ; moves spine
what is polyhydramnios, and what is it caused by?
excess fluid in amniotic cavity, which is caused by lung hypoplasia due to absence of pleuroperitoneal membrane
bilateral function of splenius muscles:
extends head & neck "look up at the ceiling"
increase in joint angle?
extension
those with tennis elbow will have issues performing which motion?
extension
subocciptal region: action
extension & rotation of head and neck
tennis elbow is caused by repeated ___________ of the wrist, causing damage to the __________ nerve, and is characterized by tenderness of the __________ epicondyle
extension ; radial nerve ; lateral epicondylitis
colles fracture is a(n) ___________ fracture of the radius, is caused by falling on the _______ of the hand, and causes distal portion of radius to move __________
extension fracture ; palm ; dorsally
latissimus dorsi: action
extension, adduction, medial rotation
posterior divisions of brachial plexus will innervate _________ muscles
extensor
which extensor muscle of the antebrachium inserted on metacarpal 3?
extensor carpi radialis brevis
which extensor muscle of the antebrachium inserts on metacarpal 2?
extensor carpi radialis longus
which muscles in the antebrachium are innervated by the radial nerve?
extensor muscles (and anconeus)
anatomical snuff box contents tendons: artery: bone:
extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus, abductor pollicis longus radial artery scaphoid bone
name the borders of the anatomical snuff box.
extensor pollicis longus extensor pollicis brevis abductor pollicis longus
Trapezius: origin
external occipital protuberance nuchal ligament C7-T12
which type of x-ray view is preferred for observing fractures of the medial humeral head & glenoid fossa?
external rotation view
___________ back muscles originate from the axial skeleton but insert on bones of the appendicular skeleton
extrinsic
superficial & intermediate muscles of the back are considered __________, and are innervated by the ___________
extrinsic ; anterior (ventral) rami
what is a tracheoesophageal fistula, and what does it cause?
failure of tracheoesophageal septum ; coughing/choking while swallowing, excess fluid in mouth, pneumonitis
ribs 8-10 are _________, and attach to the sternum via ___________
false ribs ; costal margin attachments
what is the intermuscular septa?
fascia that separates flexor compartment from extensor compartment in the brachium & antebrachium
distinguishing feature of tertiary chorionic villi?
fetal capillaries ; vascularization
primary oocytes are produced during ___________, and are arrested at ______________. they do not progress to a ____________ until ____________ occurs
fetal life ; prophase of meiosis 1 ; secondary oocyte until fertilization occurs
sutures, syndemoses, and interosseous membranes are examples of what kind of joints?
fibrous joints
how do secondary oocytes reach the uterine tube?
fimbriae
decrease in joint angle?
flexion
those with golfer's elbow will have issues performing which motion?
flexion
smith's fracture is a(n) __________ fracture of the radius, is caused by falling on the _______ of the hand, and causes distal portion of radius to move __________
flexion fracture ; dorsum ; ventrally
what do lumbricals do?
flexion of MCP joints
injury to the musculocutaneous nerve results loss of which actions?
flexion of elbow & supination of antebrachium
what motions combine to form circumduction?
flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction
anterior divisions of brachial plexus will innervate _________ muscles
flexor
superficial flexors of the antebrachium:
flexor carpi radialis palmaris longus flexor carpi ulnaris pronator teres
superficial flexors of antebrachium -name them -name their origin -name their innervation
flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, pronator teres, palmaris longus origin: medial epicondyle of arm innervation: all are innervated by median nerve except flexor carpi ulnaris (ulnar nerve)
which flexor muscles of the antebrachium are innervated by the ulnar nerve?
flexor carpi ulnaris & medial 1/2 of flexor digitorum profundus (digits 4 & 5)
which flexor digitorum muscle innervates both PIP and DIP joints of the hand?
flexor digitorum profundus
deep flexors of antebrachium:
flexor digitorum profundus flexor pollicis longus pronator quadratus
which muscles are most affected in those with volkmann's ischemic contracture?
flexor digitorum profundus & flexor pollicis longus
there are three muscles with dual innervation. name them.
flexor digitorum profundus (ulnar & median nerve) pec. major (lateral and medial pectoral nerve) subscapularis (lower and upper subscapular nerve)
which of the flexor digitorum muscles has dual innervation?
flexor digitorum profundus ; remember that medial half of this muscle is innervated by ulnar nerve, while lateral half is innervated by median nerve
which flexor digitorum muscle innervates only PIP joints of the hand?
flexor digitorum superficialis
intermediate flexor of antebrachium is the ____________, which is innervated by the ___________
flexor digitorum superficialis ; median nerve
__________, __________, and __________ make up the thenar muscles, which are innervated by the __________ branch of the __________ nerve
flexor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis brevis, and opponens pollicis recurrent branch of median nerve
muscles of the thenar eminence (name them) are responsible for what?
flexor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis opposition of thumb
which muscles does the anterior interosseous nerve innervate?
flexor pollicis longus, flexor digitorum profundus (lateral 1/2), and pronator quadratus remember, this is an extension of the median nerve
the ____________ lies superficial to the carpal tunnel, and gives rise to muscles of the __________ & __________
flexor retinaculum ; thenar & hypothenar eminences
the spinal cord begins at the ____________, travels with the ____________, and ends inferiorly at the ___________
foramen magnum ; travels with medulla oblongata ; conus medullaris (L1-L2)
the esophagus arises from a portion of the _________
foregut
after embryonic folding, the intraembryonic portion of the yolk sac is divided into the _________, ________, and _________
foregut, midgut, and hindgut
which type of fracture would result in avascular necrosis of the humeral head?
fracture of anatomical neck
what is a "boxer's fracture"?
fracture of the 5th metacarpal
what is a Salter-Harris fracture?
fracture of the physis (growth plate) in children
scapulothoracic joint: -what kind of joint is it? -what muscles is it between? -function?
functional joint b/w serratus anterior & subscapularis allows scapula to move against rib cage
as the embryo folds, somatic mesoderm does what?
fuses antero-ventrally with embryonic ectoderm to form the body wall
what are the prevertebral ganglia?
ganglia anterior to the aorta in the abdomen
which joint has the greatest range of motion in the body?
glenohumeral joint
what would you give to an expecting mother that is at risk of having a child with RDS?
glucocorticoids
most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS?
glutamate
an oocyte arrested at metaphase II of meiosis II is known as a ____________
graafian follicle
C2 gives rise to the ____________, which acts as the first ____________
greater occipital nerve ; first cutaneous (sensory) nerve
hypertrophy of the semispinalis capitis would cause compression of the ____________, causing ___________. this can be relieved how?
greater occipital nerve ; occipital neuralgia ; botox injections
C2 gives rise to the (nerve). this nerve travels through the suboccipital triangle, ascending to back of the skull, passing (muscle) in the process
greater occipital nerve ; passes through semispinalis capitis
midshaft fracture of the clavicle is known as a ___________, which can affect nerves of the __________ and the __________ artery & vein
greenstick fracture ; brachial plexus nerves, and the subclavian artery & vein
high levels of _____ signal pregnancy. what is the job of this hormone?
hCG ; tells the corpus luteum to continue producing progesterone
fracture of the (carpal bone) can damage the ulnar nerve, resulting in ___________
hamate --> compression of ulnar nerve --> guyon's canal syndrome
hyperextension injuries, otherwise known as a "____________", is characterized as what?
hangman's fracture ; bilateral fracture transversing the pars interarticularis of C2
meiosis creates __________ gametes
haploid
what is unique of disc herniations in the lumbar/sacral region?
herniation of discs in this region compress the nerve of the inferior disc, NOT the disc that is herniated L4 herniation will damage the L5 root L5 herniation will damage the S1 root
function of the transverse humeral ligament?
holds biceps tendon in place at the intertubercular groove
mutation of the sonic hedgehog gene can result in _____________, which is characterized as what?
holoprosencephalon: brain doesn't properly divide into left & right hemispheres
cavitation of lateral mesoderm forms a ___________. as the embryo begins to fold, the developing brain will push front end of embryo, forming the ___________
horseshoe cavity ; pericardial coelom
synchondrosis joints are united by __________
hyaline cartilage
the anterior longitudinal ligament prevents ____________, while the posterior longitudinal ligament prevents ___________
hyperextension ; hyperflexion
what is ulnar claw hand?
hyperextension of the MCP joints on the 4th and 5th digits MCP joints are unable to flex because lumbricals for these digits are non-functional due to ulnar nerve damage
all muscles of our limbs arise from _________
hypoblast
layer of the embryoblast adjacent to the exocelomic cavity?
hypoblast
LH is secreted by the ____________, triggers __________, and stimulates production of ___________
hypothalamus ; triggers ovulation ; progesterone
the reproductive cycle is regulated by the ___________, ___________ and _________
hypothalamus, pituitary gland, ovaries
boundaries of the lumbar triangle of petit?
iliac crest latissimus dorsi external oblique muscle
erector spinae muscles lateral column: intermediate column: medial column:
iliocostalis longissimus spinalis
what is an synarthrosis?
immovable joint
what is considered the most important glenohumeral ligament? what is the function of this ligament?
inferior glenohumeral ligament (IGHL) ; injury can cause anterior dislocation of humeral head
c8 & t1 --> ________ trunk --> ________ cord --> (terminal branch)
inferior trunk ; medial cord ; ulnar nerve ; intrinsic muscles of hand
which muscles of the back are responsible for lateral rotation of the arm?
infraspinatus and teres minor
flexor digitorum profundus innervation: function:
innervation: medial half - ulnar nerve , lateral half - median nerve function: innervates wrist joint, MCP joints, PIP joints, and DIP joints
artery commonly used in cardiac bypass operations?
internal thoracic artery
the breast is supplied with blood via the ___________ (branch of __________) & the ____________ (branch of __________)
internal thoracic artery (branch of subclavian artery) lateral thoracic artery (branch of axillary artery)
latissimus dorsi: insertion
intertubercular groove of humerus
example of symphysis joint?
intervertebral discs
the spinal cord lies within the ___________
intervertebral foramen
dorsal and ventral roots unite in the ____________, forming a ___________, which immediately divides into what?
intervertebral foramen ; mixed spinal nerve ; ventral and dorsal primary rami
mixed spinal nerves & dorsal root ganglia are found in ____________, which are formed between ___________ & ____________
intervertebral foramina ; superior & inferior vertebral notches
major difference between endochondral ossification & intramembranous ossification?
intramembranous: this process does not include cartilage (CT --> bone) endochondral: CT --> cartilage --> bone
____________ back muscles originate from and insert on bones of the axial skeleton
intrinsic
deep muscles of the back are considered ___________, and are innervated by the ___________
intrinsic ; posterior (dorsal) rami
muscles of the suboccipital triangle are ___________, therefore the nerve that innervates them (_____________), is ___________ rami
intrinsic ; suboccipital nerve is dorsal rami
cancer of lactiferous ducts results in what?
inversion of nipple
what is the function of the sonic hedgehog gene?
involved in patterning anteroposterior axis and CNS development
75% of lymphatic drainage of the breast travels to __________ axillary nodes in the __________ quadrant, known as the _________ group
ipsilateral ; superolateral quadrant ; pectoral group
unilateral function of splenius muscles:
ipsilateral rotation & side bend of neck
what do we use when imaging to evaluate vascularity?
iv contrast
intervertebral discs are ______________. the inner gelatinous substance is known as ____________, while the outer layer is known as ___________
joints of vertebral bodies ; inner: nucleus pulposus ; outer: anulus fibrosis
rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by immobility of cilia? what does this disorder cause?
kartagener syndrome ; recurrent ear/nose infections, sterility in men
which organ is affected by herniation of the lumbar triangle of petit?
kidney
kyphosis: lordosis: scoliosis:
kyphosis: thoracic curvature (hunchback) lordosis: lumbar curvature (swayback) scoliosis: lateral curvature
as syncytiotrophoblasts burrow into the endometrium, __________ form, which fill with blood, which begins the _______________
lacunae form, fill with blood, which begins the uteroplacental circulation
the ligamentum flavum is found between ___________ of adjacent vertebrae
laminae
surgical procedures known as ___________ are performed in order to gain easier access to the spinal cord
laminectomies
the tracheosophageal septum divides the foregut into the ___________ and ____________
laryngo-tracheal tube & pharynx/esophagus
anterior divisions of the superior & middle trunk form the _________ cord of the brachial plexus
lateral
location of common extensor tendon?
lateral epicondyle of humerus
preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the _________ of the spinal cord, spanning between which vertebrae?
lateral horn ; t1 - l2
preganglionic fibers leave the _________, enter the sympathetic chain via the ___________, synapse with postganglionic neurons, and exit via the _____________
lateral horn ; white ramus communicans ; gray ramus communicans
somite growth causes the embryo to fold in the __________
lateral plane
transverse process of vertebra
lateral projections
what motion does the thoracic portion of the vertebral column specialize in?
lateral rotation
contents of cubital fossa from lateral to medial?
lateral: biceps tendon intermediate: brachial artery medial: median nerve
brachial plexus most lateral terminal branch: most medial terminal branch:
lateral: musculocutaneous nerve medial: ulnar nerve
epicondylitis lateral: medial:
lateral: tennis elbow (tendinosis of ECRB tendon) medial: golfer's elbow (repetitive wrist flexion)
the ___________, ___________, and __________ all attach to the intertubercular groove of the humerus, and act as ____________ of the arm
latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, and teres major ; medial rotators (adductors)
what is the corona radiata?
layers of cells that adhere to primordial follicles
how can you detect a potential case of RDS in a fetus?
lecithin-to-sphingomyelin ratio ; less than 2.0 is indicative of RDS
carpal bone subluxation is secondary to ____________
ligament disruption
hypertrophy of which vertebral ligaments can cause spinal stenosis?
ligamentum flava or posterior longitudinal ligament
where would you expect to find no parasympathetics?
limbs ; there are no parasympathetics in limbs
limbs undergo ___________ ossification, while the bones of the skull undergo ____________ ossification
limbs: endochondral ossification skull: intramembranous ossification
function of ligamentum nuchae?
limits flexion of occiput & cervical region
the radial nerve can be compressed in the radial tunnel by __________
lipoma
function of the thoracolumbar fascia?
load transfer elastic support (weight lifters belt) retinaculum for deep spine muscles
which head of the biceps brachii is lateral?
long head
which muscle attaches to the supraglenoid tubercle?
long head of biceps
which muscle attaches to the infraglenoid tubercle?
long head of triceps
patient undergoes radical mastectomy with extensive axillary dissection. later, winging of the scapula is exhibited. which nerve is likely damaged?
long thoracic nerve
serratus anterior: innervation
long thoracic nerve (ventral rami of C5-C7)
ape hand is characterized by what, and is caused by damage to which nerve?
loss of opposition ; median nerve
klumpke paralysis is due to damage of the ________ roots/________ trunk of the brachial plexus, and involves which terminal branches?
lower roots (c8 & t1)/inferior trunk ; ulnar nerve
teres major: innervation
lower subscapular nerve (c5-c6)
lumbar punctures are involved with the __________ space, while caudal anesthesia administration is associated with the __________ space
lumbar punctures: subarachnoid caudal: epidural
mammillary processes are found on __________ vertebrae, and serve what function?
lumbar vertebrae ; attachment of muscles in lumbar region
the _________ is the most frequently dislocated carpal bone. dislocation of this bone can result in __________
lunate ; carpal tunnel syndrome
hyperflexion of the DIP joint can result in what?
mallet (baseball) finger
serratus anterior: insertion
medial border of scapula
medial cutaneous nerve of brachium & antebrachium?
medial cord of brachial plexus
fracture of the ___________ of the humerus results in damage to the ulnar nerve
medial epicondyle
location of the common flexor tendon?
medial epicondyle of humerus
pectoralis minor: innervation
medial pectoral nerve
c7 --> _______ trunk --> _______ cord --> (terminal branch)
medial trunk ; posterior cord ; radial nerve & axillary nerve
c7 gives rise to the ________ trunk of the brachial plexus which forms the _________ cord. what nerves arise from this cord?
medial trunk ; posterior cord ; thoracodorsal nerve, subscapular nerves
Lateral two lumbricals: innervation
median nerve
anteromedial supracondylar fracture will damage which nerve?
median nerve
hand of benediction is caused by damage to which nerve?
median nerve
which portion of the brachial plexus lies between the musculocutaneous nerve & ulnar nerve
median nerve
supracondylar fracture will damage the (nerve) and the (artery)
median nerve ; brachial artery
all flexor muscles of the antebrachium are innervated by the __________ except the __________ & __________, which are instead innervated by the ___________
median nerve ; flexor carpi ulnaris & medial 1/2 of flexor digitorum profundus (digits 4 & 5) ; ulnar nerve
innervation of pronator teres & pronator quadratus?
median nerve ; remember, these are in anterior compartment of antebrachium
anterior compartment of antebrachium: innervation
median nerve EXCEPT flexor carpi ulnaris and medial 1/2 of flexor digitorum profundus
what leads to chromosomal abnormalities such as monosomies & trisomies?
meiotic nondisjunction
NTD characterized by fluid filled sac of the meninges that protrudes from the defect?
meningocele
NTD characterized by entire spinal cord at level of defect protruding into cystic cavity?
meningomyelocele
distinguishing feature of secondary chorionic villi?
mesoderm core ; cytotrophoblast core has been removed, replaced with dense CT
mammary glands are ____________
modified sweat glands
(lung development) alveolar period weeks: what is occurring?
month 8 thru childhood mature alveoli have well-developed capillary contacts
monozygotic twins conjoint twin:
more than 13 days
30 hours after fertilization, the zygote begins to divide, forming a __________ which has an inner ____________ layer, and an outer ____________ layer
morula ; embryoblast (inner) ; trophoblast (outer)
what nerves does poliomyelitis virus effect?
motor neurons in ventral column
best imaging method for soft tissue evaulation?
mri
anterior compartment of brachium: innervation
musculocutaneous nerve
lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm?
musculocutaneous nerve
lesions of the lateral cord of the brachial plexus cause injury to the __________ nerve
musculocutaneous nerve
most lateral branch of brachial plexus?
musculocutaneous nerve
which nerve of the brachial plexus innervates the anterior flexor muscles of the brachium?
musculocutaneous nerve
what is the superior thoracic aperture?
neck communicates with thoracic cavity
notochord induction is responsible for the formation of the ____________
nervous system
neuroectoderm give rise to ___________, which give rise to _____________
neural crest cells ; gives rise to ganglia and adrenal medulla
the brain & spinal cord arise embryonically from the ________
neural tube
spina bifida occulta is a __________ characterized by the presence of _____________, and is caused by underdevelopment of what?
neural tube defect ; abnormal patch of hair ; underdevelopment of primary ossification center in the vertebral arch
what is the main difference between mitosis & meiosis?
no DNA replication occurs during meiosis
postganglionic neurons will release _________ if the sympathetic nervous system is active
norepinephrine
the intercostobrahical nerve is not part of the ________, but rather a branch of the __________, and can result in ___________ if damaged
not part of brachial plexus ; branch of 2nd intercostal nerve ; loss of upper medial arm sensations
after the three germ layers have been formed, mesoderm begins to clump together, forming the __________
notochord
what is notochord induction?
notochord tells ectoderm to form neural plate
structurally, what occurs during spermiogenesis?
nucleus condense, cytoplasm sheds, acrosome & tail form
explain herniated discs
nucleus pulposus herniates through anulus fibrosus, and compresses nerve lying in the intervertebral foramen
what is the only derivative of the notochord present in adults?
nucleus pulposus of intervertebral discs
flexor carpi radialis origin insertion innervation
o: medial epicondyle i: 2nd metacarpal bone innervation: median nerve
flexor digitorum superficialis origin insertion innervation
o: medial epicondyle i: middle phalanx innervation: median nerve
flexor pollicis longus origin insertion innervation
o: medial epicondyle ins: distal phalanx of thumb inv: median nerve
splenius cervicis: origin & insertion
o: spinous processes of T3-T6 i: transverse processes of C1-C3
pectoralis major: origin & insertion
o: sternum, clavicle, ribs 1-6 I: intertubercular groove of humerus
boundaries of the suboccipital triangle?
oblique capitis superior oblique capitis inferior rectus capitis posterior major
most common bone fracture pattern?
oblique fracture
pronator quadratus: origin
oblique ridge of ulna
cervical vertebrae 1 articulates superiorly with the ____________ of the skull, which is known as the ____________
occipital condyles ; atlantooccipital joint
what is student's elbow?
olecranon bursitis
heads of the triceps brachii descend along the posterior of the brachium, finally inserting where?
olecranon of ulna
range of movement of certain regions of the vertebral column is determined by what?
orientation of the facets
serratus posterior superior: origin & insertion
origin: C7-T3 insertion: ribs 2-5
serratus posterior inferior: origin & insertion
origin: T11-L2 insertion: ribs 9-12
flexor digitorum profundus origin insertion innervation
origin: coronoid process of ulna distal: distal phalanges innervation: medial 1/2 - ulnar nerve , lateral 1/2 - median nerve
splenius capitis: origin & insertion
origin: ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7-T3 insertion: mastoid process and occipital bone
pronator teres: origin insertion innervation
origin: medial epicondyle of humerus insertion: radial shaft innervation: median nerve
prechordal plate forms the __________
oropharyngeal membrane (future mouth)
kyphosis is often associated with ____________
osteoporosis
superior transverse scapular ligament: what travels over it? what travels under it? atrophy of which muscles if this area is damaged?
over: suprascapular artery under: suprascapular nerve supraspinatus & infraspinatus
referred pain
pain is felt in an area deep to the skin, so GVA ascend & tell brain that it is in pain. but the brain cannot understand visceral afferents, so it just thinks of it as pain in the skin
what are the paravertebral ganglia?
paired sympathetic chains adjacent to the vertebral column
all of the median nerve passes through the carpal tunnel except for the __________ branch
palmar
PAD and DAB
palmar interossei = adduction dorsal interossei = abduction
which postganglionic fibers are shorter and have very little branching?
parasympathetic postganglionic fibers
which preganglionic fibers are longer?
parasympathetic preganglionic fibers
parietal lateral mesoderm creates structures of the ___________, while visceral lateral mesoderm forms ____________
parietal: internal body wall ; visceral: musculature of the GI tract
small bony arch located between facet joints is known as the ____________
pars interarticularis
spondylolysis is a result of fracture of the ____________ between which vertebrae?
pars interarticularis at L5-S1
what is spermiogenesis?
part of spermatogenesis, in which spermatids mature into spermatozoa
what is septation?
partitioning of the lungs into lobes by connective tissue
which pectoralis muscle is innervated by both the medial and lateral pectoral nerves?
pectoralis major clavicular head (lateral) sternal head (medial)
how does innervation of the two pectoralis muscles differ?
pectoralis major is innervated by both the lateral and medial pectoral nerve pectoralis minor is only innervated by the medial pectoral nerve
which muscles attach to the intertubercular groove of the humerus?
pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major
which muscle helps us orient the different groups of axillary lymph nodes?
pectoralis minor
which muscle is unique in that its origin is distal to its insertion?
pectoralis minor
which pectoralis muscle is innervated by only the medial pectoral nerve?
pectoralis minor
all splanchnic nerves are sympathetic EXCEPT?
pelvic splanchnic nerves
which splanchnic nerves are parasympathetic?
pelvic splanchnic nerves
posterior shoulder dislocations are often seen in what people?
people with seizures or those that are electrocuted
lung buds grow into the ___________, eventually forming ____________ which eventually separate the ________ and __________ cavities
pericardio-peritoneal canals ; pleuropericardial folds ; separates the pleural and pericardial cavities
why is the supraspinatus the most vulnerable rotator cuff muscle?
pinching of muscle by acromion
what kind of joint is the superior radioulnar joint?
pivot joint
the proximal radioulnar joint is a ________ joint formed by articulation between the ___________ and the __________, and its held in place by the ___________
pivot joint ; radial head & radial notch of ulna ; annular ligament
structure that separates maternal and fetal blood?
placenta
what is placenta previa?
placental implantation too close to the cervical os
part 3 of axillary artery are the _____________, which are _________ to the pec. minor
posterior and anterior circumflex humeral arteries ; lateral to
which compartment of the antebrachium does the supinator lie in?
posterior compartment
most common dislocation of the elbow?
posterior displacement of both ulna and radius
which artery supplies blood to the superficial extensor muscles?
posterior interosseous artery
what nerve does the arcade of froshe compress?
posterior interosseous nerve remember, this is a branch of the radial artery
the posterior interosseous nerve is a branch of the __________, while the anterior interosseous nerve is a branch of the ___________
posterior interosseous nerve: radial nerve anterior interosseous nerve: median nerve
spinous process of vertebra
posterior projection
c1 (atlas) does not have a spine, instead having a ___________, in which (muscle of the suboccipital triangle) attaches
posterior tubercle ; rectus capitis posterior minor attaches
cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves are (presynaptic/postsynaptic), (sympathetic/parasympathetic), and are at which levels of the spinal cord?
postsynaptic ; sympathetic ; t1 - t4
splanchnic nerves are entirely composed of _____________
preganglionic fibers this is because the fibers bypass synapsing in the sympathetic chain
explain the pathway of ANS preganglionic neurons
preganglionic fibers exit lateral horn of SC (t1-l2) travel and enter sympathetic chain via the white ramus communicans they synapse with postganglionic neurons they then exit via the gray ramus communicans, and travel to the effector
thoracic splanchnic nerves presynaptic or postsynaptic? parasympathetic or sympathetic? what levels of the SC?
presynaptic sympathetic t5 - t12
anterior longitudinal ligament -what does it prevent? -how is this ligament torn?
prevents hyperextension ; torn in whiplash
features of weeks 9-12 of fetal development:
primary ossification centers, intestines return to body, genitalia differentiation
primary curvature of the spine is due to ___________, while secondary curvature is due to __________
primary: height differences secondary: thickness differences
function of brown fat is to ____________, while white fat has the function of ___________
produce heat ; storage
what is the dens? what does it attach to?
projection of the axis (C2) ; attaches to posterior arch of the anterior tubercle on the atlas (C1)
what are the two movements possible at the proximal radioulnar joint?
pronation and supination
genetic recombination occurs during __________
prophase of meiosis I
function of prostaglandins during fertilization?
prostaglandins in semen stimulate uterine motility ; helps sperm reach uterine tube
brachialis proximal attachment: distal attachment: innervation:
prox: body of humerus distal: ulnar tuberosity inn.: musculocutaneous nerve
most common broken joint in the body?
proximal interphalangeal joints
neurons in dorsal root ganglions are __________
pseudo-unipolar
embryonic lung development stages
pseudoglandular (w 5-16) canalicular (w 16-26): terminal bronchioles divide into respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts form terminal sac (w 26 to birth): primitive alveoli form alveolar (m 8 thru childhood): alveoli have well-developed capillary contacts
pectoralis minor: function
pulls scapula anteriorly
the axillary nerve travels through the _____________, and innervates the _________ and ___________
quadrangular space ; deltoid & teres minor
most severe NTD is ____________, which causes what?
rachischisis ; exposure to neural tissue which becomes necrotic
the brachial artery travels distally, splitting into _________ & _________ once it reaches the forearm
radial & ulnar arteries
the deep palmar arch receives blood supply from which artery?
radial artery
arterial supply to the dorsum of the hand?
radial artery (primary contribution) anastomoses with the ulnar artery to form the dorsal carpal arch
anterolateral supracondylar fracture will damage which nerve?
radial nerve
extensor muscles of the brachium & antebrachium are innervated by which branch of the brachial plexus?
radial nerve
innervation of the brachioradialis?
radial nerve
largest & most frequently injured branch of the brachial plexus?
radial nerve
posterior cutaneous nerve of arm and forearm?
radial nerve
which branch of the brachial plexus innervates all extensor muscles of the arm & forearm?
radial nerve
major nerve & artery contained in the triangular interval?
radial nerve & deep brachial artery
midshaft fracture of humerus results in damage to the (nerve) and the origin of the (muscle)
radial nerve ; brachialis
midshaft fracture of humerus causes damage to the _________ nerve, which results in _________
radial nerve ; wrist drop ("Saturday night palsy")
in volkmann's ischemic contracture, the __________ is absent
radial pulse
distal attachment of biceps brachii?
radial tuberosity
the wrist is anatomically known as the ____________, and is what kind of joint?
radiocarpal joint ; condyloid type of synovial joint
two bones of the antebrachium?
radius (lateral) and ulna (medial)
importance of meiosis?
random assortment of parental genes ; genetic variation of populations
which muscles of the suboccipital triangle attach to the spine of the axis (C2)?
rectus capitis posterior major & oblique capitis inferior
which muscle of the suboccipital triangle attaches to the posterior tubercle of atlas?
rectus capitis posterior minor
the primitive gut tube has an anterior portion known as the ___________, which gives rise to the __________
respiratory diverticulum ; lungs
rhomboids: action
retracts scapula
what is the "million dollar" space?
retromammary space ; separates breast from deep pectoral fascia ; this is where breast implants are placed
the extrinsic muscles of the back that compose the intermediate layer are the __________ & __________, which are innervated by the ____________
rhomboids & levator scapulae ; dorsal scapular nerve
which extrinsic back muscles compose the intermediate layer? what do they do?
rhomboids & levator scapulae ; move upper limbs
serratus anterior: origin
ribs 1-8
which ribs are floating ribs?
ribs 11 & 12 ; no attachment to sternum
pectoralis minor: origin
ribs 2-5
which portion of the brachial plexus gives rise to the dorsal scapular nerve? also remind me, what muscles are innervated by this nerve?
root of c5 ; rhomboids & levator scapulae
what is erb's point?
roots of c5 & c6 join here before forming the superior trunk of the brachial plexus
from which portion of the brachial plexus does the long thoracic nerve arise from?
roots of c5-c7
randy travis drinks cold beer (brachial plexus)
roots, trunks, divisions, cords, branches
the epidural space extends to ___ & contains the ___________
s2 ; internal vertebral venous plexus
caudal epidural anesthesia is administered at the ________
sacral hiatus (S5)
facets of lumbar vertebrae have a __________ orientation
sagittal
best MRI view for injury to shoulder muscles?
sagittal mri
which two carpal bones are mostly responsible for articulation with the radius?
scaphoid & lunate
tom falls onto his palm, and hears a pop but thinks nothing of it. a few weeks later, he has sensitivity in his anatomical snuff box. what is a likely diagnosis?
scaphoid fracture
what produces pain in the anatomical snuff box?
scaphoid fracture
deep tenderness of the anatomical snuff box is indicative of a __________, which can cause damage to the (artery)
scaphoid fracture ; radial artery
boundaries of the triangle of auscultation?
scapula (medial) trapezius (lateral) latissimus dorsi (superior)
injury to dorsal scapular nerve results in what?
scapular deviation down and out due to weakness of rhomboids
serratus anterior: action
scapular protraction & upper limb abduction
somite compartments sclerotome: dermatome: myotome:
sclerotome: vertebral column dermatome: skin myotome: skeletal muscle
spermatogenesis occurs in the ____________. products are stored & functionally mature in the ___________
seminiferous tubules ; epididymis
which muscles does the greater occipital nerve pierce through while ascending to the back of the skull?
semispinalis capitis & trapezius
contents of dorsal root ganglion?
sensory nerve cell bodies
the breast sits on two muscles:
serratus anterior & pectoralis major
intermediate extrinsic respiratory muscles of the back? what do they do?
serratus posterior superior & inferior
phocomelia, characterized as _____________, can be caused by ____________, which affects the _______ gene
severe shortening of the limbs ; thalidomide ; SALL4 gene
diaphyses, known as ____________, are developed from __________ centers of ossification
shafts of long bone ; primary centers
fascia is defined as a ____________ which has what function?
sheet of collagenous connective tissue ; stabilizes & encloses muscles
which head of the biceps brachii is medial?
short head
what is the decidua?
site of adhesion between embryo & uterus
suspensory ligaments of cooper attach to _______ of the breast, while lactiferous ducts attach to _______
skin ; glands
list the parts of the axial skeleton.
skull, vertebral column, rib cage, hyoid bone, ossicles
symphysis joints are ___________, and are united by ___________
slightly moveable ; fibrocartilage
spinal nerves contain both __________ and _________ components
somatic and visceral
cavitation within lateral mesoderm gives rise to ___________ and ___________
somatic mesoderm & splanchnic mesoderm
somatic components pertain to _________, visceral components pertain to __________, and both are contained in a __________
somatic: skeletal muscles and skin visceral: organs spinal nerves contain both components
paraxial mesoderm gives rise to __________, which have the function of what?
somites, which form key elements of the skeletal body
before puberty, primordial sperm (_____________) are dormant. once puberty occurs, they become ____________
spermatogonia ----> primary spermatocytes
failure of the caudal neuropore to close results in __________
spina bifida
neural tube defect characterized by abnormal patch of hair growth on the back?
spina bifida occulta
why does the cauda equina form?
spinal cord grows faster than spinal column in embryonic development
rhomboids: origin
spinous processes of C7-T5 nuchal ligament
what is the one muscle that composes the spinotransversalis group?
splenius (capitis & cervicis)
which intrinsic muscles compose the superficial layer? what do they do?
splenius ; move head & neck
spondylolysis causes _____________, which is defined as what?
spondylolisthesis ; forward slippage of lumbar vertebrae (L5-S1)
transversospinalis group: action
stabilization of vertebral column, or rotation/bending if only one side contracts
start of the spinal cord: end of the spinal cord:
start: foramen magnum end: conus medullaris
what makes a rib "true"? what ribs are true?
sternal attachment via costal cartilage 1-7
the only bony link between the axial skeleton & the appendicular skeleton is the __________
sternoclavicular joint
function of FSH?
stimulates follicular development & estrogen production
space of the spinal cord that contains CSF:
subarachnoid space
in order to perform a lumbar puncture, the needle must reach the ____________ at _____
subarachnoid space at L3/L4
the subclavian artery gives rise to the ___________ arteries. these arteries descend down the arm. once they reach the inferior border of the (muscle), they are then called __________ arteries
subclavian -> axillary -> (reaches teres major) -> brachial
vertebral arteries are branches of the ___________. they ascend, and join at the _______, forming the ___________
subclavian artery ; pons ; basilar artery
clavipectoral fascia closes which muscles?
subclavius & pectoralis minor
superficial fascia is also known as the ___________
subcutaneous layer (or hypodermis)
C1, also known as the __________ artery, is strictly _________, meaning there is no _________ compartment, and it does not supply _________
suboccipital artery ; strictly motor ; no sensory compartment ; does not supply skin
which nerve is contained in the suboccipital triangle?
suboccipital nerve (dorsal ramus of C1)
fracture of the lesser tuberosity of humerus would affect which muscle?
subscapularis
muscle that attaches to anterior surface of scapula?
subscapularis
only RC muscle that performs medial rotation?
subscapularis
which rotator cuff muscle attaches to the lesser tubercle of the humerus?
subscapularis
the ___________ is the only RC muscle that sits on the _____________, and is only one that acts as a ___________ rotator
subscapularis ; lesser tubercle ; medial rotator
trapezius: artery
superficial brach of transverse cervical artery
which nerve innervates the dorsum of the hand, specifically the anatomical snuff box?
superficial branch of radial nerve
what muscles does the posterior interosseous artery supply?
superficial extensor muscles
levator scapulae: insertion
superior angle of scapula
the axillary nerve contains a cutaneous branch, known as the ____________, which is responsible for sensation in the _________. damage to this nerve results in "_____________"
superior lateral brachial cutaneous nerve ; sensation in deltoid ; "silver dollar pain"
Part 1 of Axillary Artery is the ___________, which is ________ to the pec. minor
superior thoracic artery ; medial to
c5 & c6 --> ________ trunk --> _______ cord --> (terminal branch)
superior trunk ; lateral cord ; musculocutaneous nerve & lateral portion of median nerve
c5 & c6 --> _______ trunk = which nerves?
superior trunk ; suprascapular nerve & subclavian nerve
c5 and c6 of brachial plexus join to form the ___________, which gives rise to which nerves?
superior trunk ; suprascapular nerve & subclavian nerve
which trunk of the brachial plexus has branches? what nerves branch off of this trunk?
superior trunk ; suprascapular nerve (infra/supra- spinatus) & subclavius nerve
sternum superior portion: inferior portion:
superior: manubrium inferior: xiphoid process
sacrum articulations superiorly: inferiorly: laterally:
superiorly: with L5 (lumbrosacral joint) inferiorly: with coccyx laterally: with ilium, forming the sacroiliac joint
what are Sertoli cells?
supporting cells of the seminiferous tubules
____________ fracture of the humerus results in damage to the median nerve
supracondylar
the thyrocervical trunk gives rise to what two arteries?
suprascapular artery dorsal scapular artery
remind me again: what are the suprasinatus and infraspinatus innervated by?
suprascapular nerve (c5-c7)
which nerves arise from the superior trunk of the brachial plexus? what muscles do these nerves innervate?
suprascapular nerve (infraspinatus and supraspinatus) & subclavian nerve (subclavius)
initiation of abduction is performed by which muscle?
supraspinatus
jobe's Test (empty can test) is used to test functionality of which muscle?
supraspinatus
kid playing football dislocates shoulder. following dislocation, he cannot initiate abduction of his arm. which muscle is likely injured?
supraspinatus
most commonly injured rotator cuff muscle?
supraspinatus
muscle that attaches to supraspinous fossa?
supraspinatus
which RC muscle does not really contribute to rotation of the arm?
supraspinatus remember, this muscle really specializes in initiation of abduction
name the muscles responsible for abduction of the arm, and list which nerve innervate each.
supraspinatus (suprascapular nerve) deltoids (axillary nerve) serratus anterior (long thoracic nerve) & trapezius (CN XI)
muscles of the rotator cuff innervated by the suprascapular nerve?
supraspinatus and infraspinatus
fracture of the greater tuberosity of humerus would affect which muscles?
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor
which rotator cuff muscles attach to the greater tubercle of the humerus?
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor
name the muscles of the rotator cuff
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis
the ligamentum nuchae is an extension of what?
supraspinous ligament
what ligaments must you pierce through in order to administer spinal anesthesia?
supraspinous ligament and intraspinous ligament
breasts are ________ glands, and are located in ___________
sweat glands ; superficial fascia
the ____________ is the "swimming muscle", while the __________ is the "boxing muscle"
swimming: latissimus dorsi boxing: serratus anterior
pain fibers always travel with your ____________
sympathetic nervous system
which postganglionic fibers are longer and have lots of branching?
sympathetic postganglionic fibers
sympathetic nervous system is located in the __________ region of the spinal cord, while the parasympathetic nervous system is located in the _________ region
sympathetic: thoracolumbar parasympathetic: craniosacral
synchondrosis joints are united by ___________, symphysis joints are untied by ___________, and are both examples of ___________
synchondrosis: hyaline cartilage ; symphysis: fibrocartilage ; cartilage joints
how does embryonic implantation occur?
syncytiotrophoblasts erode endometrium, and engorge decidual cells which provides embryo with nourishment
as tendons reach the hand, they enter a ___________, which serves the purpose of what?
synovial flexor sheath ; prevent tendons from pulling away from digits (bowstringing)
most common joints in the body?
synovial joints
plane joints are _________ joints, and an example is the ____ joint
synovial joints ; AC joint
condyloid joints are _________ joints, and an example is the ____ joint
synovial joints ; MCP joints
saddle joints are _________ joints, and an example is the _____ joint
synovial joints ; carpometacarpal joint
hinge joints are _________ joints, and an example is the ____ joint
synovial joints ; elbow joint
ball & socket joints are _________ joints, and an example is the ____ joint
synovial joints ; hip joint and glenohumeral joint
pivot joints are _________ joints, allow for ___________, and an example is the ____ joint
synovial joints ; rotation around an axis ; atlantoaxial joint
the elbow joint forms a ____________ joint, consisting of the ____________ and ___________ joints
synovial modified hinge joint ; humeroulnar & humeroradial joints
what is the only portion of the spinal cord that contains a lateral horn, which houses fibers of the ANS?
t1 - l2
what dermatome is the umbilicus?
t10
what is unique of vertebrae T12?
t12 is a transitional vertebra
which dermatome supplies the nipple?
t4
what does the left umbilical vein do?
take oxygenated blood to fetus
what is a SLAP tear?
tearing of biceps tendon can result in damage to superior glenoid labrum
hyperflexion injuries result in tearing of the _____________, which causes the _______ to protrude into the spinal cord
tearing of transverse ligament of atlas ; dens into spinal cord
study of abnormal development:
teratology
borders of the triangular interval
teres major, LH of triceps, shaft of humerus
RC muscle innervated by the axillary nerve?
teres minor
borders of the triangular space
teres minor, teres major, LH of triceps
ganglia found in or near the walls of organs?
terminal (intramural) ganglia
what is Allen's test?
test for sufficiency of ulnar artery prior to a bypass surgery block the radial artery, and see if color remains in the hand. if color remains, the ulnar artery is sufficiently supplying blood to hand if hand turns pale, ulnar artery is not providing sufficient blood supply to the hand
which intrinsic muscles in the hand are innervated by the median nerve?
thenar muscles & 2 lateral lumbricals
innervation thenar muscles: hypothenar muscles:
thenar: median nerve hypothenar: ulnar nerve
what is true of cervical vertebrae & nerves?
there are 7 vertebrae, but there are 8 cervical nerves ; c8 is between c7 & t1
what is unique of thoracic splanchnic nerves?
they do NOT synapse in the sympathetic chain these instead travel to abdomen, and synapse with preaortic ganglia
what is unique of veins in the vertebral venous plexuses?
they have no valves ; blood can flow superiorly or inferiorly
what is the septum transversum?
thickened mass of lateral mesoderm that surrounds the heart, and becomes the diaphragm
what is the filum terminale?
thin strand of pia mater that anchors the conus medullaris to the coccyx
what is the unique of the stability of the glenohumeral joint?
this joint is stabilized by the RC muscles, not ligaments like other joints
which portions of the vertebral column have primary curvature?
thoracic & sacral
the ___________ drains lymph from every region except the upper right quadrant of the body
thoracic duct
dowager's hump is associated with ___________, and is caused by ____________ due to ____________
thoracic kyphosis ; compression fractures ; osteoporosis
blood supply of pectoralis muscles?
thoracoacromial artery
part 2 of axillary artery are the ___________ & ___________, which are _________ to the pec. minor
thoracoacromial trunk & lateral thoracic artery ; inferior to
latissimus dorsi: artery
thoracodorsal artery
which three nerves can be damaged during mastectomy?
thoracodorsal bundle, long thoracic nerve & intercostobrachial nerve
latissimus dorsi: innervation
thoracodorsal nerve (C6 - C8)
fascia of the back muscles?
thoracolumbar fascia
the most common form of conjoined twins is ___________
thoracopagus
which digit in the hand has no PIP or DIP?
thumb ; only has an interphalangeal joint
the dorsal scapular artery arises from the ____________
thyrocervical trunk (1st part of subclavian artery)
what is dupuytren's contracture?
tightening of palmar aponeurosis
what causes dimpling of the breasts, giving an "orange peel" appearance?
traction of suspensory ligaments of Cooper
the spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) travels with the __________, forming a neurovascular bundle, and innervates which muscles?
transverse cervical artery & vein ; trapezius & sternocleidomastoid
the vertebral artery travels through ______________
transverse foramen of cervical vertebral bodies
distinguishing features of cervical vertebrae?
transverse foramina, triangular vertebral foramen
the dens is held in place by the ___________
transverse ligament of atlas
where do the oblique capitis superior & oblique capitis inferior attach?
transverse process of atlas (c1)
which intrinsic muscles compose the deep layer? what do they do?
transversospinalis (semispinalis, multifidus, rotators) ; moves spine
which extrinsic back muscles comprise the superficial layer? what do they do?
trapezius & latissimus dorsi ; move upper limbs
the olecranon process of the ulna serves as an attachment site for the ___________
triceps
which muscles in the brachium are innervated by the radial nerve?
triceps
in the third week of implantation, the ___________ disc has three layers:
trilaminar disc ; ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
the humerus articulates inferiorly with the ulna via the ____________, otherwise known as the ___________ joint
trochlea (humero-ulnar joint)
ribs 1-7 are called _________ because they __________
true ribs ; attach to sternum via costal cartilages
immobility of a lump in the breast indicates what?
tumor has invaded musculature
function of alveoli type I: type II:
type I: gas exchange type II: surfactant production
premature infants are not able to produce surfactant due to absence of _________. this results in _____________, which is the leading cause of newborn fatalities
type II alveoli ; respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
which branches of the brachial plexus innervate the intrinsic muscles of the hand?
ulnar & median nerves
the interosseous arterial network is an extension of which major artery?
ulnar artery
the superficial palmar arch receives blood supply from which artery?
ulnar artery
which ligament is replaced during Tommy John surgery?
ulnar collateral ligament
the (ligament) is the main stabilizer of the medial elbow. damage to this can cause ___________, which is treated via ____________
ulnar collateral ligament ; pitcher's elbow ; Tommy john's surgery
fracture of the medial epicondyle results in damage to the (nerve)
ulnar nerve
medial two lumbricals: innervation
ulnar nerve
most intrinsic muscles of the hand are innervated by which nerve?
ulnar nerve
which nerve innervates the adductor pollicis?
ulnar nerve
which three nerves of the brachial plexus pass over the elbow?
ulnar nerve median nerve radial nerve
all intrinsic muscles of the hand are innervated by the _________, except the __________ & __________, which are innervated by the __________
ulnar nerve ; thenar muscles & 2 lateral lumbricals ; median nerve
what happens to the zona pellucida following fertilization?
undergoes change in polarity, which prevents polyspermy
what is the difference between the upper and lower subscapular nerves?
upper innervates only the subscapularis lower innervates both the subscapularis & teres major
erb's palsy is due to damage of the ________ roots/_______ trunk of the brachial plexus, and involves lesions of which nerves?
upper roots (c5 & c6)/superior trunk axillary nerve, musculocutaneous nerve, suprascapular nerve
subscapularis: innervation
upper subscapular nerve (c5) and lower subscapular nerve (c5-c6)
intermediate mesoderm forms structures of the ____________
urogenital system (kidneys & gonads)
90% of ectopic pregnancies occur in the ___________
uterine tubes
main parasympathetic nerve
vagus nerve (CN X)
__________ is used to treat epilepsy, but can incidentally result in ___________ if given during pregnancy
valproate ; neural tube defects
breast cancer spreads through (veins/arteries) while metastasizing to other tissues
veins
motor information exits the _______ horn of the spinal cord
ventral
which spinal nerves compose the brachial plexus?
ventral rami of C5-T1
C7 is also known as?
vertebra prominens
major artery contained in the suboccipital triangle:
vertebral artery
the yolk stalk, otherwise known as the ___________, connects what two structures?
vitelline duct ; connects yolk sac with midgut
winging of the scapula is caused by weakness of the (muscle) due to injury of the (nerve)
weakness of serratus anterior due to injury of long thoracic nerve
woman falls. complains of tingling & numbness along the medial border of her left hand. examination reveals froment's sign. weakness in which muscle explains the presence of froment's sign?
weakness to adductor pollicis medial border of hand is numb, meaning ulnar nerve is damaged ; froment's sign is characterized by weakness of the adductor pollicis
what is the critical period of embryonic development?
week 3-8
the embryonic period is up until _________. after this, it is known as the __________
week 8 ; fetal period (week 9 until birth)
(lung development) canalicular period weeks: what is occurring?
weeks 16-26 terminal bronchioles divide into respiratory bronchioles, which produce alveolar ducts
(lung development) terminal sac period weeks: what is occurring?
weeks 26 to birth primitive alveoli form, capillaries establish close contact
(lung development) pseudoglandular period weeks: what is occurring?
weeks 5-16 branching is forming terminal bronchioles, but no alveoli or respiratory bronchioles are present
what is Hilton's law?
when a nerve crosses a joint, it will send branches of innervation to that joint
the supinator muscle is only active when?
when arm is in pronated position
presentation of "hand of benediction"?
when asked to make a fist, patient can only perform flexion in medial half of flexor digitorum profundus patient cannot flex index finger or middle finger this is due to damage of median nerve
What is the sacral promontory?
where the first sacral vertebrae bulges into pelvic cavity
CNS tracts are located in __________ of the spinal cord
white matter
the flexor digitorum superficialis crosses and innervates three joints in the lower upper extremity. what are they?
wrist joint, MCP joint, PIP joint
best initial imaging screening tool?
x ray
gametes originate in the _________, then migrate and settle in the __________
yolk sac ; gonadal ridge
6 days after fertilization: -what structure is shed? -what does the blastocyst do? -what happens to the outer trophoblast layer?
zona pellucida is shed blastocyst adheres to endometrium trophoblast divides into two layers
synovial joints of vertebral arches between adjacent vertebrae are known as ____________, which are innervated by _____________, and permit _____________
zygapophyseal joints ; posterior (dorsal) rami of spinal nerves ; gliding movements between articular processes