ANATOMY EXAM 2 MARTHA BROWN
pelvic girdle made up of two hip bones ___________
os coxa, coxal bones
4types of cells in bone tissue
1. osteoprogenitor cells 2. osteoblasts 3. osteocytes 4. osteoclasts
clavicle
"S" shaped collarbone. medial end articulates w manubrium of sternum. lateral end articulates w acromion of scalpula.
Fascicular arrangement is correlated with:
1. The amount of power a muscle can produce 2. The range of motion a muscle can produce
regions of vertabrae (5)
1. cervical 2. thoracic 3. lumbar 4. sacrum 5. coccyx
Functions of the skeletal system (six)
1. provide support 2. protect internal organs 3. assist body movements 4. mineral homeostasis 5. participates in blood cell production in red bone marrow (hemopoiesis) 6. Stores triglycerides in adipose cells of yellow bone marrow
sternum (3 segments)
1. upper manubrium 2. middle body 3. lower xiphoid process articulates with clavicle and costal cartilages.
ribs
12 pairs - provide structural support for thoracic cavity
number of vertebrae divided into _____ regions
26, 5
A muscle may be named based on:
Location Size Number of origins Appearance Direction of fibers Origin and insertion Muscle action
sliding filament mechanism
Myosin pulls on actin, causing the thin filament to slide inward
what kind of muscle decreases the size of an opening
Sphincter
functional classifications of joints
Synarthrosis (immovable joint) Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable joint) Diarthrosis (freely movable joint)
true (lesser) pelvis
The area of the bony pelvis inferior to the pelvic brim
false (greater) pelvis
The area of the bony pelvis superior to the pelvic brim
neuromuscular junction
The events at the NMJ produce a muscle action potential
excitation-contraction coupling
This concept connects the events of a muscle action potential with the sliding filament mechanism
components of a sarcomere
Z discs, A band, I band, H zone, M line
myograms
a record of muscle contractions (force of contraction in relationship to time). frequency of stimulation
tendon sheaths
a tube-like bursa that wraps around tendons subject to a great deal of friction
depressions and openings
allow passage of soft tissue, form joints (ex: fissure, foramen)
fontanels
area of a baby where unossified mesenchyme develop into dense connective tissue. close up by age 2
Lordisis
bent backwards
Intravertebral discs
between bodies of vertebrae from second cervical to sacrum. outer ring of fibrocartilage, inner nucleus, layer of hyaline cartilage at top and bottom. absorbs shock and separate vertebrae from one another.
in what type of fascicle arrangement are the fascicles arranged on both sides of a central tendon
bipennate
osteoprogenitor cells
bone stem cells able to differentiate into the other types of cells
osteoblasts
bone-building cells that secrete matrix
appendicular skeleton (126 bones)
bones of upper and lower limbs, bones forming girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton
which tarsal bone is the heel bone?
calcaneus
which hormone promotes bone mass reduction
calcitonin
which is not part of the axial skeleton?
carpals
two pectoral shoulder girdles
clavicle and scapula
which of the following bones comprises the pectoral girdle?
clavicle and scapula
muscle protiens
contractile, regulatory, structural
How do muscles derive the ATP necessary to power the contraction cycle?
creatin phosphate, anaerobic glycolsis, and cellular respiration
short bone
cube shaped
two types of surface markings
depressions and openings, processes
hyoid bone
does not articulate with any other bone, supports tongue and provides attatchment site for some muscles of neck
reactive phase of bone repair
early inflammatory phase
what is the outer layer of connective tissue surrounding a muscle
endomysium
periosteal arteries
enter the diaphysis through Volkmann's canals
which region of a long bone articulates with another bone?
epiphysis
muscle tone
even when at rest, a muscle exhibits a small amount of tension, called tone
which of the following types of movement results in an increase in the angle between articulating bones
extension
Between 30-50 years of age, about 10% of our muscle tissue is replaced by ____________ tissue and adipose tissue
fibrous connective
structural classification of joints
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
vertebrosternal ribs (true ribs)
first seven pairs, cartilage connected directly to sternum
scapula
flat bone. glenoid cavity is attachment point to humerus.
which of the following is a hole or opening in a bone through which blood vessels, and nerves pass
foramen
reparative phase of bone repair
formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus first and a bony callus second.
types of movement at synovial joints
gliding, angular, rotation, special
compact bone
good at providing protection and support
which bone articulates with the scapula at the glenoid cavity?
humerus
scoliosis
increased lateral curvature
kyphosis
increased thoratic curve - bent forward
Most running injuries involve the ____________
knee
patella
knee cap
spina bifida
laminae do not develop normally
floating ribs
last 2 pairs, not connected to sternum
bone remodeling phase
last step as the bone callus is remodeled
spongy bone
lightweight and provides tissue support
types of bones (5)
long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid (Larry Fuks w his Irregular Short Shaft) lmaooooooo
femur
longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in body
Osteocytes
mature bone cells
herinated disc
may occur due to trauma or sometimes is simply associated with aging
appendicular skeleton (126 bones) primarily involved in ________________
movement
paranasal sinuses
mucous membrane lined cavities in the frontal, maxillary, sphenoid and ethmoid bones
vertebrochondral ribs (false)
next 5 pairs, cartilage indirectly connected to sternum
a ________ enters the center of the diaphyis through the ________
nutrient artery, nutrient foramen
intramembranous ossification
occurs in flat bones when a connective tissue membrane is replaced by bone
wave summation
occurs when a second action potential triggers muscle contraction before the first contraction has finished
what is the attachment of a muscle's tendon to the stationary bone, (to the moveable bone)
origin, insertion
which are the bone building cells
osteoblasts
2 epiphyses (both ends of the bone at the joints)
part of long bone
2 metaphyses (region between dyaphysis and epiphysis)
part of long bone
Diaphysis (bone shaft)
part of long bone
Periosteum (connecting tissue surrounding the diaphysis)
part of long bone
articular cartilage covering both epiphyses
part of long bone
endosteum (thin membrane lining the medulary cavity)
part of long bone
medullary cavity (hollow space within diaphysis)
part of long bone
periosteal arteries are accompanied by ______
periosteal veins
processes
projections or outgrowths that form joints, serve as attachment points for ligaments and tendons (ex: head, epicondyle)
which of the following is the correct sequence of steps in the repair of a bone fracture
reactive phase, reparative phase, remodeling phase
osteoclasts
remodel bones and cause them to release calcium
Endochondral ossification
replaces cartilage with bone in the developing embryo and fetus
bursa
sac-like structures filled with synovial fluid that cushion movement of one body part over another
what releases the calcium ions that trigger skeletal muscle contraction
sarcoplasmic recticulum
three types of muscle tissue
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
axial skeleton (80 bones)
skull bones, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, ribs, sternum, and bones if vertebral column
which cranial bone is called the "keystone" of the cranial floor
sphenoid bone
isometric contractions
tension increases and muscle contracts but does not change length
isotonic contractions
tension is constant while muscle length changes
insertion
the attachment to the moveable bone
origin
the attachment to the stationary bone
twitch contraction
the brief contraction of all muscle fibers in a motor unit in response to a single action potential
Ossification (osteogenesis)
the process of bone formation
lower leg consists of __________
tibia and fibula
what regulatory proteins are found on the thin filaments of skeletal muscle fibers
tropomyosin and troponin
T or F: The bones of the male pelvis are usually larger and heavier
true
a joint is a point of contact between :
two or more bones, cartilage and bone, teeth and bone
two bones of forearm
ulna and radius (radius on thumb side)